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1

Kraus, Richard G. Recreation programming: A benefits-driven approach. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997.

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2

We are all leaders: The characteristics, benefits, behaviors and actions of successful leaders. East Peoria, IL: Illinois Central College, 1999.

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3

Hagger, Dave. Ro yal Mail's leadership charter is delivering business benefits through changed managerial behaviour. Northampton: Nene College, 1996.

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4

Willson, Mark A. Integrity's impact: Your practical guide to integrity's power, benefits & use. Kirkland, WA: Uncommon Technology, 2005.

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5

P, Halibozek Edward, ed. Security metrics management: How to measure the costs and benefits of security. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006.

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6

Your executive coaching solution: Getting maximum benefit from the coaching experience. Mountain View, Calif: Davies-Black Pub., 2007.

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7

Office, General Accounting. Financial management: Focused leadership and comprehensive planning can improve Interior's management of Indian trust funds : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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8

R, Edginton Christopher, ed. Leisure programming: Service-centered and benefits approach. 4th ed. Boston, Mass: McGraw-Hill, 2004.

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9

R, Edginton Christopher, ed. Leisure programming: Service-centered and benefits approach. 3rd ed. Boston: WCB/McGraw-Hill, 1998.

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10

Hudson, Susan D., Carole J. Hanson, Susan R. Edginton, and Christopher R. Edginton. Leisure Programming: A Service-Centered and Benefits Approach. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages, 2003.

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11

Hudson, Susan D., Carole J. Hanson, Susan R. Edginton, and Christopher R. Edginton. Leisure Programming: A Service-Centered and Benefits Approach. 4th ed. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages, 2003.

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12

Recreation Programming: A Benefits-Driven Approach. Benjamin Cummings, 1996.

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13

Christ -centered Coaching: 7 Benefits for Ministry Leaders (TCP Leadership Series). Chalice Press, 2006.

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14

Motley, Christie M. Child Support Enforcement: Strong Leadership Required to Maximize Benefits of Automated Systems. Diane Pub Co, 1997.

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15

Bailey, Leigh, and Maureen Bailey. Grown-Up Leadership: The Benefits of Personal Growth for You and Your Team. Nova Vista Publishing, 2005.

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16

Brown, Chris, and Jane Flood. Formalise, Prioritise and Mobilise: How School Leaders Secure the Benefits of Professional Learning Networks. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2019.

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17

Chris, Brown, and Jane Flood. Formalise, Prioritise and Mobilise: How School Leaders Secure the Benefits of Professional Learning Networks. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2019.

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18

Chris, Brown, and Jane Flood. Formalise, Prioritise and Mobilise: How School Leaders Secure the Benefits of Professional Learning Networks. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2019.

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19

Student Government and Class Activities: Leaders of Tomorrow (Cocurricular Activities Their Values and Benefits). Mason Crest Publishers, 2005.

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20

Making the collaborative process work: Benefits(2): The exponential results of linking school improvement and community development, issue, number six. [Austin, TX]: Southwest Educational Development Lab., 2000.

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21

Child support enforcement: Strong leadership required to maximize benefits of automated systems : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.

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22

Office, General Accounting. Child support enforcement: Strong leadership required to maximize benefits of automated systems : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1997.

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23

Child support enforcement: Strong leadership required to maximize benefits of automated systems : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.

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24

Strømmen-Bakhtiar, Abbas, Roger Helde, and Elisabeth Suzen, eds. Supplemental Instruction. Volume 3: Organisation and Leadership. Waxmann Verlag GmbH, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31244/9783830993261.

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Supplemental Instruction is a program designed to support students in their learning process. The program consists of advanced students supervising new students, where the purpose is to improve students’ performance and reduce the risk of interruption of studies. Supplemental Instruction was established almost 50 years ago and is used today in universities around the world. This book examines different aspects of SI in organizations and leadership, including surveys of Supplemental Instruction programs in Europe, how SI sessions should be organized, the degree to which SI improves retention rates and exam results, SI and learning leadership and leadership development, benefits of being a member of an SI team and employability, SI implementation in healthcare education and virtual students’ attitudes towards SI online. The book is aimed at anyone who is concerned about study quality in higher education. The contributors are researchers and lecturers at various universities from several countries. The book is part of a trilogy on Supplemental Instruction, where the themes for the other books are “Digital Technologies” and “Student Learning Processes”. The editors of the trilogy are Abbas Strømmen-Bakhtiar, Roger Helde and Elisabeth Suzen, all three Associate Professors at Nord University, Norway.
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25

Fargis, Paul. Perks and Parachutes: Negotiating Your Best Possible Employment Deal, from Salary and Bonus to Benefits and Protection. Crown Business, 1997.

