To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Bending stress.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bending stress'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Bending stress.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Christian, Lee Conner. "Thru-thickness bending stress distribution at elevated temperatures." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2315.
Full textAbstract:
During the bending of flange plate used for dapped girders some highway bridge
fabricators are experiencing cracking of the flange plate particularly when heat is used in
assisting the bending process. Due to the extreme strains experienced during the
fabrication process, investigating this problem requires the use of a finite element
analysis. The fabrication process was broken down into two parts, first the heating of
the plate through the use of either a furnace or an acetylene torch (thermal), and the
second was the bending process (structural). The five different temperatures collected
during the thermal analysis were a uniform temperature of 75oF, a 1100oF uniform
temperature as a result of furnace heating, both five and ten minutes of air-cooling after
the plate had reached a uniform temperature of 1100oF, and the temperature gradient
after heating the flange plate to a surface temperature of 1200oF though the use of an
acetylene torch. After the thermal analysis was completed, the resulting temperatures
were imported into the structural model. The plate thicknesses analyzed were one, one
and a half, and two inches, assuming both 50 and 70 ksi yield strengths. To achieve a 90
degree six-inch radius bend the plate was bent in five separate locations. The result of
this analysis showed that with the introduction of temperature gradients into thefabrication process, the strains along the plate??s extreme fibers increased. The model
further showed that for both a one and a half and two-inch thick plate the extreme fiber
strains exceeded ten percent, which further adds to the increased risk of the flange plate
cracking during fabrication. The highest residual stresses through the plate??s thickness
occurred during cold bending. The residual stresses through the plate??s thickness
decreased when the fabrication process was carried out at elevated temperatures. When
steel exceeds a strain of 10 to 16 percent during the fabrication process, the plate
becomes susceptible to cracking. This strain limit was exceeded for plate thicknesses of
one and a half and two inches.
2
Shelton, Christopher Francis. "The mechano-sorptive creep of wood in bending." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329808.
Full text
3
Mahieux, Celine Agnès. "Stress rupture of unidirectional polymer matrix composites in bending at elevated temperatures." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45398.
Full textAbstract:
A new method for stress-rupture experiments in bending has been developed and used to characterize unidirectional polymer matrix composites. The method. which makes use of very simple fixtures, led to coherent results. These results have been modeled using the large deflection of buckled bars theory (elastica) and it is possible to predict with good accuracy the strain at each point of the specimen if the end-to-end distance is known. The failure process has been experimentally characterized. The formation and propagation of microbuckles leads to a compressive failure. Based on the elastica and the classical lamination theory, a model for the distribution of the Young's modulus along the length of the specimen has been established. Three different micromechanical models have been applied to analyze the time-to-failure versus strain behavior at two temperatures - one below and one above the glass transition. The first micromechanical model considers the nucleation of the microbuckles as the main cause of failure. In addition, the stiffness and stress distributions at any time before failure are calculated based upon the rotation of the fibers in the damaged region. The second and last models, respectively based upon a Paris Law and energy considerations relate the time-to-failure to the propagation of the main microbuckle. For this last model, a good correlation between experimental and theoretical data has been obtained. Finally the influence of the temperature on these models has been studied.
Master of Science
4
Mahieux, Céline Agnès. "Stress rupture of unidirectional polymer matrix composites in bending at elevated temperatures /." This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11012008-063348/.
Full text
5
Feng, Ming-Fa. "A finite element study of bending stress variation in meshed spur gear pairs." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87645.
Full textAbstract:
A study of the bending stresses in a pair of meshed spur gears using the finite element method is presented. The models analyzed were in the shape of a circular gear with five teeth or a five-tooth rack. A unit torque (1 lbf-ft) was applied as the form of nodal forces on the nodes around the bore hole of the driver pinion. The nodes around the bore hole of the driven gear (or the nodes along the back of the driven rack) were fixed. In order to transmit the power from the driver pinion to the driven gear (or rack), the points in contact were made coincident.
Seven model groups with same diametral pitch (1.0), addendum (1.0 in.), dedendum (1.3 in.), pressure angle (20°) and hob tip radius (0.35 in.) but with varying numbers of teeth on the pinion and gear were analyzed to compute the tensile stress variation in the root fillet during the duration of contact. A model for predicting the tensile stress variation at the root fillet during the duration of contact has been created.
The results were compared with AGMA and other results with agreement for the peak within 3%.M.S.
6
McFadden, Dennis W. "A characterization of the maximum bending stress of the SLICE hull in random seas." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA308016.
Full text
7
Schwarzer, Norbert, and Frank Richter. "On the determination of film stress from substrate bending: STONEY´s formula and its limits." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:ch1-200600111.
Full textAbstract:
The paper examines the problem of film stress applying a correct three dimensional model. The results are compared with two different forms of Stoney´s equation existing in the Litera-ture and being widely used in the determination of stresses in thin films.
It is shown theoretically that only one of the forms is based on an adequate model and yields accurate results whereas the other causes errors of about 30-40 % for typical substrate materi-als. In addition limits for the applicability of the correct Stoney equation are given.
8
Theodoridou, Sophia. "Determination of subducting lithosphere bending and stress distributions from the curvature of Wadati-Benioff zone seismicity." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494095.
Full textAbstract:
The discovery of double and triple seismic planes at subduction intermediate depths has attracted the interest of the scientific community but the exact cause for this earthquake layering remains elusive. In order to investigate the origins of the observed seismic planes the work described in this thesis examines the effects of slab bending and unbending at intermediate depths along with the input of thermal stresses, the basalt transition into eclogite and slab pull, on the stress distributions of a modelled slab.
9
Nilsson, Philip. "Mekaniska beräkningar av armeringstråd vid förläggning på högspänningskablar." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3941.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis has taken place at ABB High Voltage Cables in Karlskrona and focuses on their reinforcement process (AR50) which reinforces the cable by application of reinforcement wires. The research is strictly limited to only the short period during the application of the wire on the cable and investigates stress differences in one reinforcing wire depending on cable - and wire dimensions as well as brake forces used in the production. The study follows a model - and theory development research process combined with a testing process to obtain the results. The study aims is to increase and expand ABB's knowledge about the reinforcing process that is used to strengthen and protect ABB’s all different high voltage cables together with a computational calculation model. The model is developed in the FEA (Finite Element Analysis) program ABAQUS through a dynamic explicit model. An explanation of how the calculation model has been built and the parameters used are described in this report. These parts then contribute to the outcome of the study which provides a sense that the brake force used in AR50’s reinforcement process does not need to be controlled with a high precision so long as it is large enough to hold the reinforcement wire stretched upon the application. The study also shows that different cable - and wire dimensions does not affect the stress levels somewhat significantly by reinforcing the process and that the nipple used in reinforcement process to press down the reinforcing wire on the cable is the main source that determines how the stress distribution looks like on the reinforcement wire.Detta examensarbete har tagit plats på ABB High Voltage Cables i Karlskrona och fokuserar på deras armeringsprocess (AR50) som förstärker kabeln genom påläggning av armeringstrådar. Arbetet är starkt begränsat till enbart den korta perioden för själva påläggningen av tråden och undersöker spänningsskillnader i en armeringstråd beroende på olika kabel – och tråddimensioner samt bromskrafter som används i produktionen. Studien följer en modell – och teoriutvecklande forskningsprocess kombinerat med ett utprövande resultatbildande. Studiens syfte är att tillsammans med en beräkningsmodell öka och fördjupa ABBs kunskaper kring armeringstråden som idag används för att stärka och skydda ABBs alla olika högspänningskablar. Beräkningsmodellen tas fram i FEA (Finita Element Analys) prorammet ABAQUS genom en dynamisk explicit modell. En förklaring till hur beräkningsmodellen har byggts upp och vilka parametrar som används beskrivs i rapporten. Dessa delar bidrar sedan till resultatet i studien som ger en bild av att bromskraften som används i AR50s armeringsprocessen inte behöver kontrolleras med en hög precision så länge den är tillräckligt stor för att hålla armeringstråden sträckt vid påläggningen. Studien visar också att olika kabel – och tråddimensioner inte påverkar spänningsnivåerna något markant vid armeringsprocessen och att nippeln som används i armeringsprocesen för att trycka ner armeringstråden mot kabeln bestämmer hur spänningsbilden ser ut.
This thesis is kept confidential
10
Li, Felicia. "Study of Gear design Concept to Reduce Root Bending- & Contact Stresses for Automotive Transmission." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap och fysik (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-74532.
