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Journal articles on the topic 'Beneficial organisms'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Ross, D. C. "In Search of Beneficial Organisms." Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 32, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/besa/32.1.50.

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2

Lynch, J. M. "Beneficial interactions between micro-organisms and roots." Biotechnology Advances 8, no. 2 (January 1990): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-9750(90)91069-s.

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3

Gagné, François. "A new research journal to understand the interactions of xenobiotics with living organisms." Journal of Xenobiotics 2, no. 1 (October 3, 2012): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/xeno.2012.e8.

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Since its creation in January 2011, the <em>Journal of Xenobiotics</em> (published by PAGEPress, Italy) is devoted to the publication of novel research articles in the fields of the occurrence and biochemical effects of xenobiotics on all living organisms. Although xenobiotics are defined firstly as compounds that are <em>foreign to life</em>, compounds of natural origins occuring at concentrations that are not usually found, could also be considered as <em>foreigners</em> since their enhanced occurrence may affect non-target organisms. In this sense, products derived from natural products are well known to have either a beneficial (natural products used as food additives and many pharmaceuticals) or detrimental (cyanotoxins) impact on the health of an organism. The journal recognizes that these compounds could be either harmful or beneficial to organisms and the interplay between these two aspects is of particular interest...
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4

Harborne, Jeffrey B. "Formulation of Microbial Biopesticides—Beneficial Micro-Organisms, Nematodes and Seed Treatments." Phytochemistry 59, no. 3 (February 2002): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00409-5.

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5

Ménard, C., M. Dorais, N. Zyromski, and B. Dansereau. "ORNAMENTAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC BASIL AND CALIBRACHOA: FERTILISATION AND BENEFICIAL ORGANISMS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1041 (July 2014): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2014.1041.6.

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6

Balder, H., B. Jäckel, and B. Pradel. "INVESTIGATIONS ON THE EXISTENCE OF BENEFICIAL ORGANISMS ON URBAN TREES IN BERLIN." Acta Horticulturae, no. 496 (September 1999): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1999.496.24.

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7

CHOUDHARY, S. K., S. K. GUPTA, M. K. SINGH, and S. SHERAZ MAHDI. "Role and its utilization of beneficial micro-organisms for sustainable crop production." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 12, no. 2 (June 15, 2016): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/12.2/370-378.

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8

Benatto, Alessandra, Mireli Trombin De Souza, Michele Trombin de Souza, Atila Francisco Mógor, Ida Chapaval Pimentel, and Maria Aparecida Cassilha Zawadneak. "Sampling methods and metereological factors on pests and beneficial organisms in strawberries." EntomoBrasilis 14 (May 31, 2021): e926. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v14.e926.

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We characterize the population dynamics of pests and beneficial organisms in strawberries to assess the impact of two meteorological factors (temperature and precipitation) and define the most appropriate method for monitoring insects in strawberries crop. Population dynamics were monitored weekly using the plant beat method and Möericke traps in Albion strawberries. Measurements were taken in organic strawberry farms over two growing seasons, from March 26, 2010 to August 23, 2010 (first season - 2009/2010) and from October 4, 2010 to March 21, 2011 (second season - 2009/2010) in the municipality of Pinhais, Paraná state, southern Brazil (25º25'S; 49º08'W). We collected a total of 7,971 pests and 1,987 beneficial organisms. The most abundant pests were Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the first growing season and Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) in the second. Beneficial organisms from Acari, Araneae, and Hymenoptera parasitoids predominated in both seasons. Temperature and precipitation were the the primary climatic factor associated with the population variation of aphids. Populations of C. fragaefolii grew when the temperature was between 16°C and 25ºC. We found that plant beat was the fastest and most suitable method for strawberry pests monitoring since it captured insects that were effectively colonizing the plants. This study contributes to a better understanding of the entomofauna associated with cultivation of organic strawberry.
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9

Lee, KE, and CE Pankhurst. "Soil organisms and sustainable productivity." Soil Research 30, no. 6 (1992): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9920855.

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The soil is a habitat for a vast, complex and interactive community of soil organisms whose activities largely determine the chemical and physical properties of the soil. In a fertile soil the soil biota may have a biomass exceeding 20 t ha-1, with life forms ranging from microscopic bacteria to the largest of earthworms which may be 1 m in length. Only a small fraction, probably <20%, of the soil microflora and microfauna (including bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, nematodes, collembola, acari) have been described. The role of soil organisms in the development and maintenance of soil structure, in nutrient cycling and in their various interactions (including associative, harmful and beneficial) with plant roots is described. Trophic interactions between soil organism groups in developed agroecosystems are considered in relation to nutrient cycling and the impact such interactions have on populations of saprophytic, parasitic and symbiotic microorganisms. Prospects for the management of the soil biota to promote sustainable productivity are illustrated by describing the effects of tillage on the composition of soil organism communities. Management technologies that conserve the biodiversity of communities may provide the greatest benefits for the long term sustainability of the soil resource.
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10

Tanod, Wendy Alexander, Muliadin, Yeldi S. Adel, and Didit Kustantio Dewanto. "POTENTIAL MARINE-DERIVED FUNGI ISOLATED FROM SPONGE IN PRODUCE NEW AND BENEFICIAL COMPOUNDS." KAUDERNI : Journal of Fisheries, Marine and Aquatic Science 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47384/kauderni.v2i1.30.

