Journal articles: 'Bengal (india), social conditions'

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Kanda, Sayako. "Environmental Changes, the Emergence of a Fuel Market, and the Working Conditions of Salt Makers in Bengal, c. 1780–1845." International Review of Social History 55, S18 (December 2010): 123–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859010000520.

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SummaryDuring the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the British East India Company monopolized salt production in Bengal, and the British sought a new market for English salt in India. As previous studies have emphasized, external political and economic forces devastated indigenous industry and its workers. However, working conditions were influenced more by the natural environments of the salt-producing localities, particularly the availability of fuel, which was indispensable to the process of manufacture. The industry had always benefitted from abundant grass and straw for use as fuel. However, as grasslands were lost due both to constant river encroachment and to land clearance for cultivation, straw prices increased with the emergence of a regional market for biomass fuels, so that increasing difficulties in procuring fuel gradually made the salt industry costly. That state of affairs was accelerated by the advance of economic activity in general and a shortage of coal in particular. The changes made workers much more dependent on the fuel market.

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Sahoo, Sanjaya Kumar, Pranita Taraphdar, Ashok Kumar Mallick, Aparajita Dasgupta, P. S. Preeti, and Dhiraj Biswas. "How aware are we regarding vector borne diseases? A community based study in a slum of Kolkata, India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 6 (May 27, 2017): 2629. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20172460.

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Background: Vector borne diseases (VBDs) form a major part of the communicable diseases in India. Ignorance and impoverished conditions of people contribute in creating source and spread of vector borne diseases and hinder disease control strategy. Slums are more vulnerable to vector borne diseases because of poor environmental condition, standard of living, poverty and ignorance of the people. This study is a small endeavour to highlight the awareness of residents of slum area of Chetla, Kolkata, West Bengal, India regarding vector borne diseases. Objectives were to assess the awareness of the study population regarding different vector borne diseases and to find out the association of awareness with relevant demographic variables.Methods: A community based observational, cross-sectional study was conducted among adult population in a slum area of Chetla, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Multivariate logistic analysis was done to find out association of awareness with relevant variables.Results: Awareness regarding malaria was good and that of dengue was satisfactory while awareness regarding other vector borne diseases was poor. Age, sex, caste, education and social class were found significantly associated with satisfactory awareness. Younger population i.e. age ≤35years, males, general caste people, literacy status above primary school and social class III and above had better awareness regarding vector borne diseases.Conclusions: This study uncovered the lacunae regarding awareness of the study population regarding vector borne diseases. It can be concluded that intensified efforts towards creating public awareness and mobilizing the community regarding the identified issues should be addressed.

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Goswami, Ananya, and Sraboni Dutta. "E-Commerce Adoption by Women Entrepreneurs in India: An Application of the UTAUT Model." Business and Economic Research 6, no. 2 (January 6, 2017): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v6i2.10560.

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The wide use of ICT applications has opened enormous opportunities for large, medium and even small organizations. This study aims to investigate the extent of adoption of e-commerce applications by the women owned SMEs in India, with special focus on behavioral factors which influence them to do so. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model was utilized to determine the strength of the constructs in influencing e-commerce adoption amongst women entrepreneurs. Using a structured questionnaire, responses were solicited via a field survey amongst 144 women entrepreneurs in two districts of Kolkata and 24 Parganas (South) in the State of West Bengal, India. The results show that three constructs, namely, performance expectancy, effort expectancy and social influence significantly affect the behavioral intention of these women entrepreneurs to use e-commerce. Experience and voluntariness to use are the moderators significantly correlated with effort expectancy, facilitating conditions and social influence. Moreover, it has been revealed that facilitating conditions and the behavioral intention positively influence their usage behavior.

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Chakravarty, Deepita. "Lack of Economic Opportunities and Persistence of Child Marriage in West Bengal." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 25, no. 2 (May 20, 2018): 180–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971521518761430.

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West Bengal (WB) ranks high among the 15 major states of India, where there is still a disturbing persistence of underage marriage among girls, leading to early motherhood as a consequence. The article explores the reasons for this in the context of social and economic conditions in the state. The article argues that more than poverty and illiteracy, the unavailability of new employment opportunities for women and girls in the rural and urban areas of the state explains why parents do not have the incentive to invest in more schooling or the higher education of their daughters. The article is mainly based on secondary data with occasional references to some primary evidence from a recent survey done by the author.

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Mookerjee, Devalina, Sujoy Chakravarty, Shubhabrata Roy, Anirudh Tagat, and Shagata Mukherjee. "A Culture-Centered Approach to Experiences of the Coronavirus Pandemic Lockdown Among Internal Migrants in India." American Behavioral Scientist 65, no. 10 (March 17, 2021): 1426–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027642211000392.

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India’s coronavirus lockdown forced low-wage migrant workers to return from the city to the home towns and villages from which they came. Pre-pandemic living and working conditions were already stressful and difficult for these migrants. The lockdown became an additional burden, since it shut down sources of income with no assurance about when, or if, work and earning to support families could be resumed. This article draws on the lens of the Culture-Centered Approach (CCA) to understand how workers engaged with and navigated these difficult times. A total of 54 migrant workers locked-down at home across the Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal were interviewed for this qualitative study. Financial worries were found to be endemic, with rising debt a major source of stress, and educational qualifications becoming an obstacle to earning. Returning migrants were suspected of bringing the virus from the city, and so stigmatized in their home towns and villages. However, the pandemic lockdown also showed some unexpected healthful consequences. It provided these marginalized, and always busy workers the time and space to stop working for a while, to stay home, eat home food, and take walks in the comparatively green and clean spaces of their home environments. In this, the pandemic lockdown may be seen to have enabled a measure of agency and health in the lives of these workers, an oasis albeit temporary, and ultimately subject to the demands of the globalized cities of India.

