Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bendix Radio'

In ground based high frequency (HF) radio pumping experiments, absorption of ordinary (O) mode pump waves energises the ionospheric plasma, producing optical emissions and other effects. Pump-induced or natural kilometre-scale field-aligned density depletions are believed to play a role in self-focussing phenomena such as the magnetic zenith (MZ) effect, i.e., the increased plasma response observed in the direction of Earth's magnetic field. Using ray tracing, we study the propagation of ordinary (O) mode HF radio waves in an ionosphere modified by density depletions, with special attention to transmission through the radio window (RW), where O mode waves convert into the extraordinary (X, or Z) mode. The depletions are shown to shift the position of the RW, or to introduce RWs at new locations. In a simplified model neglecting absorption, we estimate the wave electric field strength perpendicular to the magnetic field at altitudes normally inaccessible. This field could excite upper hybrid waves on small scale density perturbations. We also show how transmission and focussing combine to give stronger fields in some directions, notably at angles close to the MZ, with possible implications for the MZ effect. In a separate study, we consider electromagnetic (e-m) beams with helical wavefronts (i.e., twisted beams), which are associated with orbital angular momentum (OAM). By applying geometrical optics to each plane wave component of a twisted nonparaxial e-m Bessel beam, we calculate analytically the shift of the beam's centre of gravity during propagation perpendicularly and obliquely to a weak refractive index gradient in an isotropic medium. In addition to the so-called Hall shifts expected from paraxial theory, the nonparaxial treatment reveals new shifts in both the transverse and lateral directions. In some situations, the new shifts should be significant also for nearly paraxial beams.

MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) have received a great deal of attention in both the research and industrial sectors in recent decades. The broad MEMS category, microfluidics, the study of fluid flow through channels measured on the micrometer scale, plays an important role in devices such as compact heat exchangers, chemical and biological sensors, and lab-on-a-chip devices. Most of the research has been focused on how entire systems operate, both experimentally and through simulation. This paper strives, systematically, to map them through experimentation of the previous to untested realm of pressure loss through laminar square-profile sweeping-bend microchannels. Channels were fabricated in silicone and designed so a transducer could detect static pressure across a very specific length of channel with a desired bend. A wide variety of Reynolds numbers, bend radii, and bend angles were repeatedly tested over long periods in order to acquire a complete picture of pressure loss with in the domain of experimentation. Nearly all situations tested were adequately captured with the exception of some very low loss points that were too small to detect accurately. The bends were found to match laminar straight-duct theory at Reynolds numbers below 30. As Reynolds numbers increased, however, minor losses began to build and the total pressure loss across the bend rose above straight-duct predictions. A new loss coefficient equation was produced that properly predicted pressure losses for sweeping-bends at higher Reynolds numbers; while lower flow ranges are left to laminar flow loss for prediction.
M.S.M.E.
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering MSME

Modelo de predicción de la geometría final de una pieza de chapa, radio y ángulo de doblado final, producida mediante un proceso de doblado al aire.
Prediction model of final geometry of sheet metal part, radius and final bending angle, manufactured by air free -V bending process.

No
In this work, experimental and numerical investigations were performed on the behaviours of circular concrete filled double steel tubular (CFDST) slender columns and beams, in which the external tube employed stainless steel tube. Eighteen specimens, 12 slender columns and 6 beams, were tested to obtain the failure patterns, load versus deflection relationships and strain developments of stainless steel tube. A finite element (FE) model was developed and verified by experimental results. The validated FE model was then employed to investigate the effects of key parameters, including hollow ratio, eccentric ratio and material strength, on the load-carrying capacity. The load distribution among the components and contact stress between steel tube and sandwiched concrete were also analyzed. Finally, the design methods for CFDST, hollow CFST and solid CFST members with carbon steel external tube respectively suggested by Han et al. (2018), Chinese GB 50936-2014 (2014) and AISC 360-16 (2016) were employed to evaluate their applicability for the circular CFDST slender columns and beams with stainless steel outer tube.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Shanxi Province Outstanding Youth Fund (No. 201701D211006) and the National Natural Science Foundation (No. 51838008).
The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 9th Nov 2021.

