Journal articles: 'Bengal Famine'

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Brennan, Lance. "Government Famine Relief in Bengal, 1943." Journal of Asian Studies 47, no. 3 (1988): 541–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2056974.

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An estimated seven and a half million people died of starvation and related diseases in China, Vietnam, and India during the last half of the Second World War. This death toll reflected the severity with which the poor were affected by the combination of natural disaster, military imperative, political conflict, economic dislocation, and corruption that caused these famines. But famine mortality is also a function of the effectiveness of the relief system. The famines in China and, to a lesser extent, Vietnam, occurred in times of administrative disruption. During the Bengal famine of 1943, however, the central and provincial administrations were intact, if under strain, as the Japanese army tested the eastern defenses of India. Moreover, the Bengal government had recently revised the instructions for bringing relief to those affected by famine. The possibility of an ordered administrative response to the crisis means that the analysis of this operation provides an opportunity to make a contribution to the general understanding of famine relief.

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Shireen, Sardar. "Mapping Famine in Colonial India: Re-identifying the Great Bengal Famine (A Case Study)." postScriptum: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Literary Studies ISSN: 2456-7507 6, no. 1 (2021): 101–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4506972.

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As a boat moved across the Brahmaputra River from Bahadurabad, in 1943 October morning, a scientist who was assigned by the government of Bengal noticed heaps of dead bodies all along the river bed, from what seemed to have been an aftermath of a war. However, these dead bodies were not a result of any form of plunder but rather an aftereffect of a disastrous famine that hit Bengal in the summer of 1943, and ultimately caused the death of three million populations due to diseases and starvation. A relook at the Great Bengal famine allows one to trace one of the worst mismanaged famines in 20th century South Asia and how an environmental crisis was grossly linked to the economic and political crisis in Bengal. While, tracing the background of the Bengal Famine of 1943 most pertinently points out to the environmental crisis at its crux but a deeper analysis allows one to understand the a host of other components in consideration, albeit, the high prices of commodities, the role of land market, subsistence crisis, poor agrarian economy, negligent British policy and a host of other reason which this paper tends to study.

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Mukherjee, Janam. "Hunger Habitus: State, Society, and Starvation in Twentieth-Century Bengal." East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 8, no. 1 (2021): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/ewjus640.

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This article offers a brief summary of the complex factors leading to the famine in Bengal in the 1940s and discusses its longer-term impacts—the afterlife, so to speak—of famine. This episode of starvation claimed as many as five million lives in Bengal, and had long lasting social, political, and economic consequences. Several different paradigms emerged that impacted the socio-political landscape of Bengal in the midst of the famine. Famine studies often focus on causality and on peaks of starvation deaths. However, periods of mass starvation such as the famine in Bengal do not simply end when mass starvation ends. Rather, famine inscribes itself into a famine society in elaborate fashion, impacting post-famine societies in abiding ways for generations to come.

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GARNAUT, ANTHONY. "A Quantitative Description of the Henan Famine of 1942." Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 6 (2013): 2007–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000103.

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AbstractThe Henan famine of 1942 occurred during the middle of the Sino-Japanese war, in a province that was divided between Japanese, Nationalist and Communist political control. Partly due to this wartime context, existing accounts of the famine rely almost exclusively on eyewitness reports. This paper presents a range of statistical sources on the famine, including weather records, contemporary economic surveys and population censuses. These statistical sources allow similarities to be drawn between the Henan famine and other famines that occurred during the Second World War, such as in Bengal, when the combination of bad weather, war-induced disruptions to food markets, and the relegation of famine relief to the war effort, brought great hardship to civilians living near the war front.

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Klid, Bohdan. "Empire-Building, Imperial Policies, and Famine in Occupied Territories and Colonies." East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 8, no. 1 (2021): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/ewjus634.

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The introductory article to the special issue “Empire, Colonialism, and Famine in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries” begins by pointing to some recent literature on famine theory, where stress has been made on responses of authorities to famine and on the political nature of modern famines. Literature on the connection between imperial policies, colonial rule, and famines is also briefly discussed. The Soviet Union is treated as an empire in the essay, and some of the literature on this question is also surveyed. The article then offers summaries of and highlights from essays in this volume that resulted from papers presented at two conferences on the theme “Empires and Famines in Comparative Historical Perspective,” held in 2016 in Toronto and in 2017 in Kyiv. These include papers on famine and food policies during World War II in occupied Ukraine and Moldova. Essays on famines in Soviet Ukraine, British-ruled Ireland, and British-ruled Bengal, India, are summarized as well as an essay on Raphaël Lemkin’s views on genocide and famine and an essay that looked at minorities in Mao’s China during the 1958-62 famine. The essay concludes with the observation that the investigation of imperial policies, colonial rule, and famine should be pursued further, especially in the case of the Soviet Union where this line of research is just beginning.

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Bhattacharya, Sourit. "Writing Famine, Writing Empire: Food Crisis and Anticolonial Aesthetics in Liam O'Flaherty's Famine and Bhabani Bhattacharya's So Many Hungers!" Irish University Review 49, no. 1 (2019): 54–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/iur.2019.0380.