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Ghosal, Somnath. "Integral economics and the exploration of indigenous knowledge." Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 3, no. 2 (December 3, 2012): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/cjssp.2012.02.04.

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The ever-increasing pressures on tropical forests due to the increasing population of socio-economically deprived communities dwelling in forest fringe areas are not only a matter of ecological concern, but also affect the sustainable livelihoods of these communities. Alternative sources of income are urgently needed for these communities. Forest is the principal natural resource for the Purulia, Bankura and West Midnapur districts of West Bengal, India. More sustainable harvesting of forest products, particularly Non-Timber Forest Products(NTFPs) and the production of value added products would therefore be the best possible way to improve the existing economic conditions of deprived forest fringe communities and save native forest biodiversity for the future.

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Patnaik, Susmita, Umesh Sharma, and Pearl Subban. "Who Is Responsible for Students’ Challenging Behaviour? A Study of the Causal Attributions of Teachers to Challenging Behaviour in Primary Schools in West Bengal, India." Disabilities 2, no. 1 (January 18, 2022): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/disabilities2010005.

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The aim of the study was to understand the causal attributions of teachers to challenging behaviours in primary classrooms in West Bengal, India. Data from 21 teachers from government and private primary schools were collected using semistructured interviews. The study investigated the types of challenging behaviours as perceived by teachers, their causal attributions, and the strategies suggested by the teachers for managing them. The participants described challenging behaviour broadly, and it was divided into four categories: aggression, disruption, talking, and noncompliance. They reported the causes of challenging behaviours in five broad categories: home- and parent-related causes (family violence, busy parents); social causes (socioeconomic conditions); student-related causes (disabilities); school- and teacher-related causes (large class sizes); and government- and policy-related causes (banning corporal punishment). The teachers predominantly recommended employing proactive strategies, such as improving teaching strategies, collaborating with parents, and building relationships with students. A small group of teachers recommended using reactive (e.g., discipline and threats) strategies to manage challenging behaviours in their classrooms.

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Sharma, Dr Gopal, and Pujan Singh Ariya. "Political Participation of Women in Panchayats: A comparative study of Raiganj and Islampur Blocks of Uttar Dinajpur District, West Bengal, India- Issues and Trends." ENSEMBLE 2, no. 2 (July 25, 2021): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37948/ensemble-2021-0202-a026.

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In recent years women empowerment has become a significant issue among academicians, social workers, and policy decision-makers in India. After the successful establishment of the Panchayat system as well as reservations for women in the local bodies, there has been a tremendous change in the number of women representatives in PRIs. But women empowerment is not an easy process rather, that needs a change in the mindset of the patriarchal society, social institutions, and far more determined effort on the part of the women representatives. Sometimes it becomes difficult to serve political duties for the women representatives in this present situation where there is a lack of proper knowledge, lack of education, lots of dependencies, family influence, and so on. In this light, the present study is an attempt to examine the socio-economic conditions and experiences of the elected women representatives of Gram Panchayats of Raiganj and Islampur Blocks and their participation in different sectors of grassroots politics. The whole study is based on empirical data which have been collected through field survey.

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Samanta, Aditi, Joyeeta Thakur, and Monali Goswami. "Menstrual characteristics and its association with socio-demographic factors and nutritional status: a study among the urban slum adolescent girls of West Bengal, India." Anthropological Review 82, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/anre-2019-0008.

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Abstract Menstrual health is one of the major areas of concern in reproductive health, and affects a large number of women throughout their reproductive life from adolescence. Menstruation is a biological phenomenon imbued with social-cultural, nutritional and personal significance. The present study aims to focus on the menstrual characteristics and its association with socio-demographic factors and nutritional status among the urban slum adolescent girls of North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal. This community-based study was conducted among a group of 90 Bengali speaking Hindu adolescent girls aged between 16 to 18 years. A pre-tested structured schedule was used to collect detailed information about the socio-economic conditions and menstrual characteristics. All anthropometric measurements were taken using the standard procedures. Results of the study revealed that underweight girls attained menarche comparatively in later age (12.67±1.23) than that of healthy and overweight girls. Mean length of the menstrual cycle, mean duration of menstrual bleeding and mean number of days of peak discharge were maximum among the girls whose BMI was below 5th percentile, i.e. underweight. Majority of the underweight (75%) and healthy (50%) girls experienced heavy discharge during their menstrual days. Disorders like premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (78.8%) and dysmenorrhea (85.5%) were the major prevalent menstrual problems among these girls and occurrence of the symptoms of these disorders significantly varied based on their BMI. A highly significant difference (p<0.01) was found among underweight, healthy and overweight girls in terms of duration of menstrual bleeding, mean number of days of peak discharge and occurrences of PMS. Result of linear regression and step wise logistic regression (backward elimination) shows that various socio-economic and anthropometric variables are the influential predictors of menstrual characteristics like duration of menstrual discharge, cycle length, days of peak discharge as well as menstrual problems like cycle irregularity and heavy flow (p<0.05). Therefore, the present study unwraps a podium to focus on the menstrual health issues of the adolescent girls and enforce health education as well as instigates nutritional intervention programme to fortify the existing menstrual health status.

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Das, Pintu. "Socio-Economic Position of women slum dwellers: An Investigation of a Few Selected Slums in the Bansberia Municipality area, West Bengal, India." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 7, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2022.v07.i04.006.