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26

(Editor), Sally Watson, and Neil Ralph (Editor), eds. Learning Leadership: For Organisational and Personal Benefit. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.

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27

Kellerman, Barbara. Occupation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190695781.003.0005.

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Given that leadership remains an occupation, the chapter explores the nature of occupations. It asks what it is about the exercise of leadership that makes us think it can be learned quickly and easily—and taught superficially and haphazardly to many people in many different situations. Part of the problem is leadership theory, which is inconsistent, almost incoherent. Again, leadership is compared to medicine and law, each of which benefits from having a coherent body of knowledge that students in professional schools are expected to master. In contrast, two experts describe leadership as a “vast and sprawling field with no clear contours or boundaries, which has been pursued in fits and starts across different disciplines and intellectual traditions.” No surprise that leadership pedagogies are similarly disparate, unregulated, and undisciplined. Small wonder that leadership has stayed stuck—an occupation not evolved even to a vocation, not to speak of a profession.
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28

Supervision, Management, and Leadership: An Introduction to Building Community Benefit Organizations. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2020.

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29

Willumsen, David M. The Acceptance of Party Unity in Parliamentary Democracies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805434.001.0001.

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The central argument of this book is that voting unity in European legislatures is not primarily the result of the ‘disciplining’ power of the leadership of parliamentary parties, but rather the result of a combination of ideological homogeneity through self-selection into political parties and the calculations of individual legislators about their own long-term benefits. Despite the central role of policy preferences in the subsequent behaviour of legislators, preferences at the level of the individual legislator have been almost entirely neglected in the study of parliaments and legislative behaviour. The book measures these using an until now under-utilized resource: parliamentary surveys. Building on these, the book develops measures of policy incentives of legislators to dissent from their parliamentary parties, and show that preference similarity amongst legislators explains a very substantial proportion of party unity, yet alone cannot explain all of it. Analysing the attitudes of legislators to the demands of party unity, and what drives these attitudes, the book argues that what explains the observed unity (beyond what preference similarity would explain) is the conscious acceptance by MPs that the long-term benefits of belonging to a united party (such as increased influence on legislation, lower transaction costs, and better chances of gaining office) outweigh the short-terms benefits of always voting for their ideal policy outcome. The book buttresses this argument through the analysis of both open-ended survey questions as well as survey questions on the costs and benefits of belonging to a political party in a legislature.
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30

Peach, Ken. Managing Science. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796077.001.0001.

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Managing science, which includes managing scientific research and, implicitly, managing scientists, has much in common with managing any enterprise, and most of these issues (e.g. annual budget planning and reporting) form the background. Equally, much scientific research is carried in universities ancient and modern, which have their own mores, ranging from professorial autocracy to democratic plurality, as well as national and international with their missions and styles. But science has issues that require a somewhat different approach if it is to prosper and succeed. Society now expects science, whether publicly or privately funded, to deliver benefits, yet the definition of science presumes no such benefit. Managing the expectations of the scientist with those of society is the challenge of the manager of science. The book addresses some issues around science and the organizations that do science. It then deals with leadership, management and communication, team building, recruitment, motivation, managing scientists, assessing performance, cooperation and competition. This is followed by a discussion of proposal writing and reviewing, committees and meetings, project management, risk and health and safety. Finally, there is a discussion on how to deal with disaster, how to cope with the stresses of management and how to deal with difficult problems.
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31

Evans, Charlotte, Anne Creaton, Marcus Kennedy, and Terry Martin, eds. Crisis resource management. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722168.003.0007.

