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Journal articles on the topic 'Benefits of trade'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Ibrahim, Isaac. "The Dilemma of Trade and the Nexus of Benefits and Costs (Trade or No Trade)." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS RESEARCH AND MARKETING 4, no. 1 (2018): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.41.3001.

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2

Trent, Brian. "Interdimensional trade benefits." Nature 536, no. 7617 (August 2016): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/536494a.

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3

CHICHILNISKY, GRACIELA. "The costs and benefits of benefit-cost analysis." Environment and Development Economics 2, no. 2 (May 1997): 195–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x97230160.

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Among the tools of the economic trade, cost-benefit analysis is the most widely used in policy circles. Asking whether there is a role for cost-benefit analysis is like asking whether there is a role for the weatherman. Of course there is.

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4

Gaitan, B., and Oliver Schenker. "Environmental benefits from international trade." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6, no. 23 (February 1, 2009): 232002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/23/232002.

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Pappa, Anna A. "Carry trade: benefits and risks." International Journal of Business Innovation and Research 8, no. 4 (2014): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbir.2014.063070.

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6

Lechthaler, Wolfgang, and Mariya Mileva. "Who Benefits from Trade Wars?" Intereconomics 53, no. 1 (January 2018): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-018-0714-y.

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7

Dowrick, S. "Trade Openness and Growth: Who Benefits?" Oxford Review of Economic Policy 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 38–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grh003.

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Mendelewski, Francisco Fernández. "Employee benefits through a trade association." International Executive 36, no. 6 (November 1994): 711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tie.5060360608.

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9

Schmidt, Frank L. "University Selection: Trade-Offs, Costs, Benefits." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 34, no. 6 (June 1989): 583–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/031173.

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Chen, Jun, Bo Wang, and Edmund A. Jarzembowski. "Benefits of trade in amber fossils." Nature 532, no. 7600 (April 2016): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/532441a.

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11

Suranovic, Steven, and Robert Winthrop. "Trade Liberalization and Culture." Global Economy Journal 14, no. 1 (February 13, 2014): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2013-0047.

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This paper addresses the effect of international trade on cultural outcomes from both economic and anthropological perspectives. Definitions of culture are informed by anthropology and then incorporated into a standard economic trade models in two distinct ways. In the “cultural affinity from work” model, workers receive a non-pecuniary cultural benefit from work in a particular industry. In the “cultural externality” model, consumers of a product receive utility from other consumer’s consumption of a domestic good. We show that resistance to change due to cultural concerns can reduce the national benefits from trade liberalization. Complete movements to free trade will have a positive national welfare impact in the cultural affinity case, whereas it may lower national welfare in the cultural externality case. We also show that a loss of cultural benefits is more likely to occur when culture is an externality.

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Ngepah, Nicholas, and Maxwell Chukwudi Udeagha. "Supplementary Trade Benefits of Multi-Memberships in African Regional Trade Agreements." Journal of African Business 20, no. 4 (March 20, 2019): 505–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15228916.2019.1584719.

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13

Alesina, Alberto, Enrico Spolaore, and Romain Wacziarg. "Economic Integration and Political Disintegration." American Economic Review 90, no. 5 (December 1, 2000): 1276–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.5.1276.

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In a world of trade restrictions, large countries enjoy economic benefits, because political boundaries determine the size of the market. Under free trade and global markets even relatively small cultural, linguistic or ethnic groups can benefit from forming small, homogeneous political jurisdictions. This paper provides a formal model of the relationship between openness and the equilibrium number and size of countries, and successfully tests two implications of the model. Firstly, the economic benefits of country size are mediated by the degree of openness to trade. Secondly, the history of nation-state creations and secessions is influenced by the trade regime. (JEL F02, O57)

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14

SELTZER, RICHARD. "U.S. chemical firms back China trade benefits." Chemical & Engineering News 72, no. 22 (May 30, 1994): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v072n022.p007.

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Orlov, Vitaly, and Janne Äijö. "Benefits of wavelet-based carry trade diversification." Research in International Business and Finance 34 (May 2015): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2014.11.002.

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MILLER, PAUL, and CHARLES MULVEY. "Trade Unions, Collective Voice and Fringe Benefits*." Economic Record 68, no. 2 (June 1992): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1992.tb01758.x.

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17

Bernstein, Adam. "Friends with benefits: choosing a trade association." Nursing and Residential Care 22, no. 7 (July 2, 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nrec.2020.22.7.10.

