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Journal articles on the topic 'Bengali language'
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1
Awal, Abdul. "Language Contact in Bangladesh." International Journal of English Linguistics 13, no. 4 (July 25, 2023): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v13n4p69.
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This paper explores the significant diversity in Bengali, the predominant and official language of Bangladesh, primarily resulting from language contact, a prevailing concept in sociolinguistics. This paper scrutinises the historical influence of language contact on the evolution and development of Bengali from a sociolinguistic standpoint. Specifically, it traces the chronology of contact languages and the periodization of Bengali in Bangladesh. The author presents an overview of the current state of language contact in Bangladesh, considering influences from online media, virtual communication, and globalisation. The paper also critiques the limitations present in the existing literature on Bengali’s periodization. It further elucidates the intricate connection between language contact and the changes in the Bengali language. The study utilises a qualitative method, drawing from diverse sources such as academic articles, books, newspapers, public records, statistics, historical documents, and biographies, to deduce initial findings about the causes and impacts of contact languages in Bangladesh. One central theme is the examination of significant changes in Bengali resulting from contact languages. The paper seeks to investigate the sociolinguistic chronological history of contact languages in Bangladesh. Following an interpretivist paradigm, it views linguistic contact as a socially constructed reality, embodying multiple perspectives within Bangladesh. Besides underscoring the influence of virtual language contact on digital platforms in Bangladesh, the findings emphasise the crucial role of contact languages in the development and maturation of the Bengali language.
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Arindam Roy, Et al. "Neural Machine Translation from Bengali Language to English language and vice-versa." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 9 (November 5, 2023): 3823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i9.9635.
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Bengali ranks among the first ten spoken languages in the world with a native speaker numbering about 230 million people. With UNESCO declaring 21st February as International Mother Language Day to commemorate the laying down of lives by five Bangladeshi students for the cause of their mother tongue, Bengali has come into the radar of worldwide attention . Though significant amount of prose, poetry have been written in Bengali language and large number of newspapers in Bengali get published daily, technically it is still considered a Low Resource Language (LRL) unlike English or French which are High Resource Language (HRL). The reason is not far to seek as corpora in varied domains such as short stories, sports, politics, agriculture etc is less in number and even when they are available, the size is less. Machine translation (MT) is difficult to perform in Bengali as parallel corpora from Bengali to other languages and vice versa is few and far between and when they are available they suffer from the problems of size and quality. This work is aimed at implementing one state of the art model in Neural Machine Translation (NMT) which is called the self-attention transformer model to perform translation from English to Bengali and vice versa. Though a couple of research work has been published in the recent years on MT from English to Bengali, they are mostly domain specific. This paper does not focus on any specific domain for NMT from English to Bengali and as such may be conceived as a more of general domain NMT from English to Bengali which is more difficult than domain specific NMT. Performance evaluation of the model was done using BLEU version-4 vis-à-vis translations of well known English-Bengali MTsystems.
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Mamud Hassan. "Issue of Dalit Identity and the Partition of Bengal." Creative Launcher 6, no. 5 (December 30, 2021): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2021.6.5.07.
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This paper attempts to present the history of partition of Bengal and the issues of Dalit communities that they faced during and aftermath of partition of India in 1947. It presents the experiences of the ‘Chhotolok’ or Dalits and the sufferings they encountered because of the bifurcation of the Bengal province. The paper deals with the migration process in Bengal side and the treatment of government and higher-class societies towards lower class/caste people in their ‘new homeland’. The paper presents an account of representation of Dalits in Bengali partition narratives and the literature written by Dalit writers. The paper also presents their struggles in Dandyakaranya forest and the incident of Marichjhapi Massacre in post-partition Bengal as depicted in several Bengali partition novels written in Bengali and English language.
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Sengupta, Tiyasha. "Heroes and villains: multimodal identity construction in children’s wartime visual narratives." Multimodal Communication 10, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 265–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mc-2021-0011.
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Abstract The article investigates the Self and Other binaries in wartime visual literature published in Bengali-language children’s periodicals in West Bengal, India during the Bangladesh Liberation Struggle 1971. The study applies a critical multimodal framework using the Social Actors Approach and Social Semiotics within the Discourse-Historical Approach. The binaries are defined by the representation and subsequent differentiation of physical, linguistic, and cultural features of the Bengali and non-Bengali social actors and through their actions in the plots. The representation of social actors in the texts conforms to as well as deviates from typical wartime propaganda.
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Talukder, Barnali. "Matijaner Meyera in Translation: Cultural Identity Construction Through Untranslatability of Language." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 10, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.10n.6p.36.
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The concepts of language and cultural identity of a speaker are entwined as they complement each other. However, translation poses a challenge to the identity language predominantly constructs. Therefore, translatable elements of language get the stage of universality while the untranslatable-s essentially bring forth the culture they are descended from. In this study, a short story collection from Bangladesh, Matijaner Meyera, where there is a celebration of diverse branches of Bengali language, has been brought to light to show how untranslatability of a number of culture-oriented vocabularies vibrantly tells about Bengali culture. The primary resource includes a lot many culture-oriented vocabularies as well as few phrases that English, as a language, cannot accommodate in it. Inability of other languages to penetrate such culture-rooted belongings of Bengali language showcases the power a language retains to protect itself from any invading force. This study has argued in favor of the untranslatable base of Bengali that English, due to cultural distance, cannot embrace linguistically. Therefore, such cultural difference eventually develops a distinct linguistic identity of Bengali through untranslatability that this study has attempted to divulge.
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Ferdouci, Nahid. "Bengali language situation in the judicial system in Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics 2, no. 3 (January 15, 2010): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujl.v2i3.4143.
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Bengali language has been declared as the state language of the Republic in Article 3 of the Constitution of Bangladesh. Bengali is our mother tongue and we have achieved this at the cost of much blood. Moreover Bangla Bhasha Procholon Ain (Bengali Language Implementation Act) was made in 1987 for ensuring compulsory use of Bengali in courts and offices of Bangladesh. In spite of these provisions, English is still used in the judicial system (Higher Courts) in Bangladesh. Often delivering of judgments in English creates various problems for poor and illiterate person. People in our country speak in Bengali. Language of courts should follow the language of the common people. An attempt has been made in this article to assess the status and the enforceability of Bengali language with historical background, limitations of bringing into practice and some necessary measures for effective use of Bengali language in the courts. Key words: Bengali language, judgments in English, impact on the peopleDOI: 10.3329/dujl.v2i3.4143 The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics: Vol.2 No.3 February, 2009 Page: 53-68
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KURZON, DENNIS. "Romanisation of Bengali and Other Indian Scripts." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 20, no. 1 (November 30, 2009): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186309990319.
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AbstractThis article will discuss two attempts at the romanisation of Indian languages in the twentieth century, one in pre-independence India and the second in Pakistan before the Bangladesh war of 1971. By way of background, an overview of the status of writing in the subcontinent will be presented in the second section, followed by a discussion of various earlier attempts in India to change writing systems, relating mainly to the situation in Bengal, which has one language and one script used by two large religious groups – Muslims and Hindus (in modern-day Bangladesh and West Bengal, respectively). The fourth section will look at the language/script policy of the Indian National Congress in pre-independence days, and attempts to introduce romanisation, especially the work of the Bengali linguist S. K. Chatterji. The penultimate section deals with attempts to change the writing system in East Pakistan, i.e. East Bengal, to (a) the Perso-Arabic script, and (b) the roman script.In all cases, the attempt to romanise any of the Indian scripts failed at the national – official – level, although Indian languages do have a conventional transliteration. Reasons for the failure will be presented, in the final section, in terms of İlker Aytürk's model (see this issue), which proposes factors that may allow – or may not lead to – the implementation of romanisation.