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In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the colonies controlled by the British, the Dutch, and other European countries witnessed a number of devastating famines. These famines did not solely arise for the ‘natural’ reasons of the shortage of rainfall or food availability problems, but were aggravated by the systemic imperialist exploitation of the world by these major European powers. Taking as its case study the two great famines in Ireland and India – the 1845–52 Irish Famine and the 1943–44 Bengal Famine – the essay offers a reading of Liam O'Flaherty's Famine (1937) and Bhabani Bhattacharya's So Many Hungers! (1947). It shows that these works – apart from registering the devastating impact of the famines on the colonial population – have pointed through their powerful uses of content, form, and style to the world-historical reasons of long-term agrarian crisis, political instability, tyranny of the landlord classes, inefficiency of the British Empire, and others as responsible for the famines.

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Weigold, Auriol. "Famine management: The Bengal famine (1942–1944) revisited." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 22, no. 1 (1999): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856409908723360.

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Damodaran, Vinita. "Famine in Bengal: A Comparison of the 1770 Famine in Bengal and the 1897 Famine in Chotanagpur." Medieval History Journal 10, no. 1-2 (2006): 143–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097194580701000206.

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9

Jungkow, Hira, and Herbert Anderson. "Reassessing the Bengal Famine of 1943." Economic Affairs 44, no. 1 (2024): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12619.

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AbstractThe Bengal famine of 1943 has received significant attention from academia, politicians and the public. This is the result both of its considerable death toll and the range of factors held responsible, including politicians. However, despite the quantity of discussion and controversy that it has generated, three areas have thus far been insufficiently addressed: the results of the Bengal Food Drive, the geographic link between famine and the ‘denial policy’, and the economic Balkanisation of India. This article addresses these areas to draw a more rounded conclusion on the debate around the famine.

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Sidorova, Svetlana. "FAMINES IN THE BRITISH INDIA IN 1860-1870-S : INACTION, OVERREGULATION AND MILD MEDIATION." Vostokovedenie i Afrikanistika, no. 2 (2021): 100–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rva/2021.02.07.

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In 1860-1870 s the British authorities in India tested various theoretical ideas and practical methods to prevent famines or minimize level of starvation and mortality: from total inaction in accordance with free-trade doctrine during Orissa famine (1866) and tough state regulation by means of organization of public works, large-scaled food procurement, market prices restrain during Bihar-Bengal famine (1873-1874) to a limited interference in the situation during Great famine (1876-1878). During this period, the British famine relief policy was notable for extremely inconsistency that could be referred to the incapacity of the colonial administration to suggest adequate solution of the crisis situations being unable to exceed the limits of predominated liberal economic doctrine of free market and laissez-faire. Moreover, in this period the Indian policy was excessively individualized and depended in a large degree on personal decisions of officials that led very often to contradictory steps from their side. Severe consequences of the famines, hot discussions in the public sphere, ruined careers and practical experience of these decades led to a formulation by the very beginning of 1880-s of more or less balanced famine policy that combined a range of indirect protective/preventive measures and a very restrained intrusion into market mechanisms.

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Panda, Ahona. "From fascism to famine: Complicity, conscience, and the narrative of ‘peasant passivity’ in Bengal, 1941–1945." Modern Asian Studies 57, no. 5 (2023): 1551–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x2200021x.

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AbstractBetween 1941 and 1945, the Second World War changed the physical and moral geographies of Bengal, an important base for the British government. In 1943, a man-made famine resulted in the death of about four million peasants. The Bengal Famine has been the subject of intense scrutiny in terms of establishing the moral culpability of the colonial government and its provincial collaborators. This article revisits the wartime period and the famine as a moment of historical and social transformation. By examining the Anti-Fascist Writers’ and Artists’ Association’s engagement with fascism, I argue that a new form of Bengali subjectivity emerged, one that recognized itself as part of a global collective, premised on its being forced to participate in the Second World War. I explore how this predicament led to reflection on the intellectual legacies of colonialism, including the promises of Enlightenment and the fraught universality of literature itself. By analysing selected works, I show how the Bengal Famine represented a moment of moral collapse that implicated both the imperial centres of power and the local colonial bourgeois class. A left-leaning intelligentsia had to struggle to find a language through which to express the inexpressible realities, local and global, of this genocide. What emerged was a tortured literature of complicity and conscience that decentred the peasantry. I argue that the historiographical problem of ‘peasant passivity’ is intrinsically tied to the literary and cultural production of the time, which made the peasant a symbol of social disintegration and moral transformation for the bourgeois middle class.

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Islam, Muhammad Saiful, and Tasnuva Habib Zisan. "Famine of 1943 in Bakarganj and British Colonial Policy." Studies in People's History 8, no. 2 (2021): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23484489211041149.

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In the vast literature of Bengal famine of 1943, it is hard to offer new insights about that vicious source of mass misery. Local history may mark a significant departure here, as it provides scope for an in-depth study of both the origin and course of the famine. Bakarganj was called the granary of Bengal, which used to supply rice to other regions even in the driest years due to its large production. But the famine of 1943 gravely affected this district. The present study shows how it was the colonial measures that played a vital role in intensifying the famine in Bakarganj. The government’s led to: hoarding of rice and serious shortage of food supply. The article concentrates on four aspects of the government failure: inappropriate warning system, callous purchase policy, lack of effective government inspection and a policy of disaster denial.

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Choudhury, S. D. "The Bengal Famine of 1943: Misfortune or Imperial Schema." Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 5 (2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2021.v01i05.002.

