Journal articles: 'Benevolent Sexism'

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Jones, Kristen, Kathy Stewart, Eden King, Whitney Botsford Morgan, Veronica Gilrane, and Kimberly Hylton. "Negative consequence of benevolent sexism on efficacy and performance." Gender in Management: An International Journal 29, no. 3 (April 29, 2014): 171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-07-2013-0086.

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Purpose – Previous research demonstrates the damaging effects of hostile sexism enacted towards women in the workplace. However, there is less research on the consequences of benevolent sexism: a subjectively positive form of discrimination. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing from ambivalent sexism theory, the authors first utilized an experimental methodology in which benevolent and hostile sexism were interpersonally enacted toward both male and female participants. Findings – Results suggested that benevolent sexism negatively impacted participants' self-efficacy in mixed-sex interactions. Extending these findings, the results of a second field study clarify self-efficacy as a mediating mechanism in the relationship between benevolent sexism and workplace performance. Originality/value – Finally, benevolent sexism contributed incremental prediction of performance above and beyond incivility, further illustrating the detrimental consequences of benevolently sexist attitudes towards women in the workplace.

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Warren, Christopher R., Mona Zanhour, Mark Washburn, and Brianna Odom. "Helping or hurting? Effects of sexism and likeability on third party perceptions of women." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 48, no. 10 (October 7, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.9315.

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Hostile and benevolent sexism continue to have adverse impacts on opportunities for advancement of women in organizations. In this study we examined the relationship between observer assessments and male interviewer sexism, emphasizing sexism's impact on perceptions of female candidates' hireability and competence. The sample included 266 male and female participants randomized as observers across interview scenarios. Scenario conditions varied between hostile, benevolent, and neutral interviewers, but the female candidate remained neutral. We found that benevolent sexism implies a positive outcome of enhanced observer perception of hireability with little stigma associated with the female candidate's competence, whereas hostile sexism had an overall negative effect, which was offset by observer impressions of likeability of the female job candidate who maintained a neutral composure. Our study findings suggest that observers' perceptions of sexism, benevolence, and a woman candidate's likeability differ and may change with experience. Perception of likeability, in particular, may provide a positive relational strategy for mitigating the effect of benevolent sexism without the tradeoff of perceived diminished competence.

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Greenwood, Dara, and Linda M. Isbell. "Ambivalent Sexism and the Dumb Blonde: Men's and Women's Reactions to Sexist Jokes." Psychology of Women Quarterly 26, no. 4 (December 2002): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.t01-2-00073.

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This article examines the relationship between gender, hostile sexism, benevolent sexism and reactions to a seemingly innocuous genre of sexist humor, the dumb blonde joke. After hearing an audiotaped conversation in which two students swapped dumb blonde jokes, participants high in hostile sexism rated the jokes as more amusing and less offensive than those low in hostile sexism. Among individuals low in hostile sexism, however, benevolent sexism interacted with gender. Specifically, men high in benevolent sexism found the jokes significantly more amusing and less offensive than either women in the same group or men low in both hostile and benevolent sexism. This study replicates and extends previous research examining the relationship between hostile sexism and the enjoyment of sexist humor, and underscores the possibility that benevolent sexism may represent qualitatively distinct attitudes for men and women.

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Glick, Peter, and Susan T. Fiske. "Hostile and Benevolent Sexism." Psychology of Women Quarterly 21, no. 1 (March 1997): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00104.x.

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A theory of sexism as ambivalence, not just hostility, toward women is presented. Ambivalent Sexism Theory distinguishes between hostile and “ benevolent” sexism (each addresses issues of power, gender differentiation, and sexuality). Benevolent sexism encompasses subjectively positive (for the sexist) attitudes toward women in traditional roles: protective paternalism, idealization of women, and desire for intimate relations. Hostile sexism encompasses the negative equivalents on each dimension: dominative paternalism, derogatory beliefs, and heterosexual hostility. Both forms of sexism serve to justify and maintain patriarchy and traditional gender roles. The validity of a measure of these constructs, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), is reviewed. Comparisons are offered between the ASI and other measures of sexist attitudes (e.g., the AWS), with suggestions for the proper domains of different scales.

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Hammond, Matthew D., and Nickola C. Overall. "Dynamics Within Intimate Relationships and the Causes, Consequences, and Functions of Sexist Attitudes." Current Directions in Psychological Science 26, no. 2 (April 2017): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721416686213.

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Ambivalent sexism theory (Glick & Fiske, 1996) revolutionized understanding of sexist attitudes by revealing how attitudes expressing that women are incompetent and seek power over men (hostile sexism) are accompanied by more benevolent attitudes expressing that men are fulfilled by cherishing and protecting women (benevolent sexism). In the current article, we demonstrate how recent research examining intimate relationship dynamics has advanced understanding of the causes, consequences, and functions of sexist attitudes. Men’s hostile sexism is associated with aggressive perceptions and behaviors within intimate relationships that impede the fulfillment of fundamental relational needs. Benevolent sexism functions to counterbalance these costs by facilitating caring relationship behavior that enhances men’s influence and satisfaction in relationships. The relationship security that benevolent sexism promises to women is also a key reason why women endorse benevolent sexism. Yet men’s and women’s endorsement of benevolent sexism has benefits for men, such as greater relationship-oriented support of men’s goals, but imposes costs for women, such as by promoting dependence-oriented support that undermines women’s competence. Moreover, the relationship investment that benevolent sexism fosters in women makes women more vulnerable to dissatisfaction when relationship problems arise. These dynamics demonstrate how seemingly positive outcomes in intimate relationships may be a barrier to gender equality.