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The saying goes that it is often who you know that gets you ahead. Having friends in high places, then, is theoretically a benefit of joining a trade association—but what is the reality? Adam Bernstein investigates

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18

Ager, B. "Benefits of EU-India free trade agreement." BMJ 342, apr18 1 (April 18, 2011): d2439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d2439.

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19

Lin, Hung-Ming, Danny T. Kao, and Shih-Chieh Chuang. "Effect of Perceived Benefits on Reluctance to Trade." Psychological Reports 100, no. 3 (June 2007): 817–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.3.817-826.

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People often tend to be reluctant to trade an owned object for an alternative object. This concept of reluctance to trade is generally called “endowment effect”. Loss aversion, which denotes that losses are weighted more heavily than gains, has been applied to interpret the endowment effect. Specifically, no “reluctance to trade” will occur when no loss is involved. In this research, 172 (90 women, 82 men; M age = 21 yr., SD =1.2) and 152 (82 women, 70 men; M age = 21 yr., SD =1.8) undergraduates voluntarily participated in two experiments, respectively. Results of both experiments indicated that participants were willing to trade an owned object for an alternative object when both objects were of the same benefit type and were reluctant to trade when objects were different. Clearly, an exchange was perceived as lower loss when the owned object and the alternative object were of the same benefit type, leading to no reluctance to trade.

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20

Kovacevic, Radovan. "World trade organization and trade liberalization after Doxa." Privredna izgradnja 47, no. 1-2 (2004): 17–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/priz0402017k.

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Developing countries have highlighted the importance of examine the interlink ages between trade, debt and finance in an effort to find sustainable solutions to these challenges within the context of the multilateral trading system. This paper analyzes what actions could be taken in the context of the WTO Doha negotiations to assist countries to benefit from deeper trade integration. It discusses the policy agenda that confronts many developing countries and identifies a number of focal points that could be used both as targets and as benchmarks to increase the likelihood that WTO negotiations will support development. To achieve these targets a number of negotiating modalities are proposed for both goods and services-related market access issues, as well as rule making in regulatory areas. Developing countries must approach WTO negotiations with a firm view of their national priorities, and seek to ensure that multilateral obligations will assist in and not detract from, the realization of development objectives. For the development community this implies priority should be given to strengthening the capacity to identify national priorities and to analyze the cost and benefits of proposed agreements in light of those priorities.

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21

MELTZER, JOSHUA P. "Governing Digital Trade." World Trade Review 18, S1 (April 2019): S23—S48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745618000502.

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AbstractAs global data flows and digital technologies transform international trade, governments and regulators have to determine how to benefit from these developments while maintaining the integrity of their domestic regulations. Currently, governments are increasingly restricting global data flows and requiring data localization, undermining the economic benefits of digital trade. To address this trend will require a system of digital trade governance that has two key elements. One element is new digital trade rules, some of which exist in the WTO and others which are being developed in free trade agreements. The other is international regulatory cooperation to develop standards and mutual recognition agreements in areas such as privacy and consumer protection that gives domestic regulators confidence that allowing data to leave their jurisdiction will not undermine achievement of domestic regulatory goals. In the absence of such regulatory cooperation, governments are likely to continue to restrict data flows, relying on the exceptions provisions to their digital trade commitments.

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22

HINSLEY, AMY, and DAVID L. ROBERTS. "Assessing the extent of access and benefit sharing in the wildlife trade: lessons from horticultural orchids in Southeast Asia." Environmental Conservation 45, no. 3 (September 20, 2017): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892917000467.

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SUMMARYThe equitable sharing of benefits from natural resources is a key target of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Trade in its native species is one way in which a country can potentially benefit from its natural resources, and even small-scale traders can now access global markets online. However, little is known about the extent of benefit sharing for many products, and the extent to which the appropriate processes and permits are being used. We surveyed online trade in a lucrative and widely sold product in Southeast Asia (horticultural orchids) to assess the extent of access and benefit sharing. In total, 20.8% (n = 1120) of orchid species from the region were being sold. Although seven out of ten countries were trading, five had very little or no trade in their native species, and the majority of recently described endemic species being traded from non-range states had no reported Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora exports from their country of origin. We suggest that addressing access and benefit-sharing gaps requires wider recognition of the problem, coupled with capacity building in the countries currently benefitting least: Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia. The priority should be to increase botanical capacity and enable these countries to better control the commercialization and trade of their native species.

