Journal articles on the topic 'Bengawan Solo Project (Indonesia)'

Bengawan Solo Estuary has a very large area of mudflat, which make it suitable area for waterbird’s habitat. The purpose of this study were to determine the value of diversity index of waterbirds. This study was conducted in mudflat area at Kali anyar estuary, Bengawan Solo. Data was collected on March 2018. The method used to calculate the waterbirds was concentration count and to estimate the population was used block method. The result showed that value of diversity index of birds was 2,029 with the value index of evenness was 0,553. Total species found were 39 species from 7 families. Calidris canutus, Calidris tenuirostris, Chlidonias hybridus and Chlidonias leucopterus were dominant species. There were 2 species Endagered and, 7 spesies Near Threatened according to IUCN also Tweleve spcies were protected in Indonesia. Keywords: Bengawan Solo, bird diversity, mudflat, waterbirds

Air sungai Bengawan Solo digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan, khususnya pertanian dan perikanan. Keberadaan industri-industri di sekitar aliran sungai diduga telah mencemari kandungan airnya. Penggunaan air tercemar ini untuk kebutuhan pertanian dan perikanan dapat menimbulkan masalah kesehatan karena bisa terjadi bioakumulasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kandungan cemaran logam Pb dan Cd pada tanaman kangkung dan tanah yang diairi sungai Bengawan Solo. Sampel tanah dan tanaman kangkung diambil secara acak dari satu lahan yang menggunakan pengairan sungai Bengawan Solo. Destruksi sampel dilakukan prosedur Standar Nasional Indonesia. Analisis logam Pb dan Cd larutan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan Spektrofotometri Serapan Atom (SSA). Kadar logam terukur dibandingkan dengan batas aman kandungan logam dalam pangan menurut Standar Nasional Indonesia dan dihitung nilai bioaccumulation factor (BAF). Hasil analisis menunjukkan konsentrasi Pb dan Cd dalam sedimen dan tanaman kangkung berturut-turut adalah 6,94±0,60 ppm; 0,23±0,04 ppm; dan 1,19±0,18 ppm; 0,32±0,01 ppm. Berdasarkan nilai ambang batas keamanan untuk Pb 0,5 ppm dan Cd maka disimpulkan tanaman kangkung tidak aman untuk dikonsumsi. Nilai bioaccumulation factor CdPb, maka disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan tanaman kangkung menyerap logam Cd lebih besar dari pada Pb. Kata kunci : Tanah, Tanaman kangkung (Ipomoea aquatica), kadar Pb, kadar Cd, Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF).

Bengawan Solo is the longest river in Java, but current conditions show that its watershed is in a critical condition. Deforestation was very intensive in the last three decades that contributed to degradation of the watershed. Other factor contributing to the degradation is dam construction. However, our knowledge on the impact of dam construction on the environment and its vulnerability is poorly understood. Here, we assessed vulnerability of the watershed based on physical properties such as existing dams, morpho-dynamic activities, and deforested area. The study aims to identify the vulnerability of the Bengawan Solo watershed based on dam environmental vulnerability index (DEVI) approach, and to analyse the dominant variable contributing to DEVI. For calculating DEVI, several data were needed including land cover, rainfall, stream water stage, soil type, stream network, and dams. The results showed that Bengawan Solo watershed had moderate to high vulnerability (60%). Moderate level was identified for Madiun and Wonogiri sub-watershed, while high level was in Cepu and Babat sub-watershed. Our findings revealed that morpho-dynamic activities as represented by sediment rate and stream water stage had contributed to the high DEVI value as in Cepu and Babat sub-watershed. Further, influence of dams in this research was not dominant implying that any improvement to the DEVI approach remains research challenges. The improvement of the approach is expected to better identify the impact of dam construction on environment, situated in other regions than Amazon, where it was firstly developed.

Lebih dari 100 individu manusia purba ditampilkan dari berbagai endapan purba di Pulau Jawa, yang situs-situsnya terletak pada berbagai bentang fisiografi, yaitu : cekungan besar Solo (Sangiran dan Miri), endapan volkanik Pegunungan Kendeng (Trinil, Kedungbrubus, dan Perning di Mojokerto ), endapan alluvial Bengawan Solo (Ngandong, Sambungmacan, dan Ngawi), serta endapan volkanik Gunung Muria (Patiayam). Migrasi manusia di Pulau Jawa itu diperkirakan baru berlangsung pada Plestosen Bawah dari daratan Asia, yang mungkin berasal dari Afrika.

Giant freshwater prawn is a native Indonesian freshwater prawn, which has the largest body size among other freshwater prawn. Efforts to increase the production of giant prawns can be done by genetic improvement of the parent. The main basis for conventional genetic improvement of giant freshwater prawns is availability of morphological variation information. This study is to determine the morphological variations of the giant prawn broodstock of Siratu, GIMacro, Mahakam, and Bengawan Solo populations which are cultured in Unit Kerja Budidaya Air Payau Balai Budidaya Udang Galah (UKBAP BBUG) Samas. Through this research it is expected to determine the broodstock with a profitable character that is able to produce hybrids with profitable characters as well. Baseline morphometrics were observed from the ratio of cephalothorax: abdomen length, ratio of carapace: rostrum length and ratio of carapace: abdomen length. Morphological variations were observed using 58 characters which included morphometric, meristic and morphological characters. The results showed the largest ratio of cephalothorax and abdomen average length owned by Bengawan Solo population, while the largest ratio of carapace and abdominal average length owned by Mahakam. The highest morphological variation is owned by Mahakam with 52% similarity. The lowest morphological variation is owned by GIMacro and Siratu populations with 80% similarity. The giant prawn broodstock which is expected to produce hybrid with profitable character is the broodstock from Bengawan Solo population.Keywords: Giant freshwater prawn, Morphological variation, SiratuGIMacro, Mahakam, Begawan Solo ABSTRAKUdang galah merupakan udang air tawar asli Indonesia, yang memiliki ukuran tubuh terbesar di antara udang air tawar lainnya. Sejauh ini beberapa upaya peningkatan produksi udang galah perlu kajian mendalam, di antaranya melalui perbaikan genetik induk. Adapun informasi penting yang harus diketahui untuk perbaikan genetik induk udang galah adalah karakterisasi morfologis induk udang galah yang diperkirakan unggul. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui variasi morfologis induk udang galah populasi Siratu, GIMacro, Mahakam, dan Bengawan Solo yang dibudidayakan di Unit Kerja Budidaya Air Payau Balai Budidaya Udang Galah (UKBAP BBUG) Samas. Adapun karakter morfometrik utama yang diamati meliputi rasio rerata panjang sefalotoraks: abdomen, rasio rerata panjang karapaks: panjang rostrum dan rasio rerata panjang karapaks: abdomen. Selain itu, 58 karakter variasi morfologis juga diamati, meliputi karakter morfometrik, meristik dan morfologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rasio rerata panjang sefalotoraks dan abdomen terbesar dimiliki populasi Bengawan Solo, sedangkan rasio rerata panjang karapaks dan abdomen terbesar dimiliki populasi Mahakam. Variasi morfologis tertinggi dimiliki populasi Mahakam dengan similaritas 52% terhadap ketiga populasi yang lain. Variasi morfologis terendah dimiliki populasi GIMacro dan Siratu dengan similaritas 80%. Induk udang galah yang diharapkan dapat menghasilkan hibrid dengan karakter unggul adalah induk populasi Bengawan Solo.Kata kunci: Udang galah, Variasi morfologis, Siratu, GIMacro, Mahakam, Bengawan Solo