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Hammond, Matthew D., Petar Milojev, Yanshu Huang, and Chris G. Sibley. "Benevolent Sexism and Hostile Sexism Across the Ages." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 7 (August 31, 2017): 863–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617727588.

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Ambivalent sexism theory states that prejudice toward women comprises two interrelated ideologies. Endorsement of hostile sexism—aggressive and competitive attitudes toward women—is linked with endorsement of benevolent sexism—paternalistic and patronizing attitudes toward women. We conduct the first systematic tests of how endorsement of sexism differs across age and across time, using six waves of a nationally representative panel sample of New Zealand adults ( N = 10,398). Results indicated U-shaped trajectories for men’s endorsement of hostile sexism, women’s hostile sexism, and women’s benevolent sexism across the life span. However, over time, endorsement of these sexist attitudes tended to decrease for most ages. In contrast, men’s benevolent sexism followed a positive linear trajectory across age and tended not to change over time. These results provide novel evidence of how ambivalent sexism differs across age and highlight that benevolent sexism is particularly tenacious.

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King, Eden B., Whitney Botsford, Michelle R. Hebl, Stephanie Kazama, Jeremy F. Dawson, and Andrew Perkins. "Benevolent Sexism at Work." Journal of Management 38, no. 6 (April 2010): 1835–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206310365902.

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Ramos, Miguel, Manuela Barreto, Naomi Ellemers, Miguel Moya, and Lúcia Ferreira. "What hostile and benevolent sexism communicate about men’s and women’s warmth and competence." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 21, no. 1 (July 19, 2016): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430216656921.

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Ambivalent sexism theory (Glick & Fiske, 1996) distinguishes between two interrelated forms of sexism: Hostile and benevolent. Although this theory motivated a large body of work examining how endorsement of these views impacts on social interactions and women’s performance, no research has yet examined what these forms of sexism are seen to communicate about men and women. We report three studies examining the image that benevolent and hostile sexist messages are seen to describe (Studies 1 and 2) and prescribe for men and women (Study 3). Results show that both benevolent and hostile sexism were seen to convey that women are and should be less competent than men. Additionally, benevolent sexism was seen as describing and prescribing women to be warmer than did hostile sexism. Across all studies men and women agreed about what the messages communicate about men and women. We discuss the implications of these results for the understanding of how stereotypical beliefs are perpetuated.

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Becker, Julia C., and Janet K. Swim. "Reducing Endorsement of Benevolent and Modern Sexist Beliefs." Social Psychology 43, no. 3 (April 1, 2012): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000091.

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In two experiments, the present research identifies basic mechanisms for reducing endorsement of benevolent and modern sexist beliefs. Responses to attitudinal measures and a collective action measure on policy beliefs in Study 1 (N = 164) as well as to dating profiles in Study 1 and Study 2 (N = 159) support the hypothesis that endorsement of benevolent sexist beliefs can be reduced by providing information about its harmful consequences. Moreover, women and men become more aware of the full scope of gender discrimination and reduce their endorsement of modern sexist beliefs when they are provided with information about the harmful nature and pervasiveness of benevolent sexism. Theoretical implications regarding the linkage between benevolent and modern sexist beliefs and practical implications for reducing sexism are discussed.

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Fasanelli, Roberto, Ida Galli, Maria Gabriella Grassia, Marina Marino, Rosanna Cataldo, Carlo Natale Lauro, Chiara Castiello, Filomena Grassia, Caterina Arcidiacono, and Fortuna Procentese. "The Use of Partial Least Squares–Path Modelling to Understand the Impact of Ambivalent Sexism on Violence-Justification among Adolescents." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 10, 2020): 4991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144991.

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Gender violence is generally conceived as a phenomenon concerning only adults. Nonetheless, it is also perpetrated within teenagers’ relationships, as many empirical studies have shown. We therefore have focused our attention on a non-probabilistic sample consisting of 400 adolescents living in Naples (Italy), to study the association between sexism and the justification of violent attitudes. Generally, sexism is recognised as a discriminatory attitude towards people, based on their biological sex. However, it is conventional to talk about sexism as a prejudice against women. The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) for adolescents was used to evaluate the two dimensions of ambivalent sexism, i.e., hostile sexism (HS) and benevolent sexism (BS). Moreover, the questionnaire regarding attitudes towards diversity and violence (CADV) was administered to assess participants’ attitudes towards violence. A Partial Least Square–Second Order Path Model reveals that girls’ ambivalent sexism is affected more by benevolent sexism than hostile sexism. On the contrary, among boys, hostile sexism has a higher impact. Finally, benevolent sexist girls justify domestic violence more than boys do.

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Deak, Chris K., Matthew D. Hammond, Chris G. Sibley, and Joseph Bulbulia. "Individuals’ number of children is associated with benevolent sexism." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): e0252194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252194.

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Is having children related to benevolent sexism? Two theoretical accounts—benevolent sexism as role justification and benevolent sexism as a mating strategy—suggest the possibility of a positive and bidirectional association. Gender disparities in childrearing could prompt inequality-justifying endorsement of benevolent sexism and/or endorsing benevolent sexism could promote traditional gender roles that facilitate having more children. We assessed the bidirectional associations between individuals’ number of children and their endorsement of benevolent sexism over a two-year period in a large national panel sample of New Zealanders (N = 6,017). Zero-inflated structural equation modeling indicated that having a greater number of children was associated with stronger endorsement of benevolent sexism two years later, but no evidence emerged for the reverse direction. This study illustrated ways to tentatively test predictions of theoretical accounts on sexism and identified new, though small, evidence for the role justification perspective.

