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1

Fogazzi, Giovanni B., Vénérand Attolou, Solomon Kadiri, Domenico Fenili, and Fiorenzo Priuli. "A nephrological program in Benin and Togo (West Africa)." Kidney International 63 (February 2003): S56—S60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.63.s83.12.x.

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2

Heilbrunn, John R. "Social Origins of National Conferences in Benin and Togo." Journal of Modern African Studies 31, no. 2 (June 1993): 277–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00011939.

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Political life in Africa was described 25 years ago as ‘an almost institutionless arena with conflict and disorder as its most prominent features’. However, the wave of national conferences in Africa in the current decade would have been inconceivable without the various institutions and beliefs that have persisted despite the prevalence of dictatorship. These ‘fragments of democracy’ have been manifest in trade union movements, voluntary associations, and the nascent political parties that have organised popular protests against authoritarian régimes during the past few years.
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3

YIN, Manlin. "Attributes, Motivations and Satisfaction of Students at the Confucius Institutes in Togo and Benin:." Journal of African Studies 2014, no. 84 (2014): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11619/africa.2014.84_45.

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4

Semanou, Alexandrov Nevski Sachs, and Kamil Uslu. "Comparative Analysis of Growth Convergence in Selected West African Countries." Business and Economic Research 9, no. 3 (July 24, 2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v9i3.14910.

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This paper analyses the β-convergence process of West African countries with a focus on Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Togo. It has been motivated by the apparent persistence of income gap between West African countries. To achieve the objective of the study, we use both descriptive statistics and econometric approach. The study covers the time period of 27 years (1990-2017). The results show the absence of a unit steady state for the region and do not confirm neoclassical theory’s predictions. Rather, it shows the existence of club convergence in West Africa. Also, lower-income countries such as Benin and Togo have lower steady-state income compared to Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire.
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5

Nwajiaku, Kathryn. "The National Conferences in Benin and Togo Revisited." Journal of Modern African Studies 32, no. 3 (September 1994): 429–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00015172.

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As many as seven Conférences nationales (CNs) took place in French-speaking Africa between February 1990 and January 1993, all against the background of the apparent ‘wind of change’ which is sweeping across the continent where democratic governance is eventually to replace authoritarian rule. In Benin, the assembly of delegates that met during 19–28 February 1990 was supposed to be representative of all social, religious, professional, and political interest groups whose aim was to introduce a constitutional liberal democracy. This CN managed to gain acceptance of the sovereignty which it had declared on the second day — namely, that all its decisions would be legal and binding. The authority of President Matthieu Kérékou was thus effectively emasculated, whilst the elections which were timetabled and held a year later, finally unseated him after 20 years in power. In Togo, General Gnassingbe Eyadéma was able to reject the sovereignty claimed. by the CN, held from 8 July to 28 August 1991, as the balance of power was firmly in his favour.
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6

Golub, Stephen S. "Entrepôt Trade and Smuggling in West Africa: Benin, Togo and Nigeria." World Economy 35, no. 9 (July 23, 2012): 1139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2012.01469.x.

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7

El-Hadj Tidjani, M., P. Affaton, P. Louis, and A. Socohou. "Gravity characteristics of the Pan-African Orogen in Ghana, Togo and Benin (west Africa)." Journal of African Earth Sciences 24, no. 3 (April 1997): 241–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(97)00041-9.

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8

VERLOOVE, FILIP, ATTILA MESTERHÁZY, and JANE BROWNING. "Studies in Schoenoplectiella (Cyperaceae) in tropical West Africa." Phytotaxa 283, no. 1 (November 2, 2016): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.283.1.8.