La transformada de Abel es una técnica de inversión usada frecuentemente en radio ocultaciones (RO) que, en el contexto ionosférico, permite deducir densidades electrónicas a partir de datos de STEC (Slant Total Electron Content) derivados a partir de observaciones de la fase portadora. Esta técnica está basada en medidas precisas en doble frecuencia de fase portadora ( banda L) de un receptor GPS a bordo de un satélite de órbita baja (Low Earth Orbit -LEO-) rastreando un satélite GPS detrás del limbo de la tierra. Al combinar tales medidas con la información de posiciones y velocidades de los satélites GPS y LEO, es posible deducir el cambio en el camino de la señal debido a la presencia de la atmósfera y, consecuentemene, convertirlo en ángulos de curvatura (bending angles). A partir de ellos, información sobre el índice de refracción vertical puede ser obtenida a través de técnicas de inversión, y transformarlo en perfiles verticales de densidad electrónica y/o perfiles de atmósfera neutra. Una de las hipótesis básicas de la inversión clásica es suponer que el campo de densidades electrónicas tiene simetría esférica en la vecindad de una ocultación. Sin embargo, a la práctica, la huella de una ocultación generalmente cubre regiones de miles de km que puede presentar variabilidad ionosférica importante; por lo cuál, la hipótesis de simetría esférica no puede ser garantizada. De hecho, las inhomogeneidades de la densidad electrónica en la dirección veritcal para una ocultación dada son una de las principales causas de error cuando se usa la inversión de Abel inversion. Para corregir el error debido a la hipótesis de simetría esférica, se introduce el concepto de separabilidad. Ello implica que la densidad electrónica puede ser expresada como una combinación de datos de Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) derivados externamente, los cuales asumen la dependencia horizontal de la densidad, y una función de forma, que a su vez asume la dependencia en altura que es común a todas las observaciones para una ocultación dada. Nótese que el espesor de capa permanece constante cerca de la región de la ocultación debido a la hipótesis de separabilidad en vez de la densidad, como ocurriría en el caso de usar simetría esférica. Esta técnica fue aplicada exitosamente a la combinación lineal de fases de GPS L1 y L2, , LI= L1-2, la cuál proporcionar un observable libre de geometría que depende sólo del retraso ionosférico, la ambigüedad de fase, biases instrumentales y wind-up. Los resultados presentaban una mejora del 40% en RMS al comparar frecuencias del pico de la capa F2 con datos de ionosonda respecto la inversión clásica de Abel. Sin embargo, la potencial influencia de la diferencia de caminos ópticos entre L1 y L2 fue despreciada. Esta tesis doctoral muestra que ello no es un problema para la inversión a alturas ionosféricas. Una alternativa para la inversión de perfiles que evita esta desventaja es usar la curvatura de la señal como dato principal. La implementación de la separabilidad para ángulos de curvatura no es inmediata y ha sido uno de los objetivos de esta tesis. En este sentido, el principio de la separabilidad ha sido aplicado a los ángulos de curvatura de L1 en vez de la la combinación LI como en trabajos anteriores. Además, trabajando con ángulos de curvatura, la separabilidad puede ser también trasladada a la obtención de perfiles troposféricos. Varias aproximaciones para obtener la contribución de las partes altas de la ionosfera han sido también estudiadas, aparte del hecho de simplemente prescindir de esta contribución. Se ha usado un modelo climatológico, una extrapolación exponencial y el hecho de considerar las implicaciones de usar separabilidad. También se ha propuesto una manera para obtener funciones de mapeo (mapping functions) deducidas a partir de perfiles RO. Sin embargo, trabajando sólo con datos derivados únicamente de RO, se está sistematicamente despreciando la contribución de la protonosfera al TEC. Con la propuesta inicial de función de mapeo sólo la contribución ionosférica es tenida en cuenta. La solución ideal para aplicaciones de datos de tierra GNSS sería usar un modelo de dos capas, una para modelar la ionosfera y otra para la protonosfera, o alternativamente, si se quisiera alta resolución tomográfica, combinar observaciones RO y con elevación positiva de LEOs con datos de tierra. Se ha probado que modelando con dos capas, los resultados que se habían obtenido con el análisis de datos RO han podido ser validados. La conclusión más importante es que la proporción entre la contribución ionosférica y protonosférica es el parámetro que explica la localización de las alturas efectivas.