Full textAbstract:
Advanced technologies for the automotive industry require improved designed precision in different areas. Research is needed in order to meet customer demand and satisfaction to increase durability, efficiency, and reliability. That is why continuous development in transmission system has been an exciting topic for many years. The gears in the transmission system demand high resistance against repeated loads acting on the teeth and the ability to engage without energy loss. The intention is to support that effort by investigating seven design cases of a parallel helical gear pair. This master thesis aims to study a gear design concept of adding a supporting ring to reduce the root bending- and contact stresses. To implement this study, seven different design cases were modelled to study the effect of changing the design. One or two support ring structures were added, or the thickness was increased of the gear considered exposed to high stresses. The purpose is to gain a comparative advantage in the automotive industry. M1 is a reference standard design, while the other models (M2-M5/P1-P3) are modified designs with additional rings or changed in thickness. Simulation is an effective and an useful tool to understand and visualize how the complex interaction of the transmission component appears to be. A finite element method (FEM) program was used to investigate these models. The gear pairs were imported into the pre-processor ANSA, the FEM program Abaqus 2017 was used as a solver, and the results were extracted from the post-processor META. To support the aim of this thesis, two of the seven FEM models were validated against a specialized gear calculated program, WindowsLDP, in order to determine the robustness of the simulation models. The transmission error (TE) measurements, root bending- and contact stresses were observed for the validation. Introducing the different models M3-M5 and P1-P3, the root and contact stresses were reduced by 1.2-4.4 and 0.07-4.3 %, respectively, compared to M1. The transmission error TE could differ as much as 85% in M2-M3 as compared to M1. Systematic errors were generated in model M2, therefore the low root stresses obtained in M2 should be considered carefully. Implementing the so-called misalignment measurement, tilting parameter, microgeometry, and profile modification related to crowning and tip relief is discussed and believed to reduce TE measurements, root- and contact stresses. These modifications have not been studied in this thesis. The LDP results showed a trend of higher values compared to the FEM results, which was suggested to be further investigated in the future.Dagens avancerade teknik inom fordonsindustrin kräver förbättrad precision hos konstruktioner inom olika områden. Forskning behövs för att möta kundernas efterfrågan och för att öka hållbarhet, effektivitet och tillförlitlighet. Detta är varför kontinuerlig utvecklingen av växellådssystem har varit ett hett ämne i många år. Kugghjulstransmission skall ha högt motstånd mot upprepande belastning som förekommer på tänderna och skall även ha en minimal energiförlust. Detta examensarbete siktar mot att stödja den fortsatta utvecklingen inom området genom en fallstudie, mer specifikt för att studera sju olika kugghjulsmodeller som behandlar ett parallellt spiralformade kugghjul. Målet med detta examensarbete är att studera ett kugghjulskoncept där en ring appliceras för att reducera rot- och kontaktspänningar. Utförandet sker genom att studera sju olika modeller, för att veta hur stor påverkan designen utgör. En eller två stödringstrukturer appliceras, eller att öka kuggbredden på det kugghjul som anses vara det mest kritiska för höga spänningar. Denna studie görs för att kugghjulstillverkaren ska vara i utvecklingens framkant och kunna konkurrera inom fordonsindustrin. M1 ären referens och standard designmodell, medan de andra modellerna (M2-M5/ P1-P3) är modifierade design där med ytterligare ringar eller ändrad kuggbredd. Simulering är en effektiv metod för att förstå och visualisera komplexiteten av komponenter inom växellådan. Ett finita elementmetodens program användes för att undersöka dessa modeller, genom att importera geometrierna till pre-processorn ANSA, där Abaqus 2017 användes som en lösare, där sedan resultaten extraheras från post-processorn META. För att stödja denna studien användes två av de sju FEM-modellerna till att valideras mot ett annat specialiserat kugghjulsprogram inom kuggberäkning som heter WindowsLDP. Detta med avsikt att fastställa simuleringsmodellernas robusthet. Det så kallade överföringsfelet, rotböjnings- och kontaktspänningarna var ingående parametrar som behandlades under valideringen. Modellerna M3-M5/P1-P3 introducerades, där rotböjsspänningen och kontaktspänningen reducerades med 1.2-4.4 och 0.07-4.3% när de jämfördes med M1. Överföringsfelet (TE) kunde skilja upp mot 85% mellan M2-M3 jämfört med M1. Ett systematiskt fel uppstod i modell M2, modellens robusthet kunde därmed ej fastställas, då modellens resultat bör övervägas noggrant. Införande av så kallade växelförskjutning, lutning/vippning parametrar, mikrogeometrier och profilmodifieringen relaterat till kronning och tipavlastning, kommer att genera minskade TE-mätningar samt rot- och kontaktspänningar för de spiralformade kugghjulen. Dessa ämne har ej studerats under detta examensarbete. LDP-resultaten visade högre värden relativt jämfört med de FEM resultat, där en trend kunde observeras. Slutsatsen föreslog att detta bör undersökas ytterligare i framtiden.
11
Het, Kivanc. "Effects Of Geometrical Factors On Fracture Toughness Using Semi-circular Bending Type Specimens." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609320/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Semi-circular specimens (SCB) under three point-bending which are commonly used for fracture testing of rocks were used here for fracture mechanics tests. A total of 65 specimens were tested by using Ankara andesite rock.
Investigations including the effects of initial notch thickness, different loading span ratios (S/R), flattened loading end, and little dimensional variations when preparing the specimens were carried out.
Stress intensity factors for specimens with different geometries were computed individually by using a 3D finite element program ABAQUS.
Specimens with a preliminary notch thickness varying from 0.84 to 3.66 mm were tested under three point bending.
For a second group of specimens loading span was changed and fracture toughness variation was studied. Another change in the specimen geometry was made by machining a flat loading end at the upper load application point. Fracture toughness values were computed using the stress intensity values computed from numerical modeling and failure loads from the experiments.
It was found that up to 2 mm fracture toughness was not affected by variations in the thickness of preliminary notches. Fracture toughness was not affected by changing the loading span. For specimens with flat loading ends, fracture toughness was about 16% lower than the value found from regular SCB type specimens loaded at a point at the top by a steel roller.
As a result of about 46 experiments average fracture toughness of Ankara Gölbasi andesite was found as 1.36 MPa .
12
Copploe, Joseph V. II. "In Vivo Strains in the Femur of the Nine-Banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1403533523.
Full text
13
Poggi, Francesco. "Bending properties of commercial wood-based panels by NDT methods." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-66162.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis work focuses mainly on the application of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods on wood-based panels (WBP) in order to estimate the bending properties. To prove the accuracy and applicability of these methods on WBP, their results are correlated with results from a standardized static bending test. The behavior in different climate conditions and the application on panels of larger sizes is also questioned to provide an indication about strong points and boundaries of NDT methods applied on WBP.The bending properties are of major importance, especially for materials suited to bear loads. Bending stiffness, represented by the modulus of elasticity (MOE), is an expression of the deflection rate of a material under load. The bending strength, represented by the modulus of rupture (MOR), is an expression of the maximum load withstood by a material before rupture.Before testing, the material is acclimatized in three climate conditions: dry (20°C, 35% RH), standard (20°C, 65% RH) and wet (20°C, 85% RH), to understand the bending properties variation and how the NDT methods are affected by the variation in moisture content.The materials used are seven types of WBP, in particular four types of particleboards (PB), one type of high-density fiberboard (HDF), one type of dual density PB (with high and low density areas along the production direction) and one type of light-weight panel (Board-on-stiles, a composite panel of HDF, PB and paper honeycomb).To test the bending properties the following NDT methods are considered: transversal resonance vibration and longitudinal resonance vibration with the use of the BING system and the time-of-flight with the use of Fakopp Ultrasonic Timer and Silvatest Trio. The resonance vibration methods, transversal and longitudinal, are based on the relation between resonance vibration properties and bending properties of a material. The relation with bending properties also exists for the stress wave velocity (SWV) through a material, calculated with the time-of-flight method. The dynamic MOE resulting from these tests is then correlated with the static MOE and MOR from the static bending test.The NDT methods resulted to be reliable on WBP, with generally high levels of correlation between dynamic MOE and static MOE and MoR. The highest correlation value for MoE is with the transversal resonance vibration while the highest for MOR is with the longitudinal resonance vibration. The results of the dynamic MOE for all the NDT methods are higher than the static MOE, as confirmed also in the literature; the average ratio between the dynamic and the static MOE is, for example, up to 1,6 for WBP in standard climate condition, tested with Fakopp U.T.. These results are extremely higher than values suggested by previous studies. Moreover, the ratio increases with increasing relative humidity of the climate condition. The results from the tests on larger sizes suggest a possible application in this field. The time-of-flight method is suitable for in-plane uniform materials, like the PB and HDF, while the transversal resonance methods give also a good representation of the properties of the dual density PB and the light-weight panel.