AbstractKecamatan Tawangsari dan Kecamatan Sukoharjo, Kabupaten Sukoharjo, Provinsi Jawa Tengah merupakan wilayah yang dilalui proyek pelurusan Sungai Bengawan Solo. Setelah dilakukan pelurusan Sungai Bengawan Solo timbul masalah baru, yaitu munculnya beberapa ruas bekas sungai. Pada awal tahun 2006 terjadi bencana banjir di sekitar ruas bekas sungai akibat masuknya aliran dari Sungai Bengawan Solo melalui ruas bekas sungai sehingga menggenangi permukiman dan lahan pertanian. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, ruas bekas sungai belum dikelola dengan baik sehingga menimbulkan masalah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kerawanan banjir di kawasan sekitar ruas bekas sungai di lokasi penelitian. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan data adalah metode survei dan pemetaan lapangan serta metode skoring dan pembobotan. Skoring dan pembobotan dilakukan terhadap beberapa parameter, yaitu curah hujan, kemiringan lereng, jenis tanah, penggunaan lahan, elevasi, dan jarak wilayah dengan sungai (buffer). Zonasi kerawanan banjir didapatkan dengan metode skoring dan pembobotan berdasarkan parameter tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan di lokasi penelitian terdiri dari 3 zona kerawanan banjir yaitu kerawanan rendah sebesar 66,7%, kerawanan sedang sebesar 27,75%, dan kerawanan tinggi sebesar 5,55% dari total luas daerah penelitian.Kata kunci: Kerawanan Banjir, Ruas Bekas Sungai, Zonasi Tawangsari Subdistrict and Sukoharjo Subdistrict, Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java Province are the areas that have passed the Bengawan Solo River alignment project. After rectifying the Bengawan Solo River, a new problem arose, namely the emergence of several ex-river segments called billabong. In the early of 2006 there was a flood around the former river section due to the influx of flow from the Solo River along the former river section so that it inundated settlements and agricultural land. Based on this, the former river section has not been managed well, causing environmental problems. This study aims to determine the use of the former river section as a flood disaster control engineering. This study aims to determine the level of flood vulnerability in the area around the former river section of the study location. The methods used in data collection are survey and field mapping methods as well as scoring and weighting methods. Scoring and weighting are carried out on several parameters, namely rainfall, slope, soil type, land use, elevation, and distance of the area from the river (buffer). Zoning of flood hazard is obtained by scoring and weighting methods based on these parameters. The research area has three flood vulnerability zones, namely low vulnerability with 66,7%, moderate vulnerability with 27,75%, and high vulnerability level with 5,55% of the total area of the study area.Key words: Flood Hazard, Billabong, Zoning

Indonesia dikenal sebagai pusat sumber daya udang air tawar, salah satu di antaranya adalah udang galah dari daerah aliran sungai (DAS) Bengawan Solo. Kegiatan penelitian bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi secara genetik dan mendapatkan informasi tentang karakter reproduksi dan daya adaptasinya terhadap lingkungan dari udang galah Bengawan Solo. Identifikasi dilakukan melalui sekuensing daerah mtDNA CO-1. Pengamatan reproduksi dilakukan pada saat matang gonad pertama. Toleransi terhadap lingkungan terdiri atas uji salinitas, pH, suhu, dan oksigen terlarut (DO). Data sekuensing dianalisis dengan menggunakan program CLUSTAL OMEGA. Data reproduksi dianalisis secara deskriptif dengan menggunakan program Excel. Data hasil uji toleransi terhadap lingkungan dianalisis dengan menggunakan program SPSS 16. Sekuens mtDNA CO-1 udang galah Bengawan Solo mempunyai tingkat similaritas 98% terhadap Macrobrachium rosenbergii (KM234150). Proporsi basa A (27,62%), G (19,53%), T (27,34%), dan C (25,52%) menyusun 239 residu asam amino. Filogenetik berdasarkan jarak genetik mengelompokkan udang galah Bengawan Solo, GImacro, Siratu, Mahakam, dan KM234150 dalam satu grup. Induk udang galah umur 216 hari mencapai matang gonad yang pertama dengan ukuran panjang 15,32 ± 0,58 cm; bobot 48,58 ± 5,87 g (jantan) dan 13,86 ± 0,75 cm; bobot 29,04 ± 4,64 g (betina). Tingkat fekunditas yang dimiliki oleh induk betina adalah 834,67 ± 57,73 butir/g. Diameter telur berkisar 0,40-0,53 mm dengan bobot rata-rata 0,112 g. Sintasan larva hingga umur satu bulan adalah sebesar 50,56 ± 0,61%. Benih udang galah pada salinitas 5-25 ppt mempunyai tingkat sintasan 73,33%-86,67%; pH 4-8 dengan tingkat sintasan 66,67%-73,33%; suhu 20°C-34°C dengan tingkat sintasan 76,67%-96,67% dan tingkat oksigen yang dibutuhkan benih udang galah > 1,04 mg/L.Indonesia is known as a resource center for freshwater shrimp, one of which is the giant freshwater prawn from Bengawan Solo watershed. This research aimed to genetically identify and obtain information about the giant freshwater prawn’s reproduction and adaptation characters in a culture environment. Identification was made by sequencing the MtDNA CO-1 region. Reproductive observation was carried out when the first gonad matured. Environmental tolerance tests consisted of salinity, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) tests. Sequencing data were analyzed using the CLUSTAL OMEGA program. Reproduction data were analyzed descriptively using the Excel program. Data from the environmental tolerance tests were analyzed using the SPSS 16 software package. The mtDNA CO-1 sequencing result of Bengawan Solo prawns has a 98% similarity rate to Macrobrachium rosenbergii (KM234150). The proportions of base A (27.62%), G (19.53%), T (27.34%), and C (25.52%) have compiled 239 amino acid residues. Phylogenetic analysis based on the genetic distance has grouped Bengawan Solo, GImacro, Siratu, Mahakam, and M. rosenbergii-KM234150 in one group. The broodstock parent reached the first gonadal maturity at 216 days with an average body length and weight of 15.32 ± 0.58 cm; 48.58 ± 5.87 g for male and 13.86 ± 0.75 cm; 29.04 ± 4.64 g for female, respectively. The fecundity rate of the female parent was 834.67 ± 57.73 eggs/g body weight. Egg diameters ranged from 0.40 to 0.53 mm, with an average weight of 0.112 g. Larval survival was 50.56 ± 0.61%. Seed prawns subjected with: salinity tests between 5-25 ppt have survival rates between 73.33%-86.67%; pH tests ranged between 4-8 have survival rates between 66.67%-73.33%; temperature test between 20°C-34°C have survival rate between 76.67%-96.67%. The optimum oxygen level needed for giant prawn seeds > 1.04 mg/L.

<p><em>Teori city shaped menyebutkan bahwa pola-pola struktur ruang perkotaan mewujud melalui proses-proses sosial, ekonomi, dan politik-administratif. Proses tersebut kemudian menyampaikan makna dari arsitektur dan mewujud dalam bentuk struktur pola ruang, tata guna lahan dan karakter arsitektur bangunan yang secara keseluruhan menggambarkan citra kota. </em></p><p><em>Kota Solo adalah salah satu kota yang memiliki sejarah panjang dalam proses pembentukannya. Diawali dari Desa perdikan, Desa Sala, yang ramai dengan lalu lintas barang dari Bandar Beton di tepi Sungai Bengawan Solo sebagai bandar perdagangan di lintasan urat-nadi perdagangan Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur. Kemudian mewujud sebagai kota kerajaan (Kuthonegoro) setelah pusat Kerajaan Mataram dipindah dari Kartasura ke Solo. Ketika Belanda menjajah Indonesia maka Pemerintah Kolonial Belanda masuk ke dalam urusan pemerintahan Keraton Surakarta. Surakarta kemudian berkonsep spatial Kota Jawa Kolonial, yaitu perpaduan antara kota modern dengan jalan militer dan rel kereta api yang menghubungkan kota dengan hinterlandnya dengan konsep Kuthonegoro di dalam wilayah inti Keraton Surakarta . Setelah Indonesia merdeka maka Surakarta menjadi bagian dari Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia dalam bentuk kota. Sejarah panjang yang dilalui Kota Solo inilah yang kemudian mempengaruhi wujud arsitektur Kota Solo.</em></p>

Flood is a natural event caused by the overflowing of water out of the river channel because the volume of water exceeds the capacity of the available river channels. An area of overflow from a river is referred to as a flood-plain area. Kampung KB which is located in Pucang sawit Village, Jebres, Surakarta, is located along the side of the Bengawan Solo river, making this location prone to the impact of the overflowing of the Bengawan Solo river in this extreme weather. Therefore, disaster mitigation activities in the form of flood disaster management are needed for the people of that area. The prevalence of heavy rain in Indonesia is increasing, resulting in an increased risk of flooding. The result of this problem is the lack of public knowledge regarding how to deal with flood disasters that may arise. The solution is with disaster training in the form of activating the role of youth family development in the KB village. The target output expected from this health education is the increasing number of people who know the procedures for handling floods in disaster locations, as well as youth being able to play an active role in disaster activities. Information on the Activation of Action and the Role of Youth in Flood Disaster Management in Kampung KB Pucangsawit, Surakarta was held on the 21st October 2020, followed by five students, two accompanying lecturers and audiences. During the counseling, a demonstration of first aid was carried out in the case of floods and questions and answers to clarify the understanding of the residents. After counseling about first aid to flood victims, we also did scene designs or actions in the field and practiced what had been taught directly on the banks of the Bengawan Solo river.