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Marine organisms are a source of natural products and produce compounds with a molecular structure that is unique and useful. Thousands of new compounds have biological activitity for anticancer, antiviral, and antimicrobial. This compounds isolated from various marine organism, including from marine-derived fungi. Investigation of chemical compounds from marine-derived fungi isolated from sponge has increased steadily, indicating the important role of marine-derived fungi in the discovery of drug compounds. The sponge has produced various kinds of fungi, which have reported to provide a variety of pharmacologically active metabolites and structurally diverse. Study literature showed that many fungal genera isolated from the marine sponge dominated the genus Acremonium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Phoma, and Fusarium. The high proportion of genera and new compounds showed that the fungi isolated from the sponge could develop.
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11

Thomson, L. J., D. J. Sharley, and A. A. Hoffmann. "Beneficial organisms as bioindicators for environmental sustainability in the grape industry in Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 4 (2007): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05183.

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Increased biodiversity is being promoted as an important aim for Australian agriculture, but the measurement of biodiversity is problematic and often not practical. An alternative involves the development of surrogate indicators for biodiversity on farms that have direct links to production. One group of organisms that may perform this function in vineyards is the beneficial invertebrates that have a direct impact on pest abundance. If we can identify the effects of common management practices on invertebrates that are important in the wine industry, we can identify target organisms whose presence suggests good and sustainable practice. Here we identify key invertebrates, both pests and natural enemies, in grape production, the effects of some management practices on these invertebrates, and suggest steps to develop these invertebrates into sustainability indicators for the viticulture industry.
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12

Pamilo, Pekka, Masatoshi Nei, and Wen-Hsiung Li. "Accumulation of mutations in sexual and asexual populations." Genetical Research 49, no. 2 (April 1987): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300026938.

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SummaryThe accumulation of beneficial and harmful mutations in a genome is studied by using analytical methods as well as computer simulation for different modes of reproduction. The modes of reproduction examined are biparental (bisexual, hermaphroditic), uniparental (selfing, automictic, asexual) and mixed (partial selfing, mixture of hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis). It is shown that the rates of accumulation of both beneficial and harmful mutations with weak selection depend on the within-population variance of the number of mutant genes per genome. Analytical formulae for this variance are derived for neutral mutant genes for hermaphroditic, selfing and asexual populations; the neutral variance is largest in a selfing population and smallest in an asexual population. Directional selection reduces the population variance in most cases, whereas recombination partially restores the reduced variance. Therefore, biparental organisms accumulate beneficial mutations at the highest rate and harmful mutations at the lowest rate. Selfing organisms are intermediate between biparental and asexual organisms. Even a limited amount of outcrossing in largely selfing and parthenogenetic organisms markedly affects the accumulation rates. The accumulation of mutations is likely to affect the mean population fitness only in long-term evolution.
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13

López-Ráez, Juan A., Ken Shirasu, and Eloise Foo. "Strigolactones in Plant Interactions with Beneficial and Detrimental Organisms: The Yin and Yang." Trends in Plant Science 22, no. 6 (June 2017): 527–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2017.03.011.

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14

Williamson, Craig E., Patrick J. Neale, Gabriella Grad, Hendrika J. De Lange, and Bruce R. Hargreaves. "BENEFICIAL AND DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF UV ON AQUATIC ORGANISMS: IMPLICATIONS OF SPECTRAL VARIATION." Ecological Applications 11, no. 6 (December 2001): 1843–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1843:badeou]2.0.co;2.

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15

Sarathchandra, S. U., N. L. Bell, G. Burch, L. T. Aalders, and T. M. Eden. "Beneficial bacteria for improving white clover establishment." New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (August 1, 2010): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6603.

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White clover (Trifolium repens) seedlings encounter the adverse impacts of root parasitic nematodes during plant establishment Of these root knot (Meloidogyne trifoliophila) and cyst (Heterodera trifolii) nematodes are well established in the North Island while only the latter is encountered in South Island pastures Once root damage is caused by the nematode the resulting wound can facilitate the entry of root pathogenic fungi into the plant compounding the problem Use of naturally occurring micro organisms to counteract the adverse impacts of nematodes in white clover is an attractive option Bacteria isolated from New Zealand pastures were screened for their beneficial effects on white clover seedling vigour in pot experiments and a field experiment When applied as a drench at sowing several bacterial strains (mostly Bacillus and Pseudomonas) produced significant (P
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16

Huffer, Sarah, Melinda E. Clark, Jonathan C. Ning, Harvey W. Blanch, and Douglas S. Clark. "Role of Alcohols in Growth, Lipid Composition, and Membrane Fluidity of Yeasts, Bacteria, and Archaea." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 18 (July 22, 2011): 6400–6408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00694-11.

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ABSTRACTIncreased membrane fluidity, which causes cofactor leakage and loss of membrane potential, has long been documented as a cause for decreased cell growth during exposure to ethanol, butanol, and other alcohols. Reinforcement of the membrane with more complex lipid components is thus thought to be beneficial for the generation of more tolerant organisms. In this study, organisms with more complex membranes, namely, archaea, did not maintain high growth rates upon exposure to alcohols, indicating that more complex lipids do not necessarily fortify the membrane against the fluidizing effects of alcohols. In the presence of alcohols, shifts in lipid composition to more saturated and unbranched lipids were observed in most of the organisms tested, including archaea, yeasts, and bacteria. However, these shifts did not always result in a decrease in membrane fluidity or in greater tolerance of the organism to alcohol exposure. In general, organisms tolerating the highest concentrations of alcohols maintained membrane fluidity after alcohol exposure, whereas organisms that increased membrane rigidity were less tolerant. Altered lipid composition was a common response to alcohol exposure, with the most tolerant organisms maintaining a modestly fluid membrane. Our results demonstrate that increased membrane fluidity is not the sole cause of growth inhibition and that alcohols may also denature proteins within the membrane and cytosol, adversely affecting metabolism and decreasing cell growth.
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17

Calvo-Agudo, Miguel, Joel González-Cabrera, Yolanda Picó, Pau Calatayud-Vernich, Alberto Urbaneja, Marcel Dicke, and Alejandro Tena. "Neonicotinoids in excretion product of phloem-feeding insects kill beneficial insects." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 34 (August 5, 2019): 16817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904298116.

