Academic literature on the topic 'Benelux countries – History – Sources'
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Journal articles on the topic "Benelux countries – History – Sources"
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Panneerselvam, A. "Evaluating the Efficacy of India's Coalition Governments." Journal of Language and Linguistics in Society, no. 11 (September 22, 2021): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jlls.11.21.28.
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Nowadays, alliance is typical in many regions of the planet. The Nordic Countries, the Benelux Countries, Australia, Austria, Germany, Italy, Japan, Turkey, Israel, New Zealand, Kosovo, Pakistan, Kenya, India, Trinidad and Tobago, Thailand, and Ukraine are instances of nations that regularly have coalition governments. Other countries that have frequent coalition governments include the countries of the Benelux and Germany. Since 1959 until 2008, Switzerland was led by a coalition government consisting of the four parties who held the most parliamentary seats. The fact that India opted for democracy and that we have been working toward maintaining a robust democratic system for almost 75 years now counts as a significant accomplishment. In India, the study of coalitions is still in its very early stages and is a relatively new field of academic endeavour. Nevertheless, it might turn out to be of tremendous significance for our nation. The development of democracy must necessarily progress through this stage of coalition building. They might represent a logical step in the process of transitioning from a multi-party system to a bi-party system in India, which is a country that has more than a hundred different political parties. In this study, several aspects of coalition governments and the history of coalition governance in India are examined and discussed. In order to arrive at a conclusion, the research used both historical and descriptive methods. In this study, a substantial amount of time was spent using a thematic software programme to analyze the qualitative data, which consisted of information obtained from secondary sources.
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Govaerts, Sander. "Wolves and Warfare in the History of the Low Countries, 1000-1800." BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review 137, no. 1 (2022): 4–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51769/bmgn-lchr.7038.
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The connection between warfare and an increased wolf presence or even wolf attacks is a recurrent theme in European narrative sources. Many historical studies have also commented on the widespread belief in this connection and suggested that armed conflicts instigated a breakdown of the standard wolf-human relationship. In peacetime, wolves generally avoided humans and remained outside human communities. This article argues that the close link between wolves and warfare in the history of the Low Countries is far more the result of a complex interplay between human perceptions of nature and the ecological impact of combat. Wolves could only profit from human conflict in very specific circumstances, yet these exceptions became part of a widespread narrative since the High Middle Ages, because they confirmed peoples’ association of wolves with wilderness. This narrative also explains why wolf hunting exhibited strong similarities to fighting human enemies. Het verband tussen oorlog en een toenemende aanwezigheid van wolven, of zelfs aanvallen van wolven, is een terugkerend thema in Europese literaire bronnen. Het is niet verwonderlijk dat ook veel geschiedwetenschappelijke studies wijzen op deze connectie en opperen dat gewapende conflicten de gebruikelijke relatie tussen wolf en mens verstoorden. In vredestijd vermeden wolven mensen over het algemeen en bleven ze ver van menselijke bewoning. Dit artikel beargumenteert echter dat de nauwe associatie tussen wolven en oorlogsvoering in de geschiedenis van de Lage Landen veeleer het resultaat is van een complexe wisselwerking tussen menselijke percepties van natuur en de ecologische impact van oorlog. Wolven konden slechts in bijzondere omstandigheden van oorlogsvoering profiteren, maar deze uitzonderingen werden niettemin onderdeel van een wijdverspreid literair topos vanaf de Hoge Middeleeuwen omdat ze de menselijke associatie van wolven met wildernis bevestigden. Dit topos verklaart ook waarom wolvenjacht grote gelijkenissen vertoonde met de strijd tegen menselijke vijanden.Actualiteitsparagraaf Angst voor de wolfWolven en gewapende conflicten in de Lage Landen, 1000-1800Na meer dan een eeuw afwezigheid heeft de wolf Nederland en België opnieuw veroverd. Dat gaat gepaard met heftige discussies tussen voor- en tegenstanders van de wolf, angst bij burgers die vrezen voor het lot van hun kinderen en bij boeren die bang zijn dat hun vee ten prooi valt aan de wolf. Dat is niets nieuws, in het verleden werden wolven ook gevreesd. Toen legden bewoners van wat we nu de Benelux noemen, sterk het verband tussen de komst van de wolf en oorlog. Sander Govaerts onderzoekt in zijn artikel dit verband tussen gewapende conflicten en een heropleving van wolf populaties. Hoewel wolven een groot aanpassingsvermogen hebben, zo blijkt uit het artikel, leidden oorlogen niet per definitie tot grote groei van het aantal wolven, zoals tijdgenoten wel vreesden. Het waren juist de uitzonderlijke keren dat dit wel het geval was die het algemeen aanvaarde stereotype van de bloeddorstige wolf bevestigden en versterkten. De nauwe associatie tussen wolven en oorlog wettigde echter wel het nemen van doorgedreven maatregelen om de soort uit te roeien.
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Soloviova, Aliesia. "The Role of the Russian Factor in the Attitude of Benelux Countries Towards Ukraine (2014-2019)." Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni: naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki, no. 29 (November 10, 2020): 130–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mzu2020.29.130.