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Schoenoplectiella patentiglumis, a species described from Natal (South Africa) and previously known from Mozambique and Zimbabwe only, is reported for the first time from tropical West Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso and Nigeria) where it has been confused with S. articulata. Schoenoplectiella raynaliana, a rare species only known from the type locality in Togo, is shown to be morphologically conspecific with the widespread African species S. proxima. These findings are the result of examining, measuring, photographing, making notes and illustrations from numerous collections of S. patentiglumis and S. proxima in several different herbaria.
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9

Harrington, Lauren A., Jennah Green, Patrick Muinde, David W. Macdonald, Mark Auliya, and Neil D'Cruze. "Snakes and ladders: A review of ball python production in West Africa for the global pet market." Nature Conservation 41 (July 28, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.41.51270.

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The ball python (Python regius) is the most traded, CITES listed, live animal exported from Africa. Recent studies have raised concerns as to whether production methods in Africa are sustainable, humane and compliant with legislation. To aid future management we explored export patterns, using the CITES and U.S. LEMIS database, for live ball pythons from across their range in West Africa to identify the main exporters and the main markets supplied, and to assess associated trends, and compliance with nationally-established export quotas. We found that export to supply the global pet trade remains almost exclusively carried out by three range countries – Benin, Ghana, and Togo. The USA was the largest importer from all three countries, although Ghana appeared to be less dependent on the USA market than either Togo or Benin, exporting to a more diverse range of countries, particularly in Asia. Between 2003 and 2017 there was a decline in annual importer-reported exports from Benin and from Ghana, but not from Togo. Ghana appears to operate as a regional trade hub, re-exporting ball pythons imported from Benin and Togo, and exports more ball pythons reported as captive-bred. Trade records from all three countries exhibited a switch from predominantly wild-sourced to predominantly ranched individuals. However, at a range-wide level, differences in the use of source codes among exporting range states, and inconsistencies in reporting of trade among range states, as well as inconsistencies in the use of source codes between exporting and importing countries, represent areas of potential concern. We recommend a regional-level policy approach for this highly sought-after species, to safeguard ball pythons and local livelihoods.
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10

Welch, Claude E., and Mathurin C. Houngnikpo. "Determinants of Democratization in Africa: A Comparative Study of Benin and Togo." African Studies Review 45, no. 3 (December 2002): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1515141.

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11

COLYN, MARC, JAN HULSELMANS, GONTRAN SONET, PASCAL OUDÉ, JAN DE WINTER, ARMAND NATTA, ZOLTÁN TAMÁS NAGY, and ERIK VERHEYEN. "Discovery of a new duiker species (Bovidae: Cephalophinae) from the Dahomey Gap, West Africa." Zootaxa 2637, no. 1 (October 6, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2637.1.1.

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Among the two most widely distributed duiker species, Philantomba monticola (Thunberg, 1789) and Philantomba maxwelli (C. H. Smith, 1827), the latter shows geographic variation in pelage color and body size. This issue was not investigated in detail so far, especially in the eastern region of its distribution area, notably due to the lack of material from the Dahomey Gap. We undertook a species-level revision of Philantomba in West Africa, notably including a series of specimens collected in Togo, Benin and Nigeria. Using morphological measurements (craniometry) and genetic data (two mitochondrial and three nuclear markers), we describe a new duiker species occurring in the Dahomey Gap (Togo, Benin) and the Niger delta, Philantomba walteri sp. nov. This discovery highlights the importance of the Dahomey Gap for the evolutionary history of the West African forest faunas. It also has conservation implications given that the new species is one of the main targets of the local bushmeat trade.
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12

Aigbedion-Atalor, Pascal O., Itohan Idemudia, Medetissi Adom, Ethelyn E. Forchibe, Hospice Tossou, David D. Wilson, and Michael D. Day. "Marching across and beyond West Africa: First record of the stem-galling fly Cecidochares connexa (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Central Africa and the implications for biological control of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): e0252770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252770.