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Pest control in agriculture is mainly based on the application of insecticides, which may impact nontarget beneficial organisms leading to undesirable ecological effects. Neonicotinoids are among the most widely used insecticides. However, they have important negative side effects, especially for pollinators and other beneficial insects feeding on nectar. Here, we identify a more accessible exposure route: Neonicotinoids reach and kill beneficial insects that feed on the most abundant carbohydrate source for insects in agroecosystems, honeydew. Honeydew is the excretion product of phloem-feeding hemipteran insects such as aphids, mealybugs, whiteflies, and psyllids. We allowed parasitic wasps and pollinating hoverflies to feed on honeydew from hemipterans feeding on trees treated with thiamethoxam or imidacloprid, the most commonly used neonicotinoids. LC-MS/MS analyses demonstrated that both neonicotinoids were present in honeydew. Honeydew with thiamethoxam was highly toxic to both species of beneficial insects, and honeydew with imidacloprid was moderately toxic to hoverflies. Collectively, our data provide strong evidence for honeydew as a route of insecticide exposure that may cause acute or chronic deleterious effects on nontarget organisms. This route should be considered in future environmental risk assessments of neonicotinoid applications.
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18

Pereira, R. B., M. Taveira, P. Valentão, C. Sousa, and P. B. Andrade. "Fatty acids from edible sea hares: anti-inflammatory capacity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells involves iNOS modulation." RSC Advances 5, no. 12 (2015): 8981–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra14333g.

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19

Anas, Iswandi, O. P. Rupela, T. M. Thiyagarajan, and Norman Uphoff. "A review of studies on SRI effects on beneficial organisms in rice soil rhizospheres." Paddy and Water Environment 9, no. 1 (February 15, 2011): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10333-011-0260-8.

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20

Taormina, Giusi, and Mario G. Mirisola. "Calorie Restriction in Mammals and Simple Model Organisms." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/308690.

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Calorie restriction (CR), which usually refers to a 20–40% reduction in calorie intake, can effectively prolong lifespan preventing most age-associated diseases in several species. However, recent data from both human and nonhumans point to the ratio of macronutrients rather than the caloric intake as a major regulator of both lifespan and health-span. In addition, specific components of the diet have recently been identified as regulators of some age-associated intracellular signaling pathways in simple model systems. The comprehension of the mechanisms underpinning these findings is crucial since it may increase the beneficial effects of calorie restriction making it accessible to a broader population as well.
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21

Tsitsilas, A., S. Stuckey, A. A. Hoffmann, A. R. Weeks, and L. J. Thomson. "Shelterbelts in agricultural landscapes suppress invertebrate pests." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 10 (2006): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05137.

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The homogenous nature of agricultural landscapes generally reduces biodiversity of invertebrate species, but this can be partly offset by developing refuges at field margins. In Australia, shelterbelts are widely planted to provide protection for livestock and to counter salinity problems associated with rising water tables. Shelterbelts may also play a role in acting as reservoirs for organisms that are beneficial to pastures, although this has rarely been directly evaluated. We sampled invertebrates along transects running from replicated shelterbelts into pastures, and in glasshouse trials we tested the impact of the beneficial organisms from the shelterbelts on the collected pests. Contrary to popular views, numbers of pest mites and lucerne fleas were low within shelterbelts. Moreover, numbers were typically lower adjacent to shelterbelts compared with >30 m into the pasture, an effect that was much more apparent when shelterbelts carried a groundcover of high (>30 cm) grass. Numbers of predatory mites and spiders were higher in shelterbelts and in adjacent pasture when there was taller grass and higher grass cover in the shelterbelts. Samples of potential predators collected from a shelterbelt were more effective at suppressing pest mite numbers than those collected in pasture. Shelterbelts with ground cover appear to harbour a diversity of beneficial organisms that suppress pest numbers in adjacent pastures.
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22

Antoine, Jean Michel. "Probiotics: beneficial factors of the defence system." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 69, no. 3 (June 14, 2010): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665110001692.

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Probiotics, defined as living micro-organisms that provide a health benefit to the host when ingested in adequate amounts, have been used traditionally as food components to help the body to recover from diarrhoea. They are commonly ingested as part of fermented foods, mostly in fresh fermented dairy products. They can interact with the host through different components of the gut defence systems. There is mounting clinical evidence that some probiotics, but not all, help the defence of the host as demonstrated by either a shorter duration of infections or a decrease in the host's susceptibility to pathogens. Different components of the gut barrier can be involved in the strengthening of the body's defences: the gut microbiota, the gut epithelial barrier and the immune system. Many studies have been conducted in normal free-living subjects or in subjects during common infections like the common cold and show that some probiotic-containing foods can improve the functioning of or strengthen the body's defence. Specific probiotic foods can be included in the usual balanced diet of consumers to help them to better cope with the daily challenges of their environment.
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23

Hanus-Fajerska, Ewa, Alina Wiszniewska, and Iwona Kamińska. "A Dual Role of Vanadium in Environmental Systems—Beneficial and Detrimental Effects on Terrestrial Plants and Humans." Plants 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061110.

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The importance of vanadium (V) in the functioning of land systems is extremely diverse, as this element may exert both positive and harmful effects on terrestrial organisms. It recently become considered an element of beneficial character with a range of applications for human welfare. The health-ameliorative properties of this transition element depend on its degree of oxidation and on optimal concentration in the target cells. It was found that a similar relationship applies to vascular plants. However, excessive amounts of vanadium in the environment contaminate the soil and negatively affect the majority of living organisms. A significantly elevated level of V results in the destabilization of plant physiological balance, slowing down the growth of biomass which significantly reduces yield. In turn, low doses of the appropriate vanadium ions can stimulate plant growth and development, exert cytoprotective effects, and effectively enhance the synthesis of some biologically active compounds. We present the scientific achievements of research teams dealing with such topics. The issues discussed concern the role of vanadium in the environment, particular organisms, and highlight its dualistic influence on plants. Achievements in the field of V bioremediation, with the use of appropriately selected microorganisms and plant species, are emphasized.
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24

Hoffmann, Eric J., and Steven J. Castle. "Imidacloprid in Melon Guttation Fluid: A Potential Mode of Exposure for Pest and Beneficial Organisms." Journal of Economic Entomology 105, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ec11251.