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Urbanization is regarded as one of the key dimensions of the process of socio-economic development and India has seen steady urbanisation and an increase in the number of people living in slums. According to a number of studies, many types of violence are prevalent in urban slum areas. Urban primacy has been a feature of West Bengal's urbanisation and ongoing population growth in highly urbanised regions around Kolkata since 1901. As a result, there was a slowdown of the process of urbanisation beginning in 1951, and a very a unique style was observed between 2001 and 2011. Large cities increased disproportionately throughout the post-independence period, while small and medium towns stagnated or decreased. Large cities have the highest concentration of industries, this has resulted in issues on both ends of the urban system-the megacities are overcrowded on a regular basis, posing a hazard. Because West Bengal's urban population density is 50% the national average is higher. The number of people living in slums in the state is likewise much higher than the national average, accounting for 35-40% of the urban population. West Bengal's urban towns are no strangers to slums. It has been in operation for a long time in order to provide housing to the poor and underprivileged as well as the community's backward portions. Women who live in slums are not economically or socially stable. The health of slum dwellers is inextricably linked to their living conditions. They are unable to consume items that contain calories. They are deprived of appropriate nutrition four times. Several factors, such as early marriage, early pregnancy, having a large number of children, having a short time between pregnancies, and so on, all have an impact on their health. According to data collected from Bansberia Municipality slums, 32.71 percent of women have more than three children, and 47.45 percent of mothers gave birth to their first child before they were 20 years old. They also do not receive sufficient prenatal and postnatal care. The delivery location was filthy and also unsanitary. They have a low level of education and are unaware of the health issues. In terms of economics, Bansberia Municipality is a place of excruciating poverty. The city receives between 2000 and 2500 migrants each year, the vast majority of them are destitute and provide essential job opportunities for the city's industry and services. The Hooghly District of West Bengal is an alluvial land where intensive subsistence farming is the dominant economic activity. The study's goal is to learn how women's socioeconomic conditions influence natural population growth in West Bengal's Hooghly District. The poor generally reside in slums strewn around the metropolis, with almost 61.45% of the slums are on privately owned land, offering serious institutional issues in terms of providing basic services. The content of the article investigates socioeconomic situation of women slum dwellers in the Bansberia Municipality area. The findings of the research are the social and economic conditions of women in the Bansberia Municipal area's slum areas.

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Żegleń, Magdalena, Łukasz Kryst, Parasmani Dasgupta, Rana Saha, Rituparna Das, and Sukanta Das. "Time trends in mid-upper-arm anthropometry from 1982 to 2011 in male children and adolescents from Kolkata, India." Journal of Biosocial Science 53, no. 1 (February 19, 2020): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932020000048.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate inter-generational changes in selected mid-upper-arm measurements of boys from Kolkata, India. The analysis was based on the anthropometric measurements of two cohorts of Bengali boys aged 7–16 from middle-class families, in 1982–83 and 2005–11. The two cohorts were compared in terms of their mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) and mid-upper-arm area (MUAA), mid-upper-arm muscle area (MUAMA), mid-upper-arm fat area (MUAFA) and Arm Fat Index (AFI). The significances of the differences were determined using two-way ANOVA. All features differed significantly between the examined cohorts and all showed a general positive secular trend. In most cases, the biggest differences were noted for 14- and 16-year olds and the smallest for the youngest boys. The contemporary boys seemed to have more favourable overall developmental conditions, probably related to socioeconomic progress in India over recent decades.

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Sarkar, Sharmistha, and Sayani Mukhopadhyay. "Impact of globalization on the handloom industry – A case study of the Hugli district of West Bengal." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/environ-2019-0011.

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Abstract The concept of globalization appeared in the Indian subcontinent in 1991. With the onset of liberalization, privatization and globalization a new chapter has been opened up in the Indian economy and her billion plus population. The Hugli district is one of the most renowned names in the handloom industry of West Bengal and a good percentage of people are engaged in this heritage industry. The study is conducted in five handloom clusters of the district, namely – Dhaniakhali - Somaspur, Begumpur, Haripal, Rajbolhat and Balagar. The main objectives of this paper were to investigate the effects of globalization on the rural handloom weaver community, in terms of their economic and social conditions. At the same time the article intends to analyse the changes in the over all production scenario of the handloom industry in the district due to modernization. It can be said that the handloom industry of the Hugli district is suffering from some inherent problems like low productivity, lack of product diversification and problems related to procuring raw materials. The co-operative sectors are indifferent to enlarging their market sphere. Though there are plenty of efficient and skilled weavers but they are only doing their traditional practices, the adoption of modern techniques is significantly poor among the weavers. Therefore the new generations are totally unwilling to accept weaving as their main occupation because of the uncertainty of the industry. The article also suggests some strategies to make this ever challenging industry globally competitive, such as, the identification of modern trends, promotion of exports, market assessment so that this heritage industry can cope with the modern trends and utilise the benefits of globalization.

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Sarkar, A., and R. Mehrotra. "SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF CHRONIC ARSENICOSIS IN WEST BENGAL (INDIA)." Epidemiology 16, no. 5 (September 2005): S68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200509000-00165.

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Hossain, Imon Ul. "Tolerance and Counter Narratives in Medieval India: A social phenomenon of Bengal Sultanate." International Journal of Historical Insight and Research 7, no. 3 (July 18, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.48001/ijhir.2021.07.03.001.