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The article analyzes the role of the Russian factor in the attitude of Benelux countries towards Ukraine from 2014 to 2019. The author proceeds from the fact that one of the factors in a state's choice of a certain strategy in the international arena is often the size of the state. The study of the place and role of “small” states has become a separate field of study in the history of international relations since the publication of the work of the American researcher Annette Baker. Proponents of this theory share the opinion that the size of a state's territory significantly affects its political strategy. The author notes that there is no single definition of a “small” state, since the characteristics by which the state as such is defined are constantly changing. In general, the signs of a “small” state are small population, size of territory, low level of activity in the international arena. The author of the article concludes that the foreign policy strategies of all three Benelux countries can be called pragmatic. In the author's opinion, this approach is explained, first of all, by close cooperation in the field of economics and disadvantage of completely breaking off relations with Russia. The Benelux countries are small states compared to their European neighbors; their main strength is economic stability. It was found that for the Benelux countries, active intervention in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine means a threat to economic ties. The Benelux countries generally support the EU's sanctions policy, but insist on dialogue, considering sanctions a fewer effective means of achieving goals. The Netherlands occupies the most active position among the Benelux countries in the conflict, however, this position is mainly caused by internal concerns and the ongoing investigation of the Boeing MH17 crash
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Deighton, Anne. "The Last Piece of the Jigsaw: Britain and the Creation of the Western European Union, 1954." Contemporary European History 7, no. 2 (1998): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300004860.
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By 1955, the formation of a Cold War bloc in Western Europe was complete. The Western European Union (WEU), a redesigned Brussels Treaty Organisation (BTO) within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), with West Germany and Italy as members, was created. The 1954 Paris Agreements that established WEU also enabled West Germany to become a virtually sovereign actor, and a member of NATO. The Agreements were effected on the rubble of an acrimonious four-year international debate over a proposed European Defence Community (EDC). This would have created a European army for France, the Benelux countries, Italy and West Germany on the model of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and a parallel political community for the Six.
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Svik, Peter. "The Czechoslovak Factor in Western Alliance Building, 1945–1948." Journal of Cold War Studies 18, no. 1 (2016): 133–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00622.
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This article assesses the role of the Czechoslovak coup d’état in February 1948 in the establishment of the Brussels Pact a month later and formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in April 1949. The article places these developments in the larger context of post-1945 national security policymaking in several countries, weighing the impact of the Czechoslovak coup on relations among seven countries on national security issues at the outset of the Cold War: Czechoslovakia, France, the United Kingdom, the three Benelux countries, and the United States. The article shows that the only proper way to evaluate the effect of the Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia on the formation of the Western alliance is by looking at the considerations present in each country and seeing how they interacted with one another. The Czechoslovak factor varied in its magnitude from country to country.
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Lupaşcu, Aurelia, and Tim Butler. "Source attribution of European surface O<sub>3</sub> using a tagged O<sub>3</sub> mechanism." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 23 (2019): 14535–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14535-2019.
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Abstract. Tropospheric ozone (O3) is an important air pollutant that affects human health, ecosystems, and climate. The contributions of O3 precursor emissions from different geographical source regions to the O3 concentration can help to quantify the effects of local versus remotely transported precursors on the O3 concentration in a certain area. This study presents a “tagging” approach within the WRF-Chem model that attributes O3 concentration in several European receptor regions to nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from within and outside of Europe during April–September 2010. We also examine the contribution of these different precursor sources to various O3 metrics and their exceedance events. Firstly, we show that the spatial distributions of simulated monthly mean MDA8 from tagged O3 source regions and types for late spring, summer, and early autumn 2010 varies with season. For summer conditions, O3 production is dominated by national and intra-European sources, while in the late spring and early autumn intercontinental transported O3 is an important contributor to the total O3 concentration. We have also identified shipping activities in the Mediterranean Sea as an important source of O3 for the Mediterranean countries, as well as the main contributor to high modelled MDA8 O3 concentration in the Mediterranean Basin itself. Secondly, to have a better understanding of the origin of MDA8 O3 exceedances, we compare modelled and observed values of MDA8 O3 concentration in the Po Valley and Germany–Benelux receptor regions, revealing that the contribution from local sources is about 41 % and 38 % of modelled MDA8 O3 during the exceedance days, respectively. By examining the relative contributions of remote NOx sources to modelled and observed O3 exceedance events, we determine that model underrepresentation of long-range O3 transport could be contributing to a general underestimation of modelled O3 exceedance events in the Germany–Benelux receptor region. Thirdly, we quantify the impact of local vs. non-local NOx precursors on O3 production for each European receptor region using different O3 metrics. The comparison between mean, MDA8 and 95th percentile O3 metrics accentuates the importance of large contributions from locally emitted NOx precursors to the high end of the O3 distribution. When we compare the vegetation and health metrics, we notice that the SOMO35 and AOT40 indexes exhibit rather similar behaviour, while the W126 index accentuates the importance of local emissions. Overall, this study highlights the importance of a tagging approach to quantify the contribution of local and remote sources to the MDA8 O3 concentration during several periods as well to different O3 metrics. Moreover, this method could be applied to assess different mitigation options.
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Lijphart, Arend. "The Pattern of Electoral Rules in the United States: a Deviant Case among the Industralized Democracies." Government and Opposition 20, no. 1 (1985): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1985.tb01065.x.