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Bengal famine resulted from food scarcity caused by large-scale exports of food from India for use in the war theatres and consumption in Britain. India exported more than 70,000 tonnes of rice between January and July 1943, even as the famine set in. This would have kept nearly 400,000 people alive for an entire year. Churchill turned down fervent pleas to export food to India, citing a shortage of ships-this when shiploads of Australian wheat, for example, would pass by India to be stored for future consumption in Europe. As imports dropped, prices shot up, and hoarders made a killing. Mr Churchill also pushed a scorched earth policy-which went by the sinister name of Denial Policy-in coastal Bengal, where the colonisers feared the Japanese would land. So, authorities removed boats (the region's lifeline), and the police destroyed and seized rice stocks. During the 1873-'74 famine, the Bengal lieutenant governor, Richard Temple, saved many lives by importing and distributing food. But the British government criticised him and dropped his policies during the drought of 1943, leading to countless fatalities.

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S, D. Choudhury. "The Bengal Famine of 1943: Misfortune or Imperial Schema." Bengal Famine of 1943: Misfortune or Imperial Schema 1, no. 5 (2021): 15–21. https://doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2021.v01i05.002.

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<em>Bengal famine resulted from food scarcity caused by large-scale exports of food from India for use in the war theatres and consumption in Britain. India exported more than 70,000 tonnes of rice between January and July 1943, even as the famine set in. This would have kept nearly 400,000 people alive for an entire year. Churchill turned down fervent pleas to export food to India, citing a shortage of ships - this when shiploads of Australian wheat, for example, would pass by India to be stored for future consumption in Europe. As imports dropped, prices shot up, and hoarders made a killing. Mr Churchill also pushed a scorched earth policy - which went by the sinister name of Denial Policy - in coastal Bengal, where the colonisers feared the Japanese would land. So, authorities removed boats (the region's lifeline), and the police destroyed and seized rice stocks. During the 1873-'74 famine, the Bengal lieutenant governor, Richard Temple, saved many lives by importing and distributing food. But the British government criticised him and dropped his policies during the drought of 1943, leading to countless fatalities.</em>

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15

SARKAR, ABHIJIT. "Fed by Famine: The Hindu Mahasabha's politics of religion, caste, and relief in response to the Great Bengal Famine, 1943–1944." Modern Asian Studies 54, no. 6 (2020): 2022–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x19000192.

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AbstractThis article demonstrates how the Great Bengal Famine of 1943–1944 and relief activism during it fed the politics of the Hindu right, a development that has not previously received much scholarly attention. Using hitherto unused primary sources, the article introduces a novel site to the study of communal politics, namely, the propagation of Hindu communalism through food distribution during a humanitarian crisis. It examines the caste and class bias in private relief and provides the first in-depth study of the multifaceted process whereby the Hindu Mahasabha used the famine for political purposes. The party portrayed Muslim food officials as ‘saboteurs’ in the food administration, alleged that the Muslim League government was ‘creating’ a new group of Muslim grain traders undermining the established Hindu traders, and publicized the government's failure to avert the famine to prove the economic ‘unviability’ of creating Pakistan. This article also explores counter-narratives, for example, that Hindu political leaders were deliberately impeding the food supply in the hope that starvation would compel Bengali Muslims to surrender their demand for Pakistan. The politics of religious conversion played out blatantly in famine-relief when the Mahasabha accused Muslim volunteers of converting starving Hindus to Islam in exchange for food, and demanded that Hindu and Muslim famine orphans should remain in Hindu and Muslim orphanages respectively. Finally, by dwelling on beef consumption by the army at the time of an acute shortage of dairy milk during the famine, the Mahasabha fanned communal tensions surrounding the orthodox Hindu taboo on cow slaughter.

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Guha, Abhijit. "A Forgotten Book by a Marginalised Anthropologist." Social Change 49, no. 3 (2019): 493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085719863892.

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The idea of conducting an anthropological survey on the famine-affected people in Bengal in 1943 was planned and executed by a low profile teacher named Tarak Chandra Das. T.C. Das was not a member of any political party nor did he run any NGO. Indeed, he is a forgotten personality in the annals of Indian anthropology despite his original and groundbreaking contributions to social anthropology and sociology. Historiographers and encyclopaedia writers of Indian anthropology have simply forgotten the name of this legendary anthropologist. This paper is an attempt to remind scholars of how T.C. Das’ collection of data based on rigorous fieldwork and observation formed the backbone of his exceptional book, Bengal Famine.

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Bose, Sugata. "Starvation amidst Plenty: The Making of Famine in Bengal, Honan and Tonkin, 1942–45." Modern Asian Studies 24, no. 4 (1990): 699–727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00010556.

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Bengal is a vast cremation ground, a meeting place for ghosts and evil spirits, a land so overrun by dogs, jackals and vultures that it makes one wonder whether the Bengalis are really alive or have become ghosts from some distant epoch. And yet in the imaginative words of the poet, golden Bengal was once ‘well-watered, fruitful, abundant with crops.’ A garden of culture and civilization for over a thousand years … (Biplabi, 7 November, 1943, cited in Paul Greenough, Prosperity and Misery in Medern Bengal: the Famine of 1943–44, New York, 1982).

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Ranjan, Ram Krishna. "Elephant Trumpet: in/out of the black box." INMATERIAL. Diseño, Arte y Sociedad 7, no. 14 (2022): 64–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.46516/inmaterial.v7.153.

