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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Benefits and Risk Assessment'

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Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Hellman, Isabella. "Automated Risk Assessment : potential benefits and risks in the Swedish insurance market." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för informatik (IK), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54641.

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The technological advances made in society has affected many industries, one that is affected is the insurance market. The purpose of this thesis has been to identify potential benefits and risks connected to the automation of the risk assessment process of life insurance on the Swedish insurance market. In order to enhance the understanding and further enabling the identification of the potential benefits and risks the future process, as preferred by the participants, and the current process are discussed. The thesis includes the participants by using participatory design and analyzes the findings in connection to literature within the area of e-business and strategic planning. The result shows a number of identified benefits of automating the risk assessment process along with potential risk that should be addressed.

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Zhang, Wei Ya. "Risk-benefit assessment of minor analgesics." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390515.

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Nunes, Sérgio Rodrigues. "Value focused assessment of cyber risks to gain benefits from security investments." Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15874.

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Doutoramento em Gestão Com a multiplicação de dispositivos tecnológicos e com as suas complexas interacções, os ciber riscos não param de crescer. As entidades supervisoras estabelecem novos requisitos para forçar organizações a gerir os ciber riscos. Mesmo com estas crescentes ameaças e requisitos, decisões para a mitigação de ciber riscos continuam a não ser bem aceites pelas partes interessadas e os benefícios dos investimentos em segurança permanecem imperceptíveis para a gestão de topo. Esta investigação analisa o ciclo de vida da gestão de ciber risco identificando objectivos de mitigação de ciber risco, capturados de especialistas da área, prioritizando esses objectivos para criar um modelo de decisão para auxiliar gestores de risco tendo em conta vários cenários reais, desenvolvendo um conjunto de princípios de gestão de risco que possibilitam o estabelecimento de uma base para a estratégia de ciber risco aplicável e adaptável às organizações e finalmente a avaliação dos benefícios dos investimentos em segurança para mitigação dos ciber riscos seguindo uma abordagem de melhoria contínua. Duas frameworks teóricas são integradas para endereçar o ciclo de vida completo da gestão de ciber risco: o pensamento focado em valor guia o processo de decisão e a gestão de benefícios assegura que os benefícios para o negócio são realizados durante a implementação do projecto, depois de tomada a decisão para investir numa solução de segurança para mitigação do ciber risco. With the multiplication of technological devices and their multiple complex interactions, the cyber risks keep increasing. Supervision entities establish new compliance requirements to force organizations to manage cyber risks. Despite these growing threats and requirements, decisions in cyber risk minimization continue not to be accepted by stakeholders and the business benefits of security investments remain unnoticed to top management. This research analyzes the cyber risk management lifecycle by identifying cyber risk mitigation objectives captured from subject matter experts, prioritizing those objectives in a cyber risk management decision model to help risk managers in the decision process by taking into account multiple real scenarios, developing the baseline of cyber risk management principles to form a cyber risk strategy applicable and adaptable to current organizations and finally evaluating the business benefits of security investments to mitigate cyber risks in a continuous improvement approach. Two theoretical frameworks are combined to address the full cyber risk management lifecycle: value focused thinking guides the decision process and benefits management ensures that business benefits are realized during project implementation, after the decision is taken to invest in a security solution to mitigate cyber risk. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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Caster, Ola. "Quantitative methods to support drug benefit-risk assessment." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för data- och systemvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-100286.

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Joint evaluation of drugs’ beneficial and adverse effects is required in many situations, in particular to inform decisions on initial or sustained marketing of drugs, or to guide the treatment of individual patients. This synthesis, known as benefit-risk assessment, is without doubt important: timely decisions supported by transparent and sound assessments can reduce mortality and morbidity in potentially large groups of patients. At the same time, it can be hugely complex: drug effects are generally disparate in nature and likelihood, and the information that needs to be processed is diverse, uncertain, deficient, or even unavailable. Hence there is a clear need for methods that can reliably and efficiently support the benefit-risk assessment process. For already marketed drugs, this process often starts with the detection of previously unknown risks that are subsequently integrated with all other relevant information for joint analysis. In this thesis, quantitative methods are devised to support different aspects of drug benefit-risk assessment, and the practical usefulness of these methods is demonstrated in clinically relevant case studies. Shrinkage regression is adapted and implemented for large-scale screening in collections of individual case reports, leading to the discovery of a link between methylprednisolone and hepatotoxicity. This adverse effect is then considered as part of a complete benefit-risk assessment of methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis relapses, set in a general framework of probabilistic decision analysis. Two methods devised in the thesis substantively contribute to this assessment: one for efficient generation of utility distributions for the considered clinical outcomes, driven by modelling of qualitative information; and one for computing risk limits for rare and otherwise non-quantifiable adverse effects, based on collections of individual case reports. At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 6: Manuscript; Paper 7: Manuscript.

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Yang, Wei. "Risk assessment of defined benefit pension schemes: an economic capital approach." Thesis, University of Kent, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.594096.

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Ng, Anthony Kwok-Lung. "Risk Assessment of Transformer Fire Protection in a Typical New Zealand High-Rise Building." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1223.

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Prescriptively, the requirement of fire safety protection systems for distribution substations is not provided in the compliance document for fire safety to the New Zealand Building Code. Therefore, the New Zealand Fire Service (NZFS) has proposed a list of fire safety protection requirements for distribution substations in a letter, dated 10th July 2002. A review by Nyman [1], has considered the fire safety requirements proposed by the NZFS and discussed the issues with a number of fire engineers over the last three years. Nyman concerned that one of the requirements regarding the four hour fire separation between the distribution substation and the interior spaces of the building may not be necessary when considering the risk exposure to the building occupants in different situations, such as the involvement of the sprinkler systems and the use of transformers with a lower fire hazard. Fire resistance rating (FRR) typically means the time duration for which passive fire protection system, such as fire barriers, fire walls and other fire rated building elements, can maintain its integrity, insulation and stability in a standard fire endurance test. Based on the literature review and discussions with industry experts, it is found that failure of the passive fire protection system in a real fire exposure could potentially occur earlier than the time indicated by the fire resistance rating derived from the standard test depending on the characteristics of the actual fire (heat release rate, fire load density and fire location) and the characteristics of the fire compartment (its geometric, ventilation conditions, opening definition, building services and equipment). Hence, it is known that a higher level of fire safety, such as 4 hour fire rated construction and use of sprinkler system, may significantly improve the fire risk to health of safety of occupants in the building; however, they could never eliminate the risk. This report presents a fire engineering Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) on a transformer fire initiating in a distribution substation inside a high-rise residential and commercial mixeduse building. It compares the fire safety protection requirements for distribution substations from the NZFS to other relevant documents worldwide: the regulatory standards in New Zealand, Australia and United States of America, as well as the non-regulatory guidelines from other stakeholders, such as electrical engineering organisation, insurance companies and electricity providers. This report also examines the characteristics of historical data for transformer fires in distribution substations both in New Zealand and United States of America buildings. Reliability of active fire safety protection systems, such as smoke detection systems and sprinkler systems is reviewed in this research. Based on the data analysis results, a fire risk estimate is determined using an Event Tree Analysis (ETA) for a total of 14 scenarios with different fire safety designs and transformer types for a distribution substation in a high-rise residential and commercial mixed-use building. In Scenario 1 to 10 scenarios, different combinations of fire safety systems are evaluated with the same type of transformer, Flammable liquid (mineral oil) insulated transformer. In Scenario 11 to Scenario 14, two particular fire safety designs are selected as a baseline for the analysis of transformer types. Two types of transformer with a low fire hazard are used to replace the flammable liquid (mineral oil) insulated transformer in a distribution substation. These are less flammable liquid (silicone oil) insulated transformers and dry type (dry air) transformers. The entire fire risk estimate is determined using the software package @Risk4.5. The results from the event tree analysis are used in the cost-benefit analysis. The cost-benefit ratios are measured based on the reduced fire risk exposures to the building occupants, with respect to the investment costs of the alternative cases, from its respective base case. The outcomes of the assessment show that the proposed four hour fire separation between the distribution substations and the interior spaces of the building, when no sprinkler systems are provided, is not considered to be the most cost-effective alternative to the life safety of occupants, where the cost-benefit ratio of this scenario is ranked fifth. The most cost-effective alternative is found to be the scenario with 30 minute fire separation and sprinkler system installed. In addition to the findings, replacing a flammable liquid insulated transformer with a less flammable liquid insulated transformer or a dry type transformer is generally considered to be economical alternatives. From the QRA analysis, it is concluded that 3 hour fire separation is considered to be appropriate for distribution substations, containing a flammable liquid insulated transformer and associated equipment, in non-sprinklered buildings. The fire ratings of the separation construction can be reduced to 30 minute FRR if sprinkler system is installed. This conclusion is also in agreement with the requirements of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).