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THE UNITED STATES IS THE WORLD'S SECOND LARGEST DEMOcracy (after India) and the largest of the older well-established democracies, with a very long and uninterrupted history of free elections. For this reason, it can be argued that the American democratic example has been and, should be an important model for other countries to follow. This article will focus on one important aspect of the American democratic system - the pattern of electoral rules - and it will emphasize the striking differences between the American electoral process and that of most other democracies. This contrast obviously affects the applicability of the American model to other countries that may be in the process of revising their electoral rules: because the United States is a deviant case in almost all respects, it presents clear alternatives to the more common attern but also dternatives that are so radical that they may ge difficult to transplant. The democracies with which the American pattern of electoral systems will be compared and contrasted are the 20 countries which, Me the United States, have been democratic without interruption for a relatively long time, that is, since approximately the end of the Second world War: the four large West European countries (Great Britain, France, West Germany, and Italy), the five Nordic countries (Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, and Iceland), the Benelux countries (the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg), Ireland, Switzerland, Austria, and five countries outside Europe (Canada, Israel, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand).
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Pataricza, Dóra, Simo Muir, Sofie Lene Bak, Bjarke Følner, Vibeke Kieding Banik, and Pontus Rudberg. "Jewish archives and sources in the Nordic countries." Nordisk judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 32, no. 2 (2021): 54–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.111889.
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This article aims to give an overview of Jewish archives and archival sources in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Besides describing significant existing collections, the article looks into ongoing archival projects, digitizing and infrastructure programs, and maps out future challenges.
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Aitmagambetov, D. R., М. Giritlioglu, and H. M. Tursun. "First sources of the history of Kazakh-Turkish relations." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 133, no. 4 (2020): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2020-133-4-24-32.
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The researches of Turkic history were formed within the framework of world historical thought. It should be noted that Turkish civilization had its own peculiarities when the predominance of Eurocentrism concepts is taken into consideration while structuring world history content. The purpose of such study is not to distinguish Turkic history from world history, but to focus on the true history content of the Turkic peoples formed in it. The main goal of this paper is to determine the historical background of Kazakh-Turkish political and cultural ties. The scientific importance of the data bases of kinship relations, which began in the Middle Ages, has special significance in determining the direction of modern Kazakh-Turkish relations formed during independence years. It is known that the Republic of Turkey is one of the countries with which the Republic of Kazakhstan has established the closest integration during independence years. This paper analyzes the sources of early history of Kazakh-Turkish relations. Conclusions were drawn analyzing the archival data about historical background of friendship and strategic partnership between two countries. One of the important terms for the scientific reconsideration of the history of Kazakh-Turkish political and cultural relations is the value of scientific sources complex. Sources containing scientific, objective information and data are the main means of interpreting historical events and phenomena, as well as restoring the content of history. At present time, evidence of Kazakh-Turkish relations has been found in the archives of Turkey and is being submitted for scientific circulation. It requires thematic, chronological and genre grouping of data. Among these sources there are archival and diplomatic documents on the subject, the Kazakh Khanate in chronology, the genre between the Kazakh Khanate and the Ottoman Empire. After all, these data obtain scientific significance as a starting point for Kazakh-Turkish political and cultural ties. The embassy of Kaiyp Khan Taukeuly to Ottoman Sultan Akhmet III is the basis of modern political relations between these two countries. This paper analyzes the fact that this first diplomatic relationship was followed by Kazakh-Turkish political ties. Evidence suggests that during the disintegration of the Kazakh Khanate and the modernization of the Russian Empire, the colonial power continued to disrupt relations between two countries. In particular, this connection continued in the religious-spiritual and cultural-educational directions through the informal political, religious-educational activities of individual historical figures. The article analyzes a number of archival and press data and presents them for scientific circulation
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Tolvanen, Marjo. "Sources of Legal Information in Finland." International Journal of Legal Information 22, no. 2 (1994): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500024823.
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An essential factor of Finnish legal history and the Finnish legal system is Finland's organic union with Sweden, which lasted for more than 700 years. The result was that the educated class became predominantly Swedish-speaking; Swedish was also the language of the administration and the courts and of higher education. Many of the similarities currently prevailing between Finland and Sweden in cultural life, as well as in their political and legal system, are explained by the two countries having this joint history.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Benelux countries – History – Sources"
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Mund, Stéphane. "Genèse et développement de la représentation du monde "russe" en Occident (Xe - XVIe siècles)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211728.
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Ray, Haraprasad. "Bengal during the first half of fifteenth century: A study of Huang Shengceng's XIYANG CHAOGONG DIANLU (A record of tributes from the Western Ocean countries) and other Chinese and Indian sources." Thesis, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/4842.
Full textBooks on the topic "Benelux countries – History – Sources"
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Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. Britannica Educational Pub., in association with Rosen Educational Services, 2014.
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W, As-Vijvers Anne Margreet, Hermans Jos M. M, and Huisman Gerda C, eds. Manuscript studies in the Low Countries: Proceedings of the 'Groninger Codicologendagen' in Friesland, 2002. Forsten, 2008.
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Luciano, Vaccaro, ed. Storia religiosa di Belgio, Olanda e Lussemburgo. Centro ambrosiano, 2000.
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La Franche-Comté et les anciens Pays-Bas, XIIIe-XVIIIe siècles. Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2009.