14
Williams, Zachary. "Krouse Fatigue for Metals with Elevated Mean Stress." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1597075964521893.
Full text
15
Miller, Douglas Dwight. "Stress intensity factors for circumferential part-through cracks from holes in hollow cylinders subjected to tension and bending loads." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16055.
Full text
16
Kemper, Andrew Robb. "The Biomechanics of Thoracic Skeletal Response." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37635.
Full textAbstract:
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reported that in 2008 there were a total of 37,261 automotive related fatalities, 26,689 of which were vehicle occupants. It has been reported that in automotive collisions chest injuries rank second only to head injuries in overall number of fatalities and serious injuries. In frontal collisions, chest injuries constitute 37.6% of all AIS 3+ injuries, 46.3% of all AIS 4+ injuries, and 43.3% of all AIS 5+ injuries. In side impact collisions, it has been reported that thoracic injuries are the most common type of serious injury (AISâ ¥3) to vehicle occupants in both near side and far side crashes which do not involve a rollover. In addition, rib fractures are the most frequent type of thoracic injury observed in both frontal and side impact automotive collisions.
Anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs), i.e. crash test dummies, and finite element models (FEMs) have proved to be integral tools in the assessment and mitigation of thoracic injury risk. However, the validation of both of these tools is contingent on the availability of relevant biomechanical data. In order to develop and validate FEMs and ATDs with improved thoracic injury risk assessment capabilities, it is necessary to generate biomechanical data currently not presented in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this dissertation is to present novel material, structural, and global thoracic skeletal response data as well as quantify thoracic injury timing in both frontal belt loading and side impact tests using cadaveric specimens.Ph. D.
17
Bardelcik, Alexander. "Effect of Pre-Bending and Hydroforming Parameters on the Formability of Advanced High Strength Steel Tube." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2829.
Full textAbstract:
With increasing fuel costs and the current drive to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption, a need to reduce vehicle weight is apparent. Weight reduction can be achieved by replacing conventionally stamped structural members with hydroformed parts. The weight reduction can be further enhanced by reducing the thickness of the hydroformed members through the use of advanced high strength steel (AHSS). A primary limitation in hydroforming AHSS, is the limited ductility or formability of these materials. This limitation becomes acute in multi-stage forming operations in which strain path changes become large making it difficult to predict formability. Thus, the focus of the current work is to study the effects of pre-bending on the subsequent hydroformability of Dual-Phase DP600 steel tubes. As part of this effort, the effect of key bending and hydroforming process parameters, bending boost and hydroforming end-feed, have been studied in a parametric fashion. Multi-step pre-bending and hydroforming experiments were performed on 76. 2 mm (3. 0") OD tubes with a wall-thickness of 1. 85mm (DP600). Experiments were also performed on 1. 74mm Interstitial Free (IF) steel tube, which provided a low strength, high formability baseline material for comparison purposes. A fully instrumented servo-hydraulic mandrel-rotary draw tube bender was used in the pre-bending experiments in which various levels of boost were applied. The results showed that increased boost reduced the major (tensile) strain and thinning at the outside of the bend. At the inside of the bend, the compressive minor strain became larger and thickening increased.
Hydroforming of the straight and pre-bent tubes was conducted using various levels of load-control end-feed (EF). For both straight and pre-bend tube hydroforming, an increase in hydroforming EF resulted in increased burst pressure and corner-fill expansion (CFE). The effect of bending boost on CFE was also measured. For a given hydroforming EF case, a tube bent with greater boost achieved a higher burst pressure and consequently a greater CFE which increased the hydroformability of the material. Pre-bending was shown to consume a considerable amount of the formability of the tube in the hydroforming experiments. For the same EF case, the pre-bent tubes could only achieve a fraction of the straight tube CFE at burst.
The pre-bending and hydroforming experiments were complimented by finite element simulation in the hope of providing additional insight into these processes. The finite element (FE) models were able to accurately predict the strain and thickness changes imposed during pre-bending. The models were able to accurately predict the CFE, EF displacement, and strain and thickness distributions after hydroforming.
The extended stress-based forming limit curve (XSFLC) failure criterion was applied to predict failure (onset of necking) during hydroforming, which was measured as the burst pressure in the experiments. For straight tube hydroforming, the XSFLC predicted the correct failure pressure versus hydroforming EF load trend, but over predicted the failure pressures. In pre-bend hydroforming, the models were able to capture the effect of bending boost and hydroforming EF on the hydroformability of the tubes. The XSFLC was able to capture the drop in formability for bending versus straight tube hydroforming, but was unable to capture the failure pressure versus hydroforming EF load trend or magnitude. Further work is required to make the XSFLC applicable to straight and pre-bend hydroforming.
18
ITO, Toshimasa, Keisuke TANAKA, Yoshiaki AKINIWA, Takahiro ISHII, and Yasuhiro MIKI. "X-Ray Study of Mechanical Properties of TiN Thin Films Coated on Steel by Ion Beam Mixing Method." The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9182.
Full text
19
Craig, Bruce A. "Comparison of creep/duration of load performance in bending of Parallam® parallel strand lumber to machine stress rated lumber." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26194.
Full textAbstract:
A comparison of the creep/duration of load (DOL) performance of a new structural wood composite material called Parallam® parallel strand lumber (PSL) to two grades of machine-stress-rated (HSR) Douglas-fir lumber is presented in this thesis. Evaluation of the creep/DOL performance was made on nominal 2x4 members under constant bending stress at three stress levels. A total of 306 test specimens were evaluated for a 15-1/2 month time period.
The analysis suggests that the duration of load effect for Parallam PSL was consistent with the Madison curve for the time period studied while the MSR Douglas-fir lumber was consistent with recent duration of load models developed for structural lumber. The analysis also indicates that the current duration of load adjustment factors can be applied to develop working stresses for Parallam.
The creep behaviour of the Parallam PSL was found to be equivalent or better than the two MSR lumber grades under dry-service conditions. Furthermore, evidence of linear viscoelastic behaviour was found for all test materials within the range of applied stresses evaluated. Two mathematical models of creep were fitted to the creep data and compared. A '4-parameter linear viscoelastic' model fitted the creep data better than an empirical 'power curve' model. The model parameters developed provide a basis for estimating the mean creep behaviour and variability in creep response for these materials under in-service load conditions for dry-service environments.Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
20
Urrutia, Valenzuela Roberto. "Plug repairs of marine glass fiber / vinyl ester laminates subjected to in-plane shear stress or in-plane bending moment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61923.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M. in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering )--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and, Thesis (S.M. in Mechanical Engineering)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-73).
Glass fiber / vinyl ester composite laminates represent an important class of modem fiber composites being proposed or used in state-of-the-art shipbuilding. This thesis examined the effectiveness of chopped strand mat (CSM) plug repairs of glass fiber / vinyl ester woven roving laminates subjected to in-plane shear and bending. An advantage of this type of repair scheme is its simplicity when compared to more traditional schemes such as scarf or step repairs. The stress concentrations around circular holes in glass fiber / vinyl ester woven roving laminates subjected to in-plane shear and bending were calculated before and after repairs using CSM plugs, also of glass fiber / vinyl ester, having varying fiber volume fractions. The laminates were orthotropic and ranged from balanced to unidirectional woven roving, and the CSM plug fiber volume fractions ranged from 0 to 0.40. For in-plane shear stress, as the plug fiber volume fraction increased from 0 to 0.40, the maximum stress concentration along the circular holes in the laminate was reduced from about 25% to 61%. For in-plane bending, as the plug fiber volume fraction increased from 0 to 0.40, the maximum stress concentration in the laminate was reduced from about 25% to 45%.
by Roberto Urrutia Valenzuela.
S.M.in Mechanical Engineering
S.M.in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering
21
田中, 啓介, Keisuke TANAKA, 賢一 水野, Kenichi MIZUNO, 修太郎 町屋, Shutaro MACHIYA, 義明 秋庭, and Yoshiaki AKINIWA. "シリコン単結晶の重回帰分析を用いたX線応力測定." 日本機械学会, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9153.