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Integral to the delivery of excellence in retrieval medicine is crisis resource management. These concepts are comprehensively discussed in a ‘theory’ and ‘application’ format for ease of use by the reader. Examples and advice on how to improve team-working, leadership, planning skills, communication, and situational awareness, therefore minimizing patient risk and improving outcomes are discussed. Planning for unexpected complications in the austere environment negates risk. Concepts such as error wisdom, mindfulness, and situational and risk awareness are introduced for the reader to gain additional perspective of situation and self. The chapter ends with a brief overview of the application and benefits of simulation use in CRM.
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32

Kofodimos, Joan. Your Executive Coaching Solution: Getting Maximum Benefit from the Coaching Experience. Davies-Black Publishing, 2007.

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33

Burns, Mick, Colin Campbell, and Jackie Craissati. The Offender Personality Disorder pathway: Modelling collaborative commissioning in the NHS and criminal justice system. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791874.003.0007.

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The complex process by which the current Offender Personality Disorder pathway came into existence and the importance of joint operations, both co-commissioning and co-delivery, are explored in this chapter. The importance of providing system leadership and the difficulty inherent in holding together a complex network of service provision in two parallel systems while maintaining effective service delivery is explored. A brief overview of the evolution of commissioning in both health and justice settings is given, as well as a description of ‘co-commissioning’ and the tensions and benefits evident in this unique approach. The importance of collaboration and working towards identified outcomes from a set of agreed strategic principles is emphasized, along with the importance of relationships and the impact the approach has on workforce and environments across the pathway.
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34

McNeil, Bryan T. Strained Solidarities. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036439.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the dramatic changes within the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA)—once the most powerful force in American organized labor. By the end of the twentieth century, the UMWA seemed incapable of organizing nonunion mines, even in the region that once provided its strongest support. Over its lifetime, the UMWA has moved through three distinct eras: confrontational organizing, labor brokerage, and crisis management. John L. Lewis' legacy as union president transformed the union from a fractured organizing body to a streamlined labor broker, negotiating contracts and winning the best possible wages and benefits. However, in Coal River, the community and environmental activism of the late 1990s emerged as a challenge to the leadership of the UMWA, this time demanding a strong stance against mountaintop removal.
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35

King, Richard. Cultural Revolution. Edited by Stephen A. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.031.

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Culture served communist-ruled states by presenting a vision of nations and peoples in transition from a dark and oppressive past into the projected bright future of communism. National and party leaders followed Lenin in ascribing great importance to the persuasive powers of the arts and insisting on their incorporation into the machinery of government. Artists creating works of literature, film, and the performing and visual arts according to the official doctrine of socialist realism presented images of new socialist persons overcoming difficulties and accomplishing tasks to instruct and entertain their audiences. While they might enjoy the benefits of state patronage, artists also risked condemnation and punishment if their works displeased the ruling party and its leadership. The arts of socialism have largely lost their political function and are now viewed as nostalgic memorabilia or kitsch.
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36

Commission, Oregon Health Services, ed. Prioritized list of benefit packages for OHP standard: Interim report to the Governor and Legislative leadership. [Salem, Or.]: Oregon Health Services Commission, 2002.

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37

Rasch, William. Carl Schmitt’s Defense of Democracy. Edited by Jens Meierhenrich and Oliver Simons. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199916931.013.32.

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Carl Schmitt accommodated himself to the ascendency of democratic thinking in the post–World War I world of the 1920s. No sovereign authority, he argued, could fail to acknowledge “the people” as the constituent power of an established political order. Consequently, democracy and “the political” become synonymous in his Constitutional Theory (1928). To champion democracy, however, Schmitt emphasized the historical distinction between democracy, based on equality and homogeneity of the collective, and liberalism, which features the primacy of the private individual’s liberty. This chapter shows that key to understanding Schmitt’s defense of democracy against liberalism are his notions of representation, acclamation, and plebiscitary leadership, as well as a strong sense of the public persona of the citizen. The chapter argues that even though we shun his reading of democracy today, a full understanding of the liberal-democratic compromise that we now call democracy benefits from a close reading of Schmitt.
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38

Affairs, United States Congress House Committee on Veterans' Affairs Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial. Complications of geography: Focusing on VBA outreach, accessibility, leadership and staffing efforts to meet the needs of veterans living in areas remote from a regional office : field hearing before the Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs of the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session, Thursday, November 7, 2013 : field hearing held in Las Vegas, Nevada. 2014.

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39

Varol, Ozan O. With Friends Like These. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626013.003.0007.