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Groningse Codicologendagen (2002 Friesland, Netherlands). Manuscript studies in the Low Countries: Proceedings of the 'Groninger Codicologendagen' in Friesland, 2002. Forsten, 2008.
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van, Strien C. D., ed. Touring the Low Countries: Accounts of British travellers, 1660-1720. Amsterdam University Press, 1998.
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The city, the duke and their banker: The Rapondi family and the formation of the Burgundian state. Brepols, 2006.
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Lambert, B. The city, the duke and their banker: The Rapondi family and the formation of the Burgundian state (1384-1430). Brepols, 2003.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Benelux countries – History – Sources"
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Hazans, Mihails. "Emigration from Latvia: A Brief History and Driving Forces in the Twenty-First Century." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12092-4_3.
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Abstract In recent years, Latvia has established itself as one of the top two countries with the most intensive emigration among EU/EFTA member states. This chapter starts by describing the demographic context and the scale of emigration post-2000, followed by a brief history of the main population flows (migration, refugees and deportation) from and to Latvia in the twentieth century. It then offers a more detailed analysis of emigration during the first 15 years of the twenty-first century including a closer look at the four waves of recent emigration: (i) the pre-EU accession wave, 2000–2003; (ii) the post-accession wave, 2004–2008; (iii) the crisis-driven wave, 2009–2010; and (iv) the post-crisis wave, 2011–2016. For each wave, description of the economic and social context is given within a conceptual framework using insights from human capital theory, the new economic theory of migration, network theory and migration systems theory. Institutional factors are also emphasised. Together with some survey-based evidence, this leads to a set of hypotheses about the nature of the four emigration waves. Our own compilation of data from receiving countries (which reveals problems with Latvia’s official migration statistics) is used for documenting the dynamics of the scale and main destinations of this emigration. Empirical analysis of the changes in the reasons for and intended duration of emigration, its effects on the structure and demographic potential of the population and changes in emigrant profiles and selectivity with respect to human capital and ethnicity is based on a number of independent data sources, including the Latvian Labour Force Survey (2000–2015), the Database of Immigrants in OECD Countries (DIOC 2010/2011), and The Emigrant Communities of Latvia survey conducted worldwide in 2014.
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Noll, Jörg, Osman Bojang, and Sebastiaan Rietjens. "Deterrence by Punishment or Denial? The eFP Case." In NL ARMS. T.M.C. Asser Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-419-8_7.
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AbstractIn 2017 NATO initiated Enhanced Forward Presence (eFP) in the Baltics to deter Russia. While most studies analyse eFP from the perspective of NATO or the troop contributing countries, this chapter addresses the question how the host nations, i.e. in this contribution Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, perceive the deterrence strategy underlying eFP as well as their own strategies. In doing this, the chapter emphasizes how strategic culture influences the Baltic countries’ behaviour towards deterrence. We found that in Estonia perspectives on eFP were ambiguous. While official documents reflect the official NATO narrative based on deterrence by punishment other sources stress the illusion, expectation or aspiration of deterrence by denial. In Lithuania, documents, officials and experts emphasize deterrence by denial as opposed to deterrence by punishment. Latvia considers the strategy behind eFP as deterrence by punishment. The strategic cultures, the history and threat perceptions of the Baltic states explain these differences to a large extent. In particular the presence of Russophone minorities in Estonia and Latvia, lead to some reluctance in fully embracing NATO’s strategy, while at the same time both countries prepare to counter Russia’s threat with their allies.
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Gasparini, Patrizia, and Giancarlo Papitto. "The Italian Forest Inventory in Brief." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98678-0_1.
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AbstractLarge-scale forest inventories are important sources of forest information at the national level in individual countries. These surveys have undergone strong development in recent times, driven by new information needs and by advances in statistical-mathematical theory and in survey methods and techniques. In Italy, the first national forest inventory was carried out in the mid-1980s. A thorough review of the sampling design and survey protocols was carried out in the second inventory, and the third survey has just been completed. This chapter briefly describes the history and organisational structure of the Italian National Forest Inventory and summarises its content and products.
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Tapsoba, Tebkieta Alexandra, and Dabiré Bonayi Hubert. "International Remittances and Development in West Africa: The Case of Burkina Faso." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97322-3_9.
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AbstractRemittances are one of the precious spin-offs of international migration in developing countries. They have been fast growing for the last decade, but like any other income, they fluctuate with economic conditions which are affected by several shocks, such as the ongoing covid 19 pandemic. Nevertheless, these transfers sometimes exceed Official Development Aid (ODA) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in some parts of the World such as Sub-Saharan Africa, demonstrating their importance for promoting socio-economic development. This chapter focuses on Burkina Faso, a West African country where more than 80% of the population practice subsistence agriculture, and bear heavily the consequences of poor climatic conditions, exacerbated by the ongoing climate change. The country also has a great history of migration mainly written by its colonial past. Using data from several sources such as the World Bank indicators and national surveys, this chapter aims firstly to understand the trends of remittances flows in the country for the last decade. Secondly, using a national survey on migration conducted in the country, we found that receiving international remittances increases the probability of setting up a non-agricultural business. This result suggests that remittances can help households to set up businesses and be less dependent on climatic conditions.
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"Countries, Authors, and Sources: General and Introductory Literature." In Handbook of Administrative History. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203790328-3.