La transformada d’Abel és una tècnica emprada freqüentment en radio ocultacions (RO) que, en el context ionosfèric, permet deduir densitats electròniques a partir de dades de STEC (Slant Total Electron Content) derivats a partir d’observacions de la fase portadora. Aquesta tècnica està basada en mesures precises en doble freqüència de fase portadora (banda L) d’un receptor GPS a bord d’un satèl·lit d’òrbita baixa (Low Earth Orbit-LEO-) rastrejant un satèl·lit GPS darrere del limb de la terra. En combinar les dites mesures amb la informació de posicions i velocitats dels satèl·lits GPS i LEO, és possible deduir el canvi en el camí del senyal degut a la presència de l’atmosfera i, conseqüentment, convertir-lo en angles de curvatura (bending angles). A partir d’ells, informació sobre l’índex de refracció vertical pot ser obtinguda mitjançant tècniques d’inversió i transformar-lo en perfils verticals de densitat electrònica i/o perfils d’atmosfera neutra. Una de les hipòtesis bàsiques de la inversió clàssica és suposar que el camp de densitats electròniques té simetria esfèrica en el veïnatge d’una ocultació. Tanmateix, a la pràctica, la petjada d’una ocultació generalment cobreix regions de milers de quilòmetres que pot presentar variabilitat ionosfèrica important; per la qual cosa, la hipòtesi de simetria esfèrica no pot ser garantida. De fet, les inhomogeneitats de la densitat electrònica en la direcció vertical per a una ocultació donada són una de les principals causes d’error quan es fa servir la inversió d’Abel. Per a corregir l’error a causa de la hipòtesi de simetria esfèrica, s’introdueix el concepte de separabilitat. Això implica que la densitat electrònica pot ser expressada com una combinació de dades de Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) derivats externament, els quals assumeixen la dependència horitzontal de la densitat, i una funció de forma, la qual alhora assumeix la dependència en altura que és comuna a totes les observacions per a una ocultació donada. Cal notar que l’espessor de capa roman constant a prop de la regió de l’ocultació a causa de la hipòtesi de separabilitat en comptes de la densitat, tal i com succeiria en el cas de fer servir simetria esfèrica. Aquesta tècnica fou aplicada amb èxit a la combinació lineal de fases de GPS L1 i L2, LI=L1-2, la qual proporciona un observable lliure de geometria que depèn només del retard ionosfèric, l’ambigüitat de fase, biases instrumentals i wind-up. Els resultats presenten una millora del 40% en RMS en comparar freqüències del pic de la capa F2 amb dades de ionosonda respecte la inversió clàssica d’Abel. No obstant, la potencial influència de la diferència de camins òptics entre L1 i L2 fou menyspreada. Aquesta tesi doctoral mostra que això no és pas un problema per a la inversió a altures ionosfèriques. Una alternativa per a la inversió de perfils que evita aquesta desavantatge és emprar la curvatura del senyal com a dada principal. La implementació de la separabilitat per a angles de curvatura no és immediata i ha estat un dels objectius d’aquesta tesi. En aquest sentit, el principi de la separabilitat ha esta aplicat als angles de curvatura de L1 en comptes de la combinació LI com en treballs anterior. A més, treballant amb angles de curvatura, la separabilitat pot ser també traslladada a l’obtenció de perfils troposfèrics. Varies aproximacions per a obtenir la contribució de les parts altes de la ionosfera han estat també estudiades, apart del fet de prescindir simplement d’aquesta contribució. S’ha fet servir un model climatològic, una extrapolació exponencial i el fet de considera les implicacions d’usar separabilitat. També s’ha proposat una manera pera obtenir funcions de mapeo (mapping functions) deduïdes a partir de perfils RO. Tanmateix, treballant només amb dades derivades únicament de RO, s’està menyspreant sistemàticament la contribució de la protonosfera al TEC. Amb la proposta inicial de funció de mapeo només tenim en compte la contribució ionosfèrica. La solució ideal per a aplicacions de dades de terra GNSS seria fer servir un model de dues capes, una per a modelar la ionosfera i una altra per la protonosfera, o alternativament, si es volgués alta resolució tomogràfica, combinar observacions RO i amb elevació positiva de LEOs amb dades de terra. S’ha provat que modelant amb dues capes, els resultats obtinguts amb l’anàlisi de dades RO han pogut estar validats. La conclusió més important és que la proporció entre la contribució ionosfèrica i protonosfèrica és el paràmetre que explica la localització de les altures efectives.