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Hammond, Matthew D., Nickola C. Overall, and Emily J. Cross. "Internalizing sexism within close relationships: Perceptions of intimate partners’ benevolent sexism promote women’s endorsement of benevolent sexism." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 110, no. 2 (2016): 214–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000043.

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Navas, María Patricia, Lorena Maneiro, Olalla Cutrín, Jose Antonio Gómez-Fraguela, and Jorge Sobral. "Associations between Dark Triad and Ambivalent Sexism: Sex Differences among Adolescents." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 23, 2020): 7754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217754.

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The Dark Triad traits (DT; Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism) have been repeatedly labeled as a constellation of traits that are characterized by a dishonest and self-focused approach to interpersonal relations. Personality psychologists suggest that these traits make some people more susceptible than others to intergroup bias, threat, and aggression. Thus, in order to delve into a psychological profile prone to accepting and justifying sexist attitudes, the aims of the current study were to analyze the presence of DT and sexist attitudes in a sample of 367 adolescents (Mage = 15.12, SD = 0.88; 50.1% males), find out the relationships that DT has with both hostile and benevolent sexism, and analyze the relevant differences between sexes in these relationships. The results indicated higher scores in DT and Ambivalent sexism for males. The correlations of Machiavellianism with psychopathy, and psychopathy with narcissism revealed significantly higher associations in males than females. The structural equation modeling of the bifactorial model, characterized by a global latent factor that encompasses the common characteristics of DT—along with the three specific factors of Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism—showed that the global latent factor of DT was related to both hostile and benevolent sexism in males and females. Singularly, narcissism was related to benevolent sexism in males, and psychopathy was related to hostile sexism in females. Finally, this research discusses the implications of these results on the implementation of positive models of interpersonal relationships in adolescence towards dating violence prevention.

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Stedham, Yvonne, and Alice Wieland. "Culture, benevolent and hostile sexism, and entrepreneurial intentions." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 23, no. 4 (December 6, 2017): 673–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-03-2016-0095.

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Purpose In this study, the authors relate cultural masculinity to individual level sexist beliefs (hostile and benevolent sexism) and gendered entrepreneurial stereotypes. The purpose of this paper is to explore whether hostile and benevolent sexism affect entrepreneurial intentions and whether this relationship is mediated by gendered entrepreneurial stereotypes. Design/methodology/approach The proposed relationships are explored using a sample of 192 participants from the USA and India with varying interest in starting a business. An online survey instrument was used to collect the data. Regression and mediation analyses were used to analyze the data. Findings The authors find that both hostile and benevolent sexism are positively related to entrepreneurial intentions of both men and women. However, only benevolent sexism is related to both the masculine and feminine gender traits ascribed to entrepreneurs. Interestingly, the authors find support that hostile sexism is actually positively related to feminine traits ascribed to entrepreneurs, albeit with a small effect size. The authors do not find any support that these results vary by participant gender; the findings are implicated for both men and women alike. The authors find that for both hostile and benevolent sexism only the feminine traits perceived as stereotypic of entrepreneurs partly mediate their relationship on entrepreneurial intentions. Research limitations/implications The survey consists of cross-sectional, self-report data, and therefore the authors cannot conclusively infer causality. The direction of relationships found is of theoretical value. Only two countries are included in the sample limiting generalizability to other countries. Most of the participants in the sample reported some interest or experience in nascent entrepreneurial activities, which may limit the generalizability of findings to those without any prior interest or experience as a nascent entrepreneur. Originality/value The relationship between ambivalent sexism (both hostile and benevolent sexism) and both entrepreneurial intentions, and the gendered traits ascribed to entrepreneurs, has not yet been explored before this work. Using the lens of cultural masculinity, we present a theoretical model of how hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes facilitate or inhibit entrepreneurship via how entrepreneurs are perceived. This is the first study we know of which explores the relationship between Ambivalent Sexism and the gender attributes ascribed to entrepreneurs, and how these gendered entrepreneurial stereotypes in turn are related to entrepreneurial intentions.

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Morinaga, Yasuko, Kiriko Sakata, Yoko Kitakaji, Machiko Oike, and Kodai Fukudome. "Benevolent Sexism Scale for Japanese." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 82 (September 25, 2018): 1AM—140–1AM—140. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.82.0_1am-140.

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Connelly, Kathleen, and Martin Heesacker. "Why Is Benevolent Sexism Appealing?" Psychology of Women Quarterly 36, no. 4 (August 17, 2012): 432–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684312456369.

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Chen, Philip, and Christina Farhart. "Gender, Benevolent Sexism, and Public Health Compliance." Politics & Gender 16, no. 4 (December 2020): 1036–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x20000495.

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AbstractGrowing research shows a correlation between gender, benevolent sexism, partisanship, and COVID-19 public health compliance. We show first that women are more likely than men to engage in protective behaviors to slow the spread of COVID-19. We also find that while Republicans and Independents are less likely to comply with these measures, benevolent sexism moderates the effect of partisanship and can increase compliance. These results suggest that framing public health directives in terms of chivalry and protection activates benevolent sexism, potentially offsetting patterns of noncompliance associated with partisanship. We discuss the negative consequences of these results and posit a need for bipartisan messages to reduce reliance on benevolent sexism in the future.

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Goh, Jin X., Aria Rad, and Judith A. Hall. "Bias and accuracy in judging sexism in mixed-gender social interactions." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 20, no. 6 (March 23, 2016): 850–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430216638530.