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The last mighty Tughlaq monarch Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq was preoccupied with various rebellions which ultimately led to the broke away of Bengal from the centric dominance of Delhi in 1338AD. Ilyas Khan, one of the noble of Delhi sultanate had ascended the throne of Bengal by capturing Lakhnauti and Sonargaon. In this period of study, we have two most remarkable phenomena – firstly, Bengal region secured its distinctiveness from the sway of Delhi Sultanate despite numerous inroads and skirmishes; secondly, the emergence of a divergent socio-cultural atmosphere. In fact, with the advent of this regime Bengal had been transformed into a new composite facet which had become a dynamic force towards the formation of Bengali heritage. However, one formulated narrative does not play the prime key role to impartially evaluate any theme of history, so that we must need proper appropriation. In this paper, therefore, I shall try to project my topic in both common and counter narrative about the socio-cultural repercussions of this age.

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Nesmith, Cathy. "Gender, Trees, and Fuel: Social Forestry in West Bengal, India." Human Organization 50, no. 4 (December 1991): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.50.4.5q111522547x1hk8.

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Datta, Sudhangsu Sekhar, and Kaushik Mukherjee. "Women Education in Colonial Bengal: Retrospection." BSSS Journal of Social Work 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.51767/jsw1301.

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Modern education came to Bengal though the East India Company. The missionaries also landed up for proselytising activities. They were perturbed by the backwardness of the Indian society especially the plights of women. The people of Bengal came in touch with the western ideas as Calcutta was made the capital of colonial India. The influence of liberalism and modern education brought in by the Britishers transformed a section of Bengal society. Bengal became the cradle of social reforms. The outcome of missionary’s activities and reforms brought by social reformers opened the gate of educational institution for the women. Though the conservative and orthodox Bengal society did not allow female education initially, gradually female education gained momentum and took steps in the right direction. Commissions constituted by the Britishers also facilitated the progress of female education. An attempt has been made to retrospect the situation of female education in colonial Bengal.

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Kumar, Sheo, and Pratibha Gupta. "WETLANDS OF MALDAH DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL (INDIA)." International Journal of Biological Innovations 04, no. 02 (2022): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.46505/ijbi.2022.4215.

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Fifty five wetlands comprising bils (32), dighis (7), jhils (2), pond/pukur (8) and rivers (6) distributed in 13 administrative blocks of Maldah district were surveyed and characteristic features were studied for occurrence of different types of aquatic plants, their categories and local environmental conditions. During the study, altogether 37 aquatic plant species were identified, belonging to Algae and Bryophytes (one species each), 3 species to Pteridophytes and 32 species to Angiosperms (7 species to Monocots and 25 species to Dicots). Depending upon occurrence of these plants in and along the wetlands, they have been categorized into 5 categories namely freefloating and bottom rooted floating (7 species each), submerged and emergent (6 species each) and littoral (constitutes 11 species). Occurrence of free floating Azolla pinnata R.Br. having symbiotic relationship with Anabaena azollae Strasb. in a few wetlands was remarkable. Besides, most of the observed wetlands have either been extinct and/or on the verge of extinction, needs for their restoration and protection to save the aquatic biodiversity (including micro flora and fauna).

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GAYEN, Sumita, Ismael Vallejo VILLALTA, and Sk Mafizul HAQUE. "Comparative social vulnerability assessment in Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal, India." European Journal of Geography 11, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.48088/ejg.s.gay.11.1.93.107.

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Social vulnerability assessment is an important element for disaster risk reduction system. Social vulnerability depends on physical, social, economic, environmental factors, etc., which determine the susceptibility of community against the impact of hazards. Over the past two decades, social vulnerability has been measured by using different methodologies. The present work portrays a comparative assessment of social vulnerability methodologies in the Purba Medinipur district located in the eastern part of India. Different standardization techniques of data transformation like, Z score, maximum value, and min-max rescaling have been employed to compare and examine social vulnerability in the study area. The principal aim of this work is to analyze the results between the three methodologies adopted, and identify the vulnerable blocks in the district. The result shows that relationships between three methodologies are moderately strong to very strong and Sutahata block is identified as the most vulnerable block in the Purba Medinipur district.

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Hussain, Nazmul, and Farasat Ali Siddiqui. "Muslim Female Work Participation In West Bengal, India." Women's Studies 42, no. 3 (April 2013): 291–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00497878.2013.764237.

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Barman, Rup Kumar. "Casteism and Caste Intolerance in India: A Study on Casteism of Contemporary West Bengal." Contemporary Voice of Dalit 12, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455328x19898451.

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‘Casteism’ and ‘politicization of caste’ are common phenomena of Indian society since the beginning of the twentieth century. Violation of social rights and caste discriminations of plural characters have added additional complexity to them. Casteism has thus appeared as a burden of postcolonial Indian society. As a subject of study, it is, however, not a comfortable one. Being a sensitive issue, it often gets mixed up with political, class, cultural and regional conflicts. Thus, academic scholars, general readers and policy makers do often face serious trouble in highlighting the basic premises of casteism. Academic studies on casteism and caste-discrimination in the context of West Bengal are also not free from this limitation. Moreover, there has been a common perception among the intellectuals as well as in the academic world that West Bengal is free from caste violence. Print, electronic and social media have also equally contributed to the creation of this perception in the late twentieth century, especially for considering ‘caste’ merely as a parameter of ‘class’. This ‘invented notion’ on caste has encouraged the people of the state to understand ‘caste’ simply as a social phenomenon irrespective of its social and class differences. However, it would be an utter lie to accept the general propaganda that casteism has no presence in West Bengal. Rather, our field surveys either through interviews or ‘face-to-face group discussions’ as well as contemporary media reports reveal that psychological, oral and behavioural casteism are social realities of West Bengal. Thus, this article is an attempt to highlight the nature of casteism and caste intolerance as faced by the Scheduled Castes (SCs) of West Bengal because of their birth in a particular sub-caste.