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Sarkar, Abhishek. "Rosalind and "Śakuntalā" among the Ascetics: Reading Gender and Female Sexual Agency in a Bengali Adaptation of "As You Like It"." Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance 18, no. 33 (December 30, 2018): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-8530.18.07.
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My article examines how the staging of gender and sexuality in Shakespeare’s play As You Like It is negotiated in a Bengali adaptation, Ananga-Rangini (1897) by the little-known playwright Annadaprasad Basu. The Bengali adaptation does not assume the boy actor’s embodied performance as essential to its construction of the Rosalindequivalent, and thereby it misses several of the accents on gender and sexuality that characterize Shakespeare’s play. The Bengali adaptation, while accommodating much of Rosalind’s flamboyance, is more insistent upon the heteronormative closure and reconfigures the Rosalind-character as an acquiescent lover/wife. Further, Ananga-Rangini incorporates resonances of the classical Sanskrit play Abhijñānaśākuntalam by Kālidāsa, thus suggesting a thematic interaction between the two texts and giving a concrete shape to the comparison between Shakespeare and Kālidāsa that formed a favourite topic of literary debate in colonial Bengal. The article takes into account how the Bengali adaptation of As You Like It may be influenced by the gender politics informing Abhijñānaśākuntalam and by the reception of this Sanskrit play in colonial Bengal.
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Oldenburg, Philip. "“A Place Insufficiently Imagined”: Language, Belief, and the Pakistan Crisis of 1971." Journal of Asian Studies 44, no. 4 (August 1985): 711–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2056443.
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The breakup of Pakistan in 1971 can be explained in pt by a failure of understanding on the part of the West Pakistani leadership of Pakistan, a seeming inability to recognize what the meaning of Pakistan was for Bengalis, and thus the cause of the demand for Bengali as a state language equal to Urdu. Exploration of the language issue in the period before and afterndependence helps to illuminate the divergence of belief about the form of the new state and the meaning of parity in representation between east and west wings of the country. The final tragedy of the attempted crushing of the movement for an autonomous Bangladesh is also in part an outcome of this pattern of belief, in particular the belief about the role of Hindus in the expression of Bengali identity.
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Ahnaf, Adil, Hossain Mohammad Mahmudul Hasan, Nabila Sabrin Sworna, and Nahid Hossain. "An improved extrinsic monolingual plagiarism detection approach of the Bengali text." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 4 (August 1, 2023): 4256. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i4.pp4256-4267.
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Plagiarism is an act of literature fraud, which is presenting others’ work or ideas without giving credit to the original work. All published and unpublished written documents are under the cover of this definition. Plagiarism, which increased significantly over the last few years, is a concerning issue for students, academicians, and professionals. Due to this, there are several plagiarism detection tools or software available to detect plagiarism in different languages. Unfortunately, negligible work has been done and no plagiarism detection software available in the Bengali language where Bengali is one of the most spoken languages in the world. In this paper, we have proposed a plagiarism detection tool for the Bengali language that mainly focuses on the educational and newspaper domain. We have collected 82 textbooks from the National Curriculum of Textbooks (NCTB), Bangladesh, scrapped all articles from 12 reputed newspapers and compiled our corpus with more than 10 million sentences. The proposed method on Bengali text corpus shows an accuracy rate of 97.31%
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Bhattacharya, Dr Abhisek. "Reading Creative Translations of Jibanananda Das’s Bengali Poetry into English: A Journey across the Frontiers of Experiences." ENSEMBLE 3, no. 1 (August 20, 2021): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37948/ensemble-2021-0301-a016.
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Indian English literature generally refers to that body of writing, which is produced in the English language by the litterateurs of an Indian origin. It is however, understandable that creative translations should also be located into the corpus of Indian English literature. Historically speaking, what gave the first solid footing to Indian English poetry was Rabindranath Tagore’s Gitanjali, and this came in the form of creative translation. After Rabindranath we find another accomplished poet of twentieth century Bengal to practice creative translation of his Bengali poetry into English. This poet is Jibanananda Das, whose English- language poetry in the form of creative translation is yet to receive a broader audience. The present paper seeks to study three of these creative translations titled Meditations (Manosarani in Bengali), Darkness (Andhakar in Bengali) and Sailor (Nabik in Bengali), which seem to form a complex sequel in respect of Jibanananda’s deep concern for the socio-cultural unrest that characterized the general fabrics of life in Bengal after the Partition of 1947. Moreover, these poems appear equally contemporary in the twenty first century, when the disruptive forces of corruption, falsehood, debauchery, political coercion and cultural denigration are more severely at work to corrode and annihilate the cultural roots of Bengal. So, the purpose of the present study is two-fold: first, to show how the creative translations of Jibanananda continue to strike the note of a universal humanity in the present times, and second, to voice for their inclusion in forthcoming anthologies of Indian English poetry. For, these poems composed by one of the greatest poets of modern Bengal would make room for readers from all over India to savour the taste of a fine artistry that transcends the limits of every ideological bias.
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BOSE, NEILESH. "Purba Pakistan Zindabad: Bengali Visions of Pakistan, 1940–1947." Modern Asian Studies 48, no. 1 (March 14, 2013): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000315.
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AbstractThis paper details the history of the concept of Pakistan as debated by Bengali intellectuals and literary critics from 1940–1947. Historians of late colonial South Asia and analysts of Pakistan have focused on the Punjab along with colonial Indian ‘Muslim minority’ provinces and their spokesmen like Muhammed Ali Jinnah, to the exclusion of the cultural and intellectual aspects of Bengali conceptions of the Pakistan idea. When Bengal has come into focus, the spotlight has centred on politicians like Fazlul Huq or Hassan Shahid Suhrawardy. This paper aims to provide a corrective to this lacuna by analyzing Bengali Muslim conceptualizations of the idea of Pakistan. Bengali Muslim thinkers, such as Abul Mansur Ahmed, Abul Kalam Shamsuddin, and Farrukh Ahmed, blended concepts of Pakistan inside locally grounded histories of the Bengali language and literature and worked within disciplines of geography and political economy. Many Bengali Muslim writers from 1940 to 1947 creatively integrated concepts of Pakistan in poetry, updating an older Bengali literary tradition begun in earlier generations. Through a discussion of the social history of its emergence along with the role of geography, political thought, and poetry, this paper discusses the significance of ‘Pak-Bangla’ cultural nationalism within late colonial South Asian history.
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Pajunen, Ida. "Yoga and Vyāyāma in New Bengali Sources." Journal of Yoga Studies 5 (May 2024): 3–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34000/joys.2024.v5.001.
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This paper examines yoga āsana and vyāyāma instruction from Bengal in the twentieth century. It focuses on three themes as they appear in materials prior to the 1960s. These themes are the focus on yoga for health, the inclusion of vyāyāma in Bengali language sources and the introduction of women to yoga.
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Bharadwaj, Lopamudra, Urmi Roy, Jyoti Ram, Haripriya Telakkadan, and B. P. Abhishek. "Speech Emotion Recognition in Native and Nonnative Languages." Journal of Indian Speech Language & Hearing Association 38, no. 1 (January 2024): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jisha.jisha_11_23.