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This research examined bias and accuracy in judging hostile and benevolent sexism during mixed-gender interactions. Bias is defined as underestimation or overestimation of a partner’s sexism. Accuracy is defined as covariation in two different ways, as (a) the strength of the association between a dyad member’s judgment and their partner’s sexism, across dyads, and (b) the ability to differentiate sexism between multiple targets. In Studies 1 and 2, members of mixed-gender dyads rated their own and their partners’ benevolent and hostile sexism. Overall, there was no covariation, across dyads, between perceptions and the partner’s self-reported sexism. However, women overestimated men’s hostile sexism; there was no evidence of biases for women judging men’s benevolent sexism. Men underestimated women’s hostile sexism and overestimated benevolent sexism. In Study 3, participants watched brief videos of male or female students (targets) from Study 1 and completed benevolent or hostile sexism items for each target as they thought the target would fill them out. Accuracy for detecting sexism across multiple targets (using sensitivity correlations) was significantly above chance for both forms of sexism. Male and female participants were more accurate at detecting hostile sexism in male targets than female targets. Participants were more accurate at detecting benevolent sexism of same-gender targets than opposite-gender targets. When judging targets of opposite gender, women’s judgments were significantly above chance for both forms of sexism, but men were not accurate for either forms of sexism. These studies suggest that there is bias and accuracy in first impression judgments of sexism.

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Glick, Peter, and Susan T. Fiske. "The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70, no. 3 (1996): 491–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491.

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Curun, Ferzan, Ebru Taysi, and Fatih Orcan. "Ambivalent sexism as a mediator for sex role orientation and gender stereotypes in romantic relationships: A study in Turkey." Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships 11, no. 1 (October 20, 2017): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v11i1.229.

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The present study examined the mediating effects of ambivalent sexism (hostile and benevolent) in the relationship between sex role orientation (masculinity and femininity) and gender stereotypes (dominance and assertiveness) in college students. The variables were measured using the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), and the Attitudes toward Gender Stereotypes in Romantic Relationships Scale (AGSRRS). These inventories were administered to 250 undergraduate students at Istanbul University in Istanbul and Suleyman Demirel University in Isparta, Turkey. Results indicate that benevolent sexism mediates the relationship between hostile sexism and male dominance. Benevolent sexism also mediates femininity and male dominance, as well as femininity and male assertiveness. Hostile sexism was mediated only between the masculine personality trait and benevolent sexism. The present findings expand the literature on sex role orientation by revealing evidence that masculine and feminine individuals experience ambivalent sexism distinctively. The results are discussed in terms of the assumptions of sex role orientation, ambivalent sexism, and gender stereotypes.

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LeMaire, Kelly L., Debra L. Oswald, and Brenda L. Russell. "Labeling Sexual Victimization Experiences: The Role of Sexism, Rape Myth Acceptance, and Tolerance for Sexual Harassment." Violence and Victims 31, no. 2 (2016): 332–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00148.

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This study investigated whether attitudinal variables, such as benevolent and hostile sexism toward men and women, female rape myth acceptance, and tolerance of sexual harassment are related to women labeling their sexual assault experiences as rape. In a sample of 276 female college students, 71 (25.7%) reported at least one experience that met the operational definition of rape, although only 46.5% of those women labeled the experience “rape.” Benevolent sexism, tolerance of sexual harassment, and rape myth acceptance, but not hostile sexism, significantly predicted labeling of previous sexual assault experiences by the victims. Specifically, those with more benevolent sexist attitudes toward both men and women, greater rape myth acceptance, and more tolerant attitudes of sexual harassment were less likely to label their past sexual assault experience as rape. The results are discussed for their clinical and theoretical implications.

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Maitner, Angela T., and P. J. Henry. "Ambivalent sexism in the United Arab Emirates: Quantifying gender attitudes in a rapidly modernizing society." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 21, no. 5 (July 19, 2018): 831–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430217740433.

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The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has prioritized increasing equality between men and women. This research investigates whether equality initiatives are reflected in residents’ attitudes toward women. Five hundred eighty-four Arab participants completed measures of ambivalent sexism, religiosity, and political conservatism, and reported stereotypes about women. Results suggest that Arab participants score similarly on measures of hostile and benevolent sexism to participants from other countries high in economic and political gender inequality; and measures of hostility and benevolence correlate with social attitudes as they do elsewhere around the globe. However, unlike in other datasets exploring contexts of high gender inequality, Arab women score significantly lower on benevolent sexism than men. We explore these findings in light of political and legal policies that have different implications for women’s empowerment in the public and private spheres.

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Stermer, S. Paul, and Melissa Burkley. "SeX-Box: Exposure to sexist video games predicts benevolent sexism." Psychology of Popular Media Culture 4, no. 1 (January 2015): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028397.

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Lachance-Grzela, Mylène, Bingyu Liu, Andréanne Charbonneau, and Geneviève Bouchard. "Ambivalent sexism and relationship adjustment among young adult couples: An actor-partner interdependence model." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 38, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 2121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02654075211005549.

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This study examined the associations between ambivalent sexism (i.e., hostile and benevolent sexism) and relationship adjustment in young adult couples by testing an actor-partner interdependence model. The sample was composed of 219 cohabiting heterosexual Canadian couples. The findings suggest that ambivalent sexism plays a role in young adults’ perceptions of the quality of their romantic relationship, but gender differences exist. Women and men who more strongly endorsed hostile sexism tended to report lower relationship adjustment. Women’s hostile sexism was also negatively related to their partners’ relationship adjustment, whereas their benevolent sexism was positively related to their own and their partners’ relationship adjustment. For their part, men’s ambivalent sexism was unrelated to their partners’ relationship adjustment and their benevolent sexism was also unrelated to their own relationship adjustment. The results are discussed in light of the insidious consequences that can accompany ambivalent sexism. Even though hostile sexism functions to protect men’s societal advantages, it comes with costs to their romantic relationships. In contrast, despite the rewards benevolent sexism can bring on the relational level, its endorsement may hinder the attainment of gender equality by encouraging women to invest in their relationship at the expense of independent achievements.