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The Neotropical invasive plant Chromolaena odorata R.M. King and H. Robinson (Asteraceae) is a serious weed in West and Central Africa and two biological control agents that have been introduced into West Africa to help reduce its impacts on agriculture and biodiversity, have established. The stem-galling fly, Cecidochares connexa (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae), has spread widely across West Africa since its release in only Côte d’Ivoire, occurring in six countries. This study aimed to investigate whether the gall fly had spread further across West Africa and into Central Africa. Here, we surveyed C. odorata for C. connexa galls in Cameroon between October 2018 and October 2020, along roadsides, on farms, residential areas, and abandoned plots, encompassing various vegetation types. Additional surveys were conducted across four countries (Ghana, Togo, Benin Republic and Nigeria) in West Africa that we considered the probable pathway for the spread of the gall fly into Central Africa. Cecidochares connexa was present at five of the six locations surveyed in Cameroon, albeit in varying abundance. In Africa, these findings represent the first-ever report of C. connexa outside of West Africa. In West Africa, we recorded significant expansion in the geographic range of C. connexa, as reflected in the absent-present record of C. connexa in two locations in Nigeria and one in Ghana, as well as its occurrence in all locations surveyed in Benin Republic and Togo. Clearly, Ghana, Togo, Benin Republic and Nigeria served as the dispersal pathway of C. connexa from the release sites in Côte d’Ivoire into Cameroon, covering over 2,300 km. Following the spread and establishment of C. connexa into Cameroon, we anticipate that it will continue to spread further into other parts of Central Africa which are climatically suitable. Cecidochares connexa is currently the only biological control agent for C. odorata in Central Africa. Given that it has significantly reduced populations of C. odorata in other countries where it has established, it is expected to have a similar impact in Central Africa.
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13

AIGNON, HYPPOLITE L., AROOJ NASEER, BRANDON P. MATHENY, NOUROU S. YOROU, and MARTIN RYBERG. "Mallocybe africana (Inocybaceae, Fungi), the first species of Mallocybe described from Africa." Phytotaxa 478, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.478.1.3.

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The family Inocybaceae has been poorly studied in Africa. Here we describe the first species of the genus Mallocybe from West African and Zambian woodlands dominated by ectomycorrhizal trees of Fabaceae and Phyllanthaceae. The new species M. africana is characterized by orange-brown fruitbodies, a fibrillose pileus, a stipe tapered towards the base and large ellipsoid basidiospores. It resembles many north and south temperate species of Mallocybe but is most closely related to the southeast Asian tropical species, M. errata. M. africana is widely distributed in West Africa (Benin, Togo, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast) extending to South-eastern Africa in Zambia. Phylogenetic analyses based on 5.8S rDNA, nLSU and RPB2 sequence data confirm that M. africana is nested within Mallocybe. A complete morphological description and illustrations, including photographs and line drawings, are presented.
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14

Hell, K., B. G. J. Gnonlonfin, G. Kodjogbe, Y. Lamboni, and I. K. Abdourhamane. "Mycoflora and occurrence of aflatoxin in dried vegetables in Benin, Mali and Togo, West Africa." International Journal of Food Microbiology 135, no. 2 (October 2009): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.07.039.

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15

ZOSSOU, ESPÉRANCE, AMINOU AROUNA, ALIOU DIAGNE, and RITA AFIAVI AGBOH-NOAMESHIE. "GENDER GAP IN ACQUISITION AND PRACTICE OF AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE: CASE STUDY OF RICE FARMING IN WEST AFRICA." Experimental Agriculture 53, no. 4 (October 19, 2016): 566–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479716000582.