The Abel transform is a frequently used radio occultation (RO) inversion technique which, in the ionospheric context, allows retrieving electron densities as a function of height from STEC (Slant Total Electron Content) measurements derived from carrier phase observations. The GPS RO technique is based on precise carrier dual-frequency phase measurements (L-band) of a GPS receiver onboard a Low Earth Orbit satellite (LEO) tracking a rising or setting GPS satellite behind the limb of the earth. When combining such measurements with the information from the positions and velocities of GPS and LEO satellites, it is possible to derive the phase path change due to the atmosphere during an occultation event which subsequently can be converted into bending angles. From these, information about the vertical refraction index can be obtained by means of inversion techniques, which can then be converted into ionospheric vertical electron density profiles and/or neutral atmospheric profiles. One of the basic assumptions in the classical approach is to assume the spherical symmetry of the electron density field in the vicinity of an occultation. However, in practice, the footprint of an occultation generally covers wide regions of thousands of kilometres in length that may show significant ionospheric variability; therefore this hypothesis cannot be guaranteed. Indeed, inhomogeneous electron density in the horizontal direction for a given occultation is believed to be one of the main sources of error when using the Abel inversion. In order to correct the error due to the spherical symmetry assumption, the separability concept is introduced and applied. This implies that the electron density can be expressed by a combination of externally derived Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) data, which assumes the horizontal dependency, and a shape function, which in turn assumes the height dependency that is common to all the observations for a given occultation. Note that the slab thickness remains constant near the occultation due to the separability hypothesis instead of the density as is the case of the spherical symmetry. This technique was successfully applied to the linear combination of the GPS carrier phases L1 and L2, , LI= L1-2 which is a geometric free observable that depends only on the ionospheric delay, phase ambiguity, instrumental bias and wind-up. The result was an improvement of about 40% in RMS when comparing frequencies of the F2 layer peak with ionosonde data and the classical Abel inversion. The main advantage of such developed technique is its simple computation. Nevertheless, the potential influence of the different signal paths between L1 and L2 was neglected. Regarding this aspect, this Ph.D. dissertation shows that is not a problem for inversion at ionospheric heights. An alternative to inverting the profile, which overcomes this disadvantage, is to use the bending angle of the signal as the main input data. The implementation of separability when using the bending angle is not immediate and was, actually, one of the goals of this thesis. In this sense, the separability approach has been applied to measured L1 bending angle, instead of LI combination as reported in previous work. Additionally, this approach could also be translated to tropospheric profile retrievals. Several approaches to account for the upper ionospheric contribution have been also tackled, apart from the fact of neglecting such contribution: a climatological model, an exponential extrapolation and condisering the nature of the separability concept. it has been proposed a way to obtain mapping functions derived from RO profiles. Such mapping functions can be easily derived from usual ionospheric parameters. For the contribution of this part of the ionosphere, it has been shown that it is capable to account for the total electron content (TEC). However, by working solely with RO derived data, we are systematically neglecting the contribution of the protonosphere to the total electron content. With the initial proposed mapping function based on the analysis of effective heights derived from RO, only the ionospheric contribution is accounted for. The ideal solution for ground-based GNSS data applications would be to use a two-layer model, one to model the ionosphere and another one for the protonosphere, or alternatively, if we are looking for high tomographic resolution, to combine RO and topside LEO observations with ground data. It has been shown that by modelling in such way, the results that were obtained with RO data analysis can be validated. The most important conclusion is that the ratio between ionospheric and protonospheric contribution is the driver for the location of the effective heights.