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Overall, Nickola C., and Matthew D. Hammond. "How Intimate Relationships Contribute to Gender Inequality: Sexist Attitudes Encourage Women to Trade Off Career Success for Relationship Security." Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5, no. 1 (December 21, 2017): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732217745096.

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One reason gender inequality persists is because core needs in intimate relationships foster sexist attitudes. Benevolent sexism reveres women’s traditional caregiving roles and prescribes that men should cherish, protect, and provide for women. Benevolent sexism is appealing to both men and women because it promotes a gender role structure that promises intimacy and security within heterosexual relationships. However, benevolent sexism offers women relationship security at the expense of their career aspirations and accomplishments. The fundamental relationship motives that underpin this relationship-career trade-off for women present countervailing forces to policies designed to mitigate gender inequality. Thus, effective interventions must attend to the relationship processes that restrict women’s careers by valuing both career and relationship needs, promoting equity in career support and caregiving within intimate relationships, and providing early education to foster career and relationship goals that ensure both women and men thrive in both domains.

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Hideg, Ivona, and Winny Shen. "Why Still so Few? A Theoretical Model of the Role of Benevolent Sexism and Career Support in the Continued Underrepresentation of Women in Leadership Positions." Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 26, no. 3 (May 13, 2019): 287–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1548051819849006.

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We advance our understanding of women’s continued underrepresentation in leadership positions by highlighting the subtle, but damaging, role benevolent sexism, a covert and socially accepted form of sexism, plays in this process. Drawing on and integrating previously disparate literatures on benevolent sexism and social support, we develop a new theoretical model in which benevolent sexism of both women and those in their social networks (i.e., managers and intimate partners) affect women’s acquisition of career social support for advancement at two levels, interpersonal and intrapersonal, and across multiple domains, work and family. At the interpersonal level, we suggest that managers’ and intimate partners’ benevolent sexism may undermine their provision of the needed career support to advance in leadership positions for women. At the intrapersonal level, we suggest that women’s personal endorsement of benevolent sexism may undermine their ability to recognize and willingness to seek out career support from their family members (i.e., intimate partners) and managers for advancement to leadership positions. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.

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Russell, Brenda L., and Debra Oswald. "When Sexism Cuts Both Ways." Men and Masculinities 19, no. 5 (July 26, 2016): 524–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x15602745.

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This study explored whether tolerance of sexual harassment of men (TSHM) is driven by a common set of sexist ideologies typically found to be related to tolerance of sexual harassment of women. University students ( N = 433) completed a modified version of the Sexual Harassment Attitude Scale (SHAS) designed to measure TSHM. Predictor variables included sexual harassment myths about women, modern sexism, hostile, and benevolent sexism toward men and women and participant gender. A factor analysis of the measure revealed two reliable factors (sexual harassment as flirtation and minimization of victimization). With the exception of benevolence toward women, men scored higher on all measures of sexism and TSHM, yet correlational patterns showed a similar trend among men and women, suggesting a shared ideological belief that justifies TSHM. Despite differences in participant sex on most measures, participant sex was not a significant moderating variable in regression analyses when examining factors relating to TSHM. These results provide support that tolerance of sexual harassment is driven by a common set of sexist attitudes.

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Lee,Mi-Na. "Highschool Students' Benevolent Sexism and Chivalry." Theory and Research in Citizenship Education 49, no. 4 (December 2017): 117–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35557/trce.49.4.201712.006.

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Klein, Alice. "Why ‘benevolent sexism’ can be attractive." New Scientist 239, no. 3187 (July 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(18)31277-6.

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Dardenne, Benoit, Muriel Dumont, Marie Sarlet, Christophe Phillips, Evelyne Balteau, Christian Degueldre, André Luxen, Eric Salmon, Pierre Maquet, and Fabienne Collette. "Benevolent sexism alters executive brain responses." NeuroReport 24, no. 10 (July 2013): 572–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e3283625b5b.

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Roets, Arne, Alain Van Hiel, and Kristof Dhont. "Is Sexism a Gender Issue? A Motivated Social Cognition Perspective on Men's and Women's Sexist Attitudes toward Own and Other Gender." European Journal of Personality 26, no. 3 (May 2012): 350–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.843.

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The present research investigated the antecedents of ambivalent sexism (i.e., hostile and benevolent forms) in both men and women toward own and other gender. In two heterogeneous adult samples (Study 1: N = 179 and Study 2: N = 222), it was revealed that gender itself was only a minor predictor of sexist attitudes compared with the substantial impact of individual differences in general motivated cognition (i.e., need for closure). Analyses further showed that the relationship between need for closure and sexism was mediated by social attitudes (i.e., right–wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation), which were differently related to benevolent and hostile forms of sexism. In the discussion, it is argued that sexism primarily stems from individual differences in motivated cognitive style, which relates to peoples‘ perspective on the social world, rather than from group differences between men and women. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Sánchez-Jiménez, Virginia, and Noelia Muñoz-Fernández. "When Are Sexist Attitudes Risk Factors for Dating Aggression? The Role of Moral Disengagement in Spanish Adolescents." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 1947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041947.