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Hösle, Vittorio. "The Federal Republic’s Adaptation to Western European Normality: Gadamer, the Two Frankfurt Schools, and Hans Jonas." In A Short History of German Philosophy, translated by Steven Rendall. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691167190.003.0015.
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The two most appalling consequences of National Socialism were the victims of mass murder and the Second World War. The National Socialists also destroyed, along with many other things, the special status of German culture. They did so by driving out and murdering its Jewish and critical intelligentsia; the German policy of occupation caused Scandinavia, central Eastern Europe, and the Benelux countries, where German had often been a scientific lingua franca, to turn resolutely toward English; and even after the restoration of constitutional government based on the rule of law in the Federal Republic, further travel along specifically German philosophical paths was no longer possible. This chapter discusses the philosophers of the Federal Republic who won wide international recognition. A strong focus of the young Federal Republic was on the historiography of philosophy, to which thinkers attached their own, usually modest systematic ambitions.
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Spronk, Ron. "Maarten van Heemskerckʹs use of literary sources from antiquity for his Wonders of the World series of 1572." In Narratives of Low Countries History and Culture. UCL Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1hd18bd.16.
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Tomaszewski, Jerzy. "Upside-Down History." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 14. Liverpool University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774693.003.0028.
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This chapter reviews an article by David Cymet, entitled ‘Polish State Antisemitism as a Major Factor Leading to the Holocaust’. The article was published in Britain in the Journal of Genocide Research. The chapter considers a number of peculiarities and mistakes present in the article. It questions the sources drawn by the article to expound its thesis. Moreover, the chapter analyses the article's thesis that the views and deeds of Polish antisemites influenced the Nazi policy of genocide in Germany, occupied Poland, and other countries. It argues that the German authorities in occupied Poland were not under the influence of Poles. Indeed, while there were rare cases of individual Polish politicians offering to co-operate with Germany against the Soviet Union, these proposals met with no response.
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La Mela, Matti. "Tracing the Emergence of Nordic Allemansrätten through Digitised Parliamentary Sources." In Digital Histories: Emergent Approaches within the New Digital History. Helsinki University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33134/hup-5-11.
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The chapter studies the tradition of allemansrätten, a right of public access to nature, in recently digitized documents of the Finnish Parliament (1907-2000) using text mining methods. Allemansrätten is a well-known and much used principle in the Nordic countries, yet, its history is little researched. This study use collocation analysis and topic modelling to explore the historical trajectory of the term in Finland. It shows how ‘allemansrätt’ appeared in the 1940s as part of a temporary everyman’s fishing rights and while the current meaning is found in the 1960s it came to be commonly employed in outdoor recreation debates in the early 1970s, somewhat later than previously thought. Furthermore, a significant shift is discovered from allemansrätten’s use in access right debates to being marked as a national symbol in the 1990s. Although the OCR quality of the digitised parliamentary documents is proven to be very good, they lack in metadata which would improve their usability; thus digital historians should actively participate in the development of such key historical corpora.
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Nenarokova, Maria R. "The Literary History Genre: from the Past to the Future." In “The History of Literature”: Non-scientific sources of a scientific genre. A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/978-5-9208-0684-0-753-760.
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The article opens with an overview of the current state of the problem, which shows that, while there are many separate literary histories, to date there are no works exploring the origin and development of literary history as a genre of scientific and fictional prose, inscribing the genre of literary history in the world literary process. It is indicated that the 32 articles included in the book are divided into six sections. The book answers the questions: the emergence of the form and word envelope of the genre of “history of literature”, sources of information on the history of literature before the appearance of works of this genre; peculiarities of the author’s “literary histories”; the subject of the history of literature in education; publication of translations and newly discovered documents. The history of the genre covers a time period from the 2nd century AD. before the beginning of the 21st century. The geography of research covers the countries of Western Europe, Russia, Japan.
Conference papers on the topic "Benelux countries – History – Sources"
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Heard, R. G. "The Ultimate Solution: Disposal of Disused Sealed Radioactive Sources (DSRS)." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40029.
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The borehole disposal concept (BDC) was first presented to ICEM by Potier, J-M in 2005 [1]. This paper repeats the basics introduced by Potier and relates further developments. It also documents the history of the development of the BDC. For countries with no access to existing or planned geological disposal facilities for radioactive wastes, the only options for managing high activity or long-lived disused radioactive sources are to store them indefinitely, return them to the supplier or find an alternative method of disposal. Disused sealed radioactive sources (DSRS) pose an unacceptable radiological and security risk if not properly managed. Out of control sources have already led to many high-profile incidents or accidents. One needs only to remember the recent accident in India that occurred earlier this year. Countries without solutions in place need to consider the future management of DSRSs urgently. An on-going problem in developing countries is what to do with sources that cannot be returned to the suppliers, sources for which there is no further use, sources that have not been maintained in a working condition and sources that are no longer suitable for their intended purpose. Disposal in boreholes is intended to be simple and effective, meeting the same high standards of long-term radiological safety as any other type of radioactive waste disposal. It is believed that the BDC can be readily deployed with simple, cost-effective technologies. These are appropriate both to the relatively small amounts and activities of the wastes and the resources that can realistically be found in developing countries. The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation Ltd (Necsa) has carried out project development and demonstration activities since 1996. The project looked into the technical feasibility, safety and economic viability of BDC under the social, economic, environmental and infrastructural conditions currently prevalent in Africa. Implementation is near at hand with work being done in Ghana with support from the IAEA. Here the site selection is complete and studies are being carried out to test the site parameters for inclusion into the safety assessment.