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Manna, A. "Difficulties to Provide Palliative Care in West Bengal, India." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 172s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.39000.

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Objective: In a southern district of West Bengal, India almost 75% of cancer patient die a sad death of neglect due to lack of awareness about palliative care and low economic level. To identify and try to solve to the extent possible the main difficulties in giving palliative care to the terminal cancer patients of the area. Method: Home visit by volunteers and enumeration of the problems as discussed by the patient and their families. Result: Analysis the following data and identify these main problems. Patient problems: Pain, vomiting, respiratory distress, fatigue, etc. Our volunteers visited terminal cancer patients and their families in our areas. Family problems: Inability to match work life with the care of the patients. Adverse attitude of neighbors and local peoples. Social problems: Lack of awareness of the neighbor of local people about cancer and palliative care resulting in isolation of the family. Projected Intervention: Trying to relieve the patient's problems through home based medications and intervention by volunteers and family members. Reorientating the attitude of family members through discussions and other methods of communication (i.e., get-together of cancer survivors). Social effort to raise the awareness of neighbors and local people through discussion and other audio visual method (i.e., poster, leaflet, slide presentation, etc.). Conclusion: We believe that if we are able to continue our program for a long enough period the suffering of the terminal cancer patient and their families might be resolved to a large extent over time.

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Das, Raju J. "Social Movements and State Repression in India." Journal of Asian and African Studies 52, no. 8 (July 14, 2016): 1080–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909616653258.

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State repression is particularly likely when social movements target property relations that cause ordinary citizens to suffer. Whether these movements are violent, and whether the state is a liberal democracy is a contingent matter. This is illustrated by India’s ‘Maoist movement’ (which is also known as the Naxalite movement because it originated in an area called Naxalbari, located in India’s West Bengal State). Where necessary, sections of this movement use violent methods to fight for justice for aboriginal peoples and peasants. This strategy, which the author, incidentally, does not endorse, has been seen by the state as the greatest internal military threat to it. Such a perception invites state violence. What is often under-emphasized or ignored is that the movement is an economic, political and ideological threat, and not just a military threat, and it is so through its localized alternative developmental activities, and this is also a reason for the state’s violent response to it.

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Reja, Md Selim, and Bhaswati Das. "Labour Migration Within India: Motivations and Social Networks." South Asia Research 39, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728019842018.

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Large-scale interstate labour migration within India is facilitated by the freedom of movement for citizens within this huge nation state. However, such internal labour migration within India remains largely unstudied and offers huge scope for gaining significant new knowledge. Focusing particularly on migrant construction workers from West Bengal moving to Kerala, this article specifically examines the motivations of these migrants and the role of social networks in the development of such migration streams. A field survey in Kerala indicates that Kerala’s Gulf connection and rapid demographic transition have resulted in significant reduction of local supplies of labour, thus attracting more migrants from other states in India due to better job opportunities, higher wages and good payment systems. Networks within migrant groups, especially friends’ contacts, are found to be the strongest factor in supporting this migration process.

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Manna, Aditya. "Difficulties to provide palliative care in west bengal, India." International Journal of Integrated Care 18, s2 (October 23, 2018): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.s2189.

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Chakravarti, Paromita. "The sex education debates: teaching ‘Life Style’ in West Bengal, India." Sex Education 11, no. 4 (August 12, 2011): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2011.595230.

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Barik, Anamitra, Sujit Sarkhel, Saugata Basu, Abhijit Chowdhury, and Rajesh Kumar Rai. "Probable psychiatric disorder in a rural community of West Bengal, India." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 52, no. 12 (October 11, 2017): 1495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1447-0.

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Ghosh, Suchandra, and Lipi Ghosh. "Seals, Amulets and Coinages of Dvaravati Cultural Sites: Understanding their Social Environment and Religious Network." Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 31 (May 26, 2012): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/bippa.v31i0.12266.

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This paper examines the presence of seals, sealings, amulets and coinages at the Dvaravati cultural sites in the context of their relation with objects unearthed across the shores of the Bay of Bengal in India. The social environment of the voyaging objects is also looked into apart from situating them in the religious network of the period. The presentation, while discussing the network of relations, also addresses the question of agency in the whole process of interaction spanning across the Bay of Bengal.

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Das, Diptosh, Entaj Tarafder, Meghma Bera, Anirban Roy, and Krishnendu Acharya. "Contribution to the macromycetes of West Bengal, India: 51–56." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 9 (June 26, 2020): 16110–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5115.12.9.16110-16122.

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Abstract: The West Bengal is a treasure house for macro-fungal diversity due to its varied geo-climatic conditions. Detailed macroscopic and microscopic characterization was made to identify the collected specimens. Altogether six species belonging to the family Xylariaceae (three species), Hypoxylaceae (one species), Ascobolaceae (one species) and Pyronemataceae (one species) were collected from different corners of the state. Literature survey revealed that all of the collected taxa represent their first detailed description and distributional record from the state. A comprehensive macro-morphological description, field photographs along with microscopic observations are provided. The outcome of the present study will enrich data related to the diversity of macrofungi from the state West Bengal.

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SESTRAS, Radu E. "Introduction pages." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 13, no. 3 (September 27, 2021): 11087. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb13311087.