Flood is one of the most common hydro-meteorological disasters. Bengawan Solo is one of the watersheds in Indonesia that also hit by this disaster. This study discusses the flood disaster in the Bengawan Solo area in early March 2019. The purpose of this study is to conduct a discharge simulation using numerical weather model Global Forecast System (GFS) data through Integrated Flood Analysis System (IFAS) so it is possible to predict discharge in the future. There are three types of numerical weather model GFS data that have been downscale using weather research and forecasting model which differentiated based on spin-up time. The numerical weather model product is then used as rainfall data input for IFAS simulation. Based on the analysis, the flood discharge simulation using an 84-hour spin-up time has a satisfactory performance in describing the change in discharge with respect to time. This happens because numerical weather models will be better at quantifying processes that occur on a meso scale with spatial scale of 10 to 1000 km. The result of this research shows that it is possible to predict river discharge up to 84 hours before the disaster so this is can support the mitigation process for hydrometeorological disasters.

The purpose of this study is to explore the transformation of city form and its structure in Solo which has developed from time to time. The method of this research was carried out by a-three-archive research strategy as follows: primary files; secondary files and physical files. The primary files referred to the old Javanese documentary (examples: parintah, undhang-undhang, pranatan, piyagem, kakancingan, serat, gugat, penget, babad). The secondary files referred to the document of local, national and international historians (examples: Ricklefs, Lombard, Vorstensteden, Muljana, Notosusanto, Kartodirdjo, Sajid) and Javanese architecture researchers (Ronald, Ikaputra, Adishakti). While the physical files referred to the field research that was conducted by interviews and collecting the artefacts. The main findings of study of morphology in the city of Solo were: the 'skeleton' element grew in three formations (central, cluster and organic); the 'meat' element grew in three formations also (horizontal, vertical, and interstitial); and the 'blood' element increased from the native people (Javanese, Madura, Banjar) to foreign people (Chinese, Arab, India, Dutch) and changed from agricultural to non-agricultural activities. The other findings were the city of Solo was constructed by a-three-concept of urban design as follows: the organic concept which was conducted by native people; the colony concept which was conducted by the Dutch; and the cosmology concept which was conducted by the Javanese Kingdom. In 1500s-1750s, initially the city of Solo was a settlement grew at the bank of Bengawan Solo. Afterwards, in 1750s-1850s it developed into a combined water- and land- based urban fabric Since 1850s, the city of Solo has left the river transportation and changed into the land transportation. Moreover, in 1900s the city of Solo built the new technology of transportation and urban utilities as follows: train, tram (streetcar), electricity and water city installations. In 2000s, the city of Solo acquired the city problems like the other cities in Indonesia. The city problems were divided into three aspects as follows: the built environment; the natural environment; and the social environment. The accumulation of those problems made the city grow in decline direction that needs to be fixed by a-sustainable-city design. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Paper ini berusaha mengupas tentang perubahan struktur dan bentuk Kota Solo setelah mengalami perkembangan dari masa ke masa. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan studi pendekatan kearsipan, baik arsip primer, arsip sekunder maupun arsip fisik. Untuk arsip primer bersumber pada naskah-naskah dokumenter Jawa, seperti parintah, undang-undang, pranatan, piyagem, kakancingan, serat, gugat, penget dan babad. Untuk arsip sekunder bersumber pada buku-buku dari para ahli sejarah (Ricklefs, Lombard, Vorstensteden, Muljana, Notosusanto, Kartodirdjo dll) dan hasil riset dari para ahli sejarah arsitektur Jawa (Ronald, Ikaputra, Adishakti dll). Untuk arsip fisik bersumber dari artefak, elemen alam dan tradisi masyarakat yang diperoleh dari survey lapangan. Temuan utama dari studi morfologi Kota Solo pada tahun 1500-2000 adalah, elemen 'tulang' telah tumbuh membentuk berbagai formasi, yaitu memusat, mengelompok dan organik. Elemen 'daging' telah tumbuh secara horisontal, vertikal dan interestisial. Sementara elemen 'darah' telah berkembang dari orang-orang pribumi (Jawa, Madura, Banjar) bertambah dengan orang-orang pendatang (Cina, Arab, India, Belanda), dengan mata pencaharian dari agricultural ke non-agricultural. Temuan penting lainnya adalah, Kota Solo tersusun oleh tiga konsep yang berlainan, yang saling tumpang tindih, yaitu konsep organik oleh masyarakat pribumi, konsep kolonial oleh masyarakat Belanda dan konsep kosmologi oleh masyarakat Keraton Jawa. Kota Solo pada tahun 1500-1750 masih berupa kota tepian sungai di Bengawan Solo, kemudian pada tahun 1750-1850 berkembang menjadi kota campuran antara kota perairan dan daratan. Sejak tahun 1850an, Kota Solo mulai meninggalkan lalu lintas sungai dan berganti ke lalu lintas daratan, sehingga menjadi kota daratan. Apalagi sejak tahun 1900an, setelah dibangun teknologi baru pada sarana transportasi dan utilitas kota, yaitu jalur rel kereta api, jalur trem, jaringan listrik dan jaringan air bersih, maka Kota Solo benar-benar telah berubah ke kota daratan, meninggalkan hiruk-pikuk kota tepian sungai yang pernah terjadi di Bengawan Solo. Pada tahun 2000an, Kota Solo mengalami permasalah kota yang umumnya juga terjadi di kota-kota besar di Indonesia, yaitu permasalahan pada lingkungan alaminya, lingkungan buatannya dan lingkungan humannya. Akumulasi permasalahan kota itu menjadikan Kota Solo pada masa-masa mendatang akan semakin memasuki masa ke arah decline, sehingga perlu dicarikan grand-design kota yang sustainable. Kata kunci: morfologi, irreversible, kota, bentuk, struktur.

Rainfall is a major water resource with a significant role in terms of growth, environment concerns, and sustainability. Several human activities demand adequate water supply for drinking, agriculture, domestic, and commercial consumption. The accuracy of any hydrologic study depends heavily on the availability of good-quality precipitation estimates. Most countries are unable to provide sufficient climatic data, including rainfall and observed discharge statistics. This scarcity is a huge obstacle in conducting thorough hydrologic studies over a certain period. For instance, Indonesia, as an archipelagic country, has long been faced with data availability problems. For this reason, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), which was developed by NASA, became an alternative solution to rainfall data limitations. However, to be applied in hydrologic investigations, TRMM data require proper estimation and adjustment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of TRMM rainfall data and its application in determining design flood and water availability. Dividing the data into several groups based on its magnitude and multiplying each unit with a correction coefficient are parts of the modification process. Subsequently, objective functions, including false alarm ratio (FAR), probability of detection (POD), and root mean square error (RMSE) were also applied. Rainfall-runoff modeling and design storm analysis at Delingan dam were used to study the TRMM correction performance. Based on the analysis, corrected TRMM showed considerable findings compared to ground station data. Model calibration and verification using corrected TRMM data provide satisfactory model parameters compared to ground station derivatives. The results also disclosed a closer fit of the corrected TRMM to catchment response translated from derived rainfall-runoff model parameters to ground station compared to control. Furthermore, design storm calculated from corrected TRMM reflects an improvement compared to uncorrected TRMM data.

AbstractHydrological models often require input data on soil-water retention (SWR), but obtaining such data is laborious and costly so that SWR in many places remains unknown. To fill the gap, a prediction of SWR using a pedotransfer function (PTF) is one of the alternatives. This study aims to select the most suitable existing PTFs in order to predict SWR for the case of the upper Bengawan Solo (UBS) catchment on Java, Indonesia. Ten point PTFs and two continuous PTFs, which were developed from tropical soils elsewhere, have been applied directly and recalibrated based on a small soil sample set in UBS. Scatter plots and statistical indices of mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), model efficiency (EF) and Pearson’s correlation (r) showed that recalibration using the Shuffled Complex Evolution-University of Arizona (SCE-UA) algorithm can help to improve the prediction of PTFs significantly compared to direct application of PTFs. This study is the first showing that improving SWR-PTFs by recalibration for a new catchment based on around 50 soil samples provides an effective parsimonious alternative to developing a SWR-PTF from specifically collected soil datasets, which typically needs around 100 soil samples or more.