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This chapter discusses two questions: (1) Why might a military that once supported a dictatorship turn against it? and (2) Why would a military voluntarily choose to abandon the comfort and certainty of a dictatorship for the uncertain reality of democracy? It argues that democracy promotion is often not the principal driver of democratic coups. Rather, militaries stage coups primarily to depose a regime unfavorable to the military’s interests. If the regime doesn’t treat the military well, the soldiers may set aside their previous loyalty and identify more with the protesters’ grievances. Mistreatment can come in the form of low-level, outdated military equipment; costly and unpopular military conflicts; or military defeat, for which military officers may blame the political leadership. In addition, when the survival of a dictatorship is in serious doubt—when it’s clear that the regime is about to sink—the military may defect to avoid sinking along with it. And in deposing a dictator and assuming power during the resulting power vacuum, the military will position itself to reap the benefits of early defection.
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40

Acharya, Amitava. India’s ‘Look East’ Policy. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.33.

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India’s relationship with its eastern neighbours has evolved from pan-Asian romanticism and assertive leadership in the late 1940s and 1950s, to isolation and neglect following its defeat in the 1962 war with China, and finally to a more pragmatic resolve since the early 1990s to seek integration with the region and to benefit from its economic dynamism. But while the economic dimension of India’s ‘look east’ policy remains far from realizing its full potential, a strategic dimension has emerged, namely India’s role as a useful political and diplomatic counterweight to Chinese influence in the Asian security architecture. Another dimension of India’s ‘look east’ policy, its participation in Asian regionalism, has New Delhi pursuing a somewhat passive role under ASEAN’s leadership. The ‘look east’ policy faces new challenges as India must reconcile its role as an emerging power, with its traditional tendency to isolate itself from external economic and geopolitical currents.
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41

Trevarthen, Colwyn, Aline-Wendy Dunlop, and Jonathan Delafield-Butt. Defining the child’s curriculum, and its role in the life of the community. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747109.003.0001.

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We invited experts in early child development, education, and care to clarify issues of universal importance for the well-being of human worlds. They include teachers who appreciate that every child is born for a life of learning and needs to develop this in a community of joyful friendships to share its culture of arts and techniques. We address the difficulties of children and their families struggling to live in social deprivation or poverty when the administration and politics of an ambitious government are principally concerned with how industry makes wealth for a minority. Evidence we present demonstrates that leadership to address and support the creative abilities of all children and their families in their years before school is essential. Such leadership recognizes the importance of these abilities for the development of healthy, cooperative, and self-confident citizens who can secure the health of the community and benefit its economic productivity in a rich and peaceful world.
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42

Clark, Daniel J. Disruption in Detroit. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042010.001.0001.

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It is conventional wisdom that because of lucrative contracts negotiated by the United Auto Workers (UAW) under Walter Reuther's leadership, most autoworkers in the U.S. enjoyed steady work, increasing wages, and improved benefits in the postwar boom following World War II. In short, autoworkers entered the middle class. In contrast, this book argues that for Detroit autoworkers there was no postwar boom. Instead, the years from 1945 to 1960 were dominated by job instability and economic insecurity. This argument is based largely on oral history interviews and research in local newspapers, which covered the auto industry extensively. Conditions were worse for African Americans and white women, but almost all autoworkers experienced precarious, often dire circumstances. Recessions, automation, decentralization, and the collapse of independent automakers in Detroit are part of the story, but materials shortages, steel, coal, and copper strikes, parts supplier strikes, wildcat strikes, overproduction (especially in 1955), hot weather, cold weather, plant explosions, age, race, and gender workplace discrimination, and the inability of autoworkers to afford new cars contributed to instability and insecurity. Hardly anyone in the 1950s—whether ordinary autoworkers, union leaders, auto company executives, business analysts, or local shopkeepers—thought that the decade was marked by steady work, improving wages, or anything resembling predictable income for autoworkers.
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43

Conway, Gordon, Ousmane Badiane, and Katrin Glatzel. Food for All in Africa. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501743887.001.0001.