Full text
22
Sener, Karakas Sinem. "Shear Mode Rock Fracture Toughness Determination With A Circular Plate Type Specimen Under Three-point Bending." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613036/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Fracture toughness is an important rock property for rock fracturing and fragmentation applications. Theory and practice of opening mode (mode I) and shearing mode (mode II) fracture toughness tests are still in a developing stage for the cylindrical rock cores. A new circular plate type test specimen is used for mode II fracture toughness testing on rock cores. This involves a straight edge notched circular plate type core disc geometry under three-point bending loadnew method and its associated specimen geometry is referred as straight edge notched disc bend (SNDB) specimen under three-point bending. Mode II fracture toughness results of the tests with this new geometry were compared to the results of the tests commonly employed for mode II fracture toughness testing. Specimen geometries were modeled and mode II stress intensity factors were computed by finite element modeling using ABAQUS program. For comparison purposes, mode II or shearing mode fracture toughness KIIc of two different rock types were determined by different testing methods commonly employed in recent practice. Core specimens of Ankara andesite and Afyon marble rock types were tested with cracked chevron notched Brazilian disc and cracked straight through Brazilian disc specimens under Brazilian type loading, semi-circular bend specimen and straight edge notched disc bending specimen geometries under three-point bending.For all testing groups, cylindrical cores with diameters varying from 7.5 cm to 12.5 cm were prepared with notch lengths changing from 1.5 cm to 2.6 cm. Effect of specimen thickness on mode II fracture toughness was investigated for three different testing methods. Fracture toughness values remained constant when thickness of the specimens was increased for cracked straight through Brazilian disc, semi-circular bend and straight notched disc bend methods. For cracked straight through Brazilian disc method KIIc values of Ankara andesite and Afyon marble were 0.99 MPa&radic
m and 0.86 MPa&radic
m, respectively. Mode II fracture toughness with semi-circular bend specimen was 0.43 MPa&radic
m for andesite and 0.46 MPa&radic
m for marble. When the results of the two three-point bending type tests were compared straight notched disc under three-point bending resulted in higher KIIc values (0.61 MPa&radic
m for andesite and 0.62 MPa&radic
m for marble) than the results found by semi-circular bend tests.
23
Tez, Burkay Yasar. "Effects Of Specimen Height And Loading Span On The Fracture Toughness Of Disc Type Rock Specimens Under Three Point Bending." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609496/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
A relatively new fracture toughness testing method called Straight Notched Disc Bending (SNDB) was used before for fracture testing of Ankara Andesite and Afyon Marble cores. In this work to investigate the applicability of the new method to other rock types. With a preliminary notch of 10 mm, straight notched disc type specimens with a diameter of 75 mm were loaded by three-point bending loads.
Investigation of effect of specimen height on the stress intensity factor and fracture toughness was carried out. Specimen heights (B) between 18 &ndash67 mm were tried for andesite and marble cylindrical specimens. Loading span, that is span/radius (S/R) ratio was changed between 0.6 - 0.9 for andesite specimens. Stress intensity factor for specimens was computed with ABAQUS program. Stress intensity factor was found to increase with increasing specimen diameter for a fixed span/radius ratio. Stress intensity factor decreased with increasing specimen height. Changing span was found to have no significant effect on fracture toughness of andesite. Fracture toughness was significantly lower for specimens with smaller height. The suggested testing height interval for this type of specimens was between height/diameter ratios of 0.49 &ndash
0.64. Results were compared to the results obtained by a well-known specimen geometry named semi-circular bend specimens (SCB) under three-point bending. SCB tests produced lower values for fracture toughness for both rock types. Fracture toughness was 0.99 MPa&
#8730
m for Ankara Andesite and 0.70 MPa&
#8730
m for Afyon Marble.
24
Galitz, Christopher Lee. "The Effects of Early-Age Stress on the Elastic and Viscoelastic Behavior of Cement Paste." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56988.
Full textAbstract:
The viscoelastic behavior of concrete, nearly completely attributable to changes in properties in the cement paste, is an ongoing area of research with the objective of avoiding unpredictable response and potentially failure of concrete structures. This research explores the elastic and viscoelastic response in cement paste beams using relaxation testing, with and without strain reversals in the load history. It was seen that strain reversal imparts significant changes in mechanical response, retarding load relaxation. Companion beams were tested for chemical composition at varying depths in the beam section and the results were compared to those of control specimens not subject to stress. Results indicate significant variations in composition implying that stress accelerates the hydration process. The reasons behind the acceleration are discussed and incorporated into a preliminary solidification-dissolution model for beam relaxation. The model, though in need of improvement through further research, shows promise in potentially predicting relaxation in cement paste and by extension, in concrete structures.Ph. D.
25
Martin-Benito, Dario, Kevin Anchukaitis, Michael Evans, Río Miren del, Hans Beeckman, and Isabel Cañellas. "Effects of Drought on Xylem Anatomy and Water-Use Efficiency of Two Co-Occurring Pine Species." MDPI AG, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625999.
Full textAbstract:
Exploring how drought influences growth, performance, and survival in different species is crucial to understanding the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems. Here, we investigate the responses of two co-occurring pines (Pinus nigra and Pinus sylvestris) to interannual drought in east-central Spain by dendrochronological and wood anatomical features integrated with isotopic ratios of carbon (delta C-13) and oxygen (delta O-18) in tree rings. Our results showed that drought induces both species to allocate less carbon to build tracheid cell-walls but increases tracheid lumen diameters, particularly in the transition wood between early and latewood, potentially maximizing hydraulic conductivity but reducing resistance to embolism at a critical phase during the growing season. The thicker cell-wall-to-lumen ratio in P. nigra could imply that its xylem may be more resistant to bending stress and drought-induced cavitation than P. sylvestris. In contrast, the higher intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) in P. sylvestris suggests that it relies more on a water-saving strategy. Our results suggest that narrower cell-walls and reduced growth under drought are not necessarily linked to increased iWUE. At our site P. nigra showed a higher growth plasticity, grew faster and was more competitive than P. sylvestris. In the long term, these sustained differences in iWUE and anatomical characters could affect forest species performance and composition, particularly under increased drought stress.
26
Jin, Hui, and Hao Wu. "Finite Element Modelling of Fracture in dowel-type timber connections." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-34783.
Full textAbstract:
Dowel-type steel to timber connections are commonly used in timber structure. The load carrying capacity and the stress distribution within the connection area are complicated and the failure behavior of a connection depends on many parameters. The main purpose of this thesis was to verify, using the data obtained from previous experiments, the conventional design method of European Code 5(EC5) (hand calculation) for dowel type joints subjected to pure bending moment and other alternative design methods based on the finite element method (FEM) including the use of the mean stress approach and the extended finite element method (XFEM). Finite element models were created in the software ABAQUS. The models were then used to predict the load bearing capacity and compare this to the experimental results. In addition parametric studies were performed with modifications of material properties and other parameters. The closest prediction in relation to the test results was obtained using XFEM where the predicted capacity was 3.82% larger than the experimental result. An extension of the mean stress method going from a 2D-formulation to a 3D-formulation was verified as well. A general conclusion drawn from this work is that the numerical modelling approaches used should also be suitable for application to complex connections and situations involving other loading situations than pure tension.
27
Bood, Sven Åke. "Bending and Mending the Neurosignature : Frameworks of influence by flotation-REST (Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique) upon well-being in patients with stress related ailments." Doctoral thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-1150.
Full textAbstract:
The overarching purpose of the current thesis was to assess the long term effects of a treatment program involving flotation-REST for the experience of pain, from the point of view of variables connected with Melzack´s neuromatrix theory, and to examine the extent of a potential attention-placebo effect in connection with flotation-REST.
The first study (Paper I) aimed to investigate long-term effects of flotation-REST four months after treatment. Seventy patients participated, diagnosed as having stress-related pain. Participants were randomly assigned to either a control group or a flotation-REST group and participated in a total of twelve flotation REST or control sessions. Results indicated that pain areas, stress, anxiety and depression decreased, while sleep quality, optimism, and prolactin increased. Positive effects generally maintained four months after treatment. The second (Paper II) examined the potential effects of attention-placebo. Thirty-two patients who were diagnosed as having stress-related muscular pain were treated for a period of six weeks. Half of the patients were also given attention for a period of 12 weeks, while the remainder received attention for 6 weeks. Participants in both groups exhibited lowered blood pressure, reduced pain, anxiety, depression, stress, and negative affectivity, as well as increased optimism, energy, and positive affectivity. The third (Paper III) investigated whether or not 33 flotation sessions were more effective for stress related ailments as compared to 12 sessions. Participants were 37 patients with stress related ailments. Analyzes for subjective pain and psychological variables typically indicated that 12 sessions were enough to get considerably improvements and no further improvements were noticed after 33 sessions. Finally, the fourth study (Paper IV) aimed to examine whether and how the combination of therapy and flotation tank could be used to treat patients with severe stress problems. Two women on long-term sick-leave participated in the study, which was carried out over a period of one year. Four overarching themes were generated: the therapeutic work model, transformation of feelings, self-insight and meaning. These together constituted a “therapeutic circle” which after a while transformed in to a “therapeutic spiral” of increased meaning and enhanced wellbeing.