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This text weaves reflections on the (im)possibility of foregrounding caste-subalterns’, specifically Dalits’ experiences and imaginations of the Bengal Famine of 1943. This text is in conjunction with, next to, between, and in/out of the film You deny my living and I defy my death. The film has emerged as a result of a collaborative-performative workshop between two caste-subalterns, initiated and organized in the context of a PhD in Artistic Practice. Just like the workshop, the film is also animated by the desire to complicate the dominant representational realm ascribed to Dalits, which often is either essentialising or reductive. The film explores methodological and aesthetical approaches to go beyond the default imaginaries. Constructed across multiple modes, genres, fragments, and layers, this text aims to expand, extend, inflect, and build on the key themes explored in the workshop and the film. Some text precedes the workshop and film, some emerged during the process, and some have come afterwards. Mobilising iterative and assemblage-style writing, this text anchors itself in the Bengal Famine of 1943 to critically engage with ideas around ‘critical presence’ and the ‘representation’ of Dalits. The text also aims to explore notions around malnutrition, hunger, starvation, and famine as categories, ‘recovery and representation’ of caste-subaltern histories in the context of famine, opacity and affect as aesthetic choices, and collaborative practices as a method.

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Ghosh, Tanushree. "Witnessing famine: the testimonial work of famine photographs and anti-colonial spectatorship." Journal of Visual Culture 18, no. 3 (2019): 327–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470412919879067.

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The scholarly discussions of photo-documentation as a human rights practice have typically regarded images as a means of making suffering public and provoking affective responses as well as remedial actions. Overwhelmingly, however, liberal humanitarian images have affirmed the cultural imaginary of the isolated subject–victim and the sympathetic, yet privileged, spectator. This article attempts to complicate our understanding of the trajectory of humanitarian photodocumentation by considering the famine photographs of WW Hooper and Sunil Janah taken during the 1870s Madras famine and the 1940s Bengal famine, respectively. The author argues that, in contrast to Hooper’s photographs, which function as the genealogical predecessor to liberal humanitarian photojournalism, Janah’s photographs allow the possibility of witnessing as activism and model anti-colonial ways of seeing.

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Basu, Ranjan. "THE SAGA OF FOOD SECURITY IN WEST BENGAL." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 1 (2020): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i1.2020.267.

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Undivided Bengal in India was struck by series of famines during the pre-colonial and colonial periods. In post partition era though there is no record of famine, starvation and malnutrition are not unknown in West Bengal among the people lying below the poverty line. Lacunae in the public distribution system might be one major hurdle. Implementation of several welfare programs and National Food Security Act, 2013 seems to be conducive to control the menace of starvation. But the concept of food security has been deduced to food grain security only without any provision of protein, minerals and vitamins, the essential ingredients of nutrition. Nutrition of mothers, children and senior citizens along with male bias of nutrition—all are in question now. Throughout India while farmers are living in debt from hand to mouth, agriculture is no more a lucrative occupation. Several measures have been introduced to combat such a disastrous situation viz. efficient storage and marketing system, loan waiver, bank transfer of grant-in-aid, minimum support price and efficient public distribution system, apart from targeted nutrition schemes. But no one can be considered as effective action so far to break the ice.

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Ranjan, Basu. "THE SAGA OF FOOD SECURITY IN WEST BENGAL." International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah 8, no. 1 (2020): 189–202. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3633216.

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Undivided Bengal in India was struck by series of famines during the pre-colonial and colonial periods. In post partition era though there is no record of famine, starvation and malnutrition are not unknown in West Bengal among the people lying below the poverty line. Lacunae in the public distribution system might be one major hurdle. Implementation of several welfare programs and National Food Security Act, 2013 seems to be conducive to control the menace of starvation. But the concept of food security has been deduced to food grain security only without any provision of protein, minerals and vitamins, the essential ingredients of nutrition. Nutrition of mothers, children and senior citizens along with male bias of nutrition—all are in question now. Throughout India while farmers are living in debt from hand to mouth, agriculture is no more a lucrative occupation. Several measures have been introduced to combat such a disastrous situation viz. efficient storage and marketing system, loan waiver, bank transfer of grant-in-aid, minimum support price and efficient public distribution system, apart from targeted nutrition schemes. But no one can be considered as effective action so far to break the ice.

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Loveridge, Jack, and Somidh Saha. "Lessons learned from India’s Green Revolution." TATuP - Zeitschrift für Technikfolgenabschätzung in Theorie und Praxis 29, no. 2 (2020): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/tatup.29.2.58.

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Partition of British India in 1947 triggered a huge refugee crisis in India. In addition, low agricultural yield and high population growth fueled food insecurity. The fear of the Bengal Famine of 1943 was still fresh and the Indian Government wanted to prevent further famines. The philanthropic organizations of the USA (Rockefeller and Ford Foundation) collaborated with Indian policymakers and scientists that helped in the groundwork of the Green Revolution. Jack Loveridge explains how technology and international cooperation contributed to India's Green Revolution and what lessons can be learned for the future. The challenges related population control, environment, social and economic inequality in the Green Revolution were highlighted. Interview by Somidh Saha (ITAS-KIT).