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Grahn, Tonje. "Risk assessment of natural hazards : Data availability and applicability for loss quantification." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för miljö- och livsvetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-48324.

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Quantitative risk assessments are a fundamental part of economic analysis and natural hazard risk management models. It increases the objectivity and the transparency of risk assessments and guides policymakers in making efficient decisions when spending public resources on risk reduction. Managing hazard risks calls for an understanding of the relationships between hazard exposure and vulnerability of humans and assets. The purpose of this thesis is to identify and estimate causal relationships between hazards, exposure and vulnerability, and to evaluate the applicability of systematically collected data sets to produce reliable and generalizable quantitative information for decision support. Several causal relationships have been established. For example, the extent of lake flood damage to residential buildings depends on the duration of floods, distance to waterfront, the age of the house and in some cases the water level. Results also show that homeowners private initiative to reduce risk, prior to or during a flood, reduced their probability of suffering building damage with as much as 40 percent. Further, a causal relationship has been established between the number of people exposed to quick clay landslides and landslide fatalities. Even though several relationships were identified between flood exposure and vulnerability, the effects can only explain small parts of the total variation in damages, especially at object level. The availability of damage data in Sweden is generally low. The most comprehensive damage data sets in Sweden are held by private insurance companies and are not publicly available. Data scarcity is a barrier to quantitative natural hazard risk assessment in Sweden. More efforts should therefore be made to collect data systematically for modelling and validating standardized approaches to quantitative damage estimation. Natural hazard damages have increased worldwide. Impacts caused by hydrological and meteorological hazards have increased the most. An analysis of insurance payments in Sweden showed that flood damages have been increasing in Sweden as well. With climate change and increasing populations we can expect this trend to continue unless efforts are made to reduce risk and adapt communities to the threats. Economic analysis and quantitative risk assessments of natural hazards are fundamental parts of a risk management process that can support policymakers' decisions on efficient risk reduction. However, in order to develop reliable damage estimation models knowledge is needed of the relationships between hazard exposure and the vulnerability of exposed objects and persons. This thesis has established causal relationships between residential exposure and flood damage on the basis of insurance data. I also found that private damage-reducing actions decreased the probability of damage to buildings with almost 40 percent. Further, a causal relationship has been established between the number of people exposed to quick clay landslides and fatalities. Even though several relationships have been identified between flood exposure and vulnerability, the effects can explain only small parts of the total variation in damages, especially at object level, and more effort is needed to develop quantitative models for risk assessment purposes.

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Beckett, Jonathan. "Studies of benefit and risk resulting from the UK Breast Screening Programme." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364812.

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Leong, James. "Development of a universal benefit-risk assessment framework and its application for regulatory agencies." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/59299/.

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The assessment of medicines has moved from efficacy and safety to that of a benefit-risk balance and regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical companies are improving their processes in order to achieve greater consistency and transparency in decision-making. However, their efforts are largely independent and do not address the lack of consistency in decisions by different countries, albeit for the same medicine, resulting in the potential inaccessibility of important medicines. The aim of this study was the development and validation of a universal benefit-risk framework for use by regulatory authorities. A questionnaire, specifically developed for this study, was used to evaluate the current approaches to benefit-risk assessment of medicines by 14 regulatory agencies and 24 pharmaceutical companies. None of the 11 agencies (79%) and 20 companies (83%) that responded used a fully quantitative approach, but the majority used a qualitative system for benefit-risk assessment. The development of a universal benefit-risk framework for use by both regulators and industry, with the involvement of all stakeholders, was supported by the study participants. A comparison of the existing benefit-risk assessment frameworks used by agencies and companies identified the common elements. As no major differences were observed, an 8-step universal framework was developed which incorporated the other frameworks. To support the framework in the assessment of benefits and risks, a template for documenting the benefit-risk decision together with a user manual was also developed. Four regulatory agencies conducted a retrospective pilot study to investigate the feasibility of this framework, the benefit-risk template and user manual. Subsequently, a prospective study was conducted by TGA of Australia, Health Canada and HSA of Singapore. The agencies found the benefit-risk template was ‘fit for purpose’ in terms of the relevance of information supporting the benefit-risk decision, the documentation and communication and the relative importance and values of the benefits and risks. The results showed that the benefit-risk summary template was adequate to document benefits and risks, relevant summaries and ii conclusions for the emerging markets. The applicability and validity of the summary component of the benefit-risk template was evaluated by sixteen HSA clinical reviewers in a retrospective study. They found that the BR Summary Template was adequate to document benefits, risks, relevant summaries and conclusions. However, a revision of the BR Summary Template should include technical improvements and more details of safety information. The BR Summary Template was thought to be a useful tool for communicating benefit-risk decisions to a variety of stakeholders. The formats of publicly available reports from major regulatory agencies were compared and found to be generally similar. When compared to the BR Template, the listing of benefits and risks, assigning of weights and values, visualisation and a more detailed, systematic standardised structure were found to be absent. This research has demonstrated that the 8-step universal framework is of value for the assessment of benefits and risks of medicines by regulatory agencies and the template was found to be useful for documenting and communicating benefit-risk decisions.

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Hockley, Kimberley. "Patient and public involvement in the benefit-risk assessment of medicines and regulatory decision-making." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/24744.

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Currently, regulators make marketing authorisation decisions based on the benefit-risk balance of a treatment with little input from patients and the public. The aims of this thesis are to apply systematic methods of benefit-risk assessment proposed for use in regulatory decision-making, and examine how they can incorporate patient and public involvement. These aims were met through the investigation of three case studies: efalizumab, rimonabant, and natalizumab. Efalizumab (indication: plaque psoriasis) was withdrawn from the market due to the occurrence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. I examined the feasibility of applying descriptive and quantitative frameworks to determine the benefit-risk balance of efalizumab, and evaluated where patient and public involvement can be applied in the decision-making process. Rimonabant (indication: overweight and obesity) was withdrawn from the market due to the occurrence of psychiatric disorders. I conducted a discrete choice experiment to elicit patient and public preferences regarding the benefits and risks of treatment, and developed a probabilistic analysis method to analyse the preference data and determine the benefit-risk balance of rimonabant. Natalizumab (indication: relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis) received authorisation, but the benefit-risk balance was reassessed due to the occurrence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Authorisation was maintained with risk minimisation measures. I developed a framework to guide the application, reporting, and evaluation of patient and public involvement in benefit-risk assessment. I then tested the feasibility of the framework with protocols designed to elicit patient and public preferences on the benefits and risks of natalizumab. Based on the findings of these case studies, preferences can be elicited from patients and the public and used to determine the benefit-risk balance of a medicine. This thesis provides a methodological foundation to guide the application, reporting and evaluation of PPI in the benefit-risk assessment of medicines and improve the legitimacy, transparency, and quality of regulatory decision-making.

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Boué, Géraldine. "Public Health Risk-Benefit Assessment in Foods : methodological development with application to infant milk-based diet." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ONIR100F/document.