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Kolesnikov, Yuriy. "Innovative Fintech Projects as An Incentive for Development of Tax Legislation in Russia (Using the Example of Investment Platforms)." In The XX International Scientific Conference "Functioning of Investments Financed from State Resources and from Other Sources in The Countries of Central And Eastern Europe". Temida 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/ipf.2022.07.
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Russia has come a long way in establishing an entrepreneurial culture. But, despite this, the short history of the country’s market economy requires continuing the course of transformation of legislation related to the innovation economy. Recently, the number of projects in the financial and technological sphere operating at all levels of financial activity has been growing rapidly. The most striking examples include the creation of various services: banking, investment (including cryptoexchanges), and tax services that provide their functions through mobile applications and provide more opportunities to use them, thereby replacing outdated ways of interacting with customers. In this article, the author examines how the rapid development of new forms of economic relations has affected the legal regulation of financial technologies in the domestic legal system. The author used the method of content analysis to solve these problems, and as a subject considered local legislative gaps that arise in the activities of innovative financial intermediaries.
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Gutbrod, Max. "Challenges for Democratic State Budget Organization." In The XX International Scientific Conference "Functioning of Investments Financed from State Resources and from Other Sources in The Countries of Central And Eastern Europe". Temida 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/ipf.2022.02.
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This thought piece is to, at a high level, address modern challenges to the manner budgets are organized in democratic states. To my mind, those challenges are manyfold and interlinked. Therefore, addressing them is dependent on an understanding of all of them. Clearly, each of the mentioned challenges in itself is intricate and deserves detailed attention. In order for the mentioned interlinks and the need for a succinct reduction of complex issues to succinct metrics become plausible I have chosen to here address the mentioned challenges from a high level and risking to not give justice to detail relevant to every of them. I find this appropriate in particular because of the tendency of intricate issues to be detailed and thereby even more difficult to understand. The discussion below shall start with taking positions of two key moments in history which, I think, are characteristic for the formation of budget rules. This historical review is followed by a discussion on how to ensure the most fundamental of relevant metrics, namely the money value that is the most obvious fundament for a population to usefully budget issues given that a majority of which will not consist of specialists that can quickly detect what is relevant about issues, and discussions around the Euro will be reviewed. Further, the consequences of state commitments to combat n against climate change having added a new type of obligations to be dealt with by state will be discussed. Finally, the consequences of states having taken substantial commitments to support investments, be it in renewable energy, be it in innovation at large, and the need having emerged to address flexible of targets will be discussed, and a summary drawn.
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Başeğmez, Nergiz, and Kerem Toker. "A Crossroad For Turkey: European Union Or Eurasian Economic Union." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01668.
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With a long and complicated history with Turkey's EU relations began in 1963 with Ankara Agreement. Turkey has been engaged the full membership since 2005 but nevertheless it could not have achieved results during the negotiations. Behind the slow pace of Turkey's membership, many political and cultural barriers can be shown. The events showed that reveals Turkey cannot be an EU member as soon as possible. This case may cause the Turkey have different pursuits in the political world arena. Turkey moved away from the EU, it can be motivated to participate in different political and economic union at the same time. Because, the world is constantly changing in terms of economic and political conditions and Turkey is hard to question the position in these new conditions. Founded in 2015 Eurasian Union has similar cultural and historical heritage alongside the geographical closely EAEU with Turkey. This common history may create opportunities for both sides. In this study, economic, social and political relations between Turkey and the EAEU countries are briefly discussed. Datas about this issue were gathered by Eurostat, europa.eu, wto.org and eurasiancommission.org etc. official data sources. The findings were compared with similar indicators between Turkey and the EU. So the EAEU is evaluated likely to be an alternative political and economic union to Turkey. Such a vision changes in Turkey will revise its economic and political stability of the region. This paper may contribute to further studies by providing a solid base.
 
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Turnea, Marius, and Mihai Ilea. "PREDICTIVE SIMULATION FOR TYPE II DIABETES USING DATA MINING STRATEGIES APPLIED TO BIG DATA." In eLSE 2018. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-18-213.
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By recent estimation, there are over 30 million people that have diabetes only in USA. From this, around 7 million are supposed to have undiagnosed diabetes. Different countries have been made efforts to predict and avoid the risk of developing complications from this disease. The implementation of Electronic Health Records and collection of data in a national register for all the patients that have been developed diabetes is an issue to make a valid predictor for diabetes mellitus evolution, e-health stage of population and risk assessment due to various causative factors responsible for T2DM (type 2 diabetes mellitus). One approach is frequently used in diabetes prediction inspired by data mining algorithms, the decision tree, single or as mixed techniques with SVM (support vector machine), inductive learning, and clustering techniques. Data mining is applied to existing diabetes record for many years. Data mining is applied in this case to analyzing and extract new knowledge for prediction and classification based on large amount of records. Decision trees and associative classification is used as tools in this paper. Genetic data are difficult to integrate in a predictor using big data collected at national level so the main individual attributes are collected from three sources: clinical data, anthropological measures and personal and family history (related to T2DM and vascular diseases). The irrelevant rules, below a threshold are deleted in a pruning process in order to make the classification tree more efficient. The preliminary results are present along with directions of future research. We propose an architecture that can collect and predict the risk for existent records and analyses the reis for a new record triggered by update or append operation with possible storage in cloud computing.