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SUMMARYImproving farmers’ knowledge of new technologies and creating conducive learning opportunities, with particular attention to the marginalized poor (women and youth), are major factors in the move towards sustainable agriculture. To explore the gender gap in agricultural knowledge acquisition and adoption in West Africa, we used baseline data collected in 2013 and 2014 in five countries (Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Nigeria and Togo) with 499 surveyed households. The t-test and Kruskal–Wallis test were used for analysis. The most quoted source for acquiring knowledge on rice farming methods was ‘other farmers’, showing the importance of social capital for rural African farmers. In Benin, a gender gap was noted in rice farmers’ access to agricultural knowledge sources, with women being more advantaged. In Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Nigeria and Togo, no significant gender gap was observed in rice farmers’ access to agricultural knowledge sources. Regarding the level of knowledge and use of rice farming methods in Côte d'Ivoire and Niger, significant gender gaps were observed. The gender approach to rural development is having impact in West Africa with regard to farmers’ access to agricultural information. However, interactive rural learning approaches (such as farmer-to-farmer video) need to be resorted to make the technologies’ principles well known and improve the ability of marginalized poor to adopt and or innovate with local or limited resources. This study leads to a better understanding of the relationship between gender, knowledge and use of agricultural technologies in order to enhance marginalized farmers’ adoption of improved innovations.
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16

Onwudiwe, Ebere. "On the Sovereign National Conference." Issue 27, no. 1 (1999): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700503175.

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The Conference of Nationalities organized in Nigeria by the Campaign for Democracy, and held on December 17-19, 1998, has come and gone with little impact either on the national consciousness or on the process of transition to democracy. At the outset, I should state that I have never been convinced that the type of national conference planned in Nigeria after the expiration of the regime of Sani Abacha was going to be as useful as the most successful Conferences Nationales pioneered in francophone Africa. From the particular example of a similar conference in the Republic of Benin, the weaknesses of the Nigerian parley can be crystallized. The choice of Benin is quite easy. The Conference Nationale there was a resounding success. That triumphant experiment is a much better yardstick for measuring the Nigerian effort than, say, the failed one in Togo, although the Togo case is not without humbling lessons for the Nigerian organizers of the Conference of Nationalities.
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17

Wang, Yiting, Xuhui Wang, Lu Ji, and Rui Huang. "Sociodemographic Inequalities in Health Insurance Ownership among Women in Selected Francophone Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa." BioMed Research International 2021 (August 17, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6516202.

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In sub-Saharan Africa, improving equitable access to healthcare remains a major challenge for public health systems. Health policymakers encourage the adoption of health insurance schemes to promote universal healthcare. Nonetheless, progress towards this goal remains suboptimal due to inequalities health insurance ownership especially among women. In this study, we aimed to explore the sociodemographic factors contributing to health insurance ownership among women in selected francophone countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods. This study is based on cross-sectional data obtained from Demographic and Health Surveys on five countries including Benin ( n = 13,407 ), Madagascar ( n = 12,448 ), Mali ( n = 10,326 ), Niger ( n = 12,558 ), and Togo ( n = 6,979 ). The explanatory factors included participant age, marital status, type of residency, education, household wealth quantile, employment stats, and access to electronic media. Associations between health insurance ownership and the explanatory factors were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis, and effect sizes were reported in terms in average marginal effects (AMEs). Results. The highest percentage of insurance ownership was observed for Togo (3.31%), followed by Madagascar (2.23%) and Mali (2.2%). After stratifying by place of residency, the percentages were found to be significantly lower in the rural areas for all countries, with the most noticeable difference observed for Niger (7.73% in urban vs. 0.54% in rural women). Higher levels of education and wealth quantile were positively associated with insurance ownership in all five countries. In the pooled sample, women in the higher education category had higher likelihood of having an insurance: Benin ( AME = 1.18 ; 95% CI = 1.10 , 1.27), Madagascar ( AME = 1.10 ; 95% CI = 1.05 , 1.15), Mali ( AME = 1.14 ; 95% CI = 1.04 , 1.24), Niger ( AME = 1.13 ; 95% CI = 1.07 , 1.21), and Togo ( AME = 1.17 ; 95% CI = 1.09 , 1.26). Regarding wealth status, women from the households in the highest wealth quantile had 4% higher likelihood of having insurance in Benin and Mali and 6% higher likelihood in Madagascar and Togo. Conclusions. Percentage of women who reported having health insurance was noticeably low in all five countries. As indicated by the multivariate analyses, the actual situation is likely to be even worse due to significant socioeconomic inequalities in the distribution of women having an insurance plan. Increasing women’s access to healthcare is an urgent priority for population health promotion in these countries, and therefore, addressing the entrenched sociodemographic disparities should be given urgent policy attention in an effort to strengthen universal healthcare-related goals.
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Kalsbeek, Feiko, Pascal Affaton, Barth Ekwueme, Robert Frei, and Kristine Thrane. "Geochronology of granitoid and metasedimentary rocks from Togo and Benin, West Africa: Comparisons with NE Brazil." Precambrian Research 196-197 (February 2012): 218–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2011.12.006.