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25

Kamaraj, Chinnaperumal, Paramasivam Deepak, Govindasamy Balasubramani, Sengodan Karthi, Dhayalan Arul, Dilipkumar Aiswarya, Vadivel Amutha, et al. "Target and non-target toxicity of fern extracts against mosquito vectors and beneficial aquatic organisms." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 161 (October 2018): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.062.

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26

Brown, Sam P., Stuart A. West, Stephen P. Diggle, and Ashleigh S. Griffin. "Social evolution in micro-organisms and a Trojan horse approach to medical intervention strategies." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1533 (November 12, 2009): 3157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0055.

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Medical science is typically pitted against the evolutionary forces acting upon infective populations of bacteria. As an alternative strategy, we could exploit our growing understanding of population dynamics of social traits in bacteria to help treat bacterial disease. In particular, population dynamics of social traits could be exploited to introduce less virulent strains of bacteria, or medically beneficial alleles into infective populations. We discuss how bacterial strains adopting different social strategies can invade a population of cooperative wild-type, considering public good cheats, cheats carrying medically beneficial alleles (Trojan horses) and cheats carrying allelopathic traits (anti-competitor chemical bacteriocins or temperate bacteriophage viruses). We suggest that exploitation of the ability of cheats to invade cooperative, wild-type populations is a potential new strategy for treating bacterial disease.
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27

Gowda G, Basana, Aishwarya Ray, Totan Adak, Madhusmita Sahu, Nandini Sahu, Guru Pirasanna Pandi, Naveenkumar B. Patil, M. Annamalai, and Prakash Chandra Rath. "Non-target effect of pesticides in rice environment." Oryza-An International Journal on Rice 58, Special (April 22, 2021): 194–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.35709/ory.2021.58.spl.8.

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Agriculture has always been affected by intractable pests. Conventional agriculture still relies on the use of several pesticides to control various pests to ensure the yield of the crop and to feed a constantly growing population. To reduce the pest menace, the fatuous behavior of people as well as a natural proclivity towards the use of pesticides in a non-judicious manner, has caused several ecological backlashes such as secondary pest outbreak, pest resurgence and non-target organism's exploitation. Effects of pesticides on non-target organisms area worldwide concern and contention are the basis for most legislation regarding usage of specific pesticides. Pesticides, besides their effect on pests, would also affect several beneficial non-targets. The effect of pesticides could be lethal and may prove catastrophic or sublethal and stimulate the growth and development of non targeted biota's. Hence, this review approaches well-analyzed hindsight regarding the effect of pesticides on the natural enemies as well as other non-target organisms present in the rice agroecosystem.
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Mendem, Sowjanya, M. Vinyas, Md Aqib Ali Faraz, M. Vishwanath Swamy, and Patil Shubham. "A retrospective study on the prevalence of urinary tract infections in a tertiary care hospital in Sangareddy district of South India." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 8 (July 23, 2020): 3422. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20203335.

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Background: Urinary tract infections (UTI) affect the portion of the urinary tract including kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, and are among the commonly acquired nosocomial infections. Diagnosis based on the culture and sensitivity profile of the organism is highly beneficial for appropriate antimicrobial therapy of the individual.Methods: A retrospective study of culture isolates obtained from urine samples from different departments of a tertiary care hospital was performed in the period January 2018 to March 2020 in the district of Sangareddy, Telangana, India.Results: A total 204 samples of 1886 exhibited significant growth of organisms i.e., ≥105 colony-forming units of bacteria per millilitre (CFU mL-1). The most common pathogen isolated was Escherichia coli (47.05%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.68%), Staphylococcus aureus (10.78%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.78%), Enterobacter spp. (7.84%) and, Candida albicans (7.84%). The presence of Gram-negative organisms was found to be more than Gram-positive organisms among the samples cultured. Resistance was found to be more towards Amoxicillin (57.14%), followed by oxacillin (34%), cefotaxime (23.62%), clarithromycin (12.08%), erythromycin (12.08%), azithromycin (9.34%), linezolid (3.84%) and vancomycin (2.19%).Conclusions: Increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance by uropathogens emphasize the importance of therapy based on the culture and sensitivity of the organisms. Many uropathogens exhibit multi-drugs resistance. Regular surveillance and monitoring are useful in controlling the increasing resistance.
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Kim, Hyo-jin, Changbin Chen, Mehdi Kabbage, and Martin B. Dickman. "Identification and Characterization of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum NADPH Oxidases." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 21 (September 2, 2011): 7721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05472-11.

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ABSTRACTNumerous studies have shown both the detrimental and beneficial effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in animals, plants, and fungi. These organisms utilize controlled generation of ROS for signaling, pathogenicity, and development. Here, we show that ROS are essential for the pathogenic development ofSclerotinia sclerotiorum, an economically important fungal pathogen with a broad host range. Based on the organism's completed genome sequence, we identified twoS. sclerotiorumNADPH oxidases (SsNox1 and SsNox2), which presumably are involved in ROS generation. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to examine the function of SsNox1 and SsNox2. Silencing of SsNox1 expression indicated a central role for this enzyme in both virulence and pathogenic (sclerotial) development, while inactivation of the SsNox2 gene resulted in limited sclerotial development, but the organism remained fully pathogenic. ΔSsnox1strains had reduced ROS levels, were unable to develop sclerotia, and unexpectedly correlated with significantly reduced oxalate production. These results are in accordance with previous observations indicating that fungal NADPH oxidases are required for pathogenic development and are consistent with the importance of ROS regulation in the successful pathogenesis ofS. sclerotiorum.
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30

Homayouni-Rad, Aziz, Aslan Azizi, Parvin Oroojzadeh, and Hadi Pourjafar. "Kluyveromyces marxianus as a Probiotic Yeast: A Mini-review." Current Nutrition & Food Science 16, no. 8 (September 10, 2020): 1163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401316666200217113230.