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L’objectif de cette thèse était de développer un cadre conceptuel et méthodologique permettant d’évaluer l’impact global de l’alimentation sur la santé des consommateurs, en prenant en compte les dimensions microbiologiques, chimiques et nutritionnelles. Cette méthodologie a été développée à l’aide d’un cas d’étude portant sur l’alimentation des nourrissons (lait maternel et formules infantiles), incluant les facteurs suivants : C. sakazakii, Cryptosporidium, arsenic, polychlorobiphényles de type dioxine et acide docosahexaénoïque. Cinq modèles mathématiques probabilistes ont été développés pour quantifier les risques / bénéfices associés à chaque facteur. Ils ont été ensuite harmonisés, quand cela a été possible, à l’aide d’un indicateur commun de santé publique, le DALY. Les résultats ont été obtenus par simulation de Monte Carlo de second ordre afin de quantifier séparément l’incertitude et la variabilité. Les techniques probabilistes ont permis de prendre en compte d’une part la variabilité inhérente à la biologie (hétérogénéité entre individus d’une même population) et d’autre part l’incertitude liée au manque de connaissances et de données. De plus, la séparation de la variabilité et de l’incertitude a consolidé l’évaluation, permettant une interprétation plus cohérente des résultats et donc fournissant des informations plus complètes aux décisionnaires. La méthode mise en oeuvre dans ce travail de thèse pourra servir de base pour d’autres cas d’études et pourra aussi être utilisée pour continuer le développement méthodologique de l’évaluation risque-bénéfice. Cette démarche s’inscrit dans une approche plus générale d’analyse multi-critères des systèmes agronomiques et alimentaires The objective of the present PhD project was to develop a conceptual and methodological framework to assess the overall impact of food consumed on human health, including microbiological, chemical and nutritional dimensions. This methodology was developed using a case study on infant milk-based diet (breast milk and infant formulas) taking into account the following selected factors: C. sakazakii, Cryptosporidium, arsenic, dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls and docosahexaenoic acid. Five probabilistics mathematicals models were developed to quantify risks / benefits associated with these factors. When possible, they were harmonized using a common public health indicator, the DALY. Results were obtained by second-order Monte Carlo simulations in order to quantify separately the uncertainty and the variability. Probabilistic techniques enabled to take into account on the one hand the biology related to variability (heterogeneity between individuals of the same population) and on the other hand the uncertainty linked to the lack of knowledge and data. In addition, separation of variability and uncertainty strengthened the evaluation by enabling a more accurated interpretation of results and by providing more comprehensive information for policy makers. The method used in this PhD thesis can be considered as a robust basis for other case studies and can be also used to continue methodological development in risk-benefit assessment. This approach is also part of a broader area: the multi-criteria decision analysis of agronomic and food systems

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Boué, Géraldine. "Public Health Risk-Benefit Assessment in Foods : methodological development with application to infant milk-based diet." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ONIR100F.

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Helms, Sarah. "Assessment of perceived positive and negative outcomes in risky adolescent dating and peer situations: A descriptive analysis of risk and benefit perception." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2019.

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Peer and dating violence perpetration and victimization are common experiences placing adolescents at-risk for maladaptive outcomes, yet little research has focused on specific problematic situations associated with these types of violence and other related risk-taking behaviors. Further, prevention programs have typically focused on changing beliefs, attitudes, and skill-deficits, with little attention to adolescents’ motivations or perceptions of costs and benefits associated with risky situations, despite support for this type of research in other health-related fields (e.g., substance abuse, behavioral medicine). The current study assessed adolescents’ perceptions of potential positive and negative outcomes associated with risky dating and peer situations, many of which may increase youths’ risks for violence perpetration or victimization. Interviews were conducted with 82 predominantly African American adolescents living in an urban setting. At the conclusion of qualitative coding, 17 and 13 themes were identified for risky dating and peer situations, respectively. Content within these themes included potential positive and negative outcomes and associated processes and contextual factors identified by youth, across topics such as aggression, victimization, and other risks for physical or psychological harm; interpersonal and intrapersonal processes associated with dating and peer relationships (e.g., communication, emotion, respect, pressure); and more concrete costs and benefits for youth (e.g., gain or loss of financial or material goods, opportunities for fun things to do). This research has important implications for improving the ecological relevance and credibility of youth violence prevention programs, and the discussion of decisional balances of potential costs and benefits may represent important targets for prevention programs.

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Clark, Michael. "Benefits and risks of neonatal bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination among Aboriginal infants in Canada: Assessment by Markov model." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26461.

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Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is given to Canadian Aboriginal neonates in communities at high risk for tuberculosis (TB). However, severe reactions and deaths associated with the vaccine have been reported among infants born with immunodeficiency syndromes. A Markov model was developed to estimate the burden of TB among Canadian Aboriginal children, evaluate the effectiveness of BCG vaccination, and estimate threshold values for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) incidence at which a BCG program will reduce quality-adjusted life expectancy. Estimated thresholds for SCID are lower than the rate reported in one North American Aboriginal population, regardless of the assumed risk of tuberculous infection. The possibility that Canadian Aboriginal children are at increased risk for SCID has serious implications for continued BCG use in this population. In this context, enhanced TB Control---including early detection and treatment of infection---may be a safer, more effective alternative.

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Farabegoli, Federica <1986&gt. "Analysis of Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Glycine Betaine: Contribution to the Assessment of Health Risks and Benefits of Seafood Consumption." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7573/1/Farabegoli_Federica_tesi.pdf.

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Seafood is known for its valuable and healthy nutrients; however scientific studies demonstrated the unavoidable presence of contaminants in fish and shellfish. Authorities strongly recommend fish consumption, especially to sensible groups of population (pregnant or nursing women, infants and children), and ask the scientific community for novel and coherent data to establish clear guidelines for consumers. There is also a serious need to extend the monitoring to emerging chemical pollutants, other than methylmercury, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls, to better understand the level of seafood contamination. An innovative UHPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of glycine betaine (GB) in Tapes philippinarum was developed and validated, taking the 2002/657 European Decision as guideline; GB is an endogenous osmolyte abundant in molluscs, and represent a vital methylating agent in humans. Moreover, a previously developed and validated UHPLC-MS/MS method was used to conduct a preliminary monitoring of the presence of the two main perfluorinated contaminants, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), in six fish species from Italian markets (Dicentrarchus labrax, Merluccius merluccius, Mugil cephalus, Pleuronectes platessa, Scomber scombrus and Sparus aurata). The daily contribution of seafood to PFOS and PFOA dietary intake in Italian population was calculated and data were compared to the corresponding Tolerable Daily Intakes established by EFSA in 2008. Results revealed that the risk of contamination related to fish consumption is unlikely, but suggested the need to conduct further surveys focused on certain species from different sampling site. Subsequently, a mono-specie monitoring was carried out in 140 farmed and wild subjects of Dicentrarchus labrax, from 14 different locations in the Mediterranean area. The obtained results showed that wild subjects are sensibly more contaminated than farmed ones, and that levels of fish contamination are strongly influenced by their geographical origin and the proximity to polluted areas.

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HUSSAIN, RADI RADI MOHAMMED ABDUL. "Structural construction and economic benefits for precast concrete high-rise housing buildings." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242978.

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La tecnologia di prefabbricazione in calcestruzzo armato è considerata una delle soluzioni costruttive di maggior competitività per la realizzazione di edifici ad uso residenziale che usa supportare gli altri sistemi costruttivi. Gli aspetti di produzione a catena degli elementi costruttivi e delle tecniche di messa in opera degli stessi rendono tale tecnologia diversa e molto più appetibile rispetto alle soluzioni tradizionali in calcestruzzo gettato in opera. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è investigare le possibilità e le capacità dei sistemi strutturali prefabbricati in termini di performance sismica e costi di realizzazione, al fine di assicurare l’impiego ottimale di tale tecnologia per risolvere l’emergenza abitativa che affligge il Medio Oriente e le aree esposte a calamità naturali e guerre. Questo lavoro si articola in una prima indagine delle tipologie strutturali presenti nel mercato, svolta prendendo in esame applicazioni pratiche e progetti di edilizia abitativa, per poi valutare la performance sismica e gli aspetti di natura economica delle soluzioni strutturali competitive, scelte sulla base delle loro caratteristiche peculiari, delle regole e dei vincoli che le caratterizzano. I sistemi che si sono rivelati maggiormente impiegati per efficacia tecnica ed economicita' sono stati analizzati in maniera piu' approfondita scegliendo opportuni casi studio. Le analisi statiche non lineari si sono rivelate strumenti utili per la valutazione della perfomance sismica e quindi, insieme alla stima dei costi, per il confronto delle soluzioni strutturali. Dal confronto tra i vari sistemi studiati è emerso che i sistemi prefabbricati rappresentano una soluzione sismicamente efficiente ed economicamente conveniente anche per la realizzazione di edifici alti. Inoltre, i risultati mettono in luce come le soluzioni prefabbricate rappresentano una valida alternativa non solo nelle aree non sismiche, ma anche in quelle ad elevata sismicità. Precast concrete technology is considered one of the greatest importance systems in multifamily housing buildings. The concept of manufacturing, production and construction makes this technology different from cast in place concrete and often more interesting and befitting. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the possibilities and capabilities of the precast concrete technology in terms of structural performance and construction cost of high-rise housing buildings, to ensure the optimal use of this technology to solve the housing crisis in the Middle East and the areas affected by natural disasters and wars. The study includes a review of the most widely systems used in this field such as the precast concrete frame systems and large panel system, which therefore have been studied intensively by considering real cases. The practical applications and experiences of housing projects and real case studies, additional to the codes, are considered the important parts of this thesis. Comparison between precast concrete systems are conducted to find out the suitable system; the comparison depends on the characteristics, rules and constraints for each system. In order to compare different precast structural housing systems for a number of case studies, the seismic performance and the construction costs are assumed as criteria for the assessment and selection of the system. The seismic performance is obtained with push-over non linear analyses, whereas the construction cost is estimated to total cost for each case study; the results obtained for various case studies are then compared. Precast concrete frame structural systems represent a suitable solution for the high rise housing buildings in terms of seismic performance and construction cost. Furthermore, the results showed that this system is a good economic alternative for the structural buildings not only in the non-seismic or low seismic areas but also in high seismicity areas.