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Abstract Background: Speech emotion recognition can be experimentally tested in native and nonnative languages, as the mechanisms involved would differ across these languages. The recognition of speech in the native language is mediated through the language, and in nonnative languages, speech emotion recognition is facilitated through affective prosody. Linguistic prosody is anchored by the left hemisphere, whereas the right hemisphere coordinates the right hemisphere. The current study was carried out with the aim of testing speech emotion recognition in native and nonnative speakers with the motive of assessing the basic role of language in mediating prosody. Methods: The study was carried out on native and nonnative speakers of Malayalam, Assamese, and Bengali. Fifteen sentences (5 declarative, 5 interrogative, and 5 exclamatory) were recorded from native speakers of the aforementioned languages; these sentences were played to native speakers and nonnative speakers of a given language. For instance, the sentences in Malayalam were played to native speakers of Malayalam and nonnative speakers (speakers of Assamese and Bengali). The response sheet had three smileys, and the participants were asked to mark the appropriate smiley after listening to the sentences. Each correct response was given a score of 1, whereas an incorrect response was given a score of 0. Results: The native speakers of Malayalam, Assamese, and Bengali secured scores of 13.14 and 15 in their native languages, respectively. In the nonnative language, the participants secured scores in the range of 2–5. The Kruskal–Wallis test showed a significant difference between the native and nonnative languages. The results depicted that the native speakers of a language were able to identify the speech emotions easily, whereas they had difficulty identifying the sentences in the other two languages. The same trend was observed for speakers of Malayalam, Assamese, and Bengali. This showed that speech emotion recognition was linguistically driven. Conclusions: The results highlight that the prosody is more linguistically driven as the performance in the native language was better than in nonnative languages.
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Ishraq, Mir Ragib, Nitesh Khadka, Asif Mohammed Samir, and M. Shahidur Rahman. "Towards Developing Uniform Lexicon Based Sorting Algorithm for Three Prominent Indo-Aryan Languages." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 21, no. 3 (May 31, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3488371.
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Three different Indic/Indo-Aryan languages - Bengali, Hindi and Nepali have been explored here in character level to find out similarities and dissimilarities. Having shared the same root, the Sanskrit, Indic languages bear common characteristics. That is why computer and language scientists can take the opportunity to develop common Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques or algorithms. Bearing the concept in mind, we compare and analyze these three languages character by character. As an application of the hypothesis, we also developed a uniform sorting algorithm in two steps, first for the Bengali and Nepali languages only and then extended it for Hindi in the second step. Our thorough investigation with more than 30,000 words from each language suggests that, the algorithm maintains total accuracy as set by the local language authorities of the respective languages and good efficiency.
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Sayeed, Abu, Jungpil Shin, Md Al Mehedi Hasan, Azmain Yakin Srizon, and Md Mehedi Hasan. "BengaliNet: A Low-Cost Novel Convolutional Neural Network for Bengali Handwritten Characters Recognition." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 25, 2021): 6845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156845.
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As it is the seventh most-spoken language and fifth most-spoken native language in the world, the domain of Bengali handwritten character recognition has fascinated researchers for decades. Although other popular languages i.e., English, Chinese, Hindi, Spanish, etc. have received many contributions in the area of handwritten character recognition, Bengali has not received many noteworthy contributions in this domain because of the complex curvatures and similar writing fashions of Bengali characters. Previously, studies were conducted by using different approaches based on traditional learning, and deep learning. In this research, we proposed a low-cost novel convolutional neural network architecture for the recognition of Bengali characters with only 2.24 to 2.43 million parameters based on the number of output classes. We considered 8 different formations of CMATERdb datasets based on previous studies for the training phase. With experimental analysis, we showed that our proposed system outperformed previous works by a noteworthy margin for all 8 datasets. Moreover, we tested our trained models on other available Bengali characters datasets such as Ekush, BanglaLekha, and NumtaDB datasets. Our proposed architecture achieved 96–99% overall accuracies for these datasets as well. We believe our contributions will be beneficial for developing an automated high-performance recognition tool for Bengali handwritten characters.
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Ali, Tahoora, Suprakash Chaudhury, Santosh Kumar, Vidhata Dixit, Chetan Diwan, and Parisha Kelkar. "Translation and psychometrics of the Bengali adaptation of Coronavirus Anxiety Scale." Industrial Psychiatry Journal 32, Suppl 1 (November 2023): S196—S200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_235_23.
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Background: The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) was developed in April 2020 as an instrument to gauge the symptoms of stress and anxiety occurring secondary to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was constructed using the English language due to which its application to a multi-linguistic country like India became a hindrance. Aim: To establish psychometric validity and reliability of the Bengali translation of CAS. Materials and Methods: Experts well-versed in the English and Bengali languages translated CAS from English to Bengali. This was followed by further correction by forward and backward translation processes until a version with high accuracy and low redundancy was procured. The original scale was applied to 91 volunteers, and the translated version was applied to the same group after 14 days. Results: The mean scores of the original version and the translated version showed a significant correlation. The Bengali version of CAS had high internal consistency, significant concurrent validity, and acceptable split-half reliability. It was hence deemed easily understandable and capable of measuring anxiety due to COVID-19 similar to the original scale. Conclusion: The Bengali translation of the CAS can be accurately used to assess symptoms of anxiety and stress with high reliability and validity in those who are able to read the Bengali language.
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Ghosh, Roni. "Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s Contribution in the Development of Bengali Language and Literature and Its Relevance in Present Context." Asian Review of Social Sciences 7, no. 2 (August 5, 2018): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2018.7.2.1439.
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Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was a great person and great human being. He is known not only for his contribution in the field of educational and social reformation, but also for his literary works and contribution in the development of modern Bengali language. He is the pioneer who understood the problem of the then readers in understanding the complicated Bengali language, whose origin was purely Sanskrit. Thus, he took initiatives for simplifying and modernizing this language. Before him there was no such simple, easy and systematic text books for the learners. So, the researcher aims to find out the literary works of Ishwar Chandra, his contributions in the development of modern Bengali language and its present day relevancy in education. To fulfill these aims and objectives the researcher has framed some research questions. This is a Historical and Bibliographical research. Necessary data are collected from the primary and secondary data sources. For the analysis and interpretation of collected data, researcher used documentary analysis method. According to the researcher this research has significance from many aspects. One of them is, it will reveal the contribution of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar as the first writer of Bengal in creating the simple and modern Bengali language. But the study is delimited by the researcher from the time period, i.e. only the time between 1820-1891 is considered as the period under study. After collecting necessary data, the researcher has found that, large number of books has been written by Ishwar Chandra and he has memorable contribution in the development of modern Bengali language. One of his popular creations is “Barna Porichay”. It is also found that he had done many activities like, writing of text books, grammar books, bio-graphical books and was actively involved in the writings of some magazines. Following the third research question, the research has found that Ishwar Chandra’s all activities are not somehow done by him, but those were much planned works. His report regarding the reformation of the educational system of Sanskrit college is considered as the first Educational Plan by the Indians. His works and activities regarding language development and literature support the principles of educational philosophy and psychology even after a long period of three centuries.
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Ranasinghe, Tharindu, and Marcos Zampieri. "Multilingual Offensive Language Identification for Low-resource Languages." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 21, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3457610.
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Offensive content is pervasive in social media and a reason for concern to companies and government organizations. Several studies have been recently published investigating methods to detect the various forms of such content (e.g., hate speech, cyberbullying, and cyberaggression). The clear majority of these studies deal with English partially because most annotated datasets available contain English data. In this article, we take advantage of available English datasets by applying cross-lingual contextual word embeddings and transfer learning to make predictions in low-resource languages. We project predictions on comparable data in Arabic, Bengali, Danish, Greek, Hindi, Spanish, and Turkish. We report results of 0.8415 F1 macro for Bengali in TRAC-2 shared task [23], 0.8532 F1 macro for Danish and 0.8701 F1 macro for Greek in OffensEval 2020 [58], 0.8568 F1 macro for Hindi in HASOC 2019 shared task [27], and 0.7513 F1 macro for Spanish in in SemEval-2019 Task 5 (HatEval) [7], showing that our approach compares favorably to the best systems submitted to recent shared tasks on these three languages. Additionally, we report competitive performance on Arabic and Turkish using the training and development sets of OffensEval 2020 shared task. The results for all languages confirm the robustness of cross-lingual contextual embeddings and transfer learning for this task.