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Bender, Jill. "The Imperial Politics of Famine: The 1873–74 Bengal Famine and Irish Parliamentary Nationalism." Éire-Ireland 42, no. 1 (2007): 132–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eir.2007.0013.

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ISLAM, M. MUFAKHARUL. "The Great Bengal Famine and the Question of FAD Yet Again." Modern Asian Studies 41, no. 2 (2007): 421–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06002435.

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The famine of 1943 cost the Bengal province some three millions lives. Following Amartya Sen's proposition that the famine was not caused by a significant decline in food availability as such the last two decades or so have witnessed a renewed scholarly interest in the subject. On the basis of a fresh look at the available crop statistics this essay supports his basic contention. But at the same time it argues that his proposition is not quite new. Secondly, it suggests that for a fuller understanding of the severity of the crisis it will not be enough to analyse the problem exclusively from the point of view of exchange entitlement failure and with reference to the events in 1943 or thereabout. In other words, the crisis needs to be viewed from a broader and larger perspective.

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Baumann, Steven Patrick. "Quaker Relief and Rehabilitation: The Bengal Famine 1942–45." Quaker Studies 25, no. 1 (2020): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/quaker.2020.25.1.6.

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Tauger, Mark B. "Entitlement, Shortage and the 1943 Bengal Famine: Another Look." Journal of Peasant Studies 31, no. 1 (2003): 45–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0306615031000169125.

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Goswami, Omkar. "The Bengal Famine of 1943: re-examining the data." Indian Economic & Social History Review 27, no. 4 (1990): 445–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946469002700403.

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Dyson, Tim, and Arup Maharatna. "Excess mortality during the Bengal famine: A re-evaluation." Indian Economic & Social History Review 28, no. 3 (1991): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946469102800303.

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Tauger, Mark B. "Hungry Bengal: war, famine and the end of empire." Cambridge Review of International Affairs 30, no. 1 (2017): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2016.1271194.

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Mantri, Swati. "Hungry Bengal: war, famine and the end of empire." Contemporary South Asia 25, no. 1 (2017): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2017.1307587.

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Sinha, Babli. "Trauma and referentiality in Bhabani Bhattacharya’s famine novels." Cultural Dynamics 32, no. 1-2 (2020): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0921374019900699.

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Bhabani Bhattacharya’s novels, So Many Hungers! and He Who Rides a Tiger, provide an epistemological alternative to imperial narratives about the Bengal famine of 1943, that aligns with the concept of the minor as a cultural counter-discourse. Bhattacharya resists representations of a passive, humble population accustomed to poverty by featuring individuated characters with a realist aesthetic. Yet, realism is fractured by the mnemonic (silence, screams, ellipsis), and Bhattacharya shifts protagonists from referential to performative notions of identity. These techniques produce a sense of kinship with the famine victims and question the possibility of the referential representation of trauma.

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Ranjan, Ram Krishna. "Contracts of making, viewing and listening: Researching in and through films." International Journal of Film and Media Arts 5, no. 2 (2020): 124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24140/ijfma.v5.n2.07.

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This paper tells the story of Contracts of making, viewing and listening, a 17-minute film that has emerged as part of my ongoing doctoral study in Artistic Research in Film. Taking the Bengal Famine of 1943 as a site-event, the doctoral research focuses on investigating and experimenting with epistemologies and ontologies of expressions emanating from a space of subalternity, especially Dalits. Contracts of making, viewing and listening can be seen as an artistic intervention into Satyajit Ray’s Distant Thunder – made in 1973, the film tells the story of effects of the Famine in rural Bengal through the eyes of a Brahmin couple. The artistic intervention was geared towards both critically reading the film from the lens of Dalit consciousness, and to explore ways of writing that critique in the language of the film itself. By retracing the journey of Contracts of making, viewing and listening, this paper focuses on how research is performed in and through the medium of film in this intervention, its multiple conceptual/material contingencies, and ultimately what it proposes in the context of artistic research.

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Ghosh, Sreyasi. "Analysis of contribution of some renowned artists of the Era of the Marxist Cultural Movement of Bengal." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 7, no. 10 (2022): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2022.v07.i10.001.

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Undoubtedly during the era of colossal devastation and bloodbath occurred due to the World War II , famine , communal riots , Partition of India and refugee crisis emerged the Progressive Cultural Movement of 1940s that made its imprint on intellectual and cultural life of Bengal through organizations like the All Indian Progressive Writers’ Association ( 1936), the Anti- Fascist Writers’ and Artists’ Association (1942 ), Association of friends of the Soviet Countrymen ( 1941), the I.P.T.A ( 1943) and the Youth Cultural Institute ( 1940) etc. Jaynul Abedin , Ramkinkar , Chittaprashad , Gobardhan Aash and Ramkinkar were some of the most eminent artists of that particular historical period and the Calcutta Group based artists such as Nirad Majumdar , Suvo Thakur , Gopal Ghosh , Prankrishna Pal , Paritosh Sen and Pradosh Dasgupta tried their level best to express trauma and triumph of contemporary population of Bengal and especially struggle for survival of famine- stricken common people was depicted through famous paintings of Chittaprashad and Jaynul Abedin . In world of Somnath Hore and Debabrata Mukhopadhyay’s art reflecting social realism one can observe fathomless pain of poverty- stricken people and rebellious spirit against all kinds of suppression and oppression. In this article I tried my best to express contribution of some renowned artists of the Marxist Cultural Movement of Bengal who upheld harsh reality of stratified society through their painting and sculpture.