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23

Kreiner, Claus Thustrup, and Hans Jørgen Whitta-Jacobsen. "Duration dependent unemployment benefits in trade union theory." European Economic Review 46, no. 7 (July 2002): 1229–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2921(01)00094-0.

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24

Langenfeld, James, and James Nieberding. "The Benefits of Free Trade to U.S. Consumers." Business Economics 40, no. 3 (July 2005): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2145/20050306.

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25

Barro, Robert. "Current protectionism and the benefits of free trade." Journal of Policy Modeling 26, no. 4 (June 2004): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2004.04.005.

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26

HUGHES, HELEN. "TRADE OR AID? WHICH BENEFITS DEVELOPING COUNTRIES MORE?" Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 22, no. 3 (September 2003): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.2003.tb01122.x.

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27

Verhallen, Theo M. M., and W. Fred van Raaij. "How Consumers Trade Off Behavioural Costs and Benefits." European Journal of Marketing 20, no. 3/4 (March 1986): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000004639.

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28

Elms, Deborah Kay. "Large Costs, Small Benefits: Explaining Trade Dispute Outcomes." Political Psychology 25, no. 2 (April 2004): 241–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00370.x.

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29

Chang, Saeyoung, and David Mayers. "Who Benefits in an Insider Negotiated Block Trade?" Financial Management 41, no. 3 (April 4, 2012): 703–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-053x.2011.01188.x.

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30

Qiu, Buhui, Svetoslav Trapkov, and Fadi Yakoub. "Do target CEOs trade premiums for personal benefits?" Journal of Banking & Finance 42 (May 2014): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.01.013.

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31

Umulisa, Yvonne. "Estimation of the East African Community's trade benefits from promoting intra‐regional trade." African Development Review 32, no. 1 (March 2020): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12414.

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32

Ekimova, N. A. "International Sanctions against Russia: Implicit Benefits." World of new economy 12, no. 4 (June 3, 2019): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2018-12-4-82-92.

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In this article, the analysis of the influence of international sanctions on the Russian economy is provided to identify and evaluate their positive effects. The author established some economic areas, where the noticeable improvement of the situation has happened and where exists the creative basis of domestic production. Further, the author analysed her findings on the base of some statistical data and some stylized examples. The opportunities of Russia to diversify trade markets, increase of foreign trade cooperation with the new partners. The author also showed improvement of the country’s food security on the example of changes in the geographical and commodity structure of trade turnover. There is an analysis of the positive trends in import substitution in such sectors as agriculture, military-industrial complex, ITindustry. Furthermore, some examples are given to demonstrate the capabilities of Russia in making the technological breakthrough that is necessary for the further development of the country. In conclusion, the author summarised the positive aspects of the influence of the sanctions and the inference about the need to turn towards the internal potential of the country, towards the search for the hidden reserves and opportunities.

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33

Nassrullah Mzwri, Ameer Mahdi, and Zelha Altinkaya. "The Impact of E-Commerce on International Trade: Case of Turkey." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 10, no. 01 (January 16, 2019): 21190–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr.v10i01.641.

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The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the impact of electronic commerce on international trade with the case studying of Turkey. E-commerce offers economy-wide benefits to all countries. The benefits are probably to be concentrated in developed countries in the short run, but developing countries will have more to benefit in the long run. Applying electronic commerce in both own and foreign country will affect corporate profits badly in the beginning, but after a certain step of progress, it will promote the rapid growth of corporate profits. The theories covered in this paper are simply those theories which have helped business, governments, and economics to better understand international trade and also to better understand how to manage, regulate, and promote international trade. The capacity of international trade will rise via e-commerce. New opportunities for international trade have created throughout internet. The way of communicating or doing business and trade between companies and individuals has changed as the geographical distance decreased between buyers and sellers.

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34

Kemal, A. R. "Exploring Pakistan’s Regional Economic Cooperation Potential ( The Presidential Address)." Pakistan Development Review 43, no. 4I (December 1, 2004): 313–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i4ipp.313-334.