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Queiroz, Vera Maria Corrêa. "A análise do risco morte à luz da Convenção n. 102 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21067.

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Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-05-07T12:59:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vera Maria Corrêa Queiroz.pdf: 1520167 bytes, checksum: 0c11adee3350303610d2de1d209e95d8 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-07T12:59:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vera Maria Corrêa Queiroz.pdf: 1520167 bytes, checksum: 0c11adee3350303610d2de1d209e95d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 The purpose if this work is to study and analyze the social death risk in the light of Convention n. 102 of the International Labor Organization - ILO, within the Social Law concentration area which addresses the Minimum Standards of Social Security, including the forms implemented in Brazil in view of the benefit of Pension for Death in the General Social Security System. Its development starts from a historical context of social protection and Social Security, and especially the social security subsystem, based on research of doctrine, legislation and jurisprudence, raising relevant issues within the context approach, with necessary delimitations in the research's object in view of the purpose for which the theme is available. The methodological design is clarified in detail throughout the social security benefit study's development, in order to establish the scientific research of the law in relation to social law. A comparative advantage is sought in other legal systems of the signatory countries of the international standard under analysis A presente dissertação, dentro da área de concentração Direito das Relações Sociais, tem como objetivo o estudo e a análise do risco social morte à luz da Convenção n. 102 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho -OIT, que trata das Normas Mínimas de Seguridade Social, abordando as moldagens efetivadas no Brasil em face do benefício de Pensão por Morte no Regime Geral de Previdência Social. Seu desenvolvimento parte de uma contextualização histórica da proteção social e da Seguridade Social, e em especial do subsistema previdenciário, baseando-se em pesquisa de doutrina, legislação e jurisprudência, suscitando questões relevantes dentro do contexto da abordagem, com necessárias delimitações no objeto da pesquisa em face do propósito a que o tema se dispõe. O delineamento metodológico é detalhadamente esclarecido no desenvolvimento do estudo do benefício previdenciário, a fim de estabelecer a cientificidade da pesquisa jurídica em relação ao direito social. Busca-se um comparativo do benefício frente a outros ordenamentos jurídicos dos países signatários da norma internacional em análise

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Mussen, Filip. "The evaluation of methods for benefit-risk assessment of medicines and the development of a new model using multi-criteria decision analysis." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438761.

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Elazaly, Hisham [Verfasser]. "Complication rate analysis of proximal humerus fracture surgery in elderly patients : guiding the benefit-risk assessment for an immunomodulatory therapy / Hisham Elazaly." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1234982587/34.

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Weil, Mirco [Verfasser], Prof Dr Ralf [Gutachter] Schulz, and Jun Prof Dr Mirco [Gutachter] Bundschuh. "Assessment of the environmental risk and risk-benefit analysis of the nano-iron based groundwater remedial agent Carbo-Iron / Mirco Weil ; Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Ralf Schulz, Jun.-Prof. Dr. Mirco Bundschuh." Landau : Universität Koblenz-Landau, Campus Landau, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1194372880/34.

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Yan, Meilan. "An assessment of UK banking liquidity regulation and supervision." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12666.

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This thesis assesses UK banking liquidity regulation and supervision and the Basel liquidity requirements, and models banks' liquidity risk. The study reveals that the FSA's risk-assessment framework before 2008 was too general without specifically considering banks' liquidity risk (as well as its failures on Northern Rock). The study also lists the limitations of the FSA's banking liquidity regimes before 2008. The thesis reviews whether the FSA's new liquidity regimes after 2008 would have coped with UK banks' liquidity risks if they have been applied properly. The fundamental changes in the FSA's liquidity supervision reflect three considerations. First, it introduces a systemic control requirement by measuring individual fifirm's liquidity risk with a market-wide stress or combination of idiosyncratic and market-wide stresses. Second, it emphasizes the monitoring of business model risks and the capability of senior managers. Third, it allows both internal and external managers to access more information by increasing the liquidity reporting frequencies. The thesis also comments on the Basel Liquidity Principles of 2008 and the two Liquidity Standards. The Principles of 2008 represents a substantial revision of the Principles of 2000 and reflect the lessons of the fifinancial market turmoil since 2007. The study argues that the implementation of the sound principles by banks and supervisors should be fexible, but also need to be consistent to make sure they understand banks' liquidity positions quite well. The study also explains the composition of the Basel liquidity ratios as well as the side effect of Basel liquidity standards; for example, it will reshape interbank deposit markets and bond markets as a result of the increase in demand for `liquid assets' and `stable funding'. This thesis uses quantitative balance sheet liquidity analysis, based upon modified versions of the BCBS (2010b) and Moody's (2001) models, to estimate eight UK banks' short and long-term liquidity positions from 2005 to 2010 respectively. The study shows that only Barclays Bank remained liquid on a short-term basis throughout the sample period (2005-2010); while the HSBC Bank also proved liquid on a short-term basis, although not in 2008 and 2010. On a long-term basis, RBS has remained liquid since 2008 after receiving government support; while Santander UK also proved liquid, except in 2009. The other banks,especially Natwest, are shown to have faced challenging conditions, on both a short-term and long-term basis, over the sample period. This thesis also uses the Exposure-Based Cash-Flow-at-Risk (CFaR) model to forecast UK banks' liquidity risk. Based on annual data over the period 1997 to 2010, the study predicts that by the end of 2011, the (102) UK banks' average CFaR at the 95% confidence level will be -£5.76 billion, Barclays Bank's (Barclays') CFaR will be -£0.34 billion, the Royal Bank of Scotland's (RBS's) CFaR will be -£40.29 billion, HSBC Bank's (HSBC's) CFaR will be £0.67 billion, Lloyds TSB Bank's (Lloyds TSB's) CFaR will be -£4.90 billion, National Westminister Bank's (Natwest's) CFaR will be -£10.38 billion, and Nationwide Building Society's (Nationwide's) CFaR will be -£0.72 billion. Moreover, it is clear that Lloyds TSB and Natwest are associated with the largest risk, according to the biggest percentage difference between downside cash flow and expected cash flow (3600% and 816% respectively). Since I summarize a bank's liquidity risk exposure in a single number (CFaR), which is the maximum shortfall given the targeted probability level, it can be directly compared to the bank's risk tolerance and used to guide corporate risk management decisions. Finally, this thesis estimates the long-term United Kingdom economic impact of the Basel III capital and liquidity requirements. Using quarterly data over the period 1997:q1 to 2010:q2, the study employs a non-linear-in-factor probit model to show increases in bank capital and liquidity would reduce the probability of a bank crisis significantly. The study estimates the long-run cost of the Basel III requirements with a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), which shows holding higher capital and liquidity would reduce output by a small amount but increase bank profitability in the long run. The maximum temporary net benefit and permanent net benefit is shown to be 1.284% and 35.484% of pre-crisis GDP respectively when the tangible common equity ratio stays at 10%. Assuming all UK banks also meet the Basel III long-term liquidity requirements, the temporary net benefit and permanent net benefit will be 0.347% and 14.318% of pre-crisis GDP respectively. Therefore, the results suggest that, in terms of the impact on output, there is considerable room to further tighten capital and liquidity requirements, while still providing positive effects for the United Kingdom economy.

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Claggett, Brian Lee. "Statistical Methods for Clinical Trials with Multiple Outcomes, HIV Surveillance, and Nonparametric Meta-Analysis." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10440.