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Notulae Scientia Biologicae (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro), Issue 3, Volume 13, 2021: The papers published in this issue represent interesting novelties in different topics of life science. Among the exciting researches or reviews, we invite readers to find news about: Ethnopharmacological utility, traditional knowledge and phytochemistry of Aristolochia species in Assam, India; Pomegranate, fruit of the desert, a functional food, and a healthy diet; Vulvo-vaginal myiasis among rural women in West Bengal, India; Persistence, dissipation and health risk assessment of combi-product profenofos and cypermethrin in/on sapota under sub-tropical agro-climatic conditions in India; Efficacy of different human-elephant conflict prevention and mitigation techniques practiced in West Bengal, India; Diversity and distribution of Asian forest scorpions (Arthropoda, Scorpionidae, Heterometrinae) in Telangana State, India; Moth (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) diversity of Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India; Secondary metabolites of a marine-derived Penicillium ochrochloron etc.

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Naraindas, Harish. "Preparing for the Pox: A Theory of Smallpox in Bengal and Britain." Asian Journal of Social Science 31, no. 2 (2003): 304–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853103322318252.

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This essay is to be conceived in two parts. The first part is an exegesis of an eighteenth-century tract on the practice of smallpox inoculation in Bengal written by a Scottish medic. Cited repeatedly in the contemporary history and anthropology of smallpox in India, it has been invariably used to highlight the technique of inoculation in eighteenth-century India. Caught in disciplinary cleaving between anthropology and history, its original import has not been addressed. The exegesis in restoring the text to its intended import, argues that it offers a theory of smallpox, and in this theory the technique of inoculation is a moment in larger therapeutics. The latter-day privileging of this moment has resulted in seeing the nineteenth-century as a standoff between variolation (smallpox inoculation) and vaccination. The exegesis, however, recasts this as a passage from a therapeutics to a pure prophylactics that caccination represents. Having restored what I think is the central concern of the essay, I then begin to ask whether the essay is actually about the manner of inoculating for the smallpox in Bengal as Holwell says it is or is it actually about its practice in Britain. It is this very restoration, when we locate the essay in 18th century Britain, that allows us, in the latter part of the essay, to to see that not only is the theoretical articulation "induced" by his audience, but also every detail of the description of the practice , which has hitherto been seen as a description determined by his experience in India, is equally induced and determined by his location in Britain . While this could lead me to argue that Holwell's essay has nothing to do with India, I suggest that what the text effects, if not represents, is a kind of translation : one that is both possible and enabled by the fact that the kind of medical theory and practice that underlies disease and its cure is similar - not identical - in India and Britain.

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Mukherjee, A., A. K. S. Huda, T. L. Thentu, and S. Banerjee. "Increasing Wheat Productivity under Variable and Changing Climatic Conditions in West Bengal, India." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 8, no. 3 (June 7, 2017): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/ijbsm/2017.8.3.1781.

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Mehta, R., D. Kundu, S. Chakrabarty, and P. Bharati. "Periodontal conditions and treatment in urban and rural population of West Bengal, India." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 3, no. 2 (February 2010): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1995-7645(10)60058-2.

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van Schendel, Willem. "Working Through Partition: Making a Living in the Bengal Borderlands." International Review of Social History 46, no. 3 (November 26, 2001): 393–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859001000256.

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Partition, the break-up of colonial India in 1947, has been the subject of considerable serious historical research, but almost exclusively from two distinctive perspectives: as a macropolitical event; or as a cultural and personal disaster. Remarkably, very little is known about the socioeconomic impact of Partition on different localities and individuals. This exploratory essay considers how Partition affected working people's livelihood and labour relations. The essay focuses on the northeastern part of the subcontinent, where Partition created an international border separating East Bengal – which became East Pakistan, then Bangladesh – from West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, and other regions which joined the new state of India. Based largely on evidence contained in “low-level” state records, the author explores how labour relations for several categories of workers in the new borderland changed during the period of the late 1940s and 1950s.

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Das, Diptosh, Prakash Pradhan, Debal Ray, Anirban Roy, and Krishnendu Acharya. "Contribution to the Macromycetes of West Bengal, India: 69–73." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 13 (September 26, 2020): 16840–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4896.12.13.16840-16853.

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The varied topography, soil and climate of West Bengal makes conducive conditions of macrofungal habitats nurturing magnificent diversity. During exploration of macro-fungal diversity in Terai Duars region of the state during 2017–18, basidiocarps of different kinds of the genus Lentinus (Polyporaceae) were collected, photographed along with macro-morphological and ecological notes. The specimens were identified through macro and micro-morphological characters following standard literature. Five species of the genus Lentinus (L. araucariae, L. fasciatus, L. polychrous, L. sajor-caju, and L. squarrosulus) were identified which are presented in this paper along with amplified description, necessary figures and photographs. Literature survey revealed that out of five identified species, L. araucariae and L. fasciatus represent new distributional record for India. The outcome of the present study would enrich data related to the macro-fungal diversity from the state of West Bengal.

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Saha, Rituparna, Debal Ray, Anirban Roy, and Krishnendu Acharya. "Contribution to the macromycetes of West Bengal, India: 63–68." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 14 (October 26, 2020): 17014–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4964.12.14.17014-17023.

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West Bengal, a significant landmass of eastern India with its varied topography, edaphic, and climatic conditions facilitates diversified forest types and conducive microhabitats for a wide array of macro-fungal wealth and the members of Aphyllophorales in particular. Detailed macro-microscopic characterizations and chemical reactions were performed to systematically identify the specimens using standard key and literatures. Six members of Aphyllophorales collected from different parts of West Bengal, India and four species belonging to the family Polyporaceae [Hexagonia tenuis (Fr.) Fr., Polyporus arcularius (Batsch) Fr., P. tricholoma Mont. and Lenzites elegans (Spreng.) Pat.] were identified, and a single species was identified under Meripiliaceae [Physisporinus lineatus (Pers.) F. Wu, Jia J. Chen & Y.C. Dai] and Meruliaceae [Bjerkandera fumosa (Pers.) P. Karst.]. The detailed description along with field and herbarium photographs, macro-morphology, and microscopic features of six species are provided in this article.