Flood is one of the most dominant disasters in Indonesia with an incident that tends to increase. Lamongan District is an area with a fairly high risk of flooding due to the intensity of which it occurs every year. The high risk of flooding is caused by two reasons, the Bengawan Solo flow and the rainfall (the Bengawan Njero flow). Every flood disaster that occurs will certainly cause various impacts from damage to infrastructure, loss of property, and casualties. Disaster management efforts are certainly carried out to minimize the risk and impact of flood disasters in Lamongan District, such as through disaster mitigation. This research aims to determine disaster mitigation carried out in Lamongan District as an effort to minimize the impact of flooding. This research used descriptive qualitative research methods. Disaster mitigation in this research is divided into two according to Perka BNPB Number 4 of 2008, active disaster mitigation and passive disaster mitigation. The results of this research indicated that active mitigation in Lamongan District was carried out through, making flood disaster signs, supervising spatial planning, conducting training and counseling on flood disasters to officials, communities, and students, planning evacuation places and flood disaster evacuation routes and making embankment reinforcement. Meanwhile, passive mitigation in Lamongan District was carried out through, drafting laws and regulations, making flood-prone maps, making guidelines for every disaster management activity, making disaster posters, conducting flood risk studies, conducting disaster education, forming village forums, and prioritizing disaster management in development planning.

Abstract The fostering and empowerment of water user associations (WUAs) has been regulated by the Minister of Agriculture since 2012. However, the implementation of this guideline varies. Some water user associations have achieved improvement, while some others have not. This study discusses how a WUA in the villages that use Bengawan Solo River water has successfully managed the irrigation. One of the factors leading to the success of this WUA is the stakeholder engagement in the agricultural irrigation management and farm business. This study was conducted from June 2016 to June 2017 by employing a qualitative approach. It aimed to identify and understand the stakeholder engagement in agricultural irrigation management by: 1) conducting an analysis on stakeholder power and interest indices, 2) mapping the positions, responsibilities, and obligations of stakeholders, and 3) identifying the stakeholder engagement in agricultural irrigation management. The research results are as follows: a) the analysis using Likert scale showed that the power index reached a value of 0.76, while the interest index reached a value of 0.78; b) the mapping of internal stakeholders, especially the responsibilities and obligations, has been regulated under the Articles of Incorporation of WUAs and obligations of external stakeholders, especially the government in making government regulations, irrigation infrastructure support, and flood prevention; c) cooperation of the stakeholders has an important role in the agricultural irrigation management and in solving the problems faced by WUAs.

Kajian Karya Seni Lukis Djoko Pekik dengan Tema Peristiwa September 1965, skripsi Hapsari Fadlila. Program Studi Seni Rupa Murni, Jurusan Seni Rupa Murni, Fakultas Seni Rupa dan Desain, Institut Seni Indonesia Surakarta. Skripsi ini meneliti tentang karya-karya Djoko Pekik dengan tema Peristiwa September 1965. Permasalahan yang akan di bahas adalah latar belakang penciptaan dan estetika karya seni lukis Djoko Pekik dengan tema Peristiwa September 1965. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan analisis interaktif dan interpretasi. Teori untuk membedah interpretasi tanda yang terdapat dalam lukisan menggunakan teori semiotika Charles S. Pierce yaitu klasifikasi tanda menurut obyek. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa pada latar belakang penciptaan karya bertema Peristiwa September 1965, Djoko Pekik berusaha mengungkapkan pengalaman yang dirasakan ketika terjadinya peristiwa-peristiwa di bulan September 1965. Penelitian ini mengupas tiga karya Djoko Pekik yaitu Awal Bencana Di Lintang Kemukus 1965, Kali Berantas Bengawan Solo Luweng dan Sirkus Adu Badak. Karya-karya tersebut terdapat ikon, indek dan simbol merupakan visualisasi tentang kejadian yang dialami Djoko Pekik di tahun 1965. Dimulai dari kemunculan lintang kemukus, ketika Djoko Pekik menjadi tahanan dan awal memasuki Orde Baru.Kata kunci: Djoko Pekik, Seni Lukis, Peristiwa September 1965Study of Djoko Pekik Painting Artwork themed the September 1965 Incidents, Hapsari Fadlila's thesis. Pure Arts Study Program, Department of Fine Arts, Faculty of Art and Design, Indonesian Institute of the Arts Surakarta. This thesis examines the Djoko Pekik’s works themed the September 1965 Incidents. The issues that will be discussed are the background of the creating and aesthetics of painting by Djoko Pekik themed the September 1965 Incidents. The research method used is qualitative research with interactive and interpretation analysize. The theory for dissecting the interpretation of the signs which iscontained in the painting uses Charles S. Pierce's semiotic theory namely classification of signs according to objects. The results of this research are that in the background of creating this work themed the September 1965 incident, Djoko Pekik tried to express the experiences which he felt during the incidents in September 1965. This research explores three Djoko Pekik’s works, namely Awal Bencana Di Lintang Kemukus 1965, Kali Berantas Bengawan Solo Luweng and Sirkus Adu Badak.The works contained icons, indexes and symbols which are a visualization about the incidents experienced by Djoko Pekik in 1965. Begins from lintang kemukus, when Djoko Pekik became a prisoner and early Orde Baru. Keywords : Djoko Pekik, Painting Arts, September 1965 Incidents

Coastal regions are one of the most vulnerable areas to the effects of global warming, which is accompanied by an increase in mean sea level and changing shoreline configurations. In Indonesia, the socioeconomic importance of coastal regions where the most populated cities are located is high. However, shoreline changes in Indonesia are relatively understudied. In particular, detailed monitoring with remote sensing data is lacking despite the abundance of datasets and the availability of easily accessible cloud computing platforms such as the Google Earth Engine that are able to perform multi-temporal and multi-sensor mapping. Our study aimed to assess shoreline changes in East Java Province Indonesia from 2000 to 2019 using variables derived from a multi-sensor combination of optical remote sensing data (Landsat-7 ETM and Landsat-8 OLI) and radar data (ALOS Palsar and Sentinel-1 data). Random forest and GMO maximum entropy (GMO-Maxent) accuracy was assessed for the classification of land and water, and the land polygons from the best algorithm were used for deriving shorelines. In addition, shoreline changes were quantified using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). Our results showed that coastal accretion is more profound than coastal erosion in East Java Province with average rates of change of +4.12 (end point rate, EPR) and +4.26 m/year (weighted linear rate, WLR) from 2000 to 2019. In addition, some parts of the shorelines in the study area experienced massive changes, especially in the deltas of the Bengawan Solo and Brantas/Porong river with rates of change (EPR) between −87.44 to +89.65 and −18.98 to +111.75 m/year, respectively. In the study areas, coastal erosion happened mostly in the mangrove and aquaculture areas, while the accreted areas were used mostly as aquaculture and mangrove areas. The massive shoreline changes in this area require better monitoring to mitigate the potential risks of coastal erosion and to better manage coastal sedimentation.

Aim: This study aimed to analyze the genetic variation and phylogenetic reconstruction of Indonesian indigenous catfish using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit III sequences. Materials and Methods: A total of 19 samples of catfish were collected from seven rivers (Elo [EM], Progo [PM], Kampar [KR], Musi [MP], Mahakam [MS], Kapuas [KS], and Bengawan Solo [BSBJ]) in five different geographical locations in Indonesia. The genome was isolated from the tissue. Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit III was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with CO3F and CO3R primers. The PCR products were sequenced and continued to analyze genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship using MEGA version 7.0 software. Results: Cytochrome c oxidase (COX)-III gene sequencing obtained 784 nucleotides encoding 261 amino acids. Sequenced COX-III gene fragments were aligned along with other catfish from Genbank using ClustalW program and genetic diversity among species was analyzed using the MEGA Version 7.0 software. Among all samples, there were substitution mutations at 78 nucleotide sites, and there were 14 variations in amino acids. Catfish from PM, KR, MP, and KS had the same amino acids as Hemibagrus nemurus (KJ573466.1), while EM catfish had eight different amino acids and catfish BSBJhad 12 different amino acids. Conclusion: Indonesian catfish divided into four clades. BBSJ Catfish were grouped with Pangasianodon gigas, EM catfish were grouped with Mystus rhegma, and KS catfish were grouped with Hemibagrus spilopterus, while catfish MS, KR, PM, and MP were grouped with H. nemurus.

Urban Climate change in the past 40 years carries significant effects on the earth's surface. It shows an effect of extremely anomaly temperature because of such phenomenons as ENSO, IOD, and SOI. Thus, it can lead to seasonal change in Indonesia that affects the reservoir inflow and impacts the reservoir's operation pattern for managing power plant, irrigation, and raw water supply. This research used the relation between SST data (Nino 1.2, Nino 3, Nino 3.4, Nino 4, IOD West, IOD East, and SOI index) from NOAA and rainfall data from 1998 to 2018 in 9 stations at Wonogiri Reservoir Watershed from BBWS Bengawan Solo. With multiple linear regression analysis with a stepwise regression method, it indicated that the rainfall at Wonogiri Watershed and Inflow at Wonogiri reservoir was influenced by the SST index (Nino 1.2, Nino 3, Nino 3.4, Nino 4). Meanwhile, during the dry season, the rainfall at Wonogiri Watershed and the Inflow at Wonogiri reservoir were influenced by the SST index (IOD West, IOD East, and SOI). The rainfall and SST are related to being modeled for the probability of inflow distribution in each period (every 15 days). This inflow model influenced by climate change is to be used for the optimization model of reservoir operating pattern with Stochastic Model. The result that scenario 6 have the highest benefit, highest performance in the reliability and resiliency value in the simulation for a period between years 1979-2018.

Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS) is the biggest university in Surakarta Central Java Indonesia, which was established on March 11th, 1976 through Presidential Decree No. 10 of 1976. Commitmen of UNS toward Green Campus began in 2012 by Rector Decree 7nd of August 2012. Land size of UNS, whis is only 60 ha becomes constraints in development of Green Campus Initiatives. In 2030 agenda of Sustainable Development Goals gives attention to huge increased of urbanization thus cities and human settlements face the problems of high density, economies of agglomeration link economy, energy, environment, science, technology and social and economic output [2]. The Problem of Water and Sanitation becomes big issues of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is stated in the Goal 6 out of 17 Goals. Goal 6 not only addresses Clean water sanitation and health but also quality and sustainability of water resources all over the world. Universitas Sebelas Maret is one of Campus in Indonesia, which has awareness toward water and sanitation, especially related to the problem of waste. Liquid waste has become problems for a long time in UNS, when domestic liquid waste has come from residential areas surrounding campus passed through the lake in campus before finally flowing to Bengawan Solo River. This causes euthropication and sedimentation of the lake of UNS, which had impact on extremelly decreased the function of the pond estetically and functionally. By partnership with the Ministry of Public Works anad Spatial Planning in 2017, UNS has built Integrated Waste Water Treatment, which treats domestic liquid waste from residential area surrounding campus and internal campus becomes recycled clean water. In spite of that, UNS also treats organic waste of fall leafs through composting units and manages chemical hazardous waste according to the Indonesian regulation issued by Ministry of Environment. Several efforts of UNS related to Waste Management have contribution to achieving SDGs especially Goal 6: ensure availability and sustainable management of water a sanitation for all [2]. This contributes for improving water quality by reducing pollutions, dumping, minimizing chemical hazardous waste, increasing recycled and safe reuse of water on Campus.

<span>Hydroelectric power plants in Indonesia are widely developed. This is because the water supply in Indonesia is quite abundant. Several large reservoirs in Indonesia, in addition to being used for water reservoirs, are used to produce electricity. Wonogiri is a region that is located in Central Java province, where most of the region is arid land that cannot be planted in the dry season. In the rainy season the abundance of water plants to die and the soil is such that in the dry season crops do not grow well. Plans for the construction of Gajah Mungkur started in 1964, and it is designed to be a multipurpose dam project that aim to control floods, supply water for irrigation and hydropower in the Solo River valley. The master development plan was formulated in 1972-1974 with the help of Overseas Technical Cooperation of Japan. The results of this study include the completion of flooding problems along the Solo River, the increase in agricultural output in Winton community with irrigation facilities and good infrastructure, availability of electricity for communities around the dam and improving the local economy as the development of inland fisheries and tourism sectors.</span>

The Government through the National Railway Master Plan has launched the development of the Airport Railway Network and Services to facilitate passenger mobility, one of which is the construction of the Adi Soemarmo Airport train. In April 2017 a groundbreaking project for the development of the Adi Soemarmo Airport, Boyolali District by the President of the Republic of Indonesia was scheduled to be operational in 2019. This study uses a discrete choice model to express the opportunities of each passenger to use the airport train. The research instruments were prepared using predictor variables developed from service dimensions according to Gaspers. The sample used was 200 respondents with random sampling techniques. The data collected is processed using a binary logical regression model because the response variable is in the form of a dichotomy. The results showed the accuracy of the train schedule and affordability of train fares affect the willingness to use airport trains.

This product is motivated by the growth of the productive age in Indonesia which encourages the development of a dynamic and innovative lifestyle. Work pressure experienced by people of productive age has made the life cycle of this age segment more varied on weekends or on holidays. This phenomenon then led to the activity of motorbike riding (solo riding) from the city where you live to explore tourism destinations in inland areas. so that it can become an information center that can make it easier for people to visit a destination and something that is needed by every city, region that manages tourism activities. The development of technology, especially information, has made the tourism business grow. There are various terms used as an information center, one of which is Eguidebook. Besides having a function as a center for information about tourism to tourists who come, it can also be used as a tourism promotion tool. In the area of ​​South West Java, there is still a lack of interest in tourists to visit this is due to a lack of information about routes, tourist attractions, accommodation, and other supporting facilities. The making of this project aims to create an electronic design document for solo riding activities to the South West Java Region which prioritizes the principles of sustainable tourism, the design is carried out by searching for information in the South West Java Region types of tourist information needs, visual compilation, prototyping, user evaluation and finalizing the design. It is hoped that this project can be useful for those interested in solo riding and people who like to do automotive tourism

Although Indonesia's New Order has been thrown into disorder recently, its project of engineering an Indonesian language has been deemed a miraculous success. At Indonesian independence in 1945, the artificial administrative Malay language – used by the Dutch to administer their East Indies colonial empire – was just one of several dialects of a language spoken natively by only a few million residents of the territory. Now its descendant, Indonesian, is a “fully viable, universally acknowledged national language … clearly ascendant over hundreds of languages spoken natively among more than two hundred million Indonesians” (p. 2). Errington, author of two earlier books on Javanese, here turns his attention to that modernist state project of building Indonesian, and to evolving patterns of bilingualism among the Javanese, the demographically and politically dominant ethnic community of Indonesia. He gives us not only a detailed analysis of language use, but also a fascinating ethnographic account of Indonesian national development as it is interactionally constituted in two aptly chosen villages in the region around Solo (Surakarta). This study exemplifies an ethnographically grounded, culturally nuanced approach to bilingualism and language change.

<p class="1Body">As a three-year-project funded by the Government of Indonesia in support of tourism industry, the current study explored the existence of tradional culinary arts of Surakarta and Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia in an attempt to promote Indonesian tourism industry. A variety of traditional snacks from the two cities were identified to find out the similarities and differences in terms of exclusiveness and flavors. As a qualitative and descriptive research, the data were collected through observation on the types of traditional snacks, and interviews with the vendors with respect to the process of production. The findings showed that Surakarta is rich in traditional snacks, such as <em>Sosis Solo, Jadah Blondo, Intip Goreng, Rambak, </em>and various kinds of <em>Lenjongan. </em>In Semarang, on the other hand, there are <em>Ganjel Ril, Winbgko Babat, Kue Senteling, Wedang Tahu, Lumpia </em>and one type of <em>Lenjongan—</em>therefore <em>Lenjongan</em> can be assumed is the only similar food in the two cities. The snacks from the two cities have distinctive features of flavors that deserve both domestic and international recognition. Therefore these types of snacks can be tourism icons to attrack national and international tourists to visit both cities. In conclusion, the typical traditional culinary arts should be preserved and maintained to support Indonesian tourism industry.</p>

Pertanggungjawaban pengelolaan keuangaan Negara merupakan wujud transparansi dan akuntabilitas. Pengelolaaan keuangan negara merupakan penyampaian laporan pertanggungjawaban keuangan pemerintah yang memenuhi prinsip-prinsip tepat waktu, disusun mengikuti standar akuntansi pemerintah yang telah diterima umum. Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Bengawan Solo merupakan unit pelaksanaan teknis dibidang konservasi sumber daya air, pengembangan sumber daya air, pendayagunaan sumber daya air dan pengendalian daya rusak air pada wilayah sungai Bengawan Solo, bertanggungjawab kepada Direktur Jenderal Sumber Daya Air. Tata cara pembayaran dalam rangka pelaksanaan Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara (APBN) mencakup beberapa bagian seperti tertulis dalam Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Republik Indonesia Nomer 190/PMK 05/2012. Mekanisme pengujian SPP dan Penerbitan SPM di Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Bengawan Solo, berdasar pada Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Republik Indonesia Nomor 190/PMK.05/2012 tentang: Tata Cara Pembayaran Dalam Rangka Pelaksanaan Anggaran Pendapatan Dan Belanja Negara pasal 56, 57, 58 dan 59.Kata kunci: APBN, pengujian SPP, penerbitan SPM.