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Background: Yeasts play diverse roles in human life. Since ancient times, these micro organisms have been used to produce food products and beverages including bread and beer. Nowadays, the biotechnological products of yeast are some of the main components of commercial products. Objective: Some species of yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces boulardii are recognized as probiotic yeast with extensive applications in the food and drug industries. However, certain species like Kluyveromyces marxianus are still not recognized as probiotic micro organisms despite their widespread industrial usage. In this study, the application of K. marxianus in preparing food and the medicinal product was reviewed in terms of its beneficial or harmful effects. Methods: Pub Med, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct databases were searched by using “Probiotics”, “Yeast”, and “Kluyveromyces marxianus”. Results: The findings suggest that K. marxianus can be recognized as a probiotic yeast species. Conclusion: It can be concluded that K. marxianus may be considered as a probiotic micro organism with a variety of commercial and medical applications.
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31

Ahmad, Irshad, Ajaz Ahmad, and Masood Ahmad. "Binding properties of pendimethalin herbicide to DNA: multispectroscopic and molecular docking approaches." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 9 (2016): 6476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp07351k.

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Pendimethalin (PND) is a systemic herbicide widely used on rice, cotton, peas, wheat, potatoes, fruits, nuts and other residential and non-residential crops; however, it concurrently exerts toxic effects on beneficial organisms like earthworms, aquatic invertebrates and other non-targeted animals including humans.
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Suhett, Albert Luiz, Jayme Magalhães Santangelo, Reinaldo Luiz Bozelli, Christian Eugen Wilhem Steinberg, and Vinicius Fortes Farjalla. "An overview of the contribution of studies with cladocerans to environmental stress research." Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 27, no. 2 (June 2015): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x3414.

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Cladocerans are microcrustaceans component of the zooplankton in a wide array of aquatic ecosystems. These organisms, in particular the genus Daphnia, have been widely used model organisms in studies ranging from biomedical sciences to ecology. Here, we present an overview of the contribution of studies with cladocerans to understanding the consequences at different levels of biological organization of stress induced by environmental factors. We discuss how some characteristics of cladocerans (e.g., small body size, short life cycles, cyclic parthenogenesis) make them convenient models for such studies, with a particular comparison with other major zooplanktonic taxa. Then we illustrate the contribution of cladocerans to stress research with examples encompassing stress responses spanning from the molecular to the populational level. Most worth of note are recent studies that presented evidence of beneficial consequences of mild stress caused by natural stressors (cross-tolerance), which may be passed along across generations, favoring individual survival and species persistence in fluctuating environments. This would be particularly relevant for environments prone to frequent natural environmental fluctuations, such as coastal lagoons and other shallow aquatic ecosystems. Based on reviewed studies, a conceptual model is presented summarizing the potential effects of a first stressor on the organism's resistance to a second one. We finish by highlighting some gaps on environmental stress research that could benefit from further studies using cladocerans as model organisms.
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Hosomi, Koji, and Jun Kunisawa. "Diversity of energy metabolism in immune responses regulated by micro-organisms and dietary nutrition." International Immunology 32, no. 7 (March 27, 2020): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxaa020.

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Abstract Immune metabolism has been recognized as a new paradigm in the regulation of host immunity. In the environment, there are many micro-organisms including pathogenic and non-pathogenic and/or beneficial ones. Immune cells exhibit various responses against different types of microbes, which seem to be associated with changes in energy metabolism. In addition, dietary nutrition influences host metabolism and consequent responses by immune cells. In this review, we describe the complex network of immune metabolism from the perspectives of nutrition, micro-organisms and host immunity for the control of immunologic health and diseases.
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Isaac, Russell A., and Yuhsia Boothroyd. "Beneficial use of biosolids: progress in controlling metals." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1996): 493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0468.

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Beneficial use of wastewater and its by-products is receiving increasing attention. The objective is to maximize the resource value and minimize the need to consider disposal only. While not always possible, more opportunities for such uses are being pursued. One aspect of this effort is the beneficial use of biosolids or, as it long has been known, sludge. Even the change in terminology reflects the effort to consider these materials as potential resources. While the new term may reflect more an effort to make such materials acceptable to the public from a psychological basis, efforts to assure the material is acceptable based on health risks by minimizing hazards from organisms and chemicals are prerequisite. Among the contaminants of concern are several elements. In the mid 1970s (designated 1975) and during the last several years (designated 1993), samples of wastewater solids were collected from 22 publicly owned wastewater treatment facilities (POTWs), all with pretreatment programs, in Massachusetts. These samples were analyzed for seven metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn). While there are several potentially confounding factors such as differences in sampling and analytical methods, the fact that the mean concentrations of all seven of the metals monitored decreased during the interval 1975–1993 when the two sets of data (126 and 54 samples respectively) were collected suggests that pretreatment and pollution prevention efforts have contributed to improving the quality of biosolids.
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Krediet, Cory J., Kim B. Ritchie, Valerie J. Paul, and Max Teplitski. "Coral-associated micro-organisms and their roles in promoting coral health and thwarting diseases." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1755 (March 22, 2013): 20122328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2328.