A técnica de solo cimento se apresenta como uma ferramenta eficaz no melhoramento de distintos solos, adequando-os às necessidades da engenharia geotécnica. Tal tratamento do solo se aplica, por exemplo, na construção de bases para plataformas rodo-ferroviárias, camada de suporte para fundações superficiais, na prevenção da liquefação de solos granulares em condições fofas, no encapsulamento de solos contaminados e como barreiras de contenção de contaminação. Dessa forma, o presente estudo visa quantificar a influência da quantidade do cimento e da porosidade em relação ao comportamento mecânico das misturas de solos granulares com cimento. Assim, ensaios de resistência à compressão simples, resistência à compressão diametral, ensaios com bender elements e ensaios triaxiais foram realizados com o objetivo de obter uma metodologia de dosagem de solos granulares com adição de cimento. Para tal, foram utilizados um solo artificial areno-pedregulhoso, um solo arenoso grosso de origem granítica, um solo arenoso fino de origem basáltica, um solo arenoso fino de origem granítica e por último, uma areia fina uniforme, estes últimos três materiais com granulometria semelhante, mas com mineralogia e formato de grãos distintos. Em todos os ensaios foram utilizados cimento Portland CP–V (alta resistência inicial), como agente cimentante e água destilada. Corpos de prova cilíndricos foram moldados com distintos teores de cimento e porosidade. Os ensaios de resistência foram realizados após 7 dias de cura em ambiente com temperatura e umidade controlada. E os ensaios com bender elements foram realizados ao longo do tempo de cura, até 7 dias. Por último foi realizada a análise e comparação de todos os dados obtidos juntamente com outros materiais já estudados, no intuito de aprimorar o entendimento da técnica e da metodologia de dosagem de solo cimento.
The soil cement technique itself is an effective tool in the improvement of different soils, adapting them to the needs of geotechnical engineering. Such treatment of the soils might be used in the construction of road subgrades, railway platform subgrades, support layers for shallow foundations, in the encapsulation of contaminated soils in liquefaction prevention of loose granular soils and in barriers for containment of contamination. Thus, this study aimed at measuring the influence of the amount of cement and porosity on the mechanical behavior of granular soils – cement mixtures. Thus, unconfined compression, Brazilian tensile, bender elements and triaxial tests were carried out in order to obtain a dosage methodology for granular soils treated with cement. To this end, an artificial sand-gravel soil, a fine sand soil of basaltic origin, a fine sand soil of granitic origin and lastly, a coarse sandy soil, also of granitic origin were used. Early strength Portland cement was used as cementing agent, as well as distilled water. Cylindrical specimens were cast with different levels of cement and porosity. Strength tests were performed after 7 days curing in an environment with controlled temperature and humidity. Assays were performed using bender elements throughout the curing time, up to 7 days. Finally, a full analysis was performed using data obtained in present work, together with results of other granular soils treated with cement obtained through a literature review, in order to improve understanding of soil cement technique and enhance a dosage methodology of soil cement.

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The city of Manaus has the highest average growth rates of the fleet, according to the DENATRAN. Over the past 10 years, the fleet of cars rose from 124,840 (2003) to 297,473 cars (2013) and 3,179 buses (2003) to 7,398 buses (2013). This equates to a 138% increase. Moreover, although, according to DENATRAN in 2003, Manaus was 220,816 vehicles. In 2013, Manaus already has 551,455 registered vehicles in its municipal fleet, which equates to an increase of almost 150%. As a result of this growth, the city roads are presented with its ability to flow and dead, visually, with their decks completely deformed. In this sense, we tried to carry this research, a structural evaluation of pavements of the main streets of the town (Av. Constantino Nery, Avenida Djalma Batista, Recife Av, Av and Av Efigênio Sales Paraíba), employing the technique FWD (Falling Weight Deflectometer) in the diagnosis of the pavement structures of these pathways. The results showed that the structures of those decks still have the condition to withstand the demands of traffic load applied to them, since their structural quality obtained by the mentioned technique, presented in good condition, according to the floors they presented deflections smaller than the allowed maximum, and radii of curvature much greater than 100 m. In addition, analysis was performed of the safety of the coating with respect to tire-pavement grip, which presented values for microtexture and macrotexture well outside the ranges recommended by the standards.
A cidade de Manaus apresenta uma das maiores taxas de crescimento médio da frota de veículos, segundo dados do DENATRAN. Nos últimos 10 anos, a frota de automóveis aumentou de 124.840 (2003) para 297.473 automóveis (2013) e 3.179 ônibus (2003) para 7.398 ônibus (2013). Isto equivale a um aumento de 138 %. Ademais, ainda, segundo o DENATRAN, em 2003, Manaus tinha 220.816 veículos. Em 2013, Manaus já possui 551.455 veículos registrados na sua frota municipal, o que equivale a um aumento de quase 150 %. Como consequência deste crescimento, as vias da cidade apresentam-se com sua capacidade de fluxo inoperante e, visualmente, com seus pavimentos totalmente deformados. Neste sentido, procurou-se realizar, nesta pesquisa, uma avaliação estrutural dos pavimentos das principais vias da cidade (Av. Constantino Nery, Av. Djalma Batista, Av. Recife, Av. Paraíba e Av. Efigênio Sales), empregando a técnica FWD (Falling Weight Deflectometer) no diagnóstico das estruturas dos pavimentos das referidas vias. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as estruturas daqueles pavimentos ainda apresentam a condição de suportar as solicitações de carga de tráfego a elas aplicadas, visto que sua qualidade estrutural, obtida pela técnica mencionada, apresentou-se em boas condições, em função dos pavimentos terem apresentado deflexões máximas inferiores às admissíveis, bem como raios de curvatura muito superiores a 100 m. Como complemento à análise estrutural, realizou-se análise das condições funcionais do revestimento com relação à aderência pneu-pavimento, a qual apresentou valores para microtextura e macrotextura bem fora dos intervalos recomendados pelas normas.