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Central to the goals of public health are obtaining and interpreting timely and relevant information for the benefit of humanity. In this dissertation, we propose methods to monitor and assess the spread HIV in a more rapid manner, as well as to improve decisions regarding patient treatment options. In Chapter 1, we propose a method, extending the previously proposed dual-testing algorithm and augmented cross-sectional design, for estimating the HIV incidence rate in a particular community. Compared to existing methods, our proposed estimator allows for shorter follow-up time and does not require estimation of the mean window period, a crucial, but often unknown, parameter. The estimator performs well in a wide range of simulation settings. We discuss when this estimator would be expected to perform well and oﬀer design considerations for the implementation of such a study. Chapters 2 and 3 are concerned with obtaining a more complete understanding of the impact of treatment in randomized clinical trials in which multiple patient outcomes are recorded. Chapter 2 provides an illustration of methods that may be used to address concerns of both risk-beneﬁt analysis and personalized medicine simultaneously, with a goal of successfully identifying patients who will be ideal candidates for future treatment. Riskbeneﬁt analysis is intended to address the multivariate nature of patient outcomes, while “personalized medicine” is concerned with patient heterogeneity, both of which complicate the determination of a treatment’s usefulness. A third complicating factor is the duration of treatment use. Chapter 3 features proposed methods for assessing the impact of treatment as a function of time, as well as methods for summarizing the impact of treatment across a range of follow-up times. Chapter 4 addresses the issue of meta-analysis, a commonly used tool for combining information for multiple independent studies, primarily for the purpose of answering a clinical question not suitably addressed by any one single study. This approach has proven highly useful and attractive in recent years, but often relies on parametric assumptions that cannot be veriﬁed. We propose a non-parametric approach to meta-analysis, valid in a wider range of scenarios, minimizing concerns over compromised validity.

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Dehkhoda, Dorna. "Combining IRAM2 with Cost-BenefitAnalysis for Risk Management : Creating a hybrid method with traditional and economic aspects." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för system- och rymdteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-67511.

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The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the risk methodology field by introducing a method that covers both economic and information security aspects. The aim is to provide a way for practitioners to get results that is enough for decision makers to make valid and well-grounded decisions. There are a lot of traditional risk assessment methods that focus on information security. There are also CBA (Cost-Benefit Analysis) methods that are used to make sure investments are cost-effective and provide value for the organization. The aim of this thesis is to combine those and see if they can be merged to one risk assessment method to increase the value of the result. CBA will be added to a more traditional risk assessment method called IRAM2. The thesis will evaluate if they are suited to be used together and if it provides a more valuable result when combining them than only using one of them. The research method that has been used in this study is ADR. It has been used as a way of working when producing a new hybrid method together with some design principles regarding how to combine traditional risk management with economic equations.

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Cross, Paul. "Patient and public involvement in the benefit risk assessment of medicines : developing a semi quantitative framework to incorporate patient views as key criteria in decision making." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2019. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/120307/.

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During a drug's lifecycle, evidence must demonstrate that the benefits of the product continue to outweigh the risks. Benefit-risk (B-R) assessment is a vital stage of the drug approval process and is an important task for regulators. Involving patients in B-R assessment is a recent development. Patients may view benefits and risks very differently when compared with the views of pharmaceutical companies or regulatory assessors. The aim of this research was to investigate this topic to ultimately propose a framework for involving patients in this process. The research strategy involved three phases. In phase I, a survey was submitted to (1) pharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies and (2) patient advocacy groups across Europe, to obtain their opinions on involving patients in B-R assessment. Phase I of the research identified several challenges, including: how to ensure adequate representation of patients and a lack of an established method. It was also identified that to date, only patient advocacy groups were directly involved in B-R assessment discussions. However, some companies were developing initiatives to involve patients. Based on these findings, phase II was implemented, where individuals from regulatory agencies, pharmaceutical companies and patient advocacy groups participated in semi-structured interviews to identify themes around patient involvement and to establish rich data around the current challenges. This data was used to inform the development of a novel framework, one element of which was tested in phase III of the research; where qualitative focus groups were conducted with patients. The framework proposed from this research, therefore, involves qualitative focus groups, enabling patients to provide insight into their disease and treatment. The information obtained, when presented alongside quantitative preference elicitation data, may then be used to contribute to B-R discussions by regulators, to ultimately support their decision-making.

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Rigaux, Clémence. "Méthodes de Monte Carlo du second ordre et d’inférence bayésienne pour l’évaluation des risques microbiologiques et des bénéfices nutritionnels dans la transformation des légumes." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0015/document.

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L'objectif du travail est de mettre en place des méthodes d'évaluation des risques microbiologiques et des bénéfices nutritionnels lors de la transformation des légumes, en vue d'une analyse risque-bénéfice. Le risque (industriel) considéré est l'altération des conserves de haricots verts due à la bactérie thermophile Geobacillus stearothermophilus, et le bénéfice nutritionnel est la teneur en vitamine C des haricots verts appertisés. Des paramètres de référence ont d'abord été acquis, par une méta-analyse par approche bayésienne pour la partie risque. Les paramètres de résistance thermique D à 121.1°C et pH 7, zT et zpH de G.stearothermophilus ont ainsi été estimés respectivement à 3.3 min, 9.1°C et 4.3 unités pH en moyenne en milieu aqueux. Les modèles risque et bénéfice ont ensuite été analysés par la méthode de simulation de Monte Carlo à deux dimensions, permettant une propagation séparée de la variabilité et de l'incertitude. Les pertes en vitamine C prédites par le modèle entre la matière première et les légumes appertisés sont de 86% en moyenne, et le taux de non-stabilité à 55°C prédit est de 0.5% en moyenne, globalement en accord avec la réalité. Une analyse risque-bénéfice a ensuite visé à optimiser le bénéfice tout en gardant le risque à un niveau acceptable, par exploration de scénarios d'interventions possibles basés sur les résultats d'analyses de sensibilité. Enfin, un modèle d'évaluation des risques dus à la bactérie pathogène Bacillus cereus dans une purée de courgettes a été confronté à des données de contamination dans des produits incubés, par le biais d'une inférence bayésienne The aim of this work is to set up microbiological risk and nutritional benefit assessment methods in the transformation of vegetables, in view of a risk-benefit analysis. The considered (industrial) risk is the alteration of green bean cans due to thermophilic bacteria Geobacillus stearothermophilus, and the nutritional benefit is the vitamin C content in appertized green beans. Reference parameters have first been acquired, by a meta-analysis using Bayesian inference for the risk part. Thermal resistance parameters D at 121.1°C and pH 7, zT and zpH of G.stearothermophilus have been respectively estimated at 3.3 min, 9.1°C and 4.3 pH units on average in aqueous media. The risk and benefit models have then been analyzed by a two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation method, allowing a separated propagation of uncertainty and variability. The vitamin C losses between fresh and appertized green beans predicted by the model are of 86% on average, and the predicted non-stability at 55°C rate is of 0.5% on average, in good accordance with reality. A risk-benefit analysis has then been carried out to optimize benefit while keeping risk at an acceptable level, by exploring possible intervention scenarios based on some sensibility analysis results. Finally, a risk analysis model involving pathogenic bacteria Bacillus cereus in a courgette puree has been confronted to incubated product contamination data, by means of a Bayesian inference

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Staedelin, Marie. "Methodological approaches for the benefit-risk assessment of medicinal products in European regulatory decision-making : a special emphasis on the MultiCriteria Decision Analysis "MCDA” Method a quantitative approach." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ013.

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L'évaluation des bénéfices et des risques des médicaments joue un rôle central dans la protection de la santé publique. Cependant, et de l’avis général, il apparaît que cette évaluation nécessite d’être revisitée. En 2010, aucun examen n’avait encore été effectué pour déterminer si les méthodes disponibles pouvaient être appliquées à l’évaluation de la balance bénéfice-risque des médicaments dans le cadre réglementaire, et si oui à quel point elles seraient applicable. L’objectif de cette thèse a donc été d’identifier la ou les méthodes pouvant être théoriquement utilisées pour ce type d’évaluation, puis de les confronter à des cas concrets afin d’en déterminer leur applicabilité. Les résultats de l’évaluation des méthodes ont montrés que les méthodes les plus appropriées sont la méthode d’aide à la décision multicritère (MCDA) ainsi que ses variantes. Les résultats de l'application pratique de la méthode MCDA ont indiqué que cette méthode peut être utilisé dans les scénarios communs d'enregistrement en Europe. Cependant il convient de noter que cette méthode ne fournit ni une recette « prête à l'emploi » pour exécuter cette évaluation ni une réponse directe The benefit-risk evaluation of new medicines plays a central role in safeguarding public health. Nevertheless, it seems that the benefit-risk evaluation calls for further improvement. In 2010, no review had been performed of how available benefit-risk assessment methods could be applied for a regulatory benefit-risk assessment and how feasible that would be when facing real-life cases. The objective of this thesis has thus been to identify method(s) that could be theoretically used for such an assessment, and then to confront it/them to real-life cases, in order to determine their applicability. The results of the methods evaluation showed that the most suitable methods for a regulatory benefit-risk assessment of medicinal products are the MCDA method and the MCDA based methods. The results of the practical application of the MCDA indicated that the method could be used for medicinal products registered through a common registration scenario in Europe. However it should be noted that this method provides neither a “ready-made” recipe to perform an assessment nor a direct answer

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Hrdová, Edita. "Risk Assessment." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194193.