The aims of this study are to determine the feasibility of Bengawan Solo River water for irrigation of rice field in Sragen, Central Java and to find solution to the problem. The data used in this study were obtained from various literatures related to the issues discussed. The collected data were then selected and analyzed with descriptive argumentative. The result indicates that the water quality of Bengawan Solo River has dropped below the water quality standard grade IV according to Government Regulation Number 82 Year 2001. The use of water from this river has caused the quality of rice to decline below the rice quality standard according to Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 01.6128-2008 due to the bioaccumulation of heavy metals on rice crops, i.e. copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and Chromium (Cr) exceeded the threshold. Solution proposed to overcome this problem is with counseling programs to farmers conducted by relevant agencies on the use of rice field pollution control technology by physics, chemistry, and biology.

Indonesia mengahadapi masalah gizi ganda. Salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut adalah dengan melakukan adaptasi kurikulum berwawasan kesehatan guna pengembangan sekolah ramah gizi. Sekolah Alam Bengawan Solo (SABS) merupakan salah satu sekolah alam di Jawa Tengah yang sedang berkembang pesat. Sekolah ini memperkenalkan konsep pendidikan alternatif yang memanfaatkan alam sebagai tempat belajar, bahan ajar dan juga objek belajar. Studi pendahuluan dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi penerapan pendidikan gizi di SABS dengan melihat aspek kebijakan, komitmen kepala sekolah, kegiatan belajar mengajar, dan lingkungan sekolah. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis isi artikel online tentang SABS yang terdapat dalam website resmi SABS, koran online serta blog institusi dan pribadi. Kebijakan yang diterapkan di SABS adalah terbuka terhadap gagasan pengembangan pendidikan serta aktif membangun mitra yang luas. Kepala sekolah berkomitmen menyelenggarakan pembelajaran yang membangun kesehatan fisik dan mental, melatih daya juang dan ketekunan, serta menumbuhkan nalar siswa. Komitmen ini didukung dengan kinerja para fasilitator. Kegiatan Belajar Mengajar di SABS memadukan materi pelajaran dan aktivitas fisik seperti berkebun, memasak, dan outbond. Bangunan kelas berupa saung terbuka dan bertingkat dengan lingkungan sekolah yang hijau serta terdapat alat permainan tradisional. SABS memiliki potensi besar dalam mengimplementasikan pendidikan gizi secara komprehensif. Studi ini mendorong penelitian lebih lanjut yang dapat berimplikasi pada pengembangan kurikulum pendidikan sekolah alam berbasis gizi dan kesehatan.

Experience of Merapi Eruption in 2010 has been the background of this research, in which disaster management actors realized that not only should the human be saved but also the livestocks. This research is about the effort of local government and community in Bojonegoro District on livestock rescue at Bengawan Solo flood using qualitative research method. This research aims to analyze livestock rescue performed by community and analyze the effective system of livestock rescue by local government in accordance with the pattern of livestock rescue by community. The results are in follows: 1) the community has had the understanding of Bengawan Solo flood’s characteristics and local wisdom of livestock rescue effort; 2) The effort done by the local government is to fill the gap in which community is not able to cope with. Interventions conducted by the local government are veterinary support, livestock shelter and settlement on early phase. The recommendation of this research is the community has to have caution and keep remembering that they are living in the disaster hazardous zone. Local wisdom of community becomes capital for local government to conduct community based livestock rescue program. There is also a need assessment and intervention of post flood veterinary support, assessment of feed supply as well as the follow up of livestock shelter and settlement intervention and also need to develop livestock emergency guideline for Indonesia context

<p>Salah satu masalah dalam pengelolaan waduk adalah sedimentasi. Sedimen diakibatkan dari erosi, angkutan sedimen bertambah maka sedimen akan mengendap di dalam waduk dan kapasitas tampungan mati waduk akan berkurang. Kemudian umur waduk tersebut akan mengalami percepatan pengurangan layanannya. Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Bengawan Solo merupakan salah satu DAS di Indonesia yang segera memerlukan penanganan (Joko Sutrisno, 2011). Kondisi daerah aliran sungainya Bengawan Solo sudah memprihatinkan, terutama besarnya laju erosi yang cukup tinggi serta produktivitas lahan yang dinilai semakin menurun. SUB-DAS Jlantah yang berlokasi di muara Sungai Krisak berada di dekat tempat pengambilan air Waduk Krisak, dinilai menyumbang sedimentasi terbesar yang akan sangat mengganggu operasional waduk. Selain menyebabkan sedimentasi, erosi juga akan menyebabkan berkurangnya ketebalan tanah dan berkurangnya tingkat kesuburan tanah di wilayah hulu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan pengaruh sedimen terhadap umur waduk pada tampungan mati menggunakan metode USLE. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif dan secara garis besar dibagi menjadi 3 tahapan pelaksanaan sebagai berikut : pengumpulan data, analisa data, kesimpulan dan saran. Data yang digunakan berupa data curah hujan jangka waktu 10 tahun antara tahun 2009 sampai 2018. Peta yang digunakan adalah Peta Tanah, Peta Topografi dan Peta Tata Guna Lahan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi literatur serta menggunakan data yang dimiliki Balai Penelitian Teknologi Kehutanan Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai Surakarta, Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Begawan Solo dan Jasa Tirta Wonogiri. Hasil analisis berdasarkan prediksi erosi USLE diperoleh 2.437.833,4990 ton/tahun dengan volume yang masuk pada tampungan sedimen Waduk Krisak yaitu 816.147,8068 m3/tahun dengan umur layanan 4,6 tahun.</p>

This study attempts to recognize the fundamental issues in river morphology by examining suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and flow velocity at the curved channel in an alluvial river. To capture the entire set of the afore mentioned conditions, a field investigation was conducted at the inner and outer banks of the flow path of a curved channel, which is considered as the critical section in river change development. The field observations were conducted over a 1-year period, from January to December 2014, in which both dry and rainy seasons occurred. Because the curved channel is subject to severe erosion, especially around the outer bank, lateral migration of the channel might regularly occur. The field investigation showed that the outer side of the curved section migrated approximately 0.0625 m/month during the study period. The SSC, which peaked at 25% and 43% of the maximal flow velocity in the upstream and downstream sections, respectively, showed the rapid erosion of the curved section leading to lateral channel shifting. A channel resistance evaluation confirmed the potential capability of the riverbed material at the curved section was 20% lower than that in the upstream and downstream sections. According to the SSC and flow features, a new understanding of changing river morphology with respect to a curved channel of the Bengawan Solo River was developed.

The condition of rivers in Indonesia in 2018, 25 rivers were heavily polluted, while in 2019, 38 rivers were heavily polluted . Efforts are needed to determine the carrying capacity of river pollution loads so that they can be used as guidelines for river management. This study aims to provide an overview of the conditions of Indonesia’s rivers through a literature review. This literature review uses 10 articles from the Google Scholar database for the period 2014-2020. The rivers under study do not have a pollution load capacity, namely the Code Yogyakarta river, the Bengawan Solo watershed of the Surakarta and Karanganyar sections, the Brantas river in Malang City, the Kupang river, Pekalongan City, the Mahakam river in East Kalimantan, the Winongo river, Sleman Regency, the section of the Brantas river Kekep-Punden Kota Batu, the segment of the Pesanggrahan river of the City; Garang river, Central Java Bedung river, Denpasar City. Most of the parameters that exceed the loading capacity of the entire river are BOD, COD, TSS, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and ammonia. The source of pollution in most rivers is unidentified (certain and uncertain sources of pollution). Generally, river management efforts are not carried out in an optimal manner to maintain water quality and condition .

<p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui latar belakang sejarah Benteng Van Den Bosch (Benteng Pendem) dan nilai-nilai sejarah yang bisa diwariskan kepada masyarakat sebagai sumber belajar sejarah. Lokasi penelitian ini di Benteng Van Den Bosch (Benteng Pendem) dan sekitarnya Kelurahan Pelem Kecamatan Ngawi Kabupaten Ngawi. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif menggunakan pendekatan induktif. Sumber data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu sumber data primer dan sumber data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Validasi yang digunakan untuk menguji kebenaran dan keabsahan data menggunakan trianggulasi sumber. Analisis data menggunakan analisis model interaktif miles dan huberman.</p>Hasil penelitian diperoleh yaitu Benteng Van Den Bosch merupakan salah satu jejak peninggalan Kolonialisme Belanda di Kabupaten Ngawi. Benteng Van Den Bosch dibangun pada tahun 1839-1845 dibawah pimpinan Gubernur Jendral Van Den Bosch pada waktu menjajah daerah Ngawi. Benteng Van Den Bosch sering disebut Benteng Pendem. Hal ini dikarenakan bangunan Benteng Van Den Bosch dikelilingi gundukan tanah yang tingginya hampir menutupi bangunan. Benteng Van Den Bosch dibangun dengan tujuan untuk menguasai jalur transportasi air Bengawan Solo dan Bengawan Madiun, serta untuk menghambat serangan lanjutan dari perang Diponegoro. Setelah Indonesia merdeka Benteng Van Den Bosch ditempati dan dikelola oleh satuan Yon Armed Kostrad 12 Ngawi sampai saat ini. Benteng Van Den Bosch mulai tahun 2011 dijadikan sebagai tempat wisata edukasi di Kabupaten Ngawi.Keberadaan Benteng Van Den Bosch mempunyai nilai-nilai luhur yang harus diwariskan kepada generasi muda. Nilai-nilai yang terkandung di dalam Benteng Van Den Bosch seperti nasionalisme, patriotisme, cinta tanah kelahiran, semangat jiwa berjuang, dan pantang menyerah. Nilai-nilai tersebut dapat dijabarkan ke dalam silabus dan rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran (RPP), sehingga memiliki potensi menjadi sumber belajar sejarah. Penerapannya dengan mengajak peserta didik berkunjung dan melakukan kegiatan observasi di Benteng Van Den Bosch tentang peninggalan-peninggalan bangsa Belanda di Indonesia.