The diploma thesis deals with analytical description of vehicle - track dynamic interface. There are described basic analytical models which are subsequently extended in order to get a more precise description of dynamic phenomena. The aim is to compile a model that faithfully describes the dynamic phenomena in the track. These new compiled models are qualitatively compared with data obtained by measuring in the track.

The diploma thesis deals with descriptions of vehicle - track dynamic interface. There are described basic analytical models of railway track. The numerical models are created by using finite element methods with moving load simulated axle of rail vehicle. The aim of thesis is to create the model which most accurately describes the dynamic phenomena in the track. The results from models are compared with data obtained by measuring in the track. Next aim of thesis is to determine dependency of rail cross-sectional characteristics on equivalent rail head wear and then on rail deflection.

Dreiaxiale Druckprüfungen können als Einstufenversuche, als Mehrstufenversuche oder als Versuche mit kontinuierlichen Bruchzuständen ausgeführt werden. Bei der Anwendung der Mehrstufentechnik ergeben sich insbesondere Fragestellungen hinsichtlich der richtigen Wahl des Umschaltpunktes und des optimalen Verlaufs des Spannungspfades zwischen den einzelnen Versuchsstufen. Fraglich beim Versuch mit kontinuierlichen Bruchzuständen bleibt, ob im Versuchsverlauf tatsächlich Spannungszustände erfasst werden, welche die Höchstfestigkeit des untersuchten Materials repräsentieren. Die Dissertation greift diese Fragestellungen auf, ermöglicht den Einstieg in die beschriebene Thematik und schafft die Voraussetzungen, die zur Lösung der aufgeführten Problemstellungen notwendig sind. Auf der Grundlage einer umfangreichen Datenbasis gesteinsmechanischer und petrophysikalischer Kennwerte wurde ein numerisches Modell entwickelt, welches das Spannungs-Verformungs-, Festigkeits- und Bruchverhalten eines Sandsteins im direkten Zug- und im einaxialen Druckversuch sowie in dreiaxialen Druckprüfungen zufriedenstellend wiedergibt. Das Festigkeitsverhalten des entwickelten Modells wurde in Mehrstufentests mit unterschiedlichen Spannungspfaden analysiert und mit den entsprechenden Laborbefunden verglichen.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
營建工程系碩士班
90
Alignment Chart is commonly used to determine the effective length factor of prismatic member. Due to the restriction of the application of Alignment Charts, designers often discard the application of tapered members. To follow up the developing of a modified stiffness matrix method and a computer program with a very high generality to solve steel structural stability problem, the analytical method used in this study are Discrete Element Model and incremental typed numerical method. For more practical, this study simplifies the model to modify tapered frames. This model not only specifically shows relative joint bending stiffness ratio but also effectively reduce the amount of members used for analysis. This study first analyzes boundary condition of single column member and adopts relative joint bending stiffness ratio of AISC to find the effective length factor. For that a structural joint or connection is neither full rigid nor full hinge in practice, this study uses this concept to establish the semi-rigid joint model. This study then discusses the structural behaviors of tapered members results with those from and compares these previous studies. This study also examines the effect of the effective length factors inelastically due to relative joint bending stiffness ratio and tries to find out the changes of effective length factors in tapered practical frames.