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This diploma thesis is focused on companies risk evaluation before endorsement of Loan deriving from business relationships. The aim of this thesis is not only to describe individual steps of risk assessment, but also perfom analysis of particular companies based on available data, i.e. Balance sheet, Profit and Loss statement and external rating and after that propose solution for each company. My analysis will be based on theoretical knowledge, further on experience related to my job role as credit analyst. The aim will be to perform objective analysis of real companies and determine financial health of each of them together with their risk evaluation.

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Rahym, Bishar, and Dylan Hawrami. "Factor ETFs - Risk Exposure and Diversification Benefits." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-422779.

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This paper analyzes U.S. factor ETF risk exposures and diversification benefits relative to the ETFs’ academic factor portfolios. The purpose of the paper is to observe whether the factor ETFs’ correlations and risk exposures reflect that of their academic factor portfolios, the long-short and long-only portfolios. The results exhibit the market factor as the fundamental agent of returns, although size, value, and momentum also provide exposure to the intended factors. When measuring the loadings of factor ETFs and their intended factor portfolios, the long-short investing approach provides the most optimal diversification strategy.

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Wagner, Simon John, and simonjwagner@gmail com. "DERAILMENT RISK ASSESSMENT." Central Queensland University. Engineering, 2004. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20060720.100637.

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There is a large quantity of literature available on longitudinal train dynamics and risk assessment but nothing that combines these two topics. This thesis is focused at assessing derailment risks developed due to longitudinal train dynamics. A key focus of this thesis is to identify strategies that can be field implemented to correctly manage these risks. This thesis quantifies derailment risk and allows a datum for comparison. A derailment risk assessment on longitudinal train dynamics was studied for a 107 vehicle train consist travelling along the Monto and North Coast Lines in Queensland, Australia. The train consisted of 103 wagons and 4 locomotives with locomotives positioned in groups of two in lead and mid train positions. The wagons were empty hopper wagons on a track gauge of 1067mm. The scenarios studied include: the effect of longitudinal impacts on wagon dynamics in transition curves; and the effects of longitudinal steady forces on wagon dynamics on curves. Simulation software packages VAMPIRE and CRE-LTS were used. The effects of longitudinal impacts from in-train forces on wagon dynamics in curves were studied using longitudinal train simulation and detailed wagon dynamics simulation. In-train force impacts were produced using a train control action. The resulting worst-case in-train forces resulting from these simulations were applied to the coupler pin of the wagon dynamics simulation model. The wagon model was used to study the effect of these in-train forces when applied in curves and transitions at an angle to the wagon longitudinal axis. The effects of different levels of coupler impact forces resulting from different levels of coupling slack were also studied. Maximum values for wheel unloading and L/V ratio for various curve radii and coupler slack conditions were identified. The results demonstrated that the derailment criteria for wheel unloading could be exceeded for a coupler slack of 50mm and 75mm on sharper curves, up to 400m radii. A detailed study of the effect of steady in-train forces on wagon dynamics on curves also was completed. Steady in-train forces were applied to a three wagon model using VAMPIRE. Maximum and minimum values of wheel unloading and L/V ratio were identified to demonstrate the level of vehicle stability for each scenario. The results allowed the worse cases of wheel unloading and L/V ratio to be studied in detail. Probability density functions were constructed for the occurrence of longitudinal forces and coupler angles for the Monto and North Coast Lines. Data was simulated for a coupler slack of 25, 50 and 75mm and force characteristics were further classified into the occurrences of impact and non-impact forces. These probability density functions were analysed for each track section to investigate the effects of coupler slack, track topography and gradient on wagon dynamics. The possible wagon instability in each of these scenarios was then assessed to give a measure of the potential consequences of the event. Risk assessment techniques were used to categorise levels of risk based on the consequences and likelihood of each event. It was found that for the train configuration simulated, the Monto Line has a higher derailment risk than the North Coast Line for many of the scenarios studies in this thesis. For a coupler slack of 25mm no derailment risks were identified, 50mm coupler slack derailment risks were only identified on the Monto track and the majority of derailment risks were identified for a 75mm coupler slack.

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Wang, Andrew J. "Risk allocation for temporal risk assessment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/85516.

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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2013. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 63-64). Temporal uncertainty arises when performing any activity in the natural world. When activities are composed into temporal plans, then, there is a risk of not meeting the plan requirements. Currently, we do not have quantitatively precise methods for assessing temporal risk of a plan. Existing methods that deal with temporal uncertainty either forgo probabilistic models or try to optimize a single objective, rather than satisfy multiple objectives. This thesis offers a method for evaluating whether a schedule exists that meets a set of temporal constraints, with acceptable risk of failure. Our key insight is to assume a form of risk allocation to each source of temporal uncertainty in our plan, such that we may reformulate the probabilistic plan into an STNU parameterized on the risk allocation. We show that the problem becomes a deterministic one of finding a risk allocation which implies a schedulable STNU within acceptable risk. By leveraging the principles behind STNU analysis, we derive conditions which encode this problem as a convex feasibility program over risk allocations. Furthermore, these conditions may be learned incrementally as temporal conflicts. Thus, to boost computational efficiency, we employ a generate-and-test approach to determine whether a schedule may be found. by Andrew J. Wang. M. Eng.

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Johansen, Inger Lise. "Foundations of risk assessment." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for produksjons- og kvalitetsteknikk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12912.

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The purpose of this study is to shed light on the foundations of risk assessment. By exploring the polysemantics of basic concepts and their influence on the process and results of risk assessment, the thesis endeavors to clarify the words of risk assessment and promote reflection among practitioners and scholars. The findings are derived from integration and critique of pioneering and state of the art literature. Risk is a characteristic of the future concerning the uncertain consequences of decisions and contingencies. Understanding risk urges contemplation on fundamental issues of ontology (is risk a real-world property?) and epistemology (what can we know about risk?). The many-faceted concept has been differently interpreted across time, cultures and disciplines. Numerous definitions coexist in dissonance and concordance, caricaturing risk singly or as a combination of events, consequences, probability or uncertainty. The quantitative definition of Kaplan and Garrick (1981) embeds all elements, defining risk as the answer to three questions: 1) What can happen? 2) How likely is it? 3) If it does happen, what are the consequences? In comparison with contending definitions, this triplet definition gains in comprehensibility and relevancy to risk assessment. The defining questions are, however, very capacious and render significant interpretative freedom. Focal to this study is the first question, whose associated terminology is particularly vague and on which focused discussions remain most disturbingly few. An alternative means for grasping the concept of risk is to examine its related counterconcepts. Uncertainty not only makes a central component of risk, it also has a complementary meaning as lack of confidence in the results of risk analysis. Safety is often conceived as freedom from unacceptable risk or the antonym of risk. The conceptually sensitive coupling between risk and safety reveals that the rightness of this claim depends on whether uncertainty is considered part of the second question of Kaplan and Garrick (1981). Security is the equivalent of safety in situations of intentional harm. The moral and analytical complexities of security outdo those of safety since the first question becomes how someone can make something happen. Vulnerability is the lacking ability of a system to resist the impact of an unwanted event and to restore to its original function. The relation between risk and vulnerability is not commutative. A counterconcept to vulnerability is resilience, meaning a system’s ability to bounce back to a reference state after a disturbance. Complementing the negatively connoted concept of risk with resilience offers a positive perspective for mastering the dynamics of future uncertainties. Risk analysis is the process of answering the triplet definition of risk, whereas risk assessment refers to the wider process of risk analysis and risk evaluation. Neither the analytical process nor its results should be considered in isolation from the purpose of risk assessment, which is to inform decision making about risk. Decisions shall be risk-informed, not risk-based, meaning that risk assessment is never the sole input to decisions. The plurality of stakeholders and the prevalence of uncertainties represent two major challenges to risk-informed decision making. Framing analysis by deliberation and informing deliberation by analysis presupposes that decision makers understand the words and results of risk assessment. Hazard is a source of potential harm. Whereas risk pivots on the future realizationof this potential, hazard exists presently and solely at the source. Closely relatedis the concept of threat, which is conceptually reserved to sources of intentionaldamage. There is a plethora of terms marking the intersection between preventionand mitigation in the realization of a hazardous potential. Hazardous event is promoted as the least ambiguous denotation, defined as an event confined to the firstsignificant release of a hazards that will result in harmful exposure if not controlled.Triggering event and safety issues are promising concepts for bridging hazards andhazardous events. Triggering events are the most immediate causes of hazardousevents, while safety issues are one or more hazards in combination with local triggeringevents. Both concepts reflect the calculability and controllability of risk andshould thus be used with caution. Accident scenario is promoted as the answer to the question of what can go wrong. It is a uniquely defined path in an event tree, confined by an initiating event and a corresponding end state. Unfortunately, both the concept itself and the terms that confine are circularly defined. Initiating event is a vague descriptor that in principle can be placed anywhere in the bowtie-diagram. End states are pragmatically conditioned on the purpose of analysis; implicitly through the selection of consequences and explicitly in the relevancy of pivotal events. A principal advice is that any accident scenario shall be terminated in the absence of discrete ramifications.Contrasting the scenario approach to risk assessment with the conventional approach in Norway shows that accident scenario is not imperative to the triplet definition of risk. A revised definition of accident scenario is suggested in initiative to further discussion: An accident scenario is a sequence of events from the hazardous event to a uniquely determined end state of relevance. The study has demonstrated the importance of striving for a clear and consistent terminology. Researchers, practitioners and regulators use the words of risk assessment differently and inconsistently. Not only does this preclude communication internally and across analysis teams, it also leads to erroneous applications of methods and inexpedient use of results. This urges terminological vigilance of every practitioner, as well as further academic and standardization efforts towards aunifying nomenclature. A key challenge is to reconcile the analyst’s need for pragmatic procedures with the decision maker’s call for consistent and communicable results. Ultimately, this is a matter of finding the optimal fit between analysis and deliberation in risk-informed decision making.