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19

Eni, A. O., P. Lava Kumar, R. Asiedu, O. J. Alabi, R. A. Naidu, Jd'A Hughes, and M. E. C. Rey. "First Report of Cucumber mosaic virus in Yams (Dioscorea spp.) in Ghana, Togo, and Republic of Benin in West Africa." Plant Disease 92, no. 5 (May 2008): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-5-0833b.

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Yam (Dioscorea spp., family Dioscoreaceae) is one of the most important food crops cultivated in the West African yam zone comprising the forest and savannah areas of Nigeria, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Republic of Benin, and Togo, which account for more than 90% of the 4.59 million ha of yam cultivation worldwide (1). A survey was conducted in 2005 to document viruses in yams in Ghana, Togo, and the Republic of Benin. Samples (1,405) from five species of yam showing mosaic, chlorosis, and stunting as well as asymptomatic plants were tested for Dioscorea bacilliform virus (DBV, genus Badnavirus), Yam mosaic virus (YMV, genus Potyvirus), and Yam mild mosaic virus (YMMV, genus Potyvirus), the three most common viruses infecting yams. In addition, samples were tested for Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), since CMV was previously reported to infect yams in Côte d'Ivoire (2) and Nigeria (3). In protein-A sandwich-ELISA with polyclonal antibodies to a cowpea isolate of CMV, 23 of the 1,405 samples (6 of 218 samples from Togo, 13 of 628 samples from Ghana, and 4 of 559 samples from Republic of Benin) tested positive for CMV. The CMV-positive samples were from D. alata (N = 16) and D. rotundata (N = 7), whereas all samples from D. cayenensis, D. dumetorum, and D. bulbifera tested negative. CMV was detected as mixed infections with DBV, YMV, or YMMV in 21 of 23 samples. Some of these samples showed puckering, chlorosis, mottling, and crinkling, whereas some plants infected by two or more viruses were asymptomatic. Only two samples from D. rotundata had a single infection of CMV and they showed mild chlorotic symptoms in young leaves that were inconspicuous in mature leaves. In sap inoculations, the virus induced systemic mosaic in Nicotiana glutinosa. The presence of CMV in ELISA-positive yam samples was further confirmed by immunocapture-reverse transcription (IC-RT)-PCR using CMV antibodies as trapping antibody and oligonucleotide primers specific for a 485 nt corresponding to 3′ end of the coat protein gene and C-terminal noncoding region of RNA-3 (4). To confirm the specificity of IC-RT-PCR, the 485-bp amplicons from an isolate from the Republic of Benin was cloned into pCR2.1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and three independent clones were sequenced from both orientations. Pairwise comparison of a consensus sequence (Accession No. EU274471) with corresponding sequences of other CMV isolates deposited in GenBank showed 99% identity at the nucleotide sequence level (Accession No. U22821) and revealed that the CMV isolate from yam belongs to sub-Group IA. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CMV infection in yams (D. alata and D. rotundata) in Ghana, Togo, and the Republic of Benin. Together with a previous documentation of CMV in D. alata and D. trifida in Côte d'Ivoire and Nigeria (2,3), this report adds to existing knowledge on distribution of CMV in yams with implications for yam production and germplasm distribution in the West Africa Region. References: (1) FAO. Online publication. FAOSTAT, 2007. (2) C. Fauquet and J. C. Thouvenel. Plant Viral Diseases in the Ivory Coast. ORSTROM: Documentation Techniques. Paris, 1987. (3) Jd'A. Hughes et al. Phytopathology 87:S45, 1997. (4) S. Wylie et al. Aus. J. Agric. Res. 44:41, 1993.
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Egal, S., A. Hounsa, Y. Y. Gong, P. C. Turner, C. P. Wild, A. J. Hall, K. Hell, and K. F. Cardwell. "Dietary exposure to aflatoxin from maize and groundnut in young children from Benin and Togo, West Africa." International Journal of Food Microbiology 104, no. 2 (October 2005): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.03.004.