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Mishra, Arima. "Reviewing the Impoverishment Process: The Great Bengal Famine of 1943." Indian Historical Review 27, no. 1 (2000): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/037698360002700106.

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Roychoudhuri, Ranu. "Documentary Photography, Decolonization, and the Making of “Secular Icons”: Reading Sunil Janah’s Photographs from the 1940s through the 1950s." BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies 8, no. 1 (2017): 46–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974927617717898.

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Through historicizing photographs made by celebrated Indian photographer Sunil Janah (1918–2012), this paper will elucidate the ways in which Janah created “secular icons” of historical moments during India’s passage from the colonial to the postcolonial. I will primarily focus on two sets of Janah’s photographs: the first set is from the 1940s, and centers on the Bengal Famine of 1943, communal violence, and the displacement of population before and after the partition of 1947, while the second set is from the 1950s, and emphasizes in particular photo-documentations of independent India’s industrial growth during the first two five-year plans. Contrast between these two sets will focus on two distinct ways of becoming iconic, while also highlighting the politics of revival/retrospection and the ways in which particular genres of photographs are memorialized, while others remain relatively unknown. Later day viewers of Janah’s photographs have seen only the political import of his pre-independence photographs of the Bengal Famine (1943) and the post-Partition mass exodus, while I argue for a seamless continuity between Janah’s pre-Independence social-documentation and post-independence industrial photography. I further contend that Janah’s photographs were material traces of an indubitable reality that embodied and at the same time exceeded their ideological message.

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Mahato, Nirmal Kumar. "Environmental Change and Chronic Famine in Manbhum, Bengal District, 1860-1910." Global Environment 3, no. 6 (2011): 68–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2011.030603.

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Fakir, Adnan M. S. "Footprints of War and Famine: Intrauterine and Inter-generational Effects of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War and the 1974 Bengal Famine." Journal of Bangladesh Studies 19, no. 1-2 (2017): 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1163/27715086-0190102005.

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This study utilizes the 1971 Bangladesh liberation war and the subsequent 1974 Bengal famine as a "double hit" design to estimate their impact on the health status of intrauterine birth cohorts. As a novel attempt, the study also investigates whether such "health legacy" is passed onto the next generation. By addressing the selection problem via Heckman two-step estimation and using the rich 1996 Matlab Health and Socioeconomic Survey (MHSS), the study finds that individuals born or conceived during the war, who faced the subsequent famine, had lower health outcomes compared to non-shock exposed cohorts. This provides evidence for the intrauterine growth restriction (IGR) hypothesis. The study also finds that children whose mothers were conceived or born during the war had significantly lower health outcomes with the effect being more pronounced among daughters than sons. The latter finding suggests the possibility of inter-generational transfer of the IGR effect.

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PAUL, SUBIN, and DAVID DOWLING. "Gandhi's Newspaperman: T. G. Narayanan and the quest for an independent India, 1938–46." Modern Asian Studies 54, no. 2 (2019): 471–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x18000094.

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AbstractThe expansion of the colonial public sphere in India during the 1930s and 1940s saw the nation's English-language press increasingly serve as a key site in the struggle for freedom despite British censorship. This article examines the journalistic career of T. G. Narayanan, the first Indian war correspondent and investigative reporter, to understand the role of English-language newspapers in India's quest for independence. Narayanan reported on two major events leading to independence: the Bengal famine of 1943 and the Second World War. Drawing on Michael Walzer's concept of the ‘connected critic’, this research demonstrates that Narayanan's journalism fuelled the Indian nationalist movement by manoeuvring around British censors to publicize and expand Mahatma Gandhi's criticism of British rule, especially in light of the famine and war. His one departure from the pacifist leader, however, was his support of Indian soldiers serving in the Indian National Army and British Army.

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Maharatna, Arup. "The demography of the Bengal famine of 1943-44: A detailed study." Indian Economic & Social History Review 31, no. 2 (1994): 169–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946469403100203.

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Jha, Banshidhar, Priyanka Jaiswal, Rajesh Kumar, et al. "Studies of genetic correlation and path coefficient analysis between resistance to brown spot disease and yield related traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Environment Conservation Journal 23, no. 3 (2022): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.10252240.

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Brown spot disease in rice is caused by Cochliobolus miyabeanus (Anamorph: Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker, 1959 (Synonyms: Helminthosporium oryzae). It causes significant losses by affecting both economic yield and grain quality. Though, it is a minor disease in most of the parts of the world but the historical famines like Krishna Godaveri Delta famine and Bengal famines and huge crop losses in a number of incidences as in Guyana and Nigeria renders it as a potential threat to rice crop and adverted the requirement of efficient, sustainable and economical strategies to cope with the pathogen. In this context, availability of resistant sources against the pathogen is a noteworthy alternative for disease management. Realising the importance of resistant sources, the present research investigation was undertaken to study association between resistance to brown spot disease and yield attributing traits in rice via correlation studies and path analysis to identify high yielding resistant lines for brown spot disease in rice. In this study disease resistance expressed in terms of AUDPC showed negative correlation with yield and yield attributing traits and direct negative effect on yield. Thus, AUDPC can be utilised as a selection parameter for developing improved cultivars with higher grain yield and lower susceptibility towards the brown spot pathogen.