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This research aimed to explore the interplay of sexism and moral disengagement (MD) in the explanation of psychological and physical dating aggression. The sample comprised 1113 Spanish adolescents (49.2% girls, n = 552) between the ages of 12 to 17 (M = 14.44). A latent profile analysis conducted with sub-sample of 432 adolescents with sentimental experience identified four configurations: (1) benevolent; (2) less disengaged and sexist; (3) highly disengaged and sexist; and (4) moderately disengaged and sexist. Regarding gender and age, boys were more present than girls in the moderately disengaged and sexist group, as well as in the highly disengaged and sexist profile. The highly disengaged and sexist and benevolent groups were the youngest. Regarding dating aggression, the highly disengaged and sexist group had the highest engagement in physical and psychological aggression. However, the others three profiles showed a similar engagement in aggression. These findings confirmed the moderating role of MD on the relationship between sexism and dating aggression and suggested that the association between MD, sexism, and dating aggression was exponential; that is, the risk appeared when adolescents were extremely hostile and disengaged. The results have implications for the design of tailored dating aggression prevention programmes.

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Cross, Emily J., and Nickola C. Overall. "Women's attraction to benevolent sexism: Needing relationship security predicts greater attraction to men who endorse benevolent sexism." European Journal of Social Psychology 48, no. 3 (October 5, 2017): 336–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2334.

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Sarrasin, Oriane, Ute Gabriel, and Pascal Gygax. "Sexism and Attitudes Toward Gender-Neutral Language." Swiss Journal of Psychology 71, no. 3 (January 2012): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000078.

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We examined the relationships between three forms of sexism (modern, benevolent, and hostile) and two components of attitudes toward gender-neutral language (attitudes toward gender-related language reforms and recognition of sexist language) across different contexts. A questionnaire study (N = 446) was conducted among students in the United Kingdom and in two (French- and German-speaking) regions of Switzerland. While we expected to find that all forms of sexism are generally related to negative attitudes toward gender-neutral language, we expected attitudes to be more positive and less related to sexist beliefs in a context in which gender-neutral language is firmly established (the UK) compared to contexts in which the use of gender-neutral language was introduced only recently (the German-speaking part of Switzerland) or is still seldom (the French-speaking part of Switzerland). We found that, across all contexts, modern and hostile sexist beliefs were indeed related to negative attitudes toward gender-related language reforms, while, intriguingly, benevolent sexist beliefs were related to positive attitudes in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Recognition of sexist language was significantly related to modern sexism only. Finally, British students were found to express more positive attitudes toward gender-neutral language (both components) than Swiss students.

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Fernández, María Lameiras, Yolanda Rodríguez Castro, and Manuel González Lorenzo. "Evolution of hostile sexism and benevolent sexism in a spanish sample." Social Indicators Research 66, no. 3 (May 2004): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:soci.0000003553.30419.f1.

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Esteban Ramiro, Beatriz, and Patricia Fernández Montaño. "¿Actitudes sexistas en jóvenes?: Exploración del sexismo ambivalente y neosexismo en población universitaria = Young people have sexist attitudes?: Exploration of ambivalent sexism and neosexism in University students." FEMERIS: Revista Multidisciplinar de Estudios de Género 2, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/femeris.2017.3762.

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Resumen. El presente artículo pretende poner de manifiesto la necesidad de seguir abriendo nuevos enfoques, desde diferentes perspectivas interdisciplinares, en el análisis del sexismo en España. Se ofrece una aproximación a las actitudes sexistas y neosexistas de una franja poblacional sobre la que a priori, se tiende a pensar libre de sexismo (entendido de forma “tradicional”). Se expone un estudio sobre las representaciones del sexismo en jóvenes universitarios/as a través de una muestra (N 420) de estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de una universidad española (Universidad de Castilla La Mancha). Siguiendo la línea teórica definida por Glick y Fiske (1996) conocida como la Teoría del Sexismo Ambivalente, integrada por los componentes de sexismo benevolente y sexismo hostil y complementándola con los preceptos teóricos del Neosexismo propuestos por Tougas, Brown, Beaton y Joly (1995), se utilizaron las versiones en castellano de las escalas propuestas por estos autores. Los resultados evidencian la presencia de actitudes sexistas enmascaradas con diferencias en las informaciones vertidas según sexo y estudios en curso que ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de continuar trabajando en el análisis, comprensión y prevención de las actitudes sexistas de las nuevas generaciones, así como de desarrollar investigaciones interdisciplinares que aborden esta cuestión de manera integral y ofrezcan enfoques adaptados a las nuevas expresiones que de forma general son más sutiles y difíciles de percibir.Palabras clave: sexismo ambivalente, población universitaria, neosexismo, desigualdad de género.Abstract. This paper examines expressions of sexism in youth based on an exploratory study conducted among students (N420) of the Faculty of Social Sciences of a Spanish university (Castilla La Mancha University). The authors developed Spanish rating scales based on the theoretical viewpoint defined by Glick and Fiske (1996), known as the ambivalent sexism theory, comprising the components of benevolent sexism and hostile sexism and complementing it with the neosexism precepts proposed by Tougas, Brown, Beaton and Joly (1995). The results show the need to continue working on the analysis, understanding and prevention of sexist attitudes of the younger generation and to develop interdisciplinary research to address this issue comprehensively and provide tailored approaches to new expressions of sexism, which in general, are more subtle and difficult to perceive.Keywords: ambivalent Sexism, students, neosexism, gender inequality.

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Amandasari, Daniar Bella, and Margaretha Margaretha. "Ambivalent Sexism, Attribution of Blame to the Victim and Perceptions about Victims of Violence in Relationships." ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal 34, no. 3 (April 25, 2019): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v34i3.2301.