It was therefore concluded that flotation tank therapy is an effective method for the treatment of stress-related pain.
28
Bood, Sven-Åke. "Bending and mending the neurosignature : frameworks of influence by flotation-REST (restricted environmental stimulation technique) upon well-being in patients with stress related ailments /." Karlstad : Faculty of Economic Sciences, Communication and IT, Psychology, Karlstad University, 2007. http://www.diva-portal.org/kau/abstract.xsql?dbid=1150.
Full text
29
TANAKA, Keisuke, Yoshiaki AKINIWA, Yoshihisa SAKAIDA, and Hirohisa KIMACHI. "Lattice Strain and Domain Switching Induced in Tetragonal PZT by Poling and Mechanical Loading." The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9183.
Full text
30
Shaarbaf, Ihsan Ali Saib. "Three-dimensional non-linear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete beams in torsion : reinforced concrete members under torsion and bending are analysed up to failure : a non-linear concrete model for general states of stress including compressive strength degradation due to cracking is described." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3576.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis describes a non-linear finite element model suitable for the analysis of reinforced concrete, or steel, structures under general three-dimensional states of loading. The 20 noded isoparametric brick element has been used to model the concrete and reinforcing bars are idealised as axial members embedded within the concrete elements. The compressive behaviour of concrete is simulated by an elasto-plastic work hardening model followed by a perfectly plastic plateau which is terminated at the onset the . crushing. In tension, a smeared crack model with fixed orthogonal cracks has been used with the inclusion of models for the retained post-cracking stress and the reduced shear modulus. The non-linear equations of equilibrium have been solved using an incremental-iterative technique operating under load control. The solution algorithms used are the standard and the modified Newton-Raphson methods. Line searches have been implemented to accelerate convergence. The numerical integration has been generally carried out using 15 point Gaussian type rules. Results of a study to investigate the performance of these rules show that the 15 point rules are accurate and computationally efficient compared with the 27(3X3X3) point Gaussian rule. The three- dimensional finite element model has been used to investigate the problem of elasto-plastic torsion of homogeneous members. The accuracy of the finite element solutions obtained for beams of different cross-sections subjected to pure and warping torsion have been assessed by comparing them with the available exact or approximate analytical solutions. Because the present work is devoted towards the analysis of reinforced concrete members which fail in shear or torsional modes, the computer program incorporates three models to account for the degradation in the compressive strength of concrete due to presence of tensile straining of transverse reinforcement. The numerical solutions obtained for reinforced concrete panels under pure shear and beams in torsion and combined torsion and bending reveal that the inclusion of a model for reducing the compressive strength of cracked concrete can significantly improve the correlation of the predicted post-cracking stiffness and the computed ultimate loads with the experimental results. Parametric studies to investigate the effects of some important material and solution parameters have been carried out. It is concluded that in the presence of a compression strength reduction model, the tension-stiffening parameters required for reinforced concrete members under torsion should be similar to those used for members in which bending dominates.
31
Menezes, Eduardo Antonio Wink. "Calibração de modelo numérico para simulação do comportamento mecânico de cabos poliméricos reforçados por fibra de carbono." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/132637.
Full textAbstract:
Cabos são componentes estruturais utilizados desde a antiguidade, principalmente em aplicações onde o carregamento axial é elevado, enquanto a flexão e torção são relativamente baixos. Exemplos de aplicação atuais incluem sustentação de pontes, ancoragem de plataformas offshore, elevadores, transporte em minas, guindastes, entre outros. O estudo de seu comportamento mecânico envolve fatores que agregam considerável complexidade na elaboração de modelos numéricos ou analíticos que representem seu comportamento. Dentre esses fatores se destacam as tensões de contato que surgem entre as pernas do cabo à medida que deslizam em relação às outras, a geometria helicoidal, a rotação das pernas em torno da alma do cabo ao ser estendido (i.e., variação do ângulo da hélice do cabo) além de, no caso de cabos compósitos, um comportamento anisotrópico. Tendo em vista a indisponibilidade de uma solução analítica completa para cabos compósitos, buscou-se através do presente trabalho calibrar um modelo numérico elaborado em software comercial de elementos finitos, contemplando fatores comumente desprezados pelos modelos analíticos simplificados. Foram executados ensaios de tração na alma de cabos de compósitos com fibras de carbono de geometria 1×10 (nove fios envolvendo a alma) para determinar o módulo de elasticidade longitudinal e utilizada a teoria da micromecânica para avaliar as demais constantes de engenharia. O cabo foi modelado em tração, onde uma extremidade foi engastada e a outra teve rotação restrita e deslocamento longitudinal livre, e também em flexão em quatro pontos, deixando uma das extremidades com rotação livre e a outra com rotação e deslocamento longitudinal livre, com os demais graus de liberdade restritos. Em seguida foi conduzida uma análise de sensibilidade das principais variáveis que governam o problema, de onde se concluiu que o passo do cabo, o diâmetro de seus fios e o módulo de elasticidade longitudinal são as mais relevantes. O desvio da deformação de ruptura em tração e do deslocamento em flexão obtidos numericamente em relação aos dados experimentais obtidos foi de 10,8 % e 14,6 %, respectivamente. Após o processo de calibração, que fez uso do método de Programação Linear Sequencial para buscar o valor das variáveis de projeto que minimizassem o erro entre os dados experimentais e numéricos, o desvio encontrado reduziu para 2,4 % e 0,1 %, respectivamente.Wire ropes have been used since ancient times, especially in applications were the axial stress is high and flexural and torsional stresses are relatively low. Current application include bridges, offshore platforms, elevators, mine hoisting, cranes, among others. Study of their mechanical behavior encompasses many factors, bringing considerable complexity in the construction of numerical or analytical models that represent their behavior, including contact stresses between rods as they slide past one another, helical geometry, rotation of wires around the core when in extension (i.e. variation in helix angle) and also, for composite cables, the anisotropic behavior. In view of the unavailability of a comprehensive analytical solution, this work focuses on the calibration of a numerical model built on a finite element software incorporating factors commonly neglected by simplified analytical approaches. Tensile tests were performed on the core of carbon fiber composite cables, 1×10 geometry (nine rods surrounding the core), to evaluate its longitudinal elastic modulus and employed micromechanics theory to obtain the remaining engineering constants. The cable was then modeled under tensile stress, where one end was fully constrained and the other could not rotate but was free to move in the longitudinal direction. Under 4-point bending, where one end was free only to rotate, while the other was free to move in longitudinal direction and to rotate, whereas the remaining degrees of freedom were constrained. After that, sensitivity analysis of the main variables governing the problem was conducted, concluding that cable pitch, rod diameter and longitudinal elastic modulus of the rods are the most relevant parameters. Deviation between ultimate strain under tensile stress and displacement under bending numerically obtained with those from experiments were 10.8 % and 14.6 %, respectively. After the calibration process, which used Sequential Linear Programing to search for the design variables values that minimized error between numerical and experimental data, the finite element model could reproduce the tensile stress and bending behavior with deviations of 2.4 % and 0.1 %, respectively.
32
Zhang, Ruixia. "REJUVENATION OF PRE-CORRODED AND/OR PRE-FATIGUED 7075-T651 ALUMINUMALLOY BY ULTRASONIC NANOCRYSTALLINE SURFACE MODIFICATION." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1606754511716982.
Full text
33
Chen, Zhiwen. "Micro-mechanical characteristics and dimensional change of Cu-Sn interconnects due to growth of interfacial intermetallic compounds." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/18431.