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Over the last decade, significant advances have been made in characterization of the coral microbiota. Shifts in its composition often correlate with the appearance of signs of diseases and/or bleaching, thus suggesting a link between microbes, coral health and stability of reef ecosystems. The understanding of interactions in coral-associated microbiota is informed by the on-going characterization of other microbiomes, which suggest that metabolic pathways and functional capabilities define the ‘core’ microbiota more accurately than the taxonomic diversity of its members. Consistent with this hypothesis, there does not appear to be a consensus on the specificity in the interactions of corals with microbial commensals, even though recent studies report potentially beneficial functions of the coral-associated bacteria. They cycle sulphur, fix nitrogen, produce antimicrobial compounds, inhibit cell-to-cell signalling and disrupt virulence in opportunistic pathogens. While their beneficial functions have been documented, it is not certain whether or how these microbes are selected by the hosts. Therefore, understanding the role of innate immunity, signal and nutrient exchange in the establishment of coral microbiota and in controlling its functions will probably reveal ancient, evolutionarily conserved mechanisms that dictate the outcomes of host–microbial interactions, and impact the resilience of the host.
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Pasquer, Frédérique, Monika Pfunder, Beatrice Frey, and Juerg E. Frey. "Microarray-based genetic identification of beneficial organisms as a new tool for quality control of laboratory cultures." Biocontrol Science and Technology 19, no. 8 (September 2009): 809–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583150903134509.

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Sun, Mingjing, Donghui Liu, Ziheng Dang, Ranhong Li, Zhiqiang Zhou, and Peng Wang. "Enantioselective behavior of malathion enantiomers in toxicity to beneficial organisms and their dissipation in vegetables and crops." Journal of Hazardous Materials 237-238 (October 2012): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.08.021.

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38

Carregosa, Diogo, Sara Mota, Sofia Ferreira, Beatriz Alves-Dias, Natasa Loncarevic-Vasiljkovic, Carolina Lage Crespo, Regina Menezes, Rita Teodoro, and Cláudia Nunes dos Santos. "Overview of Beneficial Effects of (Poly)phenol Metabolites in the Context of Neurodegenerative Diseases on Model Organisms." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 2940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13092940.

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The rise of neurodegenerative diseases in an aging population is an increasing problem of health, social and economic consequences. Epidemiological and intervention studies have demonstrated that diets rich in (poly)phenols can have potent health benefits on cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Meanwhile, the role of gut microbiota is ever more evident in modulating the catabolism of (poly)phenols to dozens of low molecular weight (poly)phenol metabolites that have been identified in plasma and urine. These metabolites can reach circulation in higher concentrations than parent (poly)phenols and persist for longer periods of time. However, studies addressing their potential brain effects are still lacking. In this review, we will discuss different model organisms that have been used to study how low molecular weight (poly)phenol metabolites affect neuronal related mechanisms gathering critical insight on their potential to tackle the major hallmarks of neurodegeneration.
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Mercado, Javier, Beatriz Ortiz-Santana, and Shannon Kay. "Fungal Frequency and Mite Load Trends Interact with a Declining Mountain Pine Beetle Population." Forests 9, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9080484.

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The mite and fungal biota associated with the mountain pine beetle (MPB) (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk.) may not be stable throughout an irruptive event. In congeneric beetles, variations in the frequency of their associated organisms affect population trends and similar effects may occur in MPB. We studied fungi and mite trends in a declining irruptive MPB population as it attacked three different pine hosts in the Colorado Front Range. During the study, we found two new associates including one biologically relevant mite and one beneficial blue-stain fungus. Fungi hyperphoretic on mites were also documented. This included beneficial and potentially detrimental species to the MPB. The frequency of several organisms varied between some years or pine hosts but not within male or female beetles. A large increase of Trichouropoda sp. and T. ips mites trended inversely with the declining beetle population, while a decrease in the beneficial blue-stain fungi trended similarly to the declining beetle population. We discuss the interactions and potential effects of phoretic biota in relation to (1) the MPB associates’ population trends, (2) the MPB incursions into cooler areas, and (3) the redundancy of blue-stain fungi carried by the MPB holobiont. These findings increase our knowledge of the mechanisms that influence MPB populations.
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McEwan, Iain J. "What lies beneath: natural products from marine organisms as nuclear receptor modulators." Biochemical Journal 446, no. 1 (July 27, 2012): e1-e3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20121018.

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The marine environment has long been known to be species-rich and to be a source of molecules with interesting and beneficial biochemical and clinical properties. However, despite some notable successes the potential of the ‘marine pipeline’ has yet to be fully realized. Recent studies involving members of the nuclear receptor superfamily illustrate the chemical richness of molecules from marine species and helps to re-emphasize the translational possibilities of natural products in drug discovery. In this issue of the Biochemical Journal Wang et al. describe the identification and characterization of such a compound, an agonist for the retinoic acid receptor isolated from the sponges Luffariella sp. and Fascaplysinopsis.
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Papa, Rita, Giuseppe Manetto, Emanuele Cerruto, and Sabina Failla. "Mechanical distribution of beneficial arthropods in greenhouse and open field: A review." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 49, no. 2 (February 27, 2018): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2018.785.

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In the last decades, political policies and collective consciousness focused on the importance of sustainable food and environmentally friendly approaches in agriculture. Distribution of beneficial organisms is a very important factor in integrated pest management, and mechanical release could improve application uniformity as well as reduce costs and working time. Several mechanisation experiences have been carried out through the years, however none of them has still found a massive application in common agricultural practices. This review paper analyses all the efforts made in this direction, by evaluating main strengths and weakness points of manually brought, tractor mounted, or aerial mechanical devices. In this way development opportunities can be identified, in a field that could achieve a substantial role in food production and agricultural activities while respecting the environment and human health.
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42

Diwo, Christian, and Nediljko Budisa. "Alternative Biochemistries for Alien Life: Basic Concepts and Requirements for the Design of a Robust Biocontainment System in Genetic Isolation." Genes 10, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10010017.