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Uddin, Md Afaz. "Second Person Pronouns as Person Deixis in Bengali and English: Linguistic Forms and Pragmatic Functions." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p345.
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Second person pronouns functioning as person deixis are found to be used in both Bengali and English language to express the role relationships as well as the interpersonal relationships involved between the participants in conversation. However, the expression of these relationships through the use of second person deixis varies significantly in the two languages as it necessarily involves both linguistic as well as social aspects. Being an Asian language, Bengali has a detailed and somewhat complex system of encoding the role relationship of the participants, their interrelationships, their social status, level of formality and politeness involved, and so on by the use of second person deixis. In contrast, English, a European language, exhibits relatively simple and straight forward ways of encoding the aforementioned issues of conversation. Based on the intuitive observation of the utterances of the two languages, the present study intends to make a comparative analysis of the use of second person deixis in Bengali and English with a view to exploring the extent to which the two languages differ linguistically and pragmatically in their encoding of social information with the use of such deictic expressions.
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Datta, Hia. "First-Language Attrition in Bengali-English–Speaking Individuals." Perspectives on Communication Disorders and Sciences in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CLD) Populations 19, no. 1 (March 2012): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/cds19.1.21.
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Multilingual immigrants who live in an environment that does not support their first language (L1) can experience changes in their L1. Such changes, over long periods of time, can lead to attrition in L1. Existing studies examining L1 attrition have been focused on European languages and immigrants between the European and American continents. A group of researchers at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY) sought to understand L1 attrition in South Asian immigrants with L1s that are very different in structure from English. In this study, we examined the relationship between language-use and language-immersion patterns that affect first and second language (L2) performance in Bengali-English speaking multilinguals. Language performance was measured by two lexical tasks—a picture-word task and verbal fluency measures—in both Bengali and English. Results indicated that decreased L1 use and low self-reported ratings of L1 predicted L1 attrition in these Bengali-English speaking individuals. Results also indicated that the earlier individuals are immersed in an L2 environment, the more likely it is that their first language will be affected by attrition. Thus, frequent use of L1 is important in order to maintain it, especially for immigrants who wish to pass their L1 on to future generations.
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Ayshee, Tanzila Ferdous, Sadia Afrin Raka, Quazi Ridwan Hasib, Rashedur M. Rahman, and Md Hossain. "Sign Language Recognition for Bengali Characters." International Journal of Fuzzy System Applications 4, no. 4 (October 2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijfsa.2015100101.
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Sign language is the primary means of communication for people having speaking and hearing impairment. This language uses a system of manual, facial, and other body movements as the means of communication, as opposed to acoustically conveyed sound patterns. This paper uses image processing and fuzzy logic to develop an intelligent system to recognize Bengali Sign Language. The proposed system works in two phases. In the first phase, the fuzzification methods are defined. Then in the next phase, the raw images are processed to identify the fuzzy rules. A detailed implementation procedure of the proposed system is demonstrated by describing the recognition process of four Bengali characters.
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Ekbal, Asif, and Sivaji Bandyopadhyay. "Named entity recognition in Bengali and Hindi using support vector machine." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 34, no. 1 (July 7, 2011): 35–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.34.1.02ekb.
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Named Entity Recognition (NER) aims to classify each word of a document into predefined target named entity (NE) classes and is nowadays considered to be fundamental for many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks such as information retrieval, machine translation, information extraction, question answering systems and others. This paper reports about the development of a NER system for Bengali and Hindi using Support Vector Machine (SVM). We have used the annotated corpora of 122,467 tokens of Bengali and 502,974 tokens of Hindi tagged with the twelve different NE classes, defined as part of the IJCNLP-08 NER Shared Task for South and South East Asian Languages (SSEAL). An appropriate tag conversion routine has been developed in order to convert the data into the forms tagged with the four NE tags, namely Person name, Location name, Organization name and Miscellaneous name. The system makes use of the different contextual information of the words along with the variety of orthographic word-level features that are helpful in predicting the different NE classes. The system has been tested with the gold standard test sets of 35K, and 38K tokens for Bengali, and Hindi, respectively. Evaluation results have demonstrated the overall recall, precision, and f-score values of 85.11%, 81.74%, and 83.39%, respectively, for Bengali and 82.76%, 77.81%, and 80.21%, respectively, for Hindi. Statistical analysis, ANOVA is performed to show that the improvement in the performance with the use of language dependent features is statistically significant over the language independent features for Bengali and Hindi both.
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Dattamajumdar, Satarupa. "Ethno-Linguistic Vitality of Koch." Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics 12 (December 11, 2020): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/bjll.v12i.1874.
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The Koch language is spoken in the states of Assam (Goalpara, Nagaon, Dhubri, Kokrajhar, Chirang, Bongaigao, Barpeta, Baksa, Udalguri, Karbi Anglong, Golaghat districts), Meghalaya (West Garo Hills, South-West Garo Hills, South Garo Hills and East Khasi Hills Districts). Koches are found in West Bengal (Northern part) and also in Bangladesh. The speaker strength of Koch in India according to 2011 census is 36,434. Koch community is the bilingual speakers of Assamese, Bengali, Garo, Hindi, and English. Contact situations of Koch with Assamese and Bengali languages have made the language vulnerable to language shift. The UNESCO report mentions Koch as ‘Definitely Endangered’1. Koch has gained the status of a scheduled tribe in Meghalaya in 1987. Kondakov (2013) traces six distinct dialects of Koch, viz., Wanang, Koch-Rabha (Kocha), Harigaya, Margan, Chapra and Tintekiya. He (2013:24) states, “The relationship between the six Koch speech varieties are rather complex. They represent a dialect chain that stretches out from Koch-Rabha in the north to Tintekiya Koch in the south.” This is diagrammatically represented as - Koch-Rabha(Kocha)→Wanang→Harigaya→Margan, Chapra→Tintekiya where the adjacent dialects exhibit more lexical similarity than those at the ends. Nine ethno-linguistic varieties of Koch (also mentioned in Kondakov, 2013:5) have been reported during field investigation. These are Harigaya, Wanang, Tintekiya, Margan, Chapra, Satpariya, Sankar, Banai and Koch Mandai.
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Rahman, Tanim, Tanjia Chowdhury, and Jeenat Sultana. "Bengali sign language translator with location tracking system." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 33, no. 3 (March 1, 2024): 1760. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v33.i3.pp1760-1767.
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Designing an embedded system to convert sign language to sound forms to communicate with the outside world can be a challenging yet rewarding project, especially for mute people. To convey a speaker's thought through sign language, hand shapes, hand orientation and movement, and facial expressions must be combined concurrently. This research is intended to design a system that translates sign language into sound forms to establish communication with the outside world for people who are deaf, those who can hear but cannot physically speak, or have trouble with spoken languages due to some other disabilities. They can thus receive prompt assistance and stay out of uncomfortable circumstances. Additionally, this system incorporates a tracking system that uses a global system for mobile communications (GSM)/ global positioning system (GPS) module to locate a person using a tracking device and send the location to previously saved emergency contact numbers so that someone nearby can quickly locate and assist the person. Typically, each nation has its own native sign language. This project will create a few essential and typical sentences and phrases in Bengali.
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Khan, Sameer ud Dowla. "Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40, no. 2 (July 8, 2010): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100310000071.
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Bengali ( /baŋla/) is an Indo-European language (Indic branch) spoken by over 175 million people in Bangladesh and eastern India (Dasgupta 2003: 352; Lewis 2009). The speech illustrated below is representative of the standard variety widely spoken in Dhaka and other urban areas of Bangladesh.