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Africa requires a new agricultural transformation that is appropriate for Africa, that recognizes the continent's diverse environments and climates, and that takes into account its histories and cultures while benefiting rural smallholder farmers and their families. This book describes the key challenges faced by Africa's smallholder farmers and presents the concepts and practices of sustainable intensification as opportunities to sustainably transform Africa's agriculture sector and the livelihoods of millions of smallholders. The way forward, the book indicates, will be an agriculture sector deeply rooted within sustainable intensification: producing more with less, using fertilizers and pesticides more prudently, adapting to climate change, improving natural capital, adopting new technologies, and building resilience at every stage of the agriculture value chain. This book envisions a virtuous circle generated through agricultural development rooted in sustainable intensification that results in greater yields, healthier diets, improved livelihoods for farmers, and sustainable economic opportunities for the rural poor that in turn generate further investment. It describes the benefits of digital technologies for farmers and the challenges of transforming African agricultural policies and creating effective and inspiring leadership. The book demonstrates why we should take on the challenge and provides ideas and methods through which it can be met.
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44

Tasar, Eren. SADUM’s New Ambitions, 1943‒1958. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190652104.003.0004.

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After the failed centralization initiatives of the 1940s, SADUM adopted a more ambitious strategy to coopt Muslim figures across Central Asia. Under the leadership of its second mufti, Ziyovuddin qori Bobokhonov (1908‒1982), the organization turned many of its early detractors into loyal employees. As it cemented administrative control over Muslim communities across Central Asia, the muftiate began to develop its own vision of a modern Islam meriting full inclusion into a socialist society. In this endeavor, it began attacking folk religion, and especially shrine pilgrimage, with determination. Throughout the 1950s SADUM benefited from the moderation aggressively promoted by CARC at the expense of anti-religious hardliners within the Party.
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45

Hack, Thomas F., Kinta Beaver, and Penelope Schofield. Audio-recording cancer consultations for patients and their families—putting evidence into practice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0010.

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This chapter aims to briefly review the empirical literature on the value of consultation audio-recordings for patients and families; conduct a theory-driven examination of the factors that limit practice uptake of this intervention; and provide practical suggestions for how these factors might best be addressed to enhance clinical uptake of consultation audio-recording use. The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) Framework is used to examine the impact of scientific evidence, context-specific factors, and facilitation principles, as these pertain to the uptake of consultation audio-recording in practice. Important considerations in efforts to implement a consultation audio-recording service are provided, including leadership, perceived value and benefit, resource costs, technological practicalities, litigation concerns, and staff training and support. Both top-down and bottom-up approaches to implementation are recommended to enhance the likelihood of successful uptake into practice.
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46

Geismer, Lily. From Taxachusetts to the Massachusetts Miracle. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157238.003.0011.

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This chapter explores both Governor Michael Dukakis's career from the early 1970s to his presidential bid and the state's economic turnaround, dubbed the “Massachusetts Miracle,” which made the high-tech industry and skilled professionals ever more central to the state's economy and politics, and the Democratic Party. Despite Dukakis's loss, his platform of abortion rights, affirmative action, the environment, and other quality-of-life concerns coupled with an emphasis on using market incentives to stimulate high-tech growth had a deep impact. Dukakis's platform influenced the set of policies and approach adopted by the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC) and its leader, Bill Clinton, in their efforts to appeal to suburban voters and move the party closer toward the center. This agenda continued to disproportionately benefit postindustrial professionals, while also perpetuating forms of racial and economic inequality within metropolitan Boston and in the Democratic Party's priorities.
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47

Rogerson, Kenneth. International Communication in Social Movements and Interest Groups. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.226.

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Ideas and people may be mobilized in order to influence the thinking of policy makers or society to either promote a specific point of view or enact policy in the form of laws or programs that benefit the ideas or people. This mobilization of ideas and people is known as political advocacy, which falls into two broad categories: social action and social mobilization, which can—but not necessarily—give rise to social movements, and interest and lobbying groups. According to Mancur Olson, groups are organized to pursue a common good or benefit. The success or failure of such groups can be explained using models such as the classical model, the resource mobilization model, and the “political process” model. The success of political advocacy is contingent upon a number of interrelated concepts and characteristics, including access to resources (money, people, and time), good leadership, a sense of identity or common focus, and the opportunity to be heard. A movement can distribute its message to its target audience—for example, policy makers, opinion leaders, potential participants, or the public at large—by means of information and communications technologies (ICTs). Two theses are used to assess the effectiveness of ICTs in political advocacy: the mobilization thesis and the reinforcement thesis. The inclusion of international communication has enriched our understanding of how, when, where, and why political advocacy is or is not effective.
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48

Lykes, M. Brinton. Critical Reflection of Section Three. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614614.003.0009.