Full textAbstract:
Sn-based solder alloys are extensively used in electronic devices to form interconnects between different components to provide mechanical support and electrical path. The formation of a reliable solder interconnects fundamentally relies on the metallurgic reaction between the molten solder and solid pad metallization in reflowing. The resultant IMC layer at the solder/pad metallization interface can grow continuously during service or aging at an elevated temperature, uplifting the proportion of IMCs in the entire solder joint. However, the essential mechanical properties of interfacial IMC (i.e. Cu6Sn5, Cu3Sn) layers, such as Young s modulus and hardness, are drastically different in comparison with Sn-based solder and substrate. Therefore, the increasing fraction of interfacial IMCs in the solder joint can lead to significant deformation incompatibility under exterior load, which becomes an important reliability concern in the uses of solder joints for electronic interconnects. In the past decades, extensive research works were implemented and reported regarding the growth of interfacial IMC layers and its effect on the mechanical integrity of solder joints. But, the following fundamental issues in terms of mechanical and microstructural evolution in the uses of solder joints still remain unclear, demanding further research to elaborate: (1) The protrusion of IMCs: Though the growth of interfacial IMC layers along the diffusion direction in solder joints were studied extensively, the growth of IMCs perpendicular to the diffusion direction were reported in only a few papers without any further detailed investigation. This phenomena can crucially govern the long-term reliability of solder interconnects, in particular, in the applications that require a robust microstructural integrity from a solder joint. (2) Fracture behaviour of interfacial IMC layers: The fracture behaviour of interfacial IMC layers is a vital factor in determining the failure mechanism of solder joints, but this was scarcely investigated due to numerous challenges to enable a potential in-situ micro-scale tests. It is therefore highly imperative to carry out such study in order to reveal the fracture behaviour of interfacial IMC layers which can eventually provide better understanding of the influence of interfacial IMC layers on the mechanical integrity of solder joints. (3) Volume shrinkage: The volume shrinkage (or solder joint collapse) induced by the growth of interfacial IMC layers was frequently ascribed as one of the main causes of the degradation of mechanical reliability during aging due to the potentially resulted voids and residual stress at the solder/substrate interface. However, very few experimental works on the characterisation of such type of volume shrinkage can be found in literatures, primarily due to the difficulties of observing the small dimensional changes that can be encountered in the course of IMCs growth. (4) Residual stress: The residual stress within solder joints is another key factor that contributes to the failure of solder joints under external loads. However, the stress evolution in solder joints as aging progresses and the potential correlation between the residual stress and the growth of interfacial IMC layers is yet to be fully understood, as stress/strain status can fundamentally alter the course of total failure of a solder joint. (5) Crack initiation and propagation in solder joints: Modelling on the mechanical behaviour of solder joints is often undertaken primarily on the stress distribution within solder joints, for instance, under a given external loading. But there is lack of utilising numerical analysis to simulate the crack initiation and propagation within solder joints, thus the effect of interfacial IMC layers on the fracture behaviour of the solder joints can be elaborated in further details. In this thesis, the growth of interfacial IMCs in parallel and perpendicular to the interdiffusion direction in the Sn99Cu1/Cu solder joints after aging was investigated and followed by observation with SEM, with an intention of correlating the growth of IMCs along these two directions with aging durations based on the measured thickness of IMC layer and height of perpendicular IMCs. The mechanism of the protrusion of IMCs and the mutual effect between the growth of IMCs along these two directions was also discussed. The tensile fracture behaviour of interfacial Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn layers at the Sn99Cu1/Cu interface was characterised by implementing cantilever bending tests on micro Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn pillars prepared by focused ion beam (FIB). The fracture stress and strain were evaluated by finite element modelling using Abaqus. The tensile fracture mechanism of both Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn can then be proposed and discussed based on the observed fracture surface of the micro IMC pillars. The volume shrinkage of solder joints induced by the growth of interfacial IMC layers in parallel to the interdiffusion direction in solder joint was also studied by specifically designed specimens, to enable the collapse of the solder joint to be estimated by surface profiling with Zygo Newview after increased durations of aging. Finite element modelling was also carried out to understand the residual stress potentially induced due to the volume shrinkage. The volume shrinkage in solder joints is likely to be subjected to the constraint from both the attached solder and substrate, which can lead to the build-up of residual stress at the solder/Cu interface. Depth-controlled nanoindentation tests were therefore carried out in the Sn99Cu1 solder, interfacial Cu6Sn5 layer, Cu3Sn layer and Cu with Vickers indenter after aging. The residual stress was then evaluated in the correlation with aging durations, different interlayers and the locations in the solder joint. Finally, finite element models incorporated with factors that may contribute to the failure of solder joints, including microstructure of solder joints, residual stress and the fracture of interfacial IMC, were built using Abaqus to reveal the effect of these factors on the fracture behaviour of solder joints under applied load. The effect of growth of IMC layer during aging on the fracture behaviour was then discussed to provide a better understanding of the degradation of mechanical integrity of solder joints due to aging. The results from this thesis can facilitate the understanding of the influence of interfacial IMC layers on the mechanical behaviour of solder joints due to long-term exposure to high temperatures.
34
Abendroth, Barbara. "Ion induced stress relaxation during the growth of cubic boron nitride thin films." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972228373.
Full text
35
Shope, Ronald L. "Response of Wide Flange Steel Columns Subjected to Constant Axial Load and Lateral Blast Load." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29521.
Full textAbstract:
The response of wide flange steel columns subjected to constant axial loads and lateral blast loads was examined. The finite element program ABAQUS was used to model W8x40 sections with different slendernesses and boundary conditions. For the response calculations, a constant axial force was first applied to the column and the equilibrium state was determined. Next, a short duration, lateral blast load was applied and the response time history was calculated. Changes in displacement time histories and plastic hinge formations resulting from varying the axial load were examined. The cases studied include single-span and two-span columns. In addition to ideal boundary conditions, columns with linear elastic, rotational supports were also studied. Non-uniform blast loads were considered. Major axis, minor axis, and biaxial bending were investigated. The effects of strain rate and residual stresses were examined. The results for each column configuration are presented as a set of curves showing the critical blast impulse versus axial load. The critical blast impulse is defined as the impulse that either causes the column to collapse or to exceed the limiting deflection criterion.
A major goal of this effort was to develop simplified design and analysis methods. To accomplish this, two single-degree-of-freedom approaches that include the effects of the axial load were derived. The first uses a bilinear resistance function that is similar to the one used for beam analysis. This approach provides a rough estimate of the critical impulse and is suitable only for preliminary design or quick vulnerability calculations. The second approach uses a nonlinear resistance function that accounts for the gradual yielding that occurs during the dynamic response. This approach can be easily implemented in a simple computer program or spreadsheet and provides close agreement with the results from the finite element method.Ph. D.
36
Hejman, Ulf. "On initiation of chemically assisted crack growth and crack propagation paths of branching cracks in polycarbonate." Licentiate thesis, Malmö högskola, Teknik och samhälle, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-7790.
Full textAbstract:
Stress corrosion, SC, in some cases gives rise to stress corrosion cracking, SCC, which differs from purely stress intensity driven cracks in many aspects. They initiate and grow under the influence of an aggressive environment in a stressed substrate. They grow at low load and may branch. The phenomenon of SCC is very complex, both the initiation phase and crack extension itself of SCC is seemingly associated with arbitrariness due to the many unknown factors controlling the process. Such factors could be concentration of species in the environment, stress, stress concentration, electrical conditions, mass transport, and so on.In the present thesis, chemically assisted crack initiation and growth is studied with special focus on the initiation and branching of cracks. Polycarbonate plates are used as substrates subjected to an acetone environment. Experimental procedures for examining initiation and branching in polycarbonate are presented. An optical microscope is employed to study the substrate.The attack at initiation is quantified from pits found on the surface, and pits that act as origin for cracks is identified and the distribution is analysed. A growth criterion for surface cracks is formulated from the observations, and it is used to numerically simulate crack growth. The cracks are seen to coalesce, and this phenomenon is studied in detail. Branching sites of cracks growing in the bulk of polycarbonate are inspected at the sample surface. It is found that the total width of the crack branches are approximately the same as the width of the original crack. Also, angles of the branches are studied. Further, for comparison the crack growth in the bulk is simulated using a moving boundary problem based algorithm and similar behaviour of crack branching is found.
37
Pimmarat, Marut. "Finite element analysis of the assembly process for two pipes." Ohio : Ohio University, 1999. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1175792842.
Full text
38
Soranakom, Chote, and Barzin Mobasher. "Flexural Analysis and Design of Textile Reinforced Concrete." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1244046537373-61938.
Full textAbstract:
A model is presented to use normalized multi-linear tension and compression material characteristics of strain-hardening textile reinforced concrete and derive closed form expressions for predicting moment-curvature capacity. A set of design equations are derived and simplified for use in spreadsheet based applications. The model is applicable for both strain-softening and strainhardening materials. The predictability of the simplified model is checked by model calibration and development of design charts for moment capacity and stress developed throughout the cross section of a flexural member. Model is calibrated by predicting the results of Alkali Resistant Glass and Polyethylene fabrics. A case for the flexural design of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) specimen as a simply supported beam subjected to distributed load is used to demonstrate the design procedure.