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Tully, Ruth. "Sex offender risk assessment." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.664317.

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This thesis examined sex offender risk assessment. A systematic review of the literature found that the predictive validity of tools that take an actuarial approach, and tools that take a structured professional judgement (SPJ) approach is promising, but that the quality of available research in this field is variable. Further evaluation of tools taking the SPJ approach was recommended, as was further validation of sex offender risk assessment tools on sex offender sub-groups. A case study of an adult male sex offender demonstrated the complexities involved in sex offender risk assessment in clinical practice, and the challenges clinicians face in making assessments and recommendations following sex offender treatment. Following this, the RM2000/S (Thornton et aI., 2003) was critically appraised, and finally an empirical research study was preformed whereby the predictive validity of the Structured Assessment of Risk and Need Treatment Needs Analysis (SARN TNA; Thornton, 2002) was assessed. Despite widespread use ofthe SARN TNA by the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) of England and Wales, its level of predictive power was found to be small. The findings suggest that the SARN TNA should not be relied on as a predictor scale for sexual recidivism. This highlights the need for further evaluation of the tool, which could result in the method of assigning risk group being modified. The final chapter of the thesis summarises the findings of the thesis chapters, and concludes that further evaluation of the effectiveness of sex offender risk assessment tools is necessary to be able to use these tools to aid defensible decision-making.

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Bakheet, Moataz Talaat. "Contractors' risk assessment system." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23163.

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Chalk, David. "Risk assessment in litigation." Thesis, University of Winchester, 2014. http://repository.winchester.ac.uk/763/.

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This thesis consists of this volume together with the book Risk Assessment in Litigation published by Butterworths in 2001. The research presented as a whole represents work conducted over the period from 1999 to 2013 focussing on the assessment of risk in civil litigation in England and Wales in the context of conditional fee agreement and after the event insurance. The published works that form part of the thesis collectively present ‘doctrinal’ and ‘empirical’ legal research, terms considered in the light of the published works and the research underlying them. The initial research project commenced in 1999 and was funded by the European Social Fund, Blake Lapthorn solicitors and Litigation Protection Limited (an insurance intermediary). That project researched the question of whether and if so how a method or methods of risk assessment could be devised that could form the basis of a training programme for litigation solicitors. The outcomes of that research were a set of risk assessment methods that were later formed into a continuing professional development format and delivered across England and Wales. The methods were also incorporated into the book Risk Assessment in Litigation and into Butterworths Costs Service. The thesis sets out via the published works that a positive answer can be and was given to the initial research question. Part of that answer involves defining and researching tacit knowledge and the difficulties inherent in the transfer of tacit knowledge all of which is explored in chapter four: What is legal research? The present volume develops the topic of probability theory as applied to risk assessment in litigation and reviews the treatment of that topic in the original publication Risk Assessment in Litigation and takes the debate further in light of the decision of the Court of Appeal in Motto & Ors v Trafigura Ltd & Anor [2011] EWCA Civ 1150 where the book is cited in the judgment of Lord Neuberger MR. The research presented in this thesis also consists of detailed analysis of the law relating to the funding of civil litigation under conditional fee agreements and after the event legal expenses insurance. Over the period 1999 to 2013 the published works show a development of the law in this field and a change in government policy in respect of the regulation of conditional fee agreements with attendant changes to the law and therefore the practice of litigation. The impact on risk in litigation of these changes is considered in detail in the published works.

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Milner, Rebecca. "Comprehensive Suicide Risk Assessment." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2973.

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Milner, Rebecca. "Comprehensive Suicide Risk Assessment." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2975.

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Al, Maqbali Nasser. "Risk assessment of dams." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENS/09ensa316.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 101-104. Explores risk assessment of dams, a fundamental approach for dam safety measurement, providing a base on which all safety assessment and any appropriate regulation should be developed. Includes an overview of the relevant literature; an example of the application of this method by the South Australia Water Corporation; and it is also applied to the Wadi Al Jizzi Recharge Dam in the Sultanate of Oman. Conclusions and recommendations are presented on the applicability of risk assessment of dams method in the Sultanate of Oman.

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Haught, Heather M. "Perceived Risk and Expected Benefits Impact Social Class Differences in Health Risk Behavior." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1430067942.

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Asgary, Ali. "Assessing the economic benefits of earthquake risk mitigation measures." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307920.

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Clarke, Joseph W. "The benefits of non-structural responses to flood risk." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683734.

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Recent economic conditions and reduced funding, combined with the threat of climate change, mean that more innovative ways of protecting people and property from the impacts of flooding are needed, with current guidance seeking 'portfolios' of responses to flood risk. This thesis explores the evolving flood risk management system and the role of non-structural approaches to reducing risk by developing a conceptual model that incorporates a broad range of structural and non-structural responses, the linkages between them and the way they contribute to managing flood risk. The model enables coherent conversations about components of the flood risk management system with a joint understanding of how different options interact, to allow better decision-making and more effective communication of those decisions and the reasons behind them. Activities with no direct benefit play a vital role in this system by enabling or increasing the effectiveness of other responses. One such activity, the visualisation of flood risk, is explored through the development of a flood incident management visualisation tool. Using the model, high- level methodologies are developed to quantify the benefits of property-level responses (including resistance and resilience measures and the movement of possessions) and of Flood Incident Management enabling asset operation. These generic approaches are applied to specific national and local case studies, which identify scale-appropriate methods for deriving input data. These methods and the wider context that the conceptual model provides provide a useful step towards a consistent approach to quantifying the benefits of non-structural responses in a way that allows future work to build on that foundation.

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De, Oliveira Mota Juliana. "Évaluation des risques et bénéfices associés à la consommation de la viande rouge en France : approches méthodologiques." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ONIR139F.