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The universal genetic code, which is the foundation of cellular organization for almost all organisms, has fostered the exchange of genetic information from very different paths of evolution. The result of this communication network of potentially beneficial traits can be observed as modern biodiversity. Today, the genetic modification techniques of synthetic biology allow for the design of specialized organisms and their employment as tools, creating an artificial biodiversity based on the same universal genetic code. As there is no natural barrier towards the proliferation of genetic information which confers an advantage for a certain species, the naturally evolved genetic pool could be irreversibly altered if modified genetic information is exchanged. We argue that an alien genetic code which is incompatible with nature is likely to assure the inhibition of all mechanisms of genetic information transfer in an open environment. The two conceivable routes to synthetic life are either de novo cellular design or the successive alienation of a complex biological organism through laboratory evolution. Here, we present the strategies that have been utilized to fundamentally alter the genetic code in its decoding rules or its molecular representation and anticipate future avenues in the pursuit of robust biocontainment.
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43

Hammond, Talisin T., Chelsea A. Ortiz-Jimenez, and Jennifer E. Smith. "Anthropogenic Change Alters Ecological Relationships via Interactive Changes in Stress Physiology and Behavior within and among Organisms." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 1 (May 6, 2020): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa001.

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Synopsis Anthropogenic change has well-documented impacts on stress physiology and behavior across diverse taxonomic groups. Within individual organisms, physiological and behavioral traits often covary at proximate and ultimate timescales. In the context of global change, this means that impacts on physiology can have downstream impacts on behavior, and vice versa. Because all organisms interact with members of their own species and other species within their communities, the effects of humans on one organism can impose indirect effects on one or more other organisms, resulting in cascading effects across interaction networks. Human-induced changes in the stress physiology of one species and the downstream impacts on behavior can therefore interact with the physiological and behavioral responses of other organisms to alter emergent ecological phenomena. Here, we highlight three scenarios in which the stress physiology and behavior of individuals on different sides of an ecological relationship are interactively impacted by anthropogenic change. We discuss host–parasite/pathogen dynamics, predator–prey relationships, and beneficial partnerships (mutualisms and cooperation) in this framework, considering cases in which the effect of stressors on each type of network may be attenuated or enhanced by interactive changes in behavior and physiology. These examples shed light on the ways that stressors imposed at the level of one individual can impact ecological relationships to trigger downstream consequences for behavioral and ecological dynamics. Ultimately, changes in stress physiology on one or both sides of an ecological interaction can mediate higher-level population and community changes due in part to their cascading impacts on behavior. This framework may prove useful for anticipating and potentially mitigating previously underappreciated ecological responses to anthropogenic perturbations in a rapidly changing world.
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Dural-Erem, Aysin, Tuser Biswas, and Vincent Nierstrasz. "Incorporation of probiotics on textile surface by sol–gel coating." Journal of Industrial Textiles 48, no. 5 (January 10, 2018): 954–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083717750886.

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Development of biocide-based antimicrobial textiles is proving to be a concern for the economy, and more evidently, for the environment and health. On the contrary, probiotic (beneficial bacteria) can replace these traditional biocides in order to overcome the toxicity and resistance problems. This paper elaborates an adapted sol–gel coating process to embed such beneficial spores on the polyester woven surface, and their viability is studied along with the characterization of the physical properties of the coated fabric. The results illustrate successful incorporation of the beneficial spores with an adequate number of living organisms (even after repeated washing cycles), sufficient tensile strength, and good abrasion resistance properties with the opportunity to improve surface wettability maintaining sufficient adhesion between the fibre and the coated layer.
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45

Horrocks, A., M. M. Davidson, D. A. J. Teulon, and P. A. Horne. "Demonstrating an integrated pest management strategy in autumnsown wheat to arable farmers." New Zealand Plant Protection 63 (August 1, 2010): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2010.63.6567.

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Six crops of autumnsown wheat managed under integrated pest management (IPM) were compared to six adjacent crops grown under the participating farmers current pest management practices in demonstration trials in Canterbury during the 200809 and 200910 seasons Farmer training with a focus on monitoring and beneficial predator identification was carried out The presence and abundance of key pests and diseases (slugs aphids yellow dwarf virus (YDV)) and beneficial predators was determined Carabid beetles and other beneficial insects capable of contributing to pest control were present in the arable cropping systems There was an increasing trend in the number of beneficial organisms a reduction in pests and a 50 reduction in the number of insecticides applied in the IPM managed crops There were negligible YDV and crop yield differences between the two approaches IPM adoption at these farms was very high after these participatory trials
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46

Tkalenko, G., V. Ignat, and S. Goral. "Dominant phytophages of vegetable agrocenoses and their natural regulators of number." Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, no. 65 (December 20, 2019): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2019.65.201-211.