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d’Hubert, Thibaut. "India beyond the Ganges: Defining Arakanese Buddhism in Persianate colonial Bengal." Indian Economic & Social History Review 56, no. 1 (January 2019): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464618817371.

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In the late eighteenth century a Scotsman returned from Bengal with one of the largest private libraries of Persian texts collected in the Subcontinent. Among those manuscripts were several volumes of translations of Arakanese and Pali texts into Persian, as well as quasi ethnographic accounts on Buddhism as it was practiced in what is seen today as the frontier region between South and Southeast Asia. In this article I look at this archive and the historical moment that surrounds its making in the perspective of the development of Buddhist studies. This large corpus of texts happened to be a false start in the history of the study of Theravāda Buddhism, but it constitutes a unique source to learn about local forms of Buddhism on the eve of the fall of the Arakanese kingdom and the integration of its religious institutions within the Burmese sangha. While discussing a selection of texts from this vast corpus, I pay special attention to the culturally layered transmission of knowledge on Arakanese Buddhism via the work of Bengali munshīs (i.e., Persian secretary). I argue that this layered transmission caused the almost immediate obsolescence of this corpus as a source of information in the early colonial context. However, for the cultural historian, those Persian texts contrast with the then emerging institutionalised orientalist discourses and offer a new vantage point for the study of Arakanese Buddhism.

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Chaudhuri, Rosinka. "‘On the Colonization of India’ (1829): Public meetings, debates and later disputes." Indian Economic & Social History Review 55, no. 4 (September 24, 2018): 463–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464618796894.

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This article returns to the scene of excitement that comprised the topic labelled ‘On the Colonization of India’ in the newspapers and journals of 1829, an area explored once before by a group of established Left historians through debates on the specific issue of the ‘Bengal Renaissance’ in the mid-1970s. Beginning with the misreading by these historians of particular extracts from the Bengal Hurkaru in constructing their arguments for or against the place of Rammohun Roy in the making of modern India, I nevertheless draw back here from larger abstractions of categorisation to focus tightly instead on this issue of ‘colonisation’ alone, exploring the arguments for and against free trade in the run up to the renewal of the East India Company (EIC)’s charter in 1833 as they unfolded in Calcutta. The objective is to delink the moment from the historical narratives of English liberalism, or free trade, or later Indian nationalism, reading the archive again to bring in local perspectives that have not been looked at so far, such as the unexpected voice of Young Bengal, speaking against colonisation, not for it, as it seems Rammohun does. As a result of concentrating on the local scene in Calcutta, a different picture emerges of the varied interests that, while never arguing against British rule, were nevertheless in conflict when taking a position for or against both the company’s monopoly and the future colonisation of India.

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Dasgupta, Soumit. "The First Cadaveric Dissection in India." Sushruta Journal of Health Policy & Opinion 14, no. 1 (March 13, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.38192/14.1.14.

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Historical Perspective The first cadaver dissection in India in the 19th century after millennia of social prejudices took place in the recently established Calcutta Medical College in 1835, the first medical college in Asia imparting western medical education to British, Anglo Indians and Indians in the empire. The first scientific approach to medical sciences commenced following this landmark event and set the trend for future liberal attitudes in society and contributed to the Bengal Renaissance of the 19th century. This is a fictional account of the day when it happened. Only the characters and the fact that the dissection occurred are real.

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Brahma, Jharna, Vinod Pavarala, and Vasuki Belavadi. "Driving Social Change Through Forum Theatre: A Study of Jana Sanskriti in West Bengal, India." Asia Pacific Media Educator 29, no. 2 (September 3, 2019): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1326365x19864477.

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This article examines Forum Theatre as a form of participatory communication for social change. Based on an ethnographic study of Jana Sanskriti ( JS), a Forum Theatre group working for over three decades in the eastern Indian state of West Bengal, this article seeks to show how this form of theatre, developed by the Brazilian activist Augusto Boal, subverts the passivity inherent in the communicator–receiver model of the dominant paradigm by activating the critical consciousness of the spectator and triggering a process of social change through dialogue and discussion. JS has been using Forum Theatre to address some of the deeply entrenched social norms in rural West Bengal, including those related to patriarchy, child marriage, domestic violence, and maternal and child health related issues, by extending Boal’s notion of the ‘spect-actor’ to encourage the spectators to become ‘spect-activists’, who then are engaged in community-level work on social change. We suggest that this form of communication is clearly bottom-up, radically participatory, community-based and led by the oppressed, as has been advocated by several scholars working on communication for social change.

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Dutta, Sutapa. "Debates on Schooling the Mind in Colonial Bengal." Social Change 52, no. 1 (March 2022): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857211068553.

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The making of the enlightenment in the age of imperial expansion through the analytical frame of knowledge and pedagogies were subjects of debate in nineteenth-century India, and continue to remain so. There was a set of complicated political, social and psychological process involved in colonial schooling in India as a public site to frame native subjectivities. This has resulted in a unique formulation of racial-civilisational location of Indian subjectivity, with its alternate configuration of power. The article seeks to emphasise the disparate discourses on the prevalent education system, and the reaction of Bengali intellectuals towards ‘modern’ Western pedagogy in nineteenth-century Bengal. The critical debates, ranging from commendation to condemnation underline the dilemma of a period of transition. As a subject of experimental formulations of ideas and system, the native learner was at the centre of a cultural tussle that got torn between Western impositions and nationalistic sentiments.