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Conversing with Dutt’s and Dutta’s chapters suggests that activist scholars in psychology seeking to accompany women as they construct more just and inclusive communities might benefit from engaging dialogically with critical transitional justice, toward articulating and performing a more holistic “bottom-up” vernacularization of intersectional human rights. Within distinctive geographic and historical sites with contrasting possibilities vis-à-vis women’s protagonism and leadership, Dutt and Dutta share a commitment to engage with local women to document and understand multiple experiences of violence and violation in their everyday lives. Both authors collaborate with women in rural and/or remote areas of Nicaragua (Dutt) and India (Dutta) where women’s lived experiences are constrained by racialized and gendered economic and political structures that frequently exclude them from accessing their basic needs. Both authors help us to discern distinctive possibilities of women’s political engagement through the lens of civic participation (Dutt) and protagonism in the everyday (Dutta).
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49

Ledger-Lomas, Michael. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0001.

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The nineteenth century was a very good century for Congregationalism in England and Wales. This chapter documents the significant numerical growth it achieved during this period, and its energetic efforts in the area of missions, both foreign and domestic. Congregationalists provided the lifeblood of the large, well-funded London Missionary Society, and the most celebrated missionary of the age, David Livingstone, was a Scottish Congregationalist. Throughout this chapter the question of whether generalizations about Congregationalism in England were also true of Wales, Scotland, and Ireland is kept in view. This chapter explores the denomination’s raison d’être in its distinctive view of church polity as local and the way that it was increasingly in tension with the strong trend towards greater union among the churches. Founded in 1831, the Congregational Union of England and Wales waxed stronger and stronger as the century progressed, and Congregational activities became progressively more centralized. Although women were excluded from almost all official positions in the churches and the Congregational Unions and generally were erased from denominational histories, they were nevertheless often members with full voting rights at a time when this was not true in civic elections. Women were also the force behind the social life of the congregations, including the popular institutions of the church bazaar and tea meeting. They were the main energizing power behind works of service and innumerable charitable and outreach efforts and organizations, as well as playing a significant part in fundraising. The self-image of Victorian Congregationalism as representing the middle classes is explored, including the move towards Gothic architecture and the ideal of the learned ministry. A mark of their social aspirations, the Congregational Mansfield College, founded in 1886, was the first Protestant Dissenting Oxbridge college. Congregationalists also gave leadership to the movement towards a more liberal theological vision, to an emphasis on ‘Life’ over dogma. English, Welsh, Scottish, and Irish Congregationalists all participated in a move away from the Calvinist verities of their forebears. Increasingly, many Congregational theologians and ministers were unwilling to defend traditional doctrines in regards to substitutionary atonement; biblical inspiration, historicity, authorship, dating, and composition; and eternal punishment. A particularly important theme is Congregationalism’s prominent place of leadership in Dissenting politics. The Liberation Society, which led the campaign for the disestablishment of the Church of England, was founded by the Congregational minister Edward Miall in 1844, and Dissenting Members of Parliament were disproportionately Congregationalists. Many Christians emphatically and passionately knew themselves to be Dissenters who were relatively indifferent about which Nonconformist denomination they made their spiritual home. In such an environment, Congregationalism reaped considerable, tangible benefits for being widely recognized as the quintessential Dissenting denomination.
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Bennister, Mark, and Ben Worthy, eds. Limits to Dominance? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783848.003.0007.

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Abstract:
This chapter compares the leadership capital of two long-serving UK prime ministers: Tony Blair and Margaret Thatcher, treble election winners who held office for a decade. Mapping their capital over time reveals two very different patterns. Thatcher began with low levels of capital, building to a mid-term high and final fragile dominance, though her capital fell between elections. Blair possessed very high levels from the outset that gradually declined in a more conventional pattern. Both benefited from electoral dominance and a divided opposition, Thatcher’s strength lay in her policy vision while Blair’s stemmed from his popularity and communication skills. The LCI reveals that both prime ministers were successful without being popular, sustained in office by the electoral system. Towards the end of their tenures, both leaders’ continued dominance masked fragility, ousted when unrest in their parties and policy unpopularity eroded their capital.
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