39
Viszlay, Viliam. "Ohýbaná tělesa: Numerická podpora v software ANSYS." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240183.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the thesis is the investigation of fracture-mechanics parameters on specimens made of quasi-brittle materials. The principles of two-parameter fracture mechanics are used. Couple of numerical simulations were done and their outputs are used for two main analysed specimen geometries. For simulations the finite element method software ANSYS is used. In the first part, the thesis focuses on bended specimens. The influence of different geometric parameters on fracture mechanics behaviour of cracked specimen is investigated. For model calibration the outputs of other authors are used. In the second part the specimens for modified compact-tension test (CT test) are analysed. Similar to the first part, the influence of geometric parameters of the specimen (in this case, the specimen size) on fracture mechanics parameters were investigated. The modified CT test was derived from CT test which is commonly used for metal materials testing as the suitable geometry for cement-based composite materials testing. The outputs of both parts are calibration polynomials, which are expressions obtained for different specimen geometries, giving the value of fracture mechanics parameter as the function of specimen geometry. As the example, calibration curves are used to obtain fracture toughness of tested material using the outputs from recent experiment.
40
Jurin, Florian. "Croissance et propriétés de films minces conducteurs par auto-assemblage de polyélectrolytes." Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA2072/document.
Full textAbstract:
L'auto-assemblage de polymères a été étudié afin d'élaborer des films multicouches possédant des propriétés conductrices. Dans un premier temps, l'influence de différents paramètres physico-chimiques (pH , force ionique, nature et charge des ions, concentrations en polymères...) sur la croissance de couche polymères isolants (PSS ou PDDA) / polymères conducteurs ( PEDOT : PSS ou P3HT-R) a été étudiée par des mesures in-situ de réflectométrie laser à angle fixe. La compréhension de ses paramètres a permis de contrôler l'assemblage des matériaux afin d'obtenir des films multicouches aux propriétés souhaitées ( épaisseur, morphologie, conductivité électrique...)les épaisseurs des films obtenus ont été déterminées par ellipsométrie ou profilométrie, la morphologie de la morphologie de la surface de ces films a été observé par MEB et leur conductivité a été mesurée par la méthode de van Pauw. Dans un second temps, des films multicouches polymères / particules composites ont été construits après avoir optimisé les conditions d'élaboration des particules composites Al2-PEDOT : PSSph ou SiO2-P3HT-R).Les films multicouches obtenus présentent des conductivités équivalentes à celles des films à base de polymères mais sont construits avec moins d'étapes d'adsorption. Enfin des couches multicouches à bases de deux polymères conducteurs (P3HT-R et PEDOT:PSS) ont été construits sur substrats souples. Ils présentent la plus haute conductivité mesurée (1,5 S.m-1) et conservent leurs propriétés électriques lorsqu'ils sont soumis à des contraintes mécaniques de flexion , ce qui est prometteur quant à leur utilisation dans le domaine de l'électronique déformableSelf-assembly of polymers has been studied in order to produce multilayer films having conductive properties. First, the influence of various physicochemical parameters (pH, ionic strength, nature and charge of ions, polymer concentrations, etc.) on the growth of insulating polymer (PSS or PDDA) / conductive polymers (PEDOT : PSS or P3HT-R) was studied by in-situ measurements of fixed-angle laser reflectometry. The understanding of its parameters allowed to control the assembly of the materials in order to obtain multilayer films with the desired properties (thickness, morphology, electrical conductivity...) The thicknesses of the films obtained were determined by ellipsometry or profilometry, morphology Of the surface morphology of these films was observed by SEM and their conductivity was measured by the method of van Pauw. Second, polymer multilayer films / composite particles were built after optimizing the conditions for the production of the composite particles Al2-PEDOT: PSSph or SiO2-P3HT-R). The multilayer films obtained have conductivities equivalent to those of Films are based on polymers but are constructed with fewer adsorption steps. Finally, multilayer layers based on two conductive polymers (P3HT-R and PEDOT: PSS) were built on flexible substrates. They have the highest conductivity measured (1.5 Sm-1) and retain their electrical properties when subjected to mechanical bending stresses, which is promising for their use in the field of deformable electronics
41
Maddela, Naveen. "Finite Element Analysis of Railway Track Wooden Sleeper." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
Find full textAbstract:
Railway sleepers have important roles within the complex railroad. Dynamic interaction among Rail, sleeper and ballast supports are vital for the construction of dynamic model track capable of predicting its responses to impact loads due to wheel flats, wheel burns, irregularities of the rail. Railway track deteriorates over time due to the dynamic loading of passing wheeled vehicle. to ensure the secure passing of trains, the track must well design and managed.The objective of this thesis is to determine the stress in wooden rail sleeper by the considering Ballast, Sub ballast, and soil with the help of well-known FEM Tool Ansys Workbench. Material models for wooden sleeper and subgrade are anisotropic elasticity and elasto plastic (Drucker Prager), respectively. To validate FEM results with analytical Zimmermann method, perform the 2D linear static analysis and 3D nonlinear static analysis. The numerical analysis results in Ansys Work bench are presented and discussed the model validation with analytical results. Even though simulation converged it does not mean this model could give results similar to reality. But in my opinion these results are not sufficient to study the behavior of wooden sleeper because limitations in soil mechanics (Soil Models in Ansys Workbench).
42
Chomienne, Vincent. "Etude de l'influence de l'intégrité de surface en tournage de l'acier 15-5PH sur la tenue en fatigue en flexion rotative." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0105/document.
Full textAbstract:
Ce mémoire présente une méthode visant à mettre en évidence l’influence de l’intégrité de surface obtenue en tournage, sur la fatigue de l’acier 15-5PH. Le travail réalisé consiste à développer des moyens d’obtention de surfaces à intégrités maitrisées, puis à réaliser des essais de fatigue pour observer l’influence des paramètres d’intégrité. Les procédés de tournage et de galetage sont utilisés pour obtenir des lots d’éprouvettes possédant différentes intégrités de surfaces. Ces éprouvettes sont ensuite toutes caractérisées, en rugosité et contraintes résiduelles, de manières non destructives. Certaines éprouvettes font l’objet d’analyses complémentaires pour caractériser l’état de la matière sous la surface. Ces analyses permettent de constituer des lots d’éprouvettes possédant des caractéristiques de surfaces très proches. Toutefois, il a été mis en évidence une très grande sensibilité de l’intégrité de surface générée, vis-à-vis du diamètre de la pièce usinée, ce qui se traduit par une dispersion importante des intégrités de surface obtenues. Les lots constitués sont ensuite testés en fatigue sur une machine de flexion rotative (R = -1) selon la méthode Staircase. Cette méthode permet de déterminer la limite d’endurance avec 50 % de probabilité de rupture pour un nombre de cycles donné. Les résultats sont ensuite confrontés aux intégrités de surface des lots pour déterminer les caractéristiques les plus influentes. Une comparaison des données expérimentales est réalisée avec les modèles de la littérature. Il est montré que ces modèles ne parviennent pas à décrire de manière satisfaisante le comportement en fatigue vis à vis de la rugosité ou du niveau de contraintes résiduelles. L’analyse de ces résultats montre que le profil de contraintes résiduelles, dans le cas du 15-5PH, est la caractéristique la plus influente sur la tenue en fatigue. La rugosité n’apparait pas comme un facteur d’influence notable, à l’exception des cas où les contraintes résiduelles ont un niveau très faible. Des pistes d’améliorations sont enfin suggérées pour améliorer la prise en compte de l’intégrité de surface dans le cadre d’un dimensionnement en fatigueThis thesis aims to show a method to highlight the influence of surface integrity obtained by turning on the fatigue of a 15-5PH steel. Several ways are developped to obtain desired surface integrities, then fatigue test are performed to observe the influence of surface integrity parameters'. Turning and ball burnishing were used to achieve specimens with differents surface integrities. Theses samples are then fully characterized in term of surface roughness and residual stresses, in a non-destructive way. Some specimens are subject to further analysis to characterize the state of the material under the surfaece. These analyses are used to create batches of specimens with very close surfaces characteristics. However, it has been shown a high sensitivity of the generated surface integrity, with respect to the workpiece diameter, which result in a significant dispersion of surface integrities obtained. Batches are then tested on a rotating bending test machine (Stress ration R=-1) thanks to the Staircase method, in order to determine the fatigue limit at two billion cycle with a 50% failure probability. The results are then compared with the surface integrities in order to determine the most influencial parameter. A comparison of the experimental datas with models in the literature is performed. It is shown that models are unable to describe the fatigue behavior with respect to the roughness or the residual stress state. The results analysis shows that residual stresses profile, in the case of 15-5PH steel, is the most influencial parameter on the fatigue life. Roughness does not appears as a factor of major influence, except in cases where residual stresses have a very low level. Prospects for improvement are finaly suggested in order to improve the consideration of surface integrity during the fatigue design of parts
43
Amireghbali, Aydin. "Elastic Analysis Of A Circumferential Crack In An Isotropic Curved Beam Using Modified Mapping-collocation Method." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615675/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The modified mapping-collocation (MMC) method is applied to analyze a circumferential
crack in an isotropic curved beam. Based on the method a MATLAB code was developed to
obtain the stress field. Incorporating the stress correlation technique, the opening and sliding
fracture mode stress intensity factors (SIF)s of the crack for the beam under pure bending
moment load case are calculated.