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Sarkar, Anirban. "Interpreting ‘Front’: Perception of Space in Bengali and Kannada." Journal on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 1, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/jala.v1-i3-a2.
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This paper is concerned with the nature of ‘front’ along the front/back axis. The languages taken up for the study are Bengali, a language belonging to Indo-Aryan language family, and Kannada, a language belonging to Dravidian language family. The terms for denoting ‘front’ for Bengali are ‘samne’ and ‘aage’ and for Kannada are ‘yeduru’ and ‘munde.’ Experience and embodiment of spatial arrangements play an important role in the spatial cognition, and language use takes into account the different points of view. Many factors such as proximity, vantage point, specificity, etc. play an important role in describing a given situation. It is worth mentioning that the choice of the usages of the words for denoting ‘front’ as location or direction has been seen as different in some situations and overlapping in others. The data were collected using a questionnaire which aimed to elicit the expressions for ‘front’ for the entities, whose relationship is described in terms of Figure and Ground (Talmy 1983, 2000), from the speakers of both the above-mentioned languages, and then analysed for the factors involved.
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Nandy, Paromita. "Ratiocinate the Sociocultural Habits of Bengali Diaspora Residing in Kerala." Journal on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/jala.v2-i1-a4.
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The paper alludes to the study of how humans relocate themselves with cultural practice and its particular axiom, which embrace the meaning and value of how material and intellectual resource are embedded in culture. The study stimulates the cultural anthropology of the Bengali (Indo-Aryan, Eastern India) diaspora in Kerala (South India) that is dynamic and which keeps changing with the environment, keeping in mind a constant examination of group rituals, traditions, eating habits and communication. Languages are always in a state of flux, as are societies, and society contains customs and practices, beliefs, attitudes, way of life and the way people organize themselves as a group. The study scrutinizes the relationship between language and culture of Bengali people while fraternizing with Malayalee which encapsulates cultural knowledge and locates this in the interactions among members of varied cultural groups across time and space. This is influenced by that Bengali diasporic people change across generations owing to cultural gaps and remodeling of language and culture. The study investigates how a social group, having different cultural habits, manages time and space of a new and diverse sociopolitical situation. Moreover, it also investigates the language behaviour of the Bengali diaspora in Kerala by analyzing the linguistic features of Malayalam (Dravidian) spoken, such as how they express their cultural codes in different spatiotemporal conditions and their lexical choice in those situations.
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Sazzed, Salim. "BengSentiLex and BengSwearLex: creating lexicons for sentiment analysis and profanity detection in low-resource Bengali language." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (November 16, 2021): e681. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.681.
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Bengali is a low-resource language that lacks tools and resources for various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, such as sentiment analysis or profanity identification. In Bengali, only the translated versions of English sentiment lexicons are available. Moreover, no dictionary exists for detecting profanity in Bengali social media text. This study introduces a Bengali sentiment lexicon, BengSentiLex, and a Bengali swear lexicon, BengSwearLex. For creating BengSentiLex, a cross-lingual methodology is proposed that utilizes a machine translation system, a review corpus, two English sentiment lexicons, pointwise mutual information (PMI), and supervised machine learning (ML) classifiers in various stages. A semi-automatic methodology is presented to develop BengSwearLex that leverages an obscene corpus, word embedding, and part-of-speech (POS) taggers. The performance of BengSentiLex compared with the translated English lexicons in three evaluation datasets. BengSentiLex achieves 5%–50% improvement over the translated lexicons. For identifying profanity, BengSwearLex achieves documentlevel coverage of around 85% in an document-level in the evaluation dataset. The experimental results imply that BengSentiLex and BengSwearLex are effective resources for classifying sentiment and identifying profanity in Bengali social media content, respectively.
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Chakraborty, Susmoy, Mir Tafseer Nayeem, and Wasi Uddin Ahmad. "Simple or Complex? Learning to Predict Readability of Bengali Texts." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 14 (May 18, 2021): 12621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i14.17495.
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Determining the readability of a text is the first step to its simplification. In this paper, we present a readability analysis tool capable of analyzing text written in the Bengali language to provide in-depth information on its readability and complexity. Despite being the 7th most spoken language in the world with 230 million native speakers, Bengali suffers from a lack of fundamental resources for natural language processing. Readability related research of the Bengali language so far can be considered to be narrow and sometimes faulty due to the lack of resources. Therefore, we correctly adopt document-level readability formulas traditionally used for U.S. based education system to the Bengali language with a proper age-to-age comparison. Due to the unavailability of large-scale human-annotated corpora, we further divide the document-level task into sentence-level and experiment with neural architectures, which will serve as a baseline for the future works of Bengali readability prediction. During the process, we present several human-annotated corpora and dictionaries such as a document-level dataset comprising 618 documents with 12 different grade levels, a large-scale sentence-level dataset comprising more than 96K sentences with simple and complex labels, a consonant conjunct count algorithm and a corpus of 341 words to validate the effectiveness of the algorithm, a list of 3,396 easy words, and an updated pronunciation dictionary with more than 67K words. These resources can be useful for several other tasks of this low-resource language.
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Mondal, Arghyadip. "DECONSTRUCTING THE PERCEPTION OF GENDER IN LANGUAGE." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 08 (August 31, 2023): 792–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/17452.
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The concept of gender was introduced in our early stage of learning English and Bengali prescriptive grammar. In the field of gender, the difference between English and Bengali is related to pronoun. As in case of English, the pronouns, which are used for 3rd person singular number (he, she, it), are assigned to sexual perception. But in Bengali there is no gendered pronouns. In both of these languages all the non-living things come under the category of Neuter Gender and among the living things some nouns (in case of English some pronouns too) assigned to masculine referents, come under the category Masculine Gender (boy, balaka etc.) and some assigned to feminine referents, come under Feminine Gender (girl, balika etc.). And the rest unrecognisable nouns are Common gender in general (baby, śiśu). This is the simple perception of Gender in language because these languages do not have any masculine or feminine perception for nouns, unless they refer to biological sex. But there are many languages who have gender for each and every noun. They are called the gendered languages. According to Wikipedia In linguistics, grammatical gender system is a specific form of noun class system, where nouns are assigned with gender categories that are often not related to their real-world qualities. In languages with grammatical gender, most or all nouns inherently carry one value of the grammatical category called gender the values present in a given language (of which there are usually two or three) are called the genders of that language. Such as, Sanskrit, Hindi, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Russian etc. According to Jemma Prior, gendered language is commonly understood as language that has a bias towards a particular sex or social gender. So most of the time it is said that language through its communicative functions biases the social gender representation. This paper aims to highlight that the idea of Gender in a language is assigned with two different linguistic aspects suggested by Gottlob Frege, i) Sense and ii) Reference. In this paper an attempt is made to establish the different perceptions of Gender between the gender of a word and the gender of the object which is referred by the word.
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Yeaqub, Md. "Musykilat Ta'lim al-Lughah al-Arabiyah Li Thullab Bengal al-Gharbiyah Fi al-Hind Wa Thuruq 'Allajuha." Arabiyatuna : Jurnal Bahasa Arab 4, no. 1 (May 8, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/jba.v4i1.1210.
