Academic literature on the topic 'Bendavid'

ZusammenfassungSeit der Aufklärung spielen Theorien über den Ursprung der Sprache in kulturphilosophischen Debatten und anthropologischen Reflexionen eine wichtige Rolle. Sprachgenese, Sprachentwicklung und die verschiedenen Sprachen selbst werden teils explizit, teils implizit mit geistigen Ordnungen kombiniert, für kulturhistorische Wertungen benutzt und zur Sinnstiftung auf universalistische oder partikulare Weise eingesetzt – auch von jüdischen Denkern. Der Beitrag diskutiert spezifische Arten des Umgangs mit dem Thema bei Mendelssohn, Bendavid, Graetz, Steinthal, Cassirer und Flusser. – Beginning in the Enlightenment, theories on the origin of language play an important role in cultural philosophy and anthropological reflections. Partly explicitly, partly implicitly, the genesis and development of language as such and of different languages are combined with intellectual order, applied to evaluate cultural history and used in the determination of meaning, be it universalistic or particularistic – also by Jewish thinkers. The article discusses specific approaches to the topic by Mendelssohn, Bendavid, Graetz, Steinthal, Cassirer, and Flusser.

The radio frequency identification (RFID) reading technology enables the transfer, by radio, of information from electronic circuit to a reader, opened up some interesting possibilities in the area of epayment (Domdouzis, Kumar, & Anumba, 2007). Today, the near field communication technology (NFC) opens up even more horizons, because it can be used to set up communications between different electronic devices (Eckert, 2005). Contactless cards, telephones with NFC capacities, RFID tag have been developed in industry and the services (Bendavid, Fosso Wamba, & Lefebvre, 2006). They are similar, but, some major differences explain the specificity of these three applications and the corresponding markets. The label, or marker, is a small size electronic element that transmits, on request, its numerical identification to a reader. The RFID identification makes it possible to store and recover data at short distance by using these miniature markers or labels (see Figure 1) associated to the articles to identify. The cost of the label is only few centimes. An RFID system is made of labels, readers connected to a fixed network, adapted software (collection of information, integration, confidentiality...), adapted services, and management tools that allow the identification of the products through packing. Contactless smartcards (see Figure 2) contain a microprocessor that can communicate under a short distance with a reader similar to those of RFID technology (Khu-smith & Mitchell, 2002). The originality of NFC is the fact that they were conceived for the protected bilateral transmission with other systems. NFC respects the standard ISO-14443 (Bashan, 2003) and thus, can be used as a contactless card. It can be used as a contactless terminal communicating with a contactless card or another NFC phone (ISO-18092). Services available through NFC are very limited today, but many experiments are in progress and electronic ticketing experiences (subways and bus) started in Japanb. There are two types of NFC phones: The mono chip composed of only one chip for GSM services (called the SIM) and NFC services. In that case, an NFC service is dependent of the phone operator. • The dual chip shows a clear separation of the two functions within two different chips. That completely isolates the operator and allows independent NFC services… We define the technology standards, the main platforms and actors in the background section. The main trust develops some contactless payment applications, and analyses the benefits and constraints of the different solutions. The future trends section concerns the research and technology evolution in contactless payment applications.