South Africa, as one of the world’s largest gold producing countries, also generates large amounts of tailings. These tailings are disposed in tailings dams, which pose great threat to the environment in the case of failure, in particular, liquefaction. In order to evaluate the potential of liquefaction, the void ratio of the tailings is required and is often impossible to obtain. Seismic methods allow an indirect method to estimate void ratio of in situ deposits of which tailings are examples of. Currently, the use of seismic methods to estimate void ratio of tailings rely on shear wave velocity – void ratio relationships derived for sands. It is thus uncertain whether this relationship holds for gold tailings, which is classified as a sandy silt or silt. The measurement of shear wave velocity of tailings is done in the laboratory using a triaxial apparatus modified to accommodate bender element. Shear wave velocities are measured using wide square pulses and continuous sinusoidal waves. The results show that there is a near linear relationship between void ratio and shear wave velocity normalized against effective stress. The position of this relationship lies below the previously published results for sands. Shear wave velocity of gold tailings is more sensitive to changes in effective stress than changes in void ratio or over-consolidation ratio. Furthermore, using phase sensitive detection of continuous waves, we can conclude that shear wave velocity of gold tailings is also frequency dependent.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Civil Engineering
MEng
Unrestricted

碩士
國立成功大學
工程科學系
105
In this thesis, two kinds of diameter-to-thickness ratios and five different dent depths of local sharp-dent 6061-T6 aluminum alloy tubes were subjected to symmetrical cyclic bending. In order to study the response and　failure, the tube-bending machine and curvature-ovalization measurement apparatus were used to measure and collect the experimental data. From the moment-curvature relationship, it can be observed that the tubes exhibit a little cyclic hardening and become stable after a few bending cycles. When the dent depth or diameter-to-thickness ratio increases, the moment-curvature curve becomes more asymmetrical. In addition, it can be discovered from the ovalization- curvature graph that the ovalization increases with the number of bending cycles, and the curve demonstrates in an asymmetrical and ratcheting way. The larger the diameter-to- thickness ratios or the dent depths, the faster and more asymmetrical the ovalization- curvature curve. In the controlled curvature-number of bending cycles required to produce failure relationships on a log-log scale, the larger the diameter-to-thickness ratios or the dent depths, the less the number of bending cycles required to produce failure. In addition, the aforementioned relationship shows five nonparallel straight lines for each diameter-to-thickness ratio. Finally, a theoretical formulation was proposed in this thesis to simulate the aforementioned relationship. By comparing the theoretical analysis with the experimental data, it is shown that the theoretical formulation can properly simulate the experimental results.

The aim of this investigation was to review literature for the most suitable aeroelastic tailoring analysis tools for long slender composite structures, and integrate them into an aeroelastic tailoring process. The JS1C Revelation is a high performance sailplane made from modern composites, mostly carbon fibre. This has the advantage of being more rigid than traditional engineering materials, thereby reducing the effects of the twisting deflections on these long slender structures due to aerodynamic loads. The implementing of aeroelastic tailoring can create bend-twist couples for performance improvements. Composites enable the use of aeroelastic tailoring to improve gliding performance. Flaperon 3 of the JS1C 21 m was used as the design problem for aeroelastic tailoring. Aeroelastic tailoring was done by analysing the flaperon structure at the different layup angles to determine the correct design point to tailor the structure to improve aerodynamic performance at thermalling and cruise, but mostly cruise since it accounts for 70% of the flight time. The composite structure analysis tool has the objective to get results during concept design. This directed the line of research of analysis tools to a solution method of two dimensional cross-section mesh properties projected onto a one dimensional beam. The literature of Hodges had good verification and published data on the analysis tools. The analysis tools comprised of three programs that were not very user friendly. Thus the author compiled a Matlab program as a user interface tool to run the three programs together. The aeroelastic tailoring process systematically works through the known design variables and objectives, which are given as inputs to the analysis tool. The analysis tool plots the coupling data versus layup angle. From this the best layup angles for a sought-after bend-twist couple is used to aeroelastically tailor the wing. The composite structure analysis tool’s accuracy was verified by analysing cantilever beam deflections and comparing the results with hand calculations and SolidWorks Simulation FEM results. The analysis tool’s accuracy was further verified by comparing the aerodynamic torsional load’s twist deflections with thin walled tube theory. The analysis tool was validated by applying a torsional load at the tip of a JS1C production Flaperon 3 in an experimental setup and then comparing this result with the Flaperon 3 modelled in the analysis tool. These comparisons also ensured that the model’s composite material properties and the meshing of the flaperon cross-sectional properties were correct. This aeroelastic tailoring was validated with the advantage of then being used to improve the aerodynamic performance of the JS1C Revelation 21 m tip’s flaperon. This improvement could be made by making use of a tailored bend-twist couple to reduce the effect of the aerodynamic load’s twist deflections. A test sample of the JS1C 21 m flaperon 3 was used to validate aeroelastic tailoring. The test sample was designed to be 1 m in length and have all the specified tailoring coupling characteristics that could improve the aerodynamic performance of the JS1C 21 m flaperon 3. The test sample was manufactured according to Jonker Sailplanes manufacturing standards and experimentally set up with the same applied deflections as in the analysis tool. The calculated bend-twist values and the experimental setup results were similar with a negligible difference, assuming small displacements and an aspect ratio greater than 13; this confirmed that the PreVABS/VABS/GEBT composite structure analysis tool could be used in aeroelastic tailoring to predict and design the bend-twist couple needed to improve the aerodynamic performance of the JS1C 21 m. While the twist behaviour of Flaperon 3 was improved by the tailored bend-twist couple, it was still necessary to add pre-twist as well, to fully address the effects of twisting by aerodynamic forces.