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Female relationship violence (RV) victims often do not get help and are seen as in a negative light, even being subjected to victim-blaming, because they are triggered by sexism. Sexism, as a traditional gender perspective, puts more emphasis on the position of women; and now has an ambivalent quality, with the emergence of two forms of sexism, namely: hostile sexism (the viewing of women in a negative way, and as incompetent) and benevolent sexism (women are being considered to be weak, and so they need protection). This study aims to determine the effects of ambivalent sexism, and attributions of blame to the victims, for the perception of RV victims. The survey, conducted with on 299 students, from four high-schools in Sidoarjo, East Java, for measuring ambivalent sexism, with the Extended Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (EASI), and; the Domestic Violence Blame Scale (DVBS) to measure the attribution of blame to the victim. The perception of RV victims was measured by using a vignette which contained photos and stories about a female RV victim. Regression analysis found that benevolent sexism had a positive effect on the perceptions of victims (β = 0.19, p < .05). Individuals demonstrating high benevolent sexism will tend to view KDP RV victims as traditional women.

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Fischer, Ann R. "Women's Benevolent Sexism as Reaction to Hostility." Psychology of Women Quarterly 30, no. 4 (December 2006): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00316.x.

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Lamarche, Veronica M., Mark D. Seery, Cheryl L. Kondrak, Thomas L. Saltsman, and Lindsey Streamer. "Clever girl: Benevolent sexism and cardiovascular threat." Biological Psychology 149 (January 2020): 107781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107781.

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Sibley, Chris G., and Ryan Perry. "An Opposing Process Model of Benevolent Sexism." Sex Roles 62, no. 7-8 (October 11, 2009): 438–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9705-6.

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Manoussaki, Kallia, and Valentina Gosetti. "Blame is in the eye of the beholder: Assessing the Role of Ambivalent Sexism on Subtle Rape Myth Acceptance." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 284–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.82.9669.

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The aim of the present study was to determine whether ambivalent sexism predicts subtle rape myth acceptance. Respondents comprised of 211 university students, who completed the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (Glick & Fiske, 1996) and the updated version of the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance scale (McMahon & Farmer, 2011). Results indicated that while benevolent sexism significantly predicted acceptance of subtle rape myths, hostile sexism did not. Additionally, male participants reported more ambivalent sexism and subtle rape myth acceptance than females. These findings add to the literature investigating gender inequality and rape mythology by giving a first account on the link between subtle rape myths and ambivalent sexist attitudes.

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Swim, Janet K., Robyn Mallett, Yvonne Russo-Devosa, and Charles Stangor. "Judgments of Sexism: A Comparison of the Subtlety of Sexism Measures and Sources of Variability in Judgments of Sexism." Psychology of Women Quarterly 29, no. 4 (December 2005): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00240.x.

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We compared the subtlety of four measures of sexism and sources of variation in male and female psychology students' judgments that beliefs from these scales and everyday behaviors were sexist. Participants judged traditional gender role and hostile sexist beliefs as more sexist than benevolent and modern sexist beliefs, indicating the latter were more subtle measures of sexism. Participants also judged traditional gender role behaviors as more sexist than unwanted sexual attention, suggesting the latter may less readily be identified as sexist. Variation in judgments of beliefs as sexist was related to differences in likelihood of endorsing such beliefs. This relation fully accounted for the tendency for men to be less likely to judge beliefs as sexist in comparison to women. Endorsement of Modern and Hostile Sexist beliefs was related to judgments of behaviors as sexist. The implications of the results for scale usage and identifying sexist behavior are discussed.

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Ayan, Sezer. "Sexism: Ambivalence toward men." International Journal of Human Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 11, 2016): 1452. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3636.

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Objective. The objective of the study is to test the Ambivalence toward Men Inventory (AMI) that is developed for the purpose of estimating the ambivalence of women towards men on the basis of Ambivalent Sexism.Method. The sample consists of 421 university students. A survey questionnaire was used in the research in order to determine the socio-demographic properties of the participants, and AMI was used in order to measure their social sexism tendencies.Findings. The general average of AMI is 4,22; and it was seen that men and women have ambivalence above the average towards each other. By gender, there is a significant difference between hostile attitudes towards men (HM) (t(421)=-15,33 p<0,05), and benevolent attitudes towards men (BM) (t(421)=-5,18 p<0,05). Sub-factor correlations showed that there is a significant relationship between HM and BM. In contrast with women, encountering a significant relationship between only maternity and compensatory gender differentiation in men showed that women’s domestic responsibilities and maturity are determinative in the development of benevolent behaviours in men towards women.Discussion. The positive relationship observed between HM and BM in AMI shows that women participants resist the male-dominant system on the one hand, while they also have the tendency to justify and support this system.

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Forbes, Gordon B., Rebecca L. Jobe, Kay B. White, and Raynette M. Richardson. "Perceptions of the Jackson-Timberlake Super Bowl Incident: Role of Sexism and Erotophobia." Psychological Reports 96, no. 3 (June 2005): 730–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.3.730-732.

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201 college women's and 179 men's impressions of the Jackson-Timberlake Super Bowl incident were related to measures of benevolent sexism, hostile sexism, and erotophobia. For both women and men high benevolent sexism was correlated (.17–.24) to perceptions that the incident was degrading and that agents (e.g., MTV, NFL, Hollywood) other than the actors were responsible for the incident, whereas high erotophobia was correlated (.29–.39) to perceptions that the incident was degrading, attributable to others, and personally upsetting.

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Jones, Calvert W., Jocelyn Sage Mitchell, and Justin D. Martin. "Ambivalent Sexism? Shifting Patterns of Gender Bias in Five Arab Countries." International Studies Quarterly 65, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqab007.