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Free trade benefits are not well-harnessed despite the WTO because of the regional groupings. Such groupings have, in fact, resulted in a chaos. Pakistan has been a member of the SAARC and the ECO. In both the groups, intra-regional trade accounts for only four percent of total trade. The present study briefly reviews and identifies constraints to intra-regional trade and other modes of economic cooperation in the region. The SAFTA agreement and the possibilities of greater economic cooperation are also examined. Comparative advantage and low trade complementarity are found to be the main impediments to trade. Other obstacles such as limited capacity to generate exportable surpluses, restrictive trade policies, and political problems have also inhibited the growth of intra-regional trade. Higher trade levels can be achieved through intra-industry trade, vertical specialisation, joint export marketing of competing regional export products, deepening trade liberalisation, promoting monetary cooperation, and encouraging joint industrial ventures. It is imperative for the success of SAFTA that the negative list is kept quite small and the countries are prepared for closure of a few industries. Thus the SAFTA has great potential and South Asian countries should accept short-term costs for longrun benefits. Expansion of trade as well as efficiency and improved quality of exports would benefit the countries participating in the regional co-operation effort.

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35

Bhatia, Dr Archana. "Convergence with the IFRS - Benefits and Challenges for India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 10, no. 3 (October 10, 2014): 1979–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v10i3.1660.

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In recent times, capital markets have become global and continue to expand. Moreover, there has been significant globalization of production and trade. Investors can trade shares and securities worldwide. Entities are in a position to access the funds globally in the most advantageous markets.

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36

Zeng, Linan, Lise Mørkved Helsingen, Fernando Kenji Nampo, Yuting Wang, Liang Yao, Reed Alexander Siemieniuk, Michael Bretthauer, and Gordon H. Guyatt. "How do cancer screening guidelines trade off benefits versus harms and burdens of screening? A systematic survey." BMJ Open 10, no. 12 (December 2020): e038322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038322.

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ObjectivesCancer screening guidelines differ in their recommendations for or against screening. To be able to provide explicit recommendations, guidelines need to specify thresholds for the magnitude of benefits of screening, given its harms and burdens. We evaluated how current cancer screening guidelines address the relative importance of benefits versus harms and burdens of screening.Data sourceWe searched the Guidelines International Network, International Guideline Library, ECRI Institute and Medline. Two pairs of reviewers independently performed guideline selection and data abstraction.Eligibility criteriaWe included all cancer screening guidelines published in English between January 2014 and April 2019.ResultsOf 68 eligible guidelines, 25 included a statement regarding the trade-off between screening benefits versus harms and burdens (14 guidelines), or a statement of direction of the net effect (defined as benefits minus harms or burdens) (13 guidelines). None of these 25 guidelines defined how large a screening benefit should be to recommend screening, given its harms and burdens. 11 guidelines performed an economic evaluation of screening. Of these, six identified a key benefit outcome; two specified a cost-effectiveness threshold for recommending a screening option. Eight guidelines commented on people’s values and preferences regarding the trade-off between benefits versus harms and burdens.ConclusionsCurrent cancer screening guidelines fail to specify the values and preferences underlying their recommendations. No guidelines provide a threshold at which they believe the benefits of screening outweigh its harms and burdens.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019138590.

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37

Shi, Jiandong. "Sino-US Trade Imbalance and Sino-US Economic Gap." Gazdaság és Társadalom 13, no. 1 (2020): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21637/gt.2020.1.01.

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Since the Sino-US trade imbalance is regarded as the core content of the global economic imbalance, it has always been controversial and caused frequent bilateral trade disputes and frictions. Superficially it seems that China has gained tremendous trade benefits from China's huge surplus with the United States, which is also a significant cause for China's rapid economic growth. However, from the results of other scholars, it does not seem to be this. Actually, China is at a disadvantage in the distribution of trade benefits, which makes the economic gap between China and the United States widening. This paper aims to explain this phenomenon by judging the distribution of trade benefits from the overall impact of trade on a country's economy.

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권오경. "Fifty Years of Japan-Korea Trade Relations Mutual Benefits." 일본공간 ll, no. 17 (June 2015): 190–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.35506/jspace.2015..17.006.

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39

Lavee, Doron, Gilat Beniad, and Moran Moshe-Jantzis. "Israel's foreign trade policy: The benefits of its reform." Journal of Policy Modeling 35, no. 2 (March 2013): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2012.05.013.

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40

Fulop, Christina. "The Costs and Benefits of a'Duty to Trade Fairly'." Economic Affairs 8, no. 4 (April 1988): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.1988.tb01564.x.

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41

Aggarwal, Aradhna. "Trade Effects of Anti-dumping in India: Who Benefits?" International Trade Journal 25, no. 1 (December 27, 2010): 112–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2011.532047.

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42

Hartley, Keith. "The benefits and costs of the UK arms trade." Defence and Peace Economics 11, no. 3 (January 2000): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10430710008404960.