The MMC method aims to solve two-dimensional problems of linear elastic fracture mechanics
(LEFM) by combining the power of analytic tools of complex analysis (Muskhelishvili
formulation, conformal mapping, and extension arguments) with simplicity of applying the
boundary collocation method as a numerical solution approach.
Qualitatively, a good agreement between the computed stress contours and the fringe shapes
obtained from the photoelastic experiment on a plexiglass specimen is observed. Quantitatively,
the results are compared with that of ANSYS finite element analysis software. The
effect of crack size, crack position and beam thickness variation on SIF values and mode
mixity is investigated.
44
Bian, Jian. "Ultimate flexural limit states analysis of prestressed concrete sleeper." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/63660/1/Jian_Bian_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Railway is one of the most important, reliable and widely used means of transportation, carrying freight, passengers, minerals, grains, etc. Thus, research on railway tracks is extremely important for the development of railway engineering and technologies. The safe operation of a railway track is based on the railway track structure that includes rails, fasteners, pads, sleepers, ballast, subballast and formation. Sleepers are very important components of the entire structure and may be made of timber, concrete, steel or synthetic materials. Concrete sleepers were first installed around the middle of last century and currently are installed in great numbers around the world. Consequently, the design of concrete sleepers has a direct impact on the safe operation of railways.
The "permissible stress" method is currently most commonly used to design sleepers. However, the permissible stress principle does not consider the ultimate strength of materials, probabilities of actual loads, and the risks associated with failure, all of which could lead to the conclusion of cost-ineffectiveness and over design of current prestressed concrete sleepers. Recently the limit states design method, which appeared in the last century and has been already applied in the design of buildings, bridges, etc, is proposed as a better method for the design of prestressed concrete sleepers. The limit states design has significant advantages compared to the permissible stress design, such as the utilisation of the full strength of the member, and a rational analysis of the probabilities related to sleeper strength and applied loads.
This research aims to apply the ultimate limit states design to the prestressed concrete sleeper, namely to obtain the load factors of both static and dynamic loads for the ultimate limit states design equations. However, the sleepers in rail tracks require different safety levels for different types of tracks, which mean the different types of tracks have different load factors of limit states design equations. Therefore, the core tasks of this research are to find the load factors of the static component and dynamic component of loads on track and the strength reduction factor of the sleeper bending strength for the ultimate limit states design equations for four main types of tracks, i.e., heavy haul, freight, medium speed passenger and high speed passenger tracks.
To find those factors, the multiple samples of static loads, dynamic loads and their distributions are needed. In the four types of tracks, the heavy haul track has the measured data from Braeside Line (A heavy haul line in Central Queensland), and the distributions of both static and dynamic loads can be found from these data. The other three types of tracks have no measured data from sites and the experimental data are hardly available. In order to generate the data samples and obtain their distributions, the computer based simulations were employed and assumed the wheel-track impacts as induced by different sizes of wheel flats. A valid simulation package named DTrack was firstly employed to generate the dynamic loads for the freight and medium speed passenger tracks. However, DTrack is only valid for the tracks which carry low or medium speed vehicles. Therefore, a 3-D finite element (FE) model was then established for the wheel-track impact analysis of the high speed track. This FE model has been validated by comparing its simulation results with the DTrack simulation results, and with the results from traditional theoretical calculations based on the case of heavy haul track. Furthermore, the dynamic load data of the high speed track were obtained from the FE model and the distributions of both static and dynamic loads were extracted accordingly. All derived distributions of loads were fitted by appropriate functions. Through extrapolating those distributions, the important parameters of distributions for the static load induced sleeper bending moment and the extreme wheel-rail impact force induced sleeper dynamic bending moments and finally, the load factors, were obtained. Eventually, the load factors were obtained by the limit states design calibration based on reliability analyses with the derived distributions. After that, a sensitivity analysis was performed and the reliability of the achieved limit states design equations was confirmed. It has been found that the limit states design can be effectively applied to railway concrete sleepers.
This research significantly contributes to railway engineering and the track safety area. It helps to decrease the failure and risks of track structure and accidents; better determines the load range for existing sleepers in track; better rates the strength of concrete sleepers to support bigger impact and loads on railway track; increases the reliability of the concrete sleepers and hugely saves investments on railway industries.
Based on this research, many other bodies of research can be promoted in the future. Firstly, it has been found that the 3-D FE model is suitable for the study of track loadings and track structure vibrations. Secondly, the equations for serviceability and damageability limit states can be developed based on the concepts of limit states design equations of concrete sleepers obtained in this research, which are for the ultimate limit states.
45
Diemer, Franck. "Utilisation en rotation continue des instruments de préparation canalaire en nickel-titane : évaluation des contraintes." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30283.
Full textAbstract:
The first part of this work exposes a bibliographical synthesis about properties of memory-shape alloys and the characteristics of the small electric motors. The second part is experimental. We compared the resistance of instruments characterized by different profiles. We measured the differences induced by profile and pitch length on stresses generated by endodontic instrument used in continuous rotation. Then we try to evaluate the conditions of disengaging of different electric motors and contra-angles. We finally use, with a torque control motor, a file with the tip maintained in a screw-locking device. These studies show the role of instrument profile. Regarding the safe use of files, it appears more effective to work on the instruments design than to use controlled torque motor which are far away from manufacturers’ specifications. The use of badly calibrated disengaging or coupled to reversed rotation is completely ineffective.
46
Žák, Ondřej. "Obchodní galerie." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226649.
Full textAbstract:
Master's thesis addresses the design and assessment of the load bearing structure of the shopping gallery. The building is designed as a three-storey rectangular plan with a flat roof. The structure is composed of steel frames and composite steel and concrete slabs. There are proposed two possible solutions - variant with a flat roof and direct central gallery, a reinforced rigid steel frames and a variant with a cupola roofed circular inner atrium, solidified with rods.
47
Buetikofer, Eric J. "Bending Bamboo: Moral Education in a Non-Traditional Setting in Vietnam." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1245349846.
Full text
48
Havlíková, Ivana. "Vyhodnocení lomových testů těles z vybraných stavebních materiálů pomocí modelu Dvojí-K." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-355611.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of dissertation is the analysis of the calculation of fracture parameters using Double-K fracture model for quasi-brittle specimens with the stress concentrator loaded by three-point bending or wedge splitting. To calculation of these parameters was used the developed DKFM_BUT software in Microsoft Excel application with using of Visual Basic programming language. Furthermore, the adequate shape functions and compliance functions were introduced for the selected wedge splitting test configurations. Main part of this dissertation is the series of comprehensively implemented and evaluated fracture experiments on specimens from advanced building materials, while the attention was paid to the analysis of experimental data. Finally, the selected results obtained using mentioned software support were presented and discussed.
49
Grebeň, Petr. "Výpočet průhybu součástí při obrábění." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228344.
Full textAbstract:
Selected chapters of the science branch "Elasticity and strength" applied to manufacturing of thin parts with various solution approaches. Applying theory of bars and a non-linear differential equation for the deflection line of the second order to a machined shaft. Numerical calculation in the ANSYS program. Evaluation and design of solution variants to machine thin shaft parts without supporting them.
50
Lidmila, Ladislav. "Rekonstrukce mostu v Ledči nad Sázavou." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409797.
Full textAbstract:
Diploma thesis deals with reconstruction of old beam bridge in town Ledeč nad Sázavou. Three variants of reconsttruction were done. Detailed structural design report was done to one of them, streithening with post-tensioning. Calculation of load effect was solved with finite elemet method via software on grillage model. Construction was checked on ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state. Necessary drawings were elaborated to chosen method.