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Abstract While institutional support is growing for women in leadership positions across the Arab world, little is known about how rising numbers of women in roles of authority and expertise are being perceived. We examine how general theories of gender bias fit new data from a survey experiment spanning nationally representative samples in five Arab countries. The experiment captured how citizens judge women who adopt the stereotypically masculine role of a “hard-news” journalist. Results challenge conventional wisdom about the prevalence of classic sexism—a generalized antipathy toward women consistent with traditional definitions of prejudice. Instead, we find considerable support for ambivalent sexism, a more nuanced theory positing pro-male (hostile) as well as pro-female (benevolent) biases both detrimental to gender equality and requiring distinctive strategies to address. Although tentative, the findings also make a theoretical contribution suggesting that modernization processes may reverse gender biases, replacing classic patriarchy with so-called benevolent sexism rather than true gender-egalitarianism. Si bien el apoyo institucional a las mujeres en puestos de liderazgo está creciendo en el mundo árabe, poco se conoce acerca de cómo se perciben los números crecientes de mujeres en posiciones de autoridad y experiencia. Examinamos la manera en que las teorías generales de prejuicios de género se adaptan a los nuevos datos de una encuesta que abarca muestras representativas a nivel nacional en cinco países árabes. El experimento captó cómo los ciudadanos juzgan a las mujeres que adoptan el rol estereotípicamente masculino de periodistas de noticias duras. Los resultados desafían al conocimiento convencional acerca de la prevalencia del sexismo clásico, una antipatía generalizada hacia las mujeres que coincide con las definiciones tradicionales de prejuicio. En cambio, encontramos un apoyo considerable al sexismo ambivalente, una teoría más matizada que supone que los sesgos tanto en favor de los valores (hostiles) como en favor de las mujeres (benevolentes) son perjudiciales para la igualdad de género y requieren estrategias distintivas que abordar. A pesar de ser tentativos, los descubrimientos también hacen una contribución teórica que sugiere que los procesos de modernización pueden revertir los prejuicios de género, reemplazando el patriarcado clásico por el sexismo denominado “benevolente” en lugar de un verdadero igualitarismo de género. Bien que les institutions soutiennent de plus en plus les femmes pour qu'elles occupent des postes de direction dans le monde arabe, nous ne savons que peu de choses sur la manière dont les nombres croissants de femmes endossant des rôles de pouvoir et d'expertise sont perçus. Nous examinons la mesure dans laquelle les théories générales sur les préjugés de genre conviennent pour les nouvelles données d'une enquête expérimentale portant sur des échantillons nationalement représentatifs issus de cinq pays arabes. Cette enquête expérimentale a permis de saisir la manière dont les citoyens jugeaient les femmes adoptant un rôle stéréotypiquement masculin de journaliste traitant « d'informations sérieuses ». Les résultats remettent en question les idées reçues sur la prévalence du sexisme classique, une antipathie généralisée envers les femmes conforme aux définitions traditionnelles des préjugés. Au lieu de cela, nous avons constaté un soutien considérable d'un sexisme ambivalent, une théorie plus nuancée émettant le postulat que les partis pris pro-masculins (hostiles) ainsi que les partis pris pro-féminins (bienveillants) allaient tous deux au détriment de l’égalité des genres et qu'ils exigeaient des stratégies distinctives de traitement. Bien que ces résultats n'offrent qu'un début de réponse, ils apportent une contribution théorique suggérant que les processus de modernisation pouvaient inverser les préjugés de genre en remplaçant le patriarcat classique par un sexisme prétendument « bienveillant » plutôt que par un véritable égalitarisme des genres.

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Glick, Peter, Mariah Wilkerson, and Marshall Cuffe. "Masculine Identity, Ambivalent Sexism, and Attitudes Toward Gender Subtypes." Social Psychology 46, no. 4 (August 2015): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000228.

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Abstract. We investigated how men’s masculine identification and ambivalent sexism relate to evaluations of male and female subtypes. Masculine identification correlated with positive attitudes toward male and female types that conform to traditional gender norms (i.e., masculine men, feminine women), but negative attitudes toward feminine men. However, masculine identification was not associated with negative evaluations toward other nontraditional male (stay-at-home fathers, feminist men) or with nontraditional female (masculine women, career women, and feminist women) subtypes. By contrast, hostile sexism consistently predicted negative evaluations of nontraditional female and male types, whereas benevolent sexism predicted positive evaluations of traditional female types. We suggest that masculine identification generally promotes favoritism toward traditional male and (like benevolent sexism) traditional female subtypes, rather than (as hostile sexism does) derogation toward nontraditional subtypes.

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Chisango, Tadios, Thokozile Mayekiso, and Manuela Thomae. "The social nature of benevolent sexism and the antisocial nature of hostile sexism: Is benevolent sexism more likely to manifest in public contexts and hostile sexism in private contexts?" International Journal of Psychology 50, no. 5 (October 10, 2014): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12106.

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Ruiz, Alexander. "White Knighting: Exploring a Manifestation of Benevolent Sexism." Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, no. 1 (January 2016): 17044. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.17044abstract.

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Hopkins-Doyle, Aife, Robbie M. Sutton, Karen M. Douglas, and Rachel M. Calogero. "Flattering to deceive: Why people misunderstand benevolent sexism." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 116, no. 2 (February 2019): 167–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000135.

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Hammond, Matthew D., and Nickola C. Overall. "Benevolent Sexism and Support of Romantic Partner’s Goals." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 41, no. 9 (July 9, 2015): 1180–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167215593492.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Benevolent Sexism'

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