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43

Wilson, John S., Catherine L. Mann, and Tsunehiro Otsuki. "Assessing the Benefits of Trade Facilitation: A Global Perspective." World Economy 28, no. 6 (June 2005): 841–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2005.00709.x.

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44

Dwivedi, Puneet, Madhu Khanna, Robert Bailis, and Adrian Ghilardi. "Potential greenhouse gas benefits of transatlantic wood pellet trade." Environmental Research Letters 9, no. 2 (January 1, 2014): 024007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/2/024007.

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45

Younas, Javed. "Motivation for bilateral aid allocation: Altruism or trade benefits." European Journal of Political Economy 24, no. 3 (September 2008): 661–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2008.05.003.

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46

Giordano, Meredith, and Charlotte de Fraiture. "Small private irrigation: Enhancing benefits and managing trade-offs." Agricultural Water Management 131 (January 2014): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.07.003.

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47

Burfisher, Mary E., Sherman Robinson, and Karen Thierfelder. "The Impact of NAFTA on the United States." Journal of Economic Perspectives 15, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.1.125.

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We describe the main economic arguments posed for and against the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) during the U.S. policy debate. To evaluate these arguments, we analyze recent trade data and survey post-NAFTA studies. We find that both the U.S. and Mexico benefit from NAFTA, with much larger relative benefits for Mexico. NAFTA also has had little effect on the U.S. labor market. These results confirm the consensus opinion of economists at the time of the debate. Finally, studies find that trade creation greatly exceeds trade diversion in the region under NAFTA, especially in intermediate goods.

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48

Emelianov, Evgeny V. "PUBLIC OPINION IN RUSSIA, USA, OTHER COUNTRIES ON RISKS AND BENEFITS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2019-1-95-104.

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The paper examines the public’s attitude towards trade with other countries, employing comparative analysis of the polls’ results of the Surveys conducted across 27 countries. The research highlights the attitude of respondents concerning the influence of international trade on the key national economic indicators, whether growing trade and business ties good for their country, how the respondents view the influence of trade with other countries on cutting/creating jobs. InRussiamore respondents consider trade raises than lowering prices. Special attention is paid on how respondents view the influence of trade with other countries on cutting and creating jobs. American respondents twice as likely to respond trade is good for their country as to believe it creates jobs or raises wages. Comparing with previous years polls, the last year poll shows much fewer Americans believe that trade with other countries leads to cutting jobs. While in US more respondents answer that trade leads to creation jobs, inMexicoand some other countries less respondents think so.

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Hoan, Truong Quang, Dong Van Chung, and Nguyen Huy Hoang. "Taiwan–ASEAN Trade Relations: Trade Structure and Trade in Value Added." China Report 55, no. 2 (May 2019): 102–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445519834371.

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How has the Taiwan–Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) trade evolved without having official diplomatic relations? Using several international commodity classification systems and trade pattern indices, we argue that despite political constraints, Taiwan–ASEAN trade has rapidly expanded with a significant concentration on manufacturing and intermediate goods, embodied with high-technological content. Also, by employing the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) database on trade in value added (TiVA), we assess that Taiwan and ASEAN have become important partners in terms of trade in value addition. Nevertheless, Taiwan is seemingly lagging behind Northeast Asian economies in strengthening linkages with ASEAN over regional production networks and TiVA. This possibly results from the absence of a bilateral preferential trade agreement between Taiwan and ASEAN so far. Given the low possibility of reaching such an agreement in the near future, it is suggested that Taiwan and ASEAN should employ dynamic approaches to reap greater bilateral trade expansion and other economic benefits.

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50

Ahrendsen, Bruce L. "Agricultural Trade Policy: ‘America First’?" Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 11, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2017): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2017/3-4/13.

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There has been a growing openness and importance in trade over time as indicated by an increasing ratio of trade to gross domestic product for the World. However, some recent movements have been more protectionist and less open to trade. The potential impacts of less trade are explored with the United States (US) taken as an example. Trade agreements have been important in increasing trade by the US, particularly for US agriculture which has had a trade surplus since 1959. Countries should benefit from trade according to economic theory. However, stances taken by the US administration during the first half of 2017 have resulted in the withdrawal of the US from the Trans-Partnership Agreement and an announced renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement. With falling US farm income, the potential undoing of trade agreement benefits, and possible trade retaliations, US agriculture is concerned about any potential disruption in exports and losses from less trade. In addition, US consumers and importers of US agriculture should be concerned about a potential decrease in trade. JEL Code: Q18

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