MIng (Mechanical Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens with distinct intermetallic microstructures and different geometries were fractured under different mode ratios of loading, ψ, to obtain critical strain energy release rate, Jc. The strain energy release rate at crack initiation, Jci, increased with phase angle, ψ, but remained unaffected by the joint geometry. However, the steady-state energy release rate, Jcs, increased with the solder layer thickness. Also, both the Jci and Jcs decreased with the thickness of the intermetallic compound layer. Next, mode I and mixed-mode fracture tests were performed on discrete (l=2 mm and l=5 mm) solder joints arranged in a linear array between two copper bars to evaluate the J = Jci (ψ) failure criteria using finite element analysis. Failure loads of both the discrete joints and the joints in commercial electronic assemblies were predicted reasonably well using the Jci from the continuous DCBs. In addition, the mode-I fracture of the discrete joints was simulated with a cohesive zone model which predicted reasonably well not only the fracture loads but also the overall load-displacement behavior of the specimen. Additionally, the Jci calculated from FEA were verified estimated from measured crack opening displacements in both the continuous and discrete joints. Finally, the pad-crater fracture mode of solder joints was characterized in terms of the Jci measured at various mode ratios, ψ. Specimens were prepared from lead-free chip scale package-PCB assemblies and fractured at low and high loading rates in various bending configurations to generate a range of mode ratios. The specimens tested at low loading rates all failed by pad cratering, while the ones tested at higher loading rates fractured in the brittle intermetallic layer of the solder. The Jci of pad cratering increased with the phase angle, ψ, but was independent of surface finish and reflow profile. The generality of the J =Jci(ψ) failure criterion to predict pad cratering fracture was then demonstrated by predicting the fracture loads of single lap-shear specimens made from the same assemblies.

Dreiaxiale Druckprüfungen können als Einstufenversuche, als Mehrstufenversuche oder als Versuche mit kontinuierlichen Bruchzuständen ausgeführt werden. Bei der Anwendung der Mehrstufentechnik ergeben sich insbesondere Fragestellungen hinsichtlich der richtigen Wahl des Umschaltpunktes und des optimalen Verlaufs des Spannungspfades zwischen den einzelnen Versuchsstufen. Fraglich beim Versuch mit kontinuierlichen Bruchzuständen bleibt, ob im Versuchsverlauf tatsächlich Spannungszustände erfasst werden, welche die Höchstfestigkeit des untersuchten Materials repräsentieren. Die Dissertation greift diese Fragestellungen auf, ermöglicht den Einstieg in die beschriebene Thematik und schafft die Voraussetzungen, die zur Lösung der aufgeführten Problemstellungen notwendig sind. Auf der Grundlage einer umfangreichen Datenbasis gesteinsmechanischer und petrophysikalischer Kennwerte wurde ein numerisches Modell entwickelt, welches das Spannungs-Verformungs-, Festigkeits- und Bruchverhalten eines Sandsteins im direkten Zug- und im einaxialen Druckversuch sowie in dreiaxialen Druckprüfungen zufriedenstellend wiedergibt. Das Festigkeitsverhalten des entwickelten Modells wurde in Mehrstufentests mit unterschiedlichen Spannungspfaden analysiert und mit den entsprechenden Laborbefunden verglichen.