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Vrasmas, Ecaterina, and Traian Vrasmas. "DEVELOPING A EUROPEAN PROFESSIONAL’S NETWORK IN INCLUSIVE EDUCATION:E LEARNING PROCESS AND OUTCOMES." In eLSE 2012. Editura Universitara, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-12-063.
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Title: Developing a European professional’s network in Inclusive Education: E learning process and outcomes Vrasmas, Ecaterina, University of Bucharest, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Panduri Street No.90, Bucharest; Email: ecaterinavr@yahoo.com Vrasmas, Traian, Ovidius University Constanta, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Bd. Mamaia Street No.124 Email: traianvrasmas@yahoo.com ABSTRACT The context The paper describes a European project focusing on using eLearning media, in order to establish is quite an actual trend establish a European network for professionals. It is a new and strong trend in education, particularly in inclusive education. Inclusive education is one of the highest challenges in the field of education, for all European countries. Each country had its own history, experiences, cultural conditions, its own approaches, opportunities and challenges but common work and values are needed. Short description A group of professionals from national associations in England, France, Island, Italy and Romania has decided, after the European Conference of Social inclusion (2008, Clairmond Ferrand, France) to act for the implementation of the conclusions from this conference. They have planned and started to build a network for inclusive education among those five national organizations. They planned and implemented a Leonardo project called “Partnership of professionals for inclusive education.” They implemented all the project working together, in order to share experiences and debate on which are the most relevant barriers in the European and each national context and find solutions to advance in inclusive education. Aside of the direct meetings, in each country, most of the project preparation and implementation was made via eLearning (email communication, site development, power point preparation and presentation, reporting on a European data base etc). The main objectives of the project were: - To built a web site of the project; - To work together for finding common barriers and solutions for inclusive education. The project has reached these objectives by using eLearning media. During the process and as a result of eLearning we have produced important outcomes: - A web site (http://inclusiveeducation-leonardo-professionals.blogs.apf.asso.fr,Utilisat eur: leo-nardoprofessionals, Mot de passe : leonardoprofessionals; - A list of barriers and facilitators of inclusive education; Additional outcomes were: - A Guide for professionals on inclusive education; - A lot of power point presentations, on international documents and policies on national educational policies and inclusive education history in each country, study cases and ex-periences, lessons learned in different visits. The project website was designed for all the partners and for all institutions dealing with educa-tion. It contains a glossary of inclusion, with the main concepts, in all five languages (English, French, Italian, Romanian and Icelandic). It describes the partners involved, some elements facili-tating the understanding of the European and international perspective on inclusive education, based on the experiences collected in the project, on the results and documents obtained. The list of barriers and facilitators of inclusive education is a synthesis of the professionals work and a result of several debates. After listing barriers and the facilitating factors, the elements which can be barriers and facilitators as well, the list contains the synthesis of the discussion from each country, on the topic of identification of particular aspects: defining inclusion, the major actors, the resources needed - just a few of the analyze points. The Guide for professionals has been developed by the project professionals, as a working tool, issued from the discussions during the school visits in the 5 countries, from the synthesis of analysis and of conclusions (from international sources) regarding inclusive educa-tion. It defines inclusion, suggests a set o principles, identifies solutions for the barriers, and offers concrete examples from each country, regarding policies, practices, cultures and values. It is an open and positive point of view. During the project more than 80 different power points presentation were produced, focusesd on in-ternational and national legislation, scientific arguments on inclusive education, each country policy and experiences. One of them is the Final slide show (album) 2009-2011. It contains photos which are presenting the countries that had participated (places, traditions, touristic attractions, art objects and towns architecture), as well as the "authors" involved in the project. The photos are proving the good collaboration during seminars, visits, during the attractive free time opportunities in each of the five countries. All these are posted on the website of the project, in order to become tools for inclusive education dissemination as eLearning instruments. Conclusions The process of eLearning using different media was vital during and for the success of this pro-ject. At the end it offered to all professionals participant the possibility to better understand the inclusion importance and issues and to promote a new perspective in education, via ongoing collaboration between professionals, cultures and experiences. Working in common for defining inclusive education in five national contexts and describing the barriers and solutions was very challenging. It was also necessary and rewording, in this moment of the European efforts for defending our common values.
Reports on the topic "Benelux countries – History – Sources"
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Flandreau, Marc, Stefano Pietrosanti, and Carlotta Schuster. Why do Sovereign Borrowers Post Collateral? Evidence from the 19th Century. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp167.