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Mohammed Nishath, N., S. M. Hussain, K. Neelavnnan, S. Thejasino, S. Saalim, and A. Rajkumar. "Ostracod biodiversity from shelf to slope oceanic conditions, off central Bay of Bengal, India." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 483 (October 2017): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.05.004.

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Raj, Medha, Sharmistha Bhattacherjee, and Abhijit Mukherjee. "Usage of Online Social Networking Sites among School Students of Siliguri, West Bengal, India." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 40, no. 5 (September 2018): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijpsym.ijpsym_70_18.

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Govindharaj, Pitchaimani, Sampathkumar Srinivasan, and Joydeepa Darlong. "Social participation of persons affected by leprosy in an endemic district, West Bengal, India." Leprosy Review 90, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47276/lr.90.1.105.

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Hossain, Intekhab. "Other Backward Class Muslims of West Bengal, India: A Sociological and Social Anthropological Insight." Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 33, no. 2 (June 2013): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2013.826449.

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Barman, Narayan, and Badsha Sarkar. "Women Beedi Workers of Cooch Behar, West Bengal: Accessibility of Welfare Programmes." Social Change 52, no. 4 (December 2022): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00490857211068568.

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The labour market in India is largely unorganised in character, employing 93 per cent of the country’s labour force. India is a country where female work participation rate is very low, yet some specific sectors like beedi manufacturing have an overwhelming female work participation. Today, beedi manufacturing is a traditional and largely home-based industry in India in which 98 per cent of beedi workers are females. This article attempts to capture the accessibility of labour welfare programmes by female beedi workers in the Cooch Behar district of West Bengal. As a welfare state, the Government of India, along with the state government of West Bengal, has enacted several welfare schemes to protect the basic social needs of these women workers. But their backwardness, illiteracy combined with poverty, and a lack of administrative transparency appear to be major constraints in female beedi workers having any access to welfare programmes.

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Dutta, Subrata. "Rural Unemployment in Gujarat and West Bengal." South Asia Research 39, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728018817851.

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Based on NSSO data sets, this study covers the period from 1993 to 2010 and focuses on a comparison of rural unemployment in Gujarat and West Bengal, chosen because of their contrasting characteristics. In the past few decades, Gujarat has emphasised growth through modern industrial production, while under a different ideological regime, West Bengal aimed to achieve agricultural growth, land reform and more egalitarian patterns of agricultural incomes. Recent evidence suggests that meanwhile Gujarat’s agriculture has registered high growth in output during 2000–08, while West Bengal has failed to kick off industrialisation, despite making some pressing efforts. The article clearly identifies the limited scope for agriculture to provide full employment for all young rural people in India. However, given the important role of the agricultural sector in safeguarding national food security, it becomes obvious that apart from careful attention to agricultural developments, sustainable alternatives to traditional agricultural employment need to be activated. The concluding section therefore considers various policy options for tackling the risks of rural unemployment and underemployment in India.

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Das, Nilemesh, and Shuvadip Adhikari. "Study of nesting behaviour of Asian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi (Aves: Passeriformes: Monorchidae) from southern West Bengal, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 6 (April 26, 2019): 13782–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4868.11.6.13782-13785.

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The Asian Paradise Flycatcher has always been a flamboyant passerine to be photographed quite often throughout the Gangetic Bengal in India, but hardly any behavioural documentation is enlisted till date. The nesting behaviour of the subject bird encompassing its parental behaviours was studied on a wetland stretch of Ishapore, southern Gangetic Bengal. The present study mainly deals with the nesting behaviour, incubation activities, hatching, and parental care to fledging of a wild pair. The behavioural changes at par with the changing weather conditions and the neighbouring species too were studied.

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Tisdell, Clem. "Gender inequality in India: evidence from a survey in rural West Bengal." International Journal of Social Economics 29, no. 9 (September 2002): 706–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068290210438040.

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Stolyarov, A. A. "Forming Historical Myths in British India in the First Decades of the 20th Century (the History of Mediaeval Mystification)." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 1 (11) (2020): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-1-76-81.

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Some Indian historians, as well as social and political activists believed before and believe now that democracy in India in general, and in Bengal in particular has very deep roots (according to these beliefs, in 7th–8th centuries A.D. Bengal suffered political and economic decline). Such great activists of “Bengal Renaissance” as R. P. Chanda, A. K. Maitreya, R. D. Banerji (Bandyopadhyay), and R. Ch. Majumdar were the first to express this idea and comprehend Bengal as a single entity. Meanwhile the idea in question was based on a single evidence, that was written in the genealogical part of two landgrant charters of Dharmapāla, the second king of the Pāla dynasty (ca. late 8th — the beginning of 9th centuries). However modern historians, analysing the Bengali sources of the period, note the fact that generally only Buddhist historical texts contain references to the mentioned political and economic disorder, while judging by inscriptions and excavations, there is no evidence of decline. Moreover, there is no proof that Bengal existed as a single entity in pre-Muslim period at all. Distribution of inscriptions of Pālas and their neighbours in Bengal territory shows that we can identify around six or seven cultural and political regions there. Thus we could conclude that the notion of deeply rooted Indian democracy is based on the prejudiced interpretation of available sources by the Bengali historians of the early 20th century.

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Soni-Sinha, Urvashi. "Invisible women: a study of jewellery production in West Bengal, India." Journal of Gender Studies 20, no. 2 (June 2011): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2011.565192.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bengal (india), social conditions'

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