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The issue in this research what is the evidence of the various difficulties of the Arabic language for West Bengal students, it is the language full of words that suit the conception of its construction. It has become necessary to facilitate the teaching of the Arabic language; it is a difficult language, as educators believe that the difficulty of learning Arabic is a serious problem especially for non-Arabic speaking students. The method used in this research is the qualitative method. The state of West Bengal in India is a non-native speaking country, so this article discusses the idea of discovering the true and accurate causes that astrology student’s encounter in speaking, reading and writing, and the difficulty lies in the methods and technical process in teaching. But through research and study, it is possible to reach several ways to teach the Arabic language in a short time and in a reasonable way and to analyze the language treatment appropriate to their weakness. The difficulty of learning Arabic differs according to the age of the students in their environment in which they live while learning the language. Besides, the difficulty also differs in different phonetics, semantic, grammatical, morphological, and lexical. One of the most important problems facing non-Arabic speaking students when learning Arabic is that it is affected by its mother tongue, just as Bengalis are affected in Bengali and Hindi, which creates a barrier in the teaching of the Arabic language, and finally, solutions, suggestions and recommendations that are involved in overcoming these problems are dealt with. However, this study will focus on some of the problems that non-Arabic speaking students in West Bengal state in India face when learning Arabic. Then we will try to explain and develop the appropriate treatment for them.
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Ekbal, Asif, Sudip Kumar Naskar, and Sivaji Bandyopadhyay. "Named Entity Recognition and transliteration in Bengali." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 30, no. 1 (August 10, 2007): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.30.1.07ekb.
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The paper reports about the development of a Named Entity Recognition (NER) system in Bengali using a tagged Bengali news corpus and the subsequent transliteration of the recognized Bengali Named Entities (NEs) into English. Three different models of the NER have been developed. A semi-supervised learning method has been adopted to develop the first two models, one without linguistic features (Model A) and the other with linguistic features (Model B). The third one (Model C) is based on statistical Hidden Markov Model. A modified joint-source channel model has been used along with a number of alternatives to generate the English transliterations of Bengali NEs and vice-versa. The transliteration models learn the mappings from the bilingual training sets optionally guided by linguistic knowledge in the form of conjuncts and diphthongs in Bengali and their representations in English. The NER system has demonstrated the highest average Recall, Precision and F-Score values of 89.62%, 78.67% and 83.79% respectively in Model C. Evaluation of the proposed transliteration models demonstrated that the modified joint source-channel model performs best in terms of evaluation metrics for person and location names for both Bengali to English (B2E) transliteration and English to Bengali transliteration (E2B). The use of the linguistic knowledge during training of the transliteration models improves performance.
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Chakraborty, Tanmoy, Dipankar Das, and Sivaji Bandyopadhyay. "Identifying Bengali Multiword Expressions using semantic clustering." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 37, no. 1 (September 5, 2014): 106–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.37.1.04cha.
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One of the key issues in both natural language understanding and generation is the appropriate processing of Multiword Expressions (MWEs). MWEs pose a huge problem to the precise language processing due to their idiosyncratic nature and diversity in lexical, syntactical and semantic properties. The semantics of a MWE cannot be expressed after combining the semantics of its constituents. Therefore, the formalism of semantic clustering is often viewed as an instrument for extracting MWEs especially for resource constraint languages like Bengali. The present semantic clustering approach contributes to locate clusters of the synonymous noun tokens present in the document. These clusters in turn help measure the similarity between the constituent words of a potentially candidate phrase using a vector space model and judge the suitability of this phrase to be a MWE. In this experiment, we apply the semantic clustering approach for noun-noun bigram MWEs, though it can be extended to any types of MWEs. In parallel, the well known statistical models, namely Point-wise Mutual Information (PMI), Log Likelihood Ratio (LLR), Significance function are also employed to extract MWEs from the Bengali corpus. The comparative evaluation shows that the semantic clustering approach outperforms all other competing statistical models. As a byproduct of this experiment, we have started developing a standard lexicon in Bengali that serves as a productive Bengali linguistic thesaurus.
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Sazzed, Salim. "Identifying vulgarity in Bengali social media textual content." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (October 19, 2021): e665. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.665.
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The presence of abusive and vulgar language in social media has become an issue of increasing concern in recent years. However, research pertaining to the prevalence and identification of vulgar language has remained largely unexplored in low-resource languages such as Bengali. In this paper, we provide the first comprehensive analysis on the presence of vulgarity in Bengali social media content. We develop two benchmark corpora consisting of 7,245 reviews collected from YouTube and manually annotate them into vulgar and non-vulgar categories. The manual annotation reveals the ubiquity of vulgar and swear words in Bengali social media content (i.e., in two corpora), ranging from 20% to 34%. To automatically identify vulgarity, we employ various approaches, such as classical machine learning (CML) classifiers, Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) optimizer, a deep learning (DL) based architecture, and lexicon-based methods. Although small in size, we find that the swear/vulgar lexicon is effective at identifying the vulgar language due to the high presence of some swear terms in Bengali social media. We observe that the performances of machine leanings (ML) classifiers are affected by the class distribution of the dataset. The DL-based BiLSTM (Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory) model yields the highest recall scores for identifying vulgarity in both datasets (i.e., in both original and class-balanced settings). Besides, the analysis reveals that vulgarity is highly correlated with negative sentiment in social media comments.
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CHOKSI, NISHAANT. "From Language to Script: Graphic practice and the politics of authority in Santali-language print media, eastern India." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 5 (September 2017): 1519–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000470.
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AbstractThis article discusses the way in which assemblages of technologies, political institutions, and practices of exchange have rendered both language and script a site for an ongoing politics of authority among Santals, an Austro-Asiatic speaking Adivasi (Scheduled Tribe) community spread throughout eastern India. It focuses particularly on the production of Santali-language print artefacts, which, like its dominant language counterparts, such as Bengali, has its roots in colonial-era Christian missions. However, unlike dominant languages, Santali-language media has been characterized by the use of multiple graphic registers, including a missionary-derived Roman script, Indic scripts such as Devanagari and Eastern Brahmi, and an independently derived script, Ol-Chiki. The article links the history of Santali print and graphic practice with assertions of autonomy in colonial and early post-colonial India. It then ethnographically documents how graphic practices, in particular the use of multiple scripts, and print technologies mediate a contemporary politics of authority along vectors such as class and generation within communities that speak and read Santali in the eastern state of West Bengal, India.
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Klaiman, M. H. "Clause linkage in Bengali∗." Australian Journal of Linguistics 6, no. 1 (June 1986): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268608608599353.
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Ferdous, Reffat, and Saiyeed Shahjada Al Kareem. "Bengali Nationalism and Identity Construction in Fagun Haway (In Spring Breeze, 2019)." Social Science Review 40, no. 2 (April 1, 2024): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ssr.v40i2.72127.
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The years 1948-1952 were pivotal for the history of Bangladesh. The question of what would be the state language was raised by the people of this country. Muslim leaders in Pakistan, at the time, believed that Urdu should be the state language because it had become recognized as the cultural symbol of sub-continental Muslims. However, most of Pakistan’s population, the Bengalis of eastern Pakistan, to whom Urdu was a foreign language, considered it a ploy by the West Pakistanis to colonize East Pakistan. Protests erupted across East Pakistan after the then Prime Minister of Pakistan replaced Bangla as the state language with Urdu. On February 21, 1952, a student protest resulted in the deaths of some students by police. The language movement drew Bengalis’ attention to their collective aspirations to create a new nation and nationalist identity, leading them to fight for an imagined sovereign state, Bangladesh. Against the backdrop of our language movement, Fagun Haway (In Spring Breeze, 2019), a film by Tauquir Ahmed, captures the anecdotes of Pakistani repression towards Bengalis by portraying the nationalist consciousness and identity approaches of this nation. Employing the concept of nationalism and the historical development of our identity approaches, this paper shows that Ahmed displays the coexistence of Bengali and Muslim identity approaches as well as the contentious relationship between these two approaches inside our nationalism at that time. Besides, Bengaliness is viewed as the dominating approach when the debate over the state language turns into a divisive political one and a fight for our very existence. Social Science Review, Vol. 40(2), December 2023 Page: 39-58
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Ali, Roman, Ibrar Hussain, and Hanzibin -. "The Disintegration of Pakistan 1971: A Critical Study on The Role of Language Conflict In East and West Pakistan (1947- 1971)." Global Language Review VIII, no. II (June 30, 2023): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2023(viii-ii).41.