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Patnaik, Utsa. "Mr Keynes and the forgotten holocaust in Bengal, 1943–44: Or, the macroeconomics of extreme demand compression." Studies in People's History 4, no. 2 (2017): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2348448917725856.

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In 1943–44 in Bengal over three million people, all from the ranks of the poorest, perished owing to famine, caused not by drought but by high prices. The ‘profit inflation’ (Keynes) was generated by the British Government’s printing of money to pay for the maintenance of the British and the US troops and related military expenditure in India, against which frozen ‘Sterling Balances’ accumulated on paper. This caused ‘extreme demand compression’, which could have been eased by release of some British and US funds to import foodgrains, but that did not happen. Regrettably, Keynes was throughout on the other side.

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Law‐Smith, Auriol. "Response and responsibility: The government of India's role in the Bengal famine, 1943." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 12, no. 1 (1989): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856408908723118.

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রহমান, মোঃ মুসফিকুর. "তেতাল্লিশের দুর্ভিক্ষ ও সুকান্ত ভট্টাচার্যের চার গল্প". গবেষণা সাময়িকী ৪, № ১ (2018): ২২৭—২৩৭. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13955339.

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মাত্র একুশ বছর বয়স বেঁচে থেকে সুকান্ত ভট্টাচার্য অর্জন করেছেন কমিটেড সাহিত্যিকের খ্যাতি। শিল্পসম্মত এবং দায়নিষ্ঠ কাব্য রচনার পাশাপাশি গদ্য সাহিত্যেও হাত দিয়েছিলেন তিনি। সেখানেও তার রাজনীতি, সমাজ-সচেতনতা, বাস্তবতার অনুপুঙ্খ পর্যবেক্ষণ এবং বিশ্লেষণী ক্ষমতার পরিচয় দিয়েছেন। আলোচ্য প্রবন্ধে তাঁর দুর্ভিক্ষ বিষয়ক চারটি গল্প ইতিহাসের সহযোগীতায় সংক্ষেপে আলোচনার চেষ্টা করা হয়েছে। এই গল্পগুলো সংজ্ঞানুযায়ী হয়তো পরিপূর্ণ উত্তীর্ণ নাও হতে পারে। কিন্তু দুর্ভিক্ষের প্রথম পর্যায়েই প্রকাশিত এবং রাজনৈতিক সমালোচনায় সরাসরি অংশগ্রহণ করায় তা বিশেষভাবে গুরুত্ত¡বহ। প্রথমে ‘তেতাল্লিশের দুর্ভিক্ষ’র রাজনৈতিক ইতিহাস স্পষ্ট করা হয়েছে।

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R., Chandra Sekhar. "So Many Hungers! Still an Existing Reality in the Country In Reference to Bhabani Bhattacharyas Novel, So Many Hungers." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 2 (2018): 1121–25. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd9589.

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Bhabani Bhattacharyas So Many Hungers! is a story about different hungers of the people representing different sections of the country during pre independence. These hungers demonstrate their spiritual and psychological statuses. As other novels of the period, this novel also highlights a theme of social importance. The author deals in detail with the social setting of the time, with his own style of objective treatment. The famine of 1943 brings so many hungers, the hunger for food, money and sex, the exploitation of man by man seemed to him to have become the creed of the day. The prevailing social conditions also worked upon the growing mind of Bhattacharya, and inspired him to create his first novel. The famine of 1943 which stalked through the scared soil of Bengal, was one of the such events as he himself confesses Then the great famine swept down upon Bengal. The emotional stirrings I felt more than two million men, women and children died of slow starvation amid a man - made scarcity were a sheer compulsion to creativity . The result was the novel So Many Hungers!." The novel is regarded as a socio political novel because it deals with the social, political and economical history of the pre independent India. The characters of the novel represent different types of hungers prevalent in the Indian society at the time when the country faced a great famine. But the characters are also individuals because they have their own styles of behavior in different situations. The characters also seem to belong to all ages. It is very much clear when the relevance of the novel is taken into consideration. The issues raised in the novel are still present in the current Indian society. This research paper presents the very subject of discussion on the relevance of the social themes raised in the novel to the present day situations in India. The novel is full of realistic but pathetic scenes that they haunt the reader to a great extent. And one may be surprised to find the same situations in the country, and in which the people are still living, even after seventy five years. The aim of this paper is also to highlight those situations faced in every walk of life in the independent India. R. Chandra Sekhar "So Many Hungers! - Still an Existing Reality in the Country (In Reference to Bhabani Bhattacharya's Novel, 'So Many Hungers')" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9589.pdf

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Singh, Ajay Kr. "Bhabani Bhattacharya Vs ‘He Who Rides A Tiger’." Journal of Advanced Research in English and Education 05, no. 01 (2021): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2456.4370.202003.

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Bhabani Bhattacharya’s ‘He Who Rides a Tiger’ is yet another novel of man’s epic struggle against the unjust social equations which are as old as the ancient vedic civilization. It is the story of a blacksmith, Kalo, living in a small town, Jharana, in Bengal, and his daughter, Chandra Lekha. It is set against the backdrop of a widespread famine of Bengal of 1943. Though ‘He Who Rides a Tiger’ and ‘So Many Hungers’ treat the theme of hunger, exploitation and debasement of man, ‘He Who Rides a Tiger’ is no rehash of the latter novel. It launches a scathing critisism on the evil of caste system which has been the bane of Indian society. Arguably the writer’s best novel, it touches the pulse of the irony of Indian social life. The Indian social realities are presented with increasing bitterness within the perspective of the freedom movement. Its greatness as a piece of literature lies in its assertion of tremendous potentialities of the spiritual growth of man, and a thorough exposure of an imperfect social system.