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Goal. To analyze the phytosanitary state of vegetable agrocenoses of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, to establish the species composition of the dominant pests and to study the natural saturation with beneficial organisms. Methods. The collection of material and entomological observations were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods. Variation-statistical analysis was carried out using special software packages for statistics and computer graphics: Microsoft Excel 2010, Statgraphics plus. Results. By monitoring the phytosanitary state of vegetable agrocenosis in open ground, the species composition of the complex of harmful and beneficial organisms has been established. It has been proved that phytophages dominate on the plantings of white cabbage (variety Dymerskaya 7): black cruciferous flea beetle, numbering 8.2—10.8 ind./plant; cabbage spring fly — 9.0—11.6 eggs / plant; hidden proboscis — 2.6—3.1 persons/plant; onion thrips — 2.3—6.1 ind./ plant; cabbage aphid — up to 32 ind./plant and cabbage whitefly, the number of which was 2.5—6.7 ind./pl. The most common in the agrocenoses of white cabbage among lepidoptera were cabbage moth, numbering 2.8—4.3 gus./ plant, cabbage scoop — 1.6—1.9 gus./plant, cabbage and rape whites — 0.6—3.1 gus./ plant. Common spider mites dominated on cucumbers, with a number of 3.6—4.2 specimens/plant. and melon aphids — 14.8—16.6 ind./plant. A complex of entomophages belonging to the families Coccinellidae, Staphilinidae, Ichneumonidae, Trichogrammatidae, Braconidae, Tachinidae, Sirphidae was noted. Conclusions. The species composition of the complex of harmful and beneficial organisms in the vegetable agrocenoses of the open ground of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine includes 10 species of phytophages of white cabbage, 2 species of pests of cucumbers and 7 species of entomophages.
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Araki, Tsuyoshi, and Tamao Saito. "Small molecules and cell differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum." International Journal of Developmental Biology 63, no. 8-9-10 (2019): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.190192ts.

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Dictyostelium is a microorganism found in soils that are known as the battle fields of chemical warfare. Genome analysis of Dictyostelium revealed that it has great potential for the production of small molecules, including secondary metabolites such as polyketides and terpenes.Polyketides are a large family of secondary metabolites which have a variety of structures. In accordance with their structural variety, polyketides have a plethora of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antifungal, and antitumor activities. Unsurprisingly, they have exceptional medical importance. Polyketides in nature work as protective compounds and /or function in pheromonal communication. Terpenes belong to another family of structurally diverse secondary metabolites which play roles in ecological interactions, including defence against predators and formation of mutually beneficial alliance with other organisms. Polyketides and terpenes work as intra- or inter-species signalling compounds, i.e. they play the role of a chemical language. However, in Dictyostelium, they work as paracrine signalling compounds which control the organism’s multicellular morphogenesis. This review is primarily focused on the small molecules that regulate pattern formation in the slug stage of the organism and their biosynthetic pathways. Current in vivo understandings of polyketide DIF-1 induced cell differentiation and DIF-1-dependent/independent pathways are also discussed.
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Vanderhoof, J., and S. Mitmesser. "Probiotics in the management of children with allergy and other disorders of intestinal inflammation." Beneficial Microbes 1, no. 4 (November 1, 2010): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/bm2010.0034.

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Soon after birth, the human gastrointestinal tract quickly becomes colonised by a variety of bacterial species. Throughout life the gastrointestinal tract continues to serve as host to a complex society of nonpathological bacteria. Microorganisms, such as probiotics, have the potential to modulate mucosal immune response and reduce gastrointestinal inflammation caused by a variety of infectious and allergic events. The most widely studied genera of probiotics are lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Lactobacillus rhamnosis strain ATC53103 (LGG) can replenish gut flora during infectious diarrhoeal episodes. This beneficial effect is carried over to traveller's diarrhoea and children experiencing antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Furthermore, LGG can reduce the risk of respiratory tract infections in children attending daycares and hospitals. With allergic disease on the rise, probiotics have the potential to positively impact atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis. LGG has been shown to decrease the severity and delay the onset of atopic dermatitis. Additionally, LGG is beneficial in the treatment of allergic colitis and necrotising entercolitis. Some strains of probiotics appear to be useful in the treatment and/or prevention of allergic disease, however, caution must be used when generalising the effectiveness of a specific strain of organism to other organisms and other disease states.
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Saberi-Riseh, Roohallah, Mojde Moradi-Pour, Reza Mohammadinejad, and Vijay Kumar Thakur. "Biopolymers for Biological Control of Plant Pathogens: Advances in Microencapsulation of Beneficial Microorganisms." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 1938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121938.

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The use of biofertilizers, including biocontrol agents such as Pseudomonas and Bacillus in agriculture can increase soil characteristics and plant acquisition of nutrients and enhancement the efficiency of manure and mineral fertilizer. Despite the problems that liquid and solid formulations have in maintaining the viability of microbial agents, encapsulation can improve their application with extended shelf-life, and controlled release from formulations. Research into novel formulation methods especially encapsulation techniques has increased in recent years due to the mounting demand for microbial biological control. The application of polymeric materials in agriculture has developed recently as a replacement for traditional materials and considered an improvement in technological processes in the growing of crops. This study aims to overview of types of biopolymers and methods used for encapsulation of living biological control agents, especially microbial organisms.
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Viljoen, M., E. Johannsen, and A. Panzer. "Probiotics: diet supplements of live, non-pathogenic micro-organisms." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 24, no. 1/2 (September 22, 2005): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v24i1/2.161.

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More than four hundred species of different commensal micro-organisms exist on human mucosal surfaces. The relationship between these micro-organisms and their human host varies from saprophitic, to parasitic, to symbiotic. Two of the most important groups of the beneficial symbiotic bacteria resort under the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which are found in the small intestine and colon, respectively. Loss or disturbance of the normal mucosal microflora may contribute to health problems (e.g. diarrhoea and food allergies), and the therapeutic or prophylactic supplementation of the normal flora is of value in certain gastrointestinal and immunological disturbances. Probiotics are diet supplements which consist of live non-pathogenic micro-organisms, which occur naturally in the gastrointestinal tract and which improve intestinal functions, the microbiological balance, as well as general health when ingested in sufficient quantities. This article discusses mechanisms by which probiotics can enhance the internal milieu, and provides a short summary of important clinical trials on the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of probiotics, as well as possible side-effects. The tremendous increase in research on the topic of natural microflora and probiotics is prompted partially through the commercial potential of probiotics, of which many different types are already commercially available. The article concludes with guidelines for the control of the production and distribution of probiotics as stated by the World Health Organisation and as suggested in South Africa.
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