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Language is a crucial aspect of human communication and identity, and conflicts between different inhabitants of regional spoken languages can be detrimental to a nation's unity and integrity. Pakistan, created based on religious demand, disintegrated due to regional language issues, which provided a platform for separatists. The Bangladesh freedom war can be traced back to the historical background of East Pakistan, which was not only due to geographical and economic factors but also a lack of sightedness on the part of political parties and leadership. The government believed that the demand for the Bengali language was driven by Hindus and fifth columnists. The language movement, which began in 1947 and culminated in the separation of East and West Pakistan in 1971, provided a foundation for Bengali nationalism. The government's misinterpretation of ground realities allowed separatists to divert patriotism and anti-Pakistanism. The current paper highlights the linguistic controversy responsible for the disintegration of Pakistan.
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Sircar, Sanjay. "The Case of the Curious Comestible from Bengali into English: Rendering Sarcasm, Polysemy, Ambiguity, and Connotation by Direct Translation, Footnoting, Transliteration, and Addition." Asian Literature and Translation 9, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18573/alt.55.
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A translator's choices include directly translating source language words into the target language (with and without inverted commas), retaining these in transliteration, explaining them in footnotes, and inserting unmarked additional words (a few or many) as seems best. This essay focuses on a single word, a metaphor for reddening in anger, its literal referent most likely the word for a sweetmeat, the Bengali lāl-mohan, used sarcastically (so it seems) for the angry being to whom it is applied. This comes from Gaganendranath Tagore's classic humorous fantasy narrative Bhondaṛ Bahadur (1926), translated in Fantasy Fictions from the Bengal Renaissance (OUP, 2018). This word lāl-mohan has several referents, multiple etymologies, and pairs of positive/negative connotations. A sense of all these is automatically part of the linguistic capital of the Bengali speaker, and not that of Anglophone readers, pan-South Asian or other. Hence I attempt to justify my inclusion of what seemed to be the most important shades of meaning, and how I attempted this, and why I left out the others.
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Islam, Mohammad Shafiqul. "Alienation, Ambivalence and Identity." Critical Survey 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cs.2018.300404.
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Jhumpa Lahiri’s latest book, In Other Words, is an autobiographical text that highlights the author’s journey to a new land and language. She grows up in America, communicates in Bengali with her parents during her early childhood and uses English in school; a sense of ambivalence about language dawns in her at this time. Her parents insist that Bengali be a dominant language in her life, but she falls in love with English, which later becomes her own language and the medium of her literary writing. During her doctoral studies, she feels an impulse to learn Italian and desperately strives to speak and write in that language. In Other Words, originally written in Italian, is the ultimate outcome of her aspirations to learn Italian. As the author switches from one language to another, from Bengali to English, and then from English to Italian, she forms an ambivalent sense of separation and proximity. This article seeks to explore Lahiri’s love for language, her sense of alienation and belonging, loss and achievement, and her search for identity and metamorphosis.
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Gupta, Suman. "Translating from Bengali into English." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 43, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.43.3.05gup.
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Abstract This paper presents a series of observations arising from the experience of translating Jibanananda Das's Bengali poetry into English. Though the emphasis is on the practice of translation the observations in question are foregrounded against the perspective of theories of translation studies. The first part of the paper demarcates the scope of the paper in theoretical terms. Several possible approaches to translations of Jibanananda Das (in terms of process, end product, and sociological connotation) are considered with a view to focusing on practical observations. In the course of this process of theoretical delimitation some sense of the linguistic and literary context within which Jibanananda worked, and which the translator must appreciate, is conveyed. The second part is guided to a large extent by Roman Jakobson's notion that the activity of translating is influenced more by what languages must convey rather than by what they can convey. Consequently, this part identifies those features of the source and target languages which pose the greatest difficulties for the translator. It is assumed throughout that the practice of literary translation is largely a decision-making process: examples from the poetry of Jibanananda Das are cited and the range of decisions facing the translator are clarified where ever necessary. Four features of the Bengali language as compared to the English language are examined at some length: neutral pronouns of Bengali as opposed to gender-specific pronouns of English; culture-specific words; sadhu and calit used in Bengali (and analogously formal and informal modes of address); and symbolic forms (or echo-type onomatopoeic words or expressives) in Bengali and English. In the third part a translator's practice with regard to the specifically poetic features, over and above the inevitable linguistic features, of texts like Jibanananda's is considered briefly. Résumé Le présent article contient une série d'observations formulées à partir de la traduction en anglais de la poésie de Jibanananda Das. Bien que l'auteur mette l'accent sur la pratique de la traduction, ces observations s'inscrivent dans la perspective des théories relatives aux études de la traduction. Dans une première partie, l'auteur définit le cadre théorique de l'article. Les traductions de la poésie de Jibanananda Das sont approchées sous différents angles (processus traductionnel, produit final et connotations sociologiques) de manière à pouvoir se concentrer sur les aspects pratiques. La délimitation d'un cadre théorique doit permettre la découverte du contexte linguistique et théorique dans lequel s'inscrivent les oeuvres de Jibanananda et qui doit être apprécié à sa juste valeur par le traducteur. La seconde partie de l'article est dominée par un principe de Roman Jakobson, à savoir que l'activité traductionnelle est davantage influencée par ce que les langues doivent faire passer plutôt que par ce qu'elles sont capables de faire passer. Par conséquent, dans cette seconde partie, l'auteur désigne les aspects qui, dans la langue d'origine et dans la langue d'arrivée, posent le plus de difficultés au traducteur. L'auteur considère que la pratique de la traduction littéraire est en grande partie un processus décisionnel. A ce propos, il cite des exemples empruntés à la poésie de Jibanananda Das et explicite, chaque fois qu'elles s'avèrent nécessaires, les décisions auxquelles est confronté le traducteur. Quatre caractéristiques de la langue bengali sont comparées à l'anglais et examinées en détails: les pronoms neutres en bengali par opposition aux pronoms de genre en anglais; termes typiques de la culture; usage de sadhu et de calit en bengali (et, par analogie, formes de politesse ou tutoiement); et formes symboliques (ou expressions ou onomatopées de type écho) en bengali et en anglais. Dans la troisième partie, l'auteur aborde brièvement la pratique de la traduction, plus spécifiquement en ce qui concerne les aspects poétiques, par-dessus et au-delà des caractéristiques linguistiques inévitables, de textes tels que ceux de Jibanananda.
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Majumdar, Ananda. "Political History and the Socio-Economic-Cultural- Transnational Innovation in Bangladesh." ABC Research Alert 7, no. 3 (December 28, 2019): Canada. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ra.v7i3.270.
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Riverine country in South Asia Bangladesh has seen various incidents from the British Bengal to East Pakistan and after being an independent country in Bangladesh. Its social, economic, cultural changes affected its people from the beginning, people of East Bengal were an innocent, poor peasants Muslim Bengali majority. Because of its economic and educational disadvantage, the British have exploited through land reforms, feudal system. It was similar exploitation from West Pakistan. People of East Pakistan finally started a revolution for freedom from the exploiters and through a bloody war in 1971, East Pakistan became an independent country. Bangladesh after independence has seen poverty, unemployment, social classifications, communalism between majority Muslims and minority Hindus, it has seen a civilian and military government with impractical policies, which provided nothing but tensions and grief. However, Bangladesh finally manages its status in the world as a future economic power by the establishment of democracy, by the implementation of various policies, such as a vision of a developed country by 2030. Its academic exchanges through various institutions like the American Institute of Bangladesh Studies (AIBS) at the University of Wisconsin helps its acceptability worldwide and recognizes its linguistic features, such as literature of Tagore and Kaji Nazrul Islam. It is an ethnographic article, which will send a message to the rest of the about Bangladesh, its social, economic, political structure, people, and its ambition to be an economic powerhouse in the 21st century, it is a message from a Bengali nation who established Bengali language as an international language to the UN. This article has completed through the reading of various books, academic articles and journals, and the research will be continuing through discussions, publications and collaboration with academic institutes.