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Ghosh, Sreyasi. "Reflection of Socio-Economic and Cultural Turmoil of 1940s and 1950s in Short Stories of Manik Bandopadhyay : a renowned litterateur." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 6, no. 11 (2021): 08–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2021.v06.i11.002.

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The Progressive Movement or the Marxist Cultural Renaissance occurred in a blood- thirsty and horrible situation which was the outcome of The Second World war, Famine, Communal riots, Partition related refugee crisis and the Tebhaga Movement. Contemporary undivided Communist Party of India was the pioneer in this intellectual development. All – India Progressive Writers’ Association ( 1936), Anti- Fascist Writers and Artists related Organisation ( 1942) , Association of Friends of the Soviet Power ( 1941) and the famous I.P.T.A ( 1943) were established mainly for earnest endeavour of the Communist Party. Eminent author Manik Bandopadhyay was associated with the Anti- Fascist Cultural platform from 1943 and embraced the Marxist philosophy with heartfelt desire. He got membership of the Communist Party in 1944 and continued his creative works through a perfect amalgamation of identity of litterateur with identity of dedicated and devoted party – worker in different areas of Bengal. He created extraordinary short stories (1943/ 1944- 1956) in backdrop of food and clothing related severe crisis, famine – stricken terrible situation , hegemony of influential people of black market related trading system , moral degeneration , flesh trade / prostitution adopted by poor and helpless womenfolk, communal riots related bloodbath and aggressive peasant unrest etc.

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Pant, Preeti. "An analytical study of agricultural productivity in India in pre and post Green revolution era." Anusandhaan - Vigyaan Shodh Patrika 3, no. 01 (2015): 11–19. https://doi.org/10.22445/avsp.v3i01.8566.

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“The green revolution has won a temporary success in man’s war against hunger and deprivation ; it has given man a breathing space,” –Dr. Norman E. Bolaug (NobelLecture, December 11, 1970)After haunted memories of Bengal Famine in 1943 , food security has become a paramount item for India’s policymakers. A nation which was frequently plagued by famines and chronic food shortage before green revolution today faces surplus. Green Revolution has made the Indian agriculture attractive and a way of life bybecoming commercial instead of subsistence. Modern agriculture in India is now dependent on engineering and technology and on the physical and biological sciences.From a food grain production around 51 million tons at the time of independence , we now have a spectacular progress of production of more than 257 million tons of food grain. India is now among the 15 leading exporters of agricultural production in the world.This paper is an attempt to evaluate critically and analytically the agricultural productivity in India in pre and post Green Revolution era. Like any other thing Green Revolution too is not free form detects.An attempt has also been made to highlight the failure and challengs of Green Revolution in India along with the suggestive measures.

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Roy, Binayak, and Om Prakash Dwivedi. "An Era of Darkness: Satyajit Ray’s Anticolonial Project." Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, no. 83 (2021): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.recaesin.2021.83.04.

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Satyajit Ray’s films are enriched with ideological concerns and engage with the issues of colonialism and the crisis of nationhood. His post 1970 films present an artist’s anguished response to the betrayal of the Nehruvian dream and to the anachronism of his own cherished values. It was also in this period that Ray turned to India’s colonial past and critiqued the dynamics of power relations. This essay studies how Shatranj ke Khilari (The Chess Players, 1980) assesses the reasons for colonization of India and its culture by the Britishers and how, in Ashani Sanket (Distant Thunder, 1973), he criticized the Raj, the mercenaries and the complexities in Indian society where he denounces the Bengal Famine of former times.

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Kumar, Vinod. "Food Security Right and Food Policy in India." Studies in Law and Justice 3, no. 2 (2024): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/slj.2024.06.01.

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India’s food policy evolved in the wake of the Bengal Famine of 1943, which caused deaths of more than one million people. This famine was attributed partly to lack of adequate supplies of food grains and partly to lack of purchasing power of the victims. A Food grains Policy Committee was appointed in 1943 under the chairmanship Sir George Theodore. The Committee recommended rationing of food grains to overcome similar grave situations in future. Since then, successive governments have been trying to (i) increase the level of food grains production in the country through offering minimum support price (MSP) to the farmers and (ii) to create mechanism for supply of grains to consumers. Public Distribution System (PDS) has been evolved to safeguard the interests of the consumers, particularly the weaker and vulnerable sections of society. It is evident that since India’s Independence food and agricultural policies in the country have aimed at reducing hunger, food insecurity and poverty. At the same time attention has also been given to raise food grains production and maintaining adequate stocks of food grains as a measure of food security (Tyagi, 1990). Attainment of food security is, therefore, a big challenge for India. This research paper discusses the food security right and National food policy in India.

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Bhattacharya, Sourit. "Colonial Governance, Disaster, and the Social in Bhabani Bhattacharya’s Novels of the 1943 Bengal Famine." ariel: A Review of International English Literature 47, no. 4 (2016): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ari.2016.0032.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bengal Famine'

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