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L’évaluation des effets de l’alimentation sur la santé, intégrant les composantes chimique, microbiologique et nutritionnelle, nécessite le développement de méthodes de quantification des risques-bénéfices. La viande rouge, classée comme probablement cancérigène par l’OMS, a été choisie comme objet de ces développements méthodologiques. Trois modèles probabilistes ont été établis permettant d’estimer les risques de cancer colorectal (CRC) et de maladies cardiovasculaires (CVD), les risques microbiologiques, et les bénéfices par la réduction de l’anémie par carence en fer (IDA). Les résultats ont été exprimés en nombre de cas et de morts, puis en nombre d’années de vie ajustées sur l'incapacité (DALYs) pour comparer les résultats. Les estimations ont été réalisées par classe d'âge et genre ou pour la population Française, en quantifiant séparément la variabilité due à l’hétérogénéité de la population et l'incertitude due au manque de connaissance. Pour 100 000 personnes par an, la consommation actuelle de viande rouge est associée en moyenne à 7 [95% IC = 3–11] DALY dus aux toxi-infections alimentaires, 19 [95% IC = 8–33] DALY dus au CRC, 21 [95% IC = 12–32] DALY au CVD. En termes de bénéfice, la consommation de viande rouge pourrait réduire l’IDA jusqu’à 16 [95% IC = 11–20] DALY pour 100 000 personnes. Les techniques quantitatives développées ici avec l’exemple de la viande rouge peuvent s’appliquer à d’autres problématiques car elles sont génériques. De façon plus générale, l’évaluation risque-bénéfice liée à l’alimentation contribue à une prise de décision plus éclairée du gestionnaire et in fine à une information du consommateur plus raisonnée The assessment of the effects of food on health, integrating chemical, microbiological and nutritional components, requires the development of risk-benefit quantification methods. Red meat, classified as probably carcinogenic by the WHO, has been chosen as the subject of these methodological developments. Three probabilistic models have been established to estimate the risks of colorectal cancer (CRC) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), microbiological risks, and benefits through the reduction of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). The results were expressed in number of cases and deaths, and then in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to compare the results. Estimates were made by age group and gender or for the French population, separately quantifying variability due to population heterogeneity and uncertainty due to lack of knowledge. For 100,000 people per year, current red meat consumption is associated on average with 7 [95% CI = 3-11] DALY due to foodburden, 19 [95% CI = 8-33] DALY due to CRC, 21 [95% CI = 12-32] DALY due to CVD. In terms of benefit, red meat consumption could reduce IDA by up to 16 [95% CI = 11-20] DALY per 100,000 people. The quantitative techniques developed here with the red meat example can be applied to other issues because they are generic. More generally, the risk-benefit assessment related to food contributes to a more informed decision making by the manager and ultimately to more reasoned consumer information

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Garpenfeldt, Katarina. "Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment : Analysis of a Risk Assessment Process in Emergency Preparedness." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för datavetenskap och samhällsbyggnad, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-31318.

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A challenging yet crucial component of emergency planning is to identify relevant hazards and assess their risk level. Within the Province of Ontario, Canada, governmental emergency management stakeholders are required to use the Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) process, developed by the Province, to meet legislative compliance. The HIRA process is based on the use of risk matrices and hence faces many of the inherent challenges of this method, potentially resulting in a poor risk assessment process with a low quality outcome. The aim of this thesis is to analyze Ontario’s Provincial HIRA process to identify weaknesses, strengths, and gaps, in order to increase understanding for potential issues related to this type of hazard identification and risk assessment process within emergency preparedness. The Provincial HIRA process will be analyzed, as it is implemented in the Regional Municipality of York, including the Public Health Unit, by comparing the process to six points identified in the literature as potential challenges with the ability to compromise the quality of a risk assessment process. The main focus is on the use of risk matrices although some aspects more generally related to risk assessments have been included. Overall the Provincial HIRA has several weaknesses and gaps. It is evident that the process demonstrates many of the issues that impair the quality of risk assessments supported by the use of risk matrices such as ambiguous input and out-puts, errors, poor resolution and sub-optimal resource allocation. Additionally, a significant amount of resources and access to hazard subject matter expertise would be required to execute the HIRA in accordance with the guideline. Such resources are not necessarily available to the target audience. All these aspects contribute to a risk assessment process that struggles to meet one of its main objectives, to provide the user with a quantitative risk ranking with the capacity to distinguish between risk levels of different hazards. Subsequently the outcome may not accurately support the emergency planning or the decision making process related to resource allocation. Identifiering av lokalt relevanta faror och bedömning av deras risknivåer är en kritisk och komplex del av arbetsområdet beredskap för nödsituationer (eng. emergency preparedness). Myndigheter som bedriver verksamhet inom detta område i provinsen Ontario, Kanada är enligt lag skyldiga att genomföra en ”Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment” (HIRA) process, utvecklad av provinsen. HIRA-metoden är baserad på användandet av risk matriser och står således inför många av denna metods inneboende utmaningar vilket kan resultera i svag riskbedömningsprocess med tvivelaktigt resultat. Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera Ontarios HIRA-process för att identifiera potentialla svagheter, styrkor och luckor i processen och således generera insikt i potentiella utmaningar relaterat till denna typ av riskbedömningsprocess inom ”emergency preparedness”. HIRA-processen, så som den implementerats i York Region och inom dess folkhälsomyndighet, kommer att analyseras baserat på sex punkter identifierade inom litteraturen som aspekter med förmåga att påverka kvalitén på riskdömningsresultatet. Sammanfattningsvis ses att HIRA-processen innefattar många av de svagheter som diskuteras i litteraturen rörande riskmatriser som till exempel fel, tvetydig in- och utdata, dålig upplösning och suboptimal resursfördelning vilket potentiellt medför en riskbedömningsprocess av låg kvalité. För att genomföra HIRA-processen så som metoden är designad behöver användaren investera en betydande mängd resurser samt helst tillgå expertis inom riskbedömning relaterat till de olika farorna som skall bedömas, vilket inte alltid finns tillgängligt inom de organisationen som genomför en HIRA. Dessa aspekter sammantaget bidrar till en process som inte nödvändigtvis når fram till ett av sina primära mål; att skapa en kvantitativ rangordning av risker med förmåga att särskilja olika farors risknivå. Till följd finns en risk att resultatet av riskbedömning inte stödjer den operativa planeringen eller processen för beslutsfattande relaterad till resursfördelning.

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Guzzetti, Fausto. "Landslide hazard and risk assessment." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=980716993.

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Emmert-Aronson, Ben. "Risk assessment and core affect." Connect to resource, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/6616.

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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2006. Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 26 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 13-15). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.

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Fang, Tong. "Tin whisker risk assessment studies." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3079.

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Thesis (D. Eng.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005. Thesis research directed by: Mechanical Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Patricio, Antonio Pires. "Credit risk assessment in Macau." Thesis, University of Macau, 2004. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636249.

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Sobyanina, Elena, and Ilona Mockutė. "ERP post-implementation: risk assessment." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-12844.

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The purpose of this Thesis was to create a framework of 11 risk factors, investigate which of them are the most critical for the company and to find relationships between them Research questions What continuing risks will the company experience after ERP implementation? What relationships and measures can be constructed to better understand and manage risk factors of post-implementation? Some years ago ERP was a novelty in doing business, but nowadays companies have advanced from the implementation to the exploitation phase. Discussions about ERP post-implementation have just started to appear and many researchers see it as a second wave of ERP research. Undesirable risks in post-implementation stage of ERP can affect not just ERP area, they can lead to a total business failure. ERP post-implementation is a very important topic that requires attention, because understanding potential risk factors and their dependence on each other can facilitate managing process and help to avoid negative consequences. Knowledge of the risks can help to bring forth better practices that are consistent with a company’s internal context.

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Khan, Moazzam. "Security metric based risk assessment." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47527.

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Modern day computer networks have become very complex and attackers have benefited due to this complexity and have found vulnerabilities and loopholes in the network architecture. In order to identify the attacks from an attacker all aspects of network architecture needs to be carefully examined such as packet headers, network scans, versions of applications, network scans, network anomalies etc. and after the examination attributes playing a significant impact on the security posture of the organization needs to be highlighted so that resources and efforts are directed towards those attributes. In this work we extensively look at network traffic at dormitory network of a large campus and try to identify the attributes that play a significant role in the infection of a machine. Our scheme is to collect as much attributes from the network traffic applying the heuristic of network infection and then devise a scheme called decision centric rank ordering of security metric that gives the priority to the security metrics so that network administrators can channel their efforts in the right direction. Another aspect of this research is to identify the probability of an attack on a communication infrastructure. A communication infrastructure becomes prone to attack if certain elements exist in it, such as vulnerabilities in the comprising elements of the system, existence of an attacker and motivation for him to attack. Focus of this study is on vulnerability assessment and security metrics such as user behavior, operating systems, user applications, and software updates. To achieve a quantified value of risk, a set of machines is carefully observed for the security metrics. Statistical analysis is applied on the data collected from compromised machines and the quantified value of risk is achieved.

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Scarrott, Carl John. "Reactor modelling and risk assessment." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414910.

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