The batik home industry of Kampung Laweyan, Surakarta City did not make efforts to prevent environmental pollution from the wastewater produced. Waste water is discharged into the Jenes river, so that the river becomes polluted and contributes to the pollution of the Bengawan Solo River Basin. The study was conducted at the Environmental Laboratory, Environmental Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, Surakarta Christian University by conducting the coagulation process of flocculation with the jart test. This study uses variations and dosages of the type of FeSO4 and PAC coagulants with levels of 5% each for 100 ml / sec waste discharge. The results of the research are that before the waste is processed by the coagulation process, the value of BOD = 660.28 mg / l and COD = 1600. After the coagulation process, the efficiency of each type of coagulant is with FeSO4, BOD = 85.63% and COD = 82.67 %. With PAC coagulant, BOD = 90.21%, COD = 88.97%. This shows that the ability of PAC to reduce pollutant parameters is greater than ferrous sulfate.

Van den Bosch fortress is located in Ngawi East Java Indonesia. The fortress’ unique location in the riverbanks of two main rivers of Java island, i.e. Bengawan Solo river and Madiun river, boosts its potentilas as a cultural tourist attraction. The meeting point between these two big rivers has given the fortress opportunities to develop unique tourism package. This study examined the potentials of the fortress, problems for developing the fortress, and the interconnection of spatial distribution of the fortress by employing geographic information system (GIS) to develop spatial-based management of the fortress as an intergrated cultural tourism site. Spatial-based management of the historical resource is aimed at combining and enhancing the urban elements including town square, traditional market, fortress, and rivers as well as some supporting facilities; and it is expected to be able to make Van den Bosch fortress as the center of the attractions. All of the elements of the urban area need to be spatially planned and managed in order to perform a unique tourist attraction in the most enticing historical destination of the region. Keywords: cultural tourism, fortress, historical asset, spatial-based management.

Various piles driving equipment can be used for piling in building projects. In densely populated urban area, more environmentally friendly pile driving equipment, such as hydraulic static pile driver (HSPD) is therefore needed. There are important factors influence the HSPD productivity that are implied in treatment of pile in soil, such as soil type, driven pile size, piling depth, and cycle time. While some methods are available to estimate construction productivity, each method has limitations, such as unreliable prediction and difficult implementation. In present research, HSPD productivity in construction project has been estimated by deterministic modelling, so produced the chart model of HSPD productivity of rectangular and triangular shaped piles in silty soil. Data were collected through site observation from five building projects in three cities of Indonesia, i.e. Semarang, Pati, and Solo. A deterministic model has been designed utilizing data of 180 piling points from the five projects and simulation, so was obtained the chart model of HSPD productivity. Validation of the outputs of the model shows a valid result with an average validity value of 95.6% and standard deviation of 3.3%. Sensitivity analysis of these outputs shows an average sensitivity value of 88.25%. The productivity chart is valuable to plan and to estimate time related to the use of HSPD in construction projects