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Bagchi, Manjira. "Attainment of Foundational Literacy in Mother Tongue at Elementary Level." International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods 966, no. 981 (2024): 1445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.56025/ijaresm.2023.1201241445.
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Achievement of foundational literacy during the early years of formal education is always prioritized in India. Moreover, mother tongue as the medium of instruction has been emphasized over the past half-century in this country. With this backdrop, the article examines attainment of grade-two-specific learning competencies and accomplishment of foundational literacy in Bengali by eighth graders in Birbhum district in the state of West Bengal in India. Descriptive survey was employed across social categories and locales, based on the responses of 153 eighth grade students on a self-constructed ‘Foundational Literacy Test in Bengali Language’. The investigation reveals that, nearly 82 percent of these foundational skills were attained by lesser than half of the eighth grade students, irrespective of their social categories and locales. The basic learning levels of a significant portion of the Scheduled caste (SC) and Scheduled tribe (ST) students, as well as urban students were distributed in the lowest slab with ‘below 30 percent’ of the grade-two-specific learning competencies in Bengali. Significant differences in accomplishment of these foundational literacy skills were revealed across social categories and locales in favour of rural students and ‘Others (non-SC-ST)’ category students.
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Das, Amit Kumar, Abdullah Al Asif, Anik Paul, and Md Nur Hossain. "Bangla hate speech detection on social media using attention-based recurrent neural network." Journal of Intelligent Systems 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 578–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2020-0060.
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Abstract Hate speech has spread more rapidly through the daily use of technology and, most notably, by sharing your opinions or feelings on social media in a negative aspect. Although numerous works have been carried out in detecting hate speeches in English, German, and other languages, very few works have been carried out in the context of the Bengali language. In contrast, millions of people communicate on social media in Bengali. The few existing works that have been carried out need improvements in both accuracy and interpretability. This article proposed encoder–decoder-based machine learning model, a popular tool in NLP, to classify user’s Bengali comments from Facebook pages. A dataset of 7,425 Bengali comments, consisting of seven distinct categories of hate speeches, was used to train and evaluate our model. For extracting and encoding local features from the comments, 1D convolutional layers were used. Finally, the attention mechanism, LSTM, and GRU-based decoders have been used for predicting hate speech categories. Among the three encoder–decoder algorithms, attention-based decoder obtained the best accuracy (77%).
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Mukta, Md Saddam Hossain, Md Adnanul Islam, Faisal Ahamed Khan, Afjal Hossain, Shuvanon Razik, Shazzad Hossain, and Jalal Mahmud. "A Comprehensive Guideline for Bengali Sentiment Annotation." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 21, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3474363.
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Sentiment Analysis (SA) is a Natural Language Processing (NLP) and an Information Extraction (IE) task that primarily aims to obtain the writer’s feelings expressed in positive or negative by analyzing a large number of documents. SA is also widely studied in the fields of data mining, web mining, text mining, and information retrieval. The fundamental task in sentiment analysis is to classify the polarity of a given content as Positive, Negative, or Neutral . Although extensive research has been conducted in this area of computational linguistics, most of the research work has been carried out in the context of English language. However, Bengali sentiment expression has varying degree of sentiment labels, which can be plausibly distinct from English language. Therefore, sentiment assessment of Bengali language is undeniably important to be developed and executed properly. In sentiment analysis, the prediction potential of an automatic modeling is completely dependent on the quality of dataset annotation. Bengali sentiment annotation is a challenging task due to diversified structures (syntax) of the language and its different degrees of innate sentiments (i.e., weakly and strongly positive/negative sentiments). Thus, in this article, we propose a novel and precise guideline for the researchers, linguistic experts, and referees to annotate Bengali sentences immaculately with a view to building effective datasets for automatic sentiment prediction efficiently.
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Chatterjee, Tridha. "Bilingual Complex Verbs: So what’s new about them?" Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 38 (September 25, 2012): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v38i0.3319.
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<p>In this paper I describe bilingual complex verb constructions in Bengali-English bilingual speech. Bilingual complex verbs have been shown to consist of two parts, the first element being either a verbal or nominal element from the nonnative language of the bilingual speaker and the second element being a helping verb or dummy verb from the native language of the bilingual speaker. The verbal or nominal element from the non-native language provides semantics to the construction and the helping verb of the native language bears inflections of tense, person, number, aspect (Romaine 1986, Muysken 2000, Backus 1996, Annamalai 1971, 1989). I describe a type of Bengali-English bilingual complex verb which is different from the bilingual complex verbs that have been shown to occur in other codeswitched Indian varieties. I show that besides having a two-word complex verb, as has been shown in the literature so far, bilingual complex verbs of Bengali-English also have a three-part construction where the third element is a verb that adds to the meaning of these constructions and affects their aktionsart (aspectual properties). I further show that monolingual Bengali complex verbs directly contribute to the rise of these bilingual complex verbs.</p>
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Kandimalla, Akshara, Pintu Lohar, Souvik Kumar Maji, and Andy Way. "Improving English-to-Indian Language Neural Machine Translation Systems." Information 13, no. 5 (May 11, 2022): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13050245.
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Most Indian languages lack sufficient parallel data for Machine Translation (MT) training. In this study, we build English-to-Indian language Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems using the state-of-the-art transformer architecture. In addition, we investigate the utility of back-translation and its effect on system performance. Our experimental evaluation reveals that the back-translation method helps to improve the BLEU scores for both English-to-Hindi and English-to-Bengali NMT systems. We also observe that back-translation is more useful in improving the quality of weaker baseline MT systems. In addition, we perform a manual evaluation of the translation outputs and observe that the BLEU metric cannot always analyse the MT quality as well as humans. Our analysis shows that MT outputs for the English–Bengali pair are actually better than that evaluated by BLEU metric.
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THOMPSON, HANNE-RUTH. "Negation patterns in Bengali." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 69, no. 2 (June 2006): 243–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x06000115.
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Bengali has some unusual negation patterns which have not yet been examined from a syntactic point of view. There are two negative verbs nei and noy, and a tensed negative ni, a past tense version of na. This article challenges some traditional misconceptions of these structures, it looks at the syntactic environments of each of these negators in the context of actual language use, examines the areas of overlap between them, and arrives at a new understanding of these patterns.
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Ali, Rahman, and Sorwar. "Bangla DeConverter for Extraction of BanglaText from Universal Networking Language." Information 10, no. 10 (October 21, 2019): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10100324.
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The people in Bangladesh and two states (i.e., Tripura and West Bengal) in India, which is about 230 million of the world population, use Bengali as their first dialect. However, very few numbers of resources and tools are available for this language. This paper presents a Bangla DeConverter to extract Bangla texts from Universal Networking Language (UNL). It explains and illustrates the different phases of the proposed Bangla DeConverter. The syntactic linearization, the implementation of the results of the proposed Bangla DeConverter, and the extraction of a Bangla sentence from UNL expressions are presented in this paper. The Bangla DeConverter has been tested on UNL expressions of 300 Bangla sentences using a Russian and English Language Server. The proposed system generates 90% syntactically and semantically correct Bangla sentences with a UNL Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) score of 0.76.