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This paper explores the reasons why sovereign borrowers post collateral. Such behavior is paradoxical because conventional interpretations of collateral stress repossession of the assets pledged as the key to securing lenders against information asymmetries and moral hazard. However, repossession is generally difficult in the case of sovereign debt and in some cases impossible. Nevertheless, such sovereign “hypothecations” have a long history and are again becoming very popular today in developing countries. To explain sovereign collateralization, we emphasize an informational channel. Posting collateral produces information on opaque borrowers by displaying borrowers’ behavior and resources. We support this interpretation by examining the hypothecation “mania” of 1849-1875, when sovereigns borrowing in the London Stock Exchange pledged all kinds of intangible revenues. Yet, at that time, sovereign immunity fully protected both sovereigns and their assets and possessions. Still, we show that hypothecations significantly decreased the cost of sovereign debt. To explain how, we stress the pledges’ role in documenting sovereigns’ wealth and the management of revenue streams. Based on an exhaustive library of bond prospectuses collected from primary sources, matched with a panel of sovereign bond yields and an innovative measure of sovereign fiscal transparency, we show that collateral minutely described in debt covenants served to document and monitor sovereign resources and development prospects. Encasing this information in contracts written by lawyers served to certify the quality of the resulting data disclosure process, explaining investors’ readiness to pay a premium.
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Zhytaryuk, Marian. Ukraine in the international press in 1930 (on the materials of the Lviv newspaper «Dilo»). Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11413.
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In the article of Professor Maryan Zhytaryuk, it is implemented the systematization of publications in the international press of 1930 about Ukraine on the materials of the Lviv newspaper «Dilo». Important political issues, in particular: Bolshevism in Soviet Ukraine, the massacre of the Ukrainian intelligentsia (Union for the Liberation of Ukraine), the interpretation of the «Ukrainian political problem» in European countries were singled out and generalized. The topicality of the article subject follows from the need to supplement the materials on the study of the «Ukrainian question», from the understanding that the interwar period, mainly in the 30s of the twentieth century, is a concentrated historical and political period, that is represented on newspaper and magazine columns. During the decade (30s of the twentieth century) – there were thousands of them. For example, in the newspaper «Dilo» only in the first three months of 1930 we can find more than 100 publications on international subjects. Therefore, the author narrowed the research materials to translated materials in the genres of press round-up, review, digest of publications in the foreign press. The purpose of the article is to focus on Ukrainian issues in the international press based on translations and comments on foreign publications in the newspaper «Dilo» in 1930. The task of the publication is to comprehend the identified texts in the context of geopolitical construction on the eve of World War II; to supplement the history of Ukrainian and foreign journalism and its source base. In the article the author uses the method of scientific study of primary sources found in the special funds of the Scientific Library of LNU. I. Franko, in particular, the bundles of the newspaper «Dilo» for 1930. 252 publications were processed, some of which - in several submissions. Based on scientific summarizing, 15 publications on political issues with the keyword «Ukraine» were selected on the basis of translated sources from foreign media (scientific research method). Actually with the purpose of understanding the raised issues (conceptual analysis) and of preparing some certain conclusions and generalizations (methods of synthesis, induction and deduction) the problem-thematic analysis was used.
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Chandrasekhar, C. P. The Long Search for Stability: Financial Cooperation to Address Global Risks in the East Asian Region. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp153.
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Forced by the 1997 Southeast Asian crisis to recognize the external vulnerabilities that openness to volatile capital flows result in and upset over the post-crisis policy responses imposed by the IMF, countries in the sub-region saw the need for a regional financial safety net that can pre-empt or mitigate future crises. At the outset, the aim of the initiative, then led by Japan, was to create a facility or design a mechanism that was independent of the United States and the IMF, since the former was less concerned with vulnerabilities in Asia than it was in Latin America and that the latter’s recommendations proved damaging for countries in the region. But US opposition and inherited geopolitical tensions in the region blocked Japan’s initial proposal to establish an Asian Monetary Fund, a kind of regional IMF. As an alternative, the ASEAN+3 grouping (ASEAN members plus China, Japan and South Korea) opted for more flexible arrangements, at the core of which was a network of multilateral and bilateral central bank swap agreements. While central bank swap agreements have played a role in crisis management, the effort to make them the central instruments of a cooperatively established regional safety net, the Chiang Mai Initiative, failed. During the crises of 2008 and 2020 countries covered by the Initiative chose not to rely on the facility, preferring to turn to multilateral institutions such as the ADB, World Bank and IMF or enter into bilateral agreements within and outside the region for assistance. The fundamental problem was that because of an effort to appease the US and the IMF and the use of the IMF as a foil against the dominance of a regional power like Japan, the regional arrangement was not a real alternative to traditional sources of balance of payments support. In particular, access to significant financial assistance under the arrangement required a country to be supported first by an IMF program and be subject to the IMF’s conditions and surveillance. The failure of the multilateral effort meant that a specifically Asian safety net independent of the US and the IMF had to be one constructed by a regional power involving support for a network of bilateral agreements. Japan was the first regional power to seek to build such a network through it post-1997 Miyazawa Initiative. But its own complex relationship with the US meant that its intervention could not be sustained, more so because of the crisis that engulfed Japan in 1990. But the prospect of regional independence in crisis resolution has revived with the rise of China as a regional and global power. This time both economics and China’s independence from the US seem to improve prospects of successful regional cooperation to address financial vulnerability. A history of tensions between China and its neighbours and the fear of Chinese dominance may yet lead to one more failure. But, as of now, the Belt and Road Initiative, China’s support for a large number of bilateral swap arrangements and its participation in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership seem to suggest that Asian countries may finally come into their own.