The curtain rose. The howling of desert wind filled the performance hall in the Shanghai Grand Theatre. Into the center stage, where a scenic construction of a mountain cliff and a desert landscape was dimly lit, entered the character of the Daoist priest Wang Yuanlu (1849–1931), performed by Chen Yizong. Dressed in a worn and dusty outfit of dark blue cotton, characteristic of Daoist priests, Wang began to sweep the floor. After a few moments, he discovered a hidden chambre sealed inside one of the rock sanctuaries carved into the cliff.Signaled by the quick, crystalline, stirring wave of sound from the chimes, a melodious Chinese ocarina solo joined in slowly from the background. Astonished by thousands of Buddhist sūtra scrolls, wall paintings, and sculptures he had just accidentally discovered in the caves, Priest Wang set his broom aside and began to examine these treasures. Dawn had not yet arrived, and the desert sky was pitch-black. Priest Wang held his oil lamp high, strode rhythmically in excitement, sat crossed-legged in a meditative pose, and unfolded a scroll. The sound of the ocarina became fuller and richer and the texture of the music more complex, as several other instruments joined in.Below is the opening scene of the award-winning, theatrical dance-drama Dunhuang, My Dreamland, created by China’s state-sponsored Lanzhou Song and Dance Theatre in 2000. Figure 1a: Poster Side A of Dunhuang, My Dreamland Figure 1b: Poster Side B of Dunhuang, My DreamlandThe scene locates the dance-drama in the rock sanctuaries that today are known as the Dunhuang Mogao Caves, housing Buddhist art accumulated over a period of a thousand years, one of the best well-known UNESCO heritages on the Silk Road. Historically a frontier metropolis, Dunhuang was a strategic site along the Silk Road in northwestern China, a crossroads of trade, and a locus for religious, cultural, and intellectual influences since the Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.–220 C.E.). Travellers, especially Buddhist monks from India and central Asia, passing through Dunhuang on their way to Chang’an (present day Xi’an), China’s ancient capital, would stop to meditate in the Mogao Caves and consult manuscripts in the monastery's library. At the same time, Chinese pilgrims would travel by foot from China through central Asia to Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, playing a key role in the exchanges between ancient China and the outside world. Travellers from China would stop to acquire provisions at Dunhuang before crossing the Gobi Desert to continue on their long journey abroad. Figure 2: Dunhuang Mogao CavesThis article approaches the idea of “abroad” by examining the present-day imagination of journeys along the Silk Road—specifically, staged performances of the various Silk Road journey-themed dance-dramas sponsored by the Chinese state for enhancing its cultural and foreign policies since the 1970s (Kuang).As ethnomusicologists have demonstrated, musicians, choreographers, and playwrights often utilise historical materials in their performances to construct connections between the past and the present (Bohlman; Herzfeld; Lam; Rees; Shelemay; Tuohy; Wade; Yung: Rawski; Watson). The ancient Silk Road, which linked the Mediterranean coast with central China and beyond, via oasis towns such as Samarkand, has long been associated with the concept of “journeying abroad.” Journeys to distant, foreign lands and encounters of unknown, mysterious cultures along the Silk Road have been documented in historical records, such as A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms (Faxian) and The Great Tang Records on the Western Regions (Xuanzang), and illustrated in classical literature, such as The Travels of Marco Polo (Polo) and the 16th century Chinese novel Journey to the West (Wu). These journeys—coming and going from multiple directions and to different destinations—have inspired contemporary staged performance for audiences around the globe.Home and Abroad: Dunhuang and the Silk RoadDunhuang, My Dreamland (2000), the contemporary dance-drama, staged the journey of a young pilgrim painter travelling from Chang’an to a land of the unfamiliar and beyond borders, in search for the arts that have inspired him. Figure 3: A scene from Dunhuang, My Dreamland showing the young pilgrim painter in the Gobi Desert on the ancient Silk RoadFar from his home, he ended his journey in Dunhuang, historically considered the northwestern periphery of China, well beyond Yangguan and Yumenguan, the bordering passes that separate China and foreign lands. Later scenes in Dunhuang, My Dreamland, portrayed through multiethnic music and dances, the dynamic interactions among merchants, cultural and religious envoys, warriors, and politicians that were making their own journey from abroad to China. The theatrical dance-drama presents a historically inspired, re-imagined vision of both “home” and “abroad” to its audiences as they watch the young painter travel along the Silk Road, across the Gobi Desert, arriving at his own ideal, artistic “homeland”, the Dunhuang Mogao Caves. Since his journey is ultimately a spiritual one, the conceptualisation of travelling “abroad” could also be perceived as “a journey home.”Staged more than four hundred times since it premiered in Beijing in April 2000, Dunhuang, My Dreamland is one of the top ten titles in China’s National Stage Project and one of the most successful theatrical dance-dramas ever produced in China. With revenue of more than thirty million renminbi (RMB), it ranks as the most profitable theatrical dance-drama ever produced in China, with a preproduction cost of six million RMB. The production team receives financial support from China’s Ministry of Culture for its “distinctive ethnic features,” and its “aim to promote traditional Chinese culture,” according to Xu Rong, an official in the Cultural Industry Department of the Ministry. Labeled an outstanding dance-drama of the Chinese nation, it aims to present domestic and international audiences with a vision of China as a historically multifaceted and cosmopolitan nation that has been in close contact with the outside world through the ancient Silk Road. Its production company has been on tour in selected cities throughout China and in countries abroad, including Austria, Spain, and France, literarily making the young pilgrim painter’s “journey along the Silk Road” a new journey abroad, off stage and in reality.Dunhuang, My Dreamland was not the first, nor is it the last, staged performances that portrays the Chinese re-imagination of “journeying abroad” along the ancient Silk Road. It was created as one of many versions of Dunhuang bihua yuewu, a genre of music, dance, and dramatic performances created in the early twentieth century and based primarily on artifacts excavated from the Mogao Caves (Kuang). “The Mogao Caves are the greatest repository of early Chinese art,” states Mimi Gates, who works to increase public awareness of the UNESCO site and raise funds toward its conservation. “Located on the Chinese end of the Silk Road, it also is the place where many cultures of the world intersected with one another, so you have Greek and Roman, Persian and Middle Eastern, Indian and Chinese cultures, all interacting. Given the nature of our world today, it is all very relevant” (Pollack). As an expressive art form, this genre has been thriving since the late 1970s contributing to the global imagination of China’s “Silk Road journeys abroad” long before Dunhuang, My Dreamland achieved its domestic and international fame. For instance, in 2004, The Thousand-Handed and Thousand-Eyed Avalokiteśvara—one of the most representative (and well-known) Dunhuang bihua yuewu programs—was staged as a part of the cultural program during the Paralympic Games in Athens, Greece. This performance, as well as other Dunhuang bihua yuewu dance programs was the perfect embodiment of a foreign religion that arrived in China from abroad and became Sinicized (Kuang). Figure 4: Mural from Dunhuang Mogao Cave No. 45A Brief History of Staging the Silk Road JourneysThe staging of the Silk Road journeys abroad began in the late 1970s. Historically, the Silk Road signifies a multiethnic, cosmopolitan frontier, which underwent incessant conflicts between Chinese sovereigns and nomadic peoples (as well as between other groups), but was strongly imbued with the customs and institutions of central China (Duan, Mair, Shi, Sima). In the twentieth century, when China was no longer an empire, but had become what the early 20th-century reformer Liang Qichao (1873–1929) called “a nation among nations,” the long history of the Silk Road and the colourful, legendary journeys abroad became instrumental in the formation of a modern Chinese nation of unified diversity rooted in an ancient cosmopolitan past. The staged Silk Road theme dance-dramas thus participate in this formation of the Chinese imagination of “nation” and “abroad,” as they aestheticise Chinese history and geography. History and geography—aspects commonly considered constituents of a nation as well as our conceptualisations of “abroad”—are “invariably aestheticized to a certain degree” (Bakhtin 208). Diverse historical and cultural elements from along the Silk Road come together in this performance genre, which can be considered the most representative of various possible stagings of the history and culture of the Silk Road journeys.In 1979, the Chinese state officials in Gansu Province commissioned the benchmark dance-drama Rain of Flowers along the Silk Road, a spectacular theatrical dance-drama praising the pure and noble friendship which existed between the peoples of China and other countries in the Tang dynasty (618-907 C.E.). While its plot also revolves around the Dunhuang Caves and the life of a painter, staged at one of the most critical turning points in modern Chinese history, the work as a whole aims to present the state’s intention of re-establishing diplomatic ties with the outside world after the Cultural Revolution. Unlike Dunhuang, My Dreamland, it presents a nation’s journey abroad and home. To accomplish this goal, Rain of Flowers along the Silk Road introduces the fictional character Yunus, a wealthy Persian merchant who provides the audiences a vision of the historical figure of Peroz III, the last Sassanian prince, who after the Arab conquest of Iran in 651 C.E., found refuge in China. By incorporating scenes of ethnic and folk dances, the drama then stages the journey of painter Zhang’s daughter Yingniang to Persia (present-day Iran) and later, Yunus’s journey abroad to the Tang dynasty imperial court as the Persian Empire’s envoy.Rain of Flowers along the Silk Road, since its debut at Beijing’s Great Hall of the People on the first of October 1979 and shortly after at the Theatre La Scala in Milan, has been staged in more than twenty countries and districts, including France, Italy, Japan, Thailand, Russia, Latvia, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and recently, in 2013, at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York.“The Road”: Staging the Journey TodayWithin the contemporary context of global interdependencies, performing arts have been used as strategic devices for social mobilisation and as a means to represent and perform modern national histories and foreign policies (Davis, Rees, Tian, Tuohy, Wong, David Y. H. Wu). The Silk Road has been chosen as the basis for these state-sponsored, extravagantly produced, and internationally staged contemporary dance programs. In 2008, the welcoming ceremony and artistic presentation at the Olympic Games in Beijing featured twenty apsara dancers and a Dunhuang bihua yuewu dancer with long ribbons, whose body was suspended in mid-air on a rectangular LED extension held by hundreds of performers; on the giant LED screen was a depiction of the ancient Silk Road.In March 2013, Chinese president Xi Jinping introduced the initiatives “Silk Road Economic Belt” and “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” during his journeys abroad in Kazakhstan and Indonesia. These initiatives are now referred to as “One Belt, One Road.” The State Council lists in details the policies and implementation plans for this initiative on its official web page, www.gov.cn. In April 2013, the China Institute in New York launched a yearlong celebration, starting with "Dunhuang: Buddhist Art and the Gateway of the Silk Road" with a re-creation of one of the caves and a selection of artifacts from the site. In March 2015, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), China’s top economic planning agency, released a new action plan outlining key details of the “One Belt, One Road” initiative. Xi Jinping has made the program a centrepiece of both his foreign and domestic economic policies. One of the central economic strategies is to promote cultural industry that could enhance trades along the Silk Road.Encouraged by the “One Belt, One Road” policies, in March 2016, The Silk Princess premiered in Xi’an and was staged at the National Centre for the Performing Arts in Beijing the following July. While Dunhuang, My Dreamland and Rain of Flowers along the Silk Road were inspired by the Buddhist art found in Dunhuang, The Silk Princess, based on a story about a princess bringing silk and silkworm-breeding skills to the western regions of China in the Tang Dynasty (618-907) has a different historical origin. The princess's story was portrayed in a woodblock from the Tang Dynasty discovered by Sir Marc Aurel Stein, a British archaeologist during his expedition to Xinjiang (now Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region) in the early 19th century, and in a temple mural discovered during a 2002 Chinese-Japanese expedition in the Dandanwulike region. Figure 5: Poster of The Silk PrincessIn January 2016, the Shannxi Provincial Song and Dance Troupe staged The Silk Road, a new theatrical dance-drama. Unlike Dunhuang, My Dreamland, the newly staged dance-drama “centers around the ‘road’ and the deepening relationship merchants and travellers developed with it as they traveled along its course,” said Director Yang Wei during an interview with the author. According to her, the show uses seven archetypes—a traveler, a guard, a messenger, and so on—to present the stories that took place along this historic route. Unbounded by specific space or time, each of these archetypes embodies the foreign-travel experience of a different group of individuals, in a manner that may well be related to the social actors of globalised culture and of transnationalism today. Figure 6: Poster of The Silk RoadConclusionAs seen in Rain of Flowers along the Silk Road and Dunhuang, My Dreamland, staging the processes of Silk Road journeys has become a way of connecting the Chinese imagination of “home” with the Chinese imagination of “abroad.” Staging a nation’s heritage abroad on contemporary stages invites a new imagination of homeland, borders, and transnationalism. Once aestheticised through staged performances, such as that of the Dunhuang bihua yuewu, the historical and topological landscape of Dunhuang becomes a performed narrative, embodying the national heritage.The staging of Silk Road journeys continues, and is being developed into various forms, from theatrical dance-drama to digital exhibitions such as the Smithsonian’s Pure Land: Inside the Mogao Grottes at Dunhuang (Stromberg) and the Getty’s Cave Temples of Dunhuang: Buddhist Art on China's Silk Road (Sivak and Hood). 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