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Adeleke, Ademola. "The Politics and Diplomacy of Peacekeeping in West Africa: The Ecowas Operation in Liberia." Journal of Modern African Studies 33, no. 4 (December 1995): 569–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00021443.

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TheEconomic Community of West African States (Ecowas) was established in May 1975 as an organisation to promote the development of the sub-region, and for 15 years did not deviate from this mandate. The 16 member-states – Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo – restricted their interactions to purely economic matters and ran shy of political issues confronting West Africa. This tradition changed in 1990 when Ecowas decided to intervene in the civil war which had broken out in Liberia. Its strategy to resolve the conflict followed two parallel but mutually interactive channels — making and enforcing peace. The former involved negotiations and arbitration; the latter the deployment in August 1990 of a 3,000 strong multinational force to supervise a cease-fire.
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Guerrera, Francesco, Manuel Martín-Martín, Mario Tramontana, Bertin Nimon, and Kossi Essotina Kpémoua. "Shoreline Changes and Coastal Erosion: The Case Study of the Coast of Togo (Bight of Benin, West Africa Margin)." Geosciences 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020040.

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The coastal strip between the Volta River delta and the westernmost portion of Benin (West Africa Margin of Atlantic Basin) is highly populated (e.g., Lomé) due to migrations from inland areas. The coastal zone has proved to be very vulnerable because of the potential development of sometimes catastrophic events related to different and interacting causes, resulting in negative effects on natural ecosystems and socio-economic conditions. The main problem is the marked erosion of large coastal sectors with maximum retreat rates of the order of 5 m/year. The continuous loss of territory leads to a progressive impoverishment of activities and human resources and to the increase of geological risk factors. The coastal erosion is induced both by natural and anthropic causes and can be controlled only by means of prevention programs, detailed scientific studies and targeted technical interventions. The main erosional processes observed in the study area are triggered by the presence of the Lomé port and other human activities on the coastal strip, including the water extraction from the subsoil, which induces subsidence and the use of sediments as inert material. These elements, together with the reduction of the solid supply from Volta River (caused by the realization of the Akosombo dam) are among the main factors that control the medium and long-term evolution of the area. Also relative sea level changes, which take into account also tectonic and/or isostatic components, can contribute to the process. In order to have a real understanding of the coastal dynamics and evolution, it would be necessary to develop a scientific structure through the collaboration of all countries of the Bight of Benin affected by coastal erosion. The aim should be primarily to collect the interdisciplinary quantitative data necessary to develop a scientific knowledge background of the Bight of Benin coastal/ocean system. In conclusion, some proposals are presented to reduce the vulnerability of the coastal area as for example to plan surveys for the realization of appropriate coastal protection works, such as walls, revetments, groins, etc. A possible expansion of the port of Lomè is also considered. Proposals comprise the constitution of a Supranational Scientific Committee as a coordinating structure on erosion for both the study of phenomena and planning interventions.
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Agounké, D., U. Agricola, and H. A. Bokonon-Ganta. "Rastrococcus invadens Williams (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a serious exotic pest of fruit trees and other plants in West Africa." Bulletin of Entomological Research 78, no. 4 (December 1988): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300015558.

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AbstractRastrococcus invadens Williams has been the most important polyphagous pest of horticultural crops since 1982 in some West African countries. It originated in South-East Asia and was probably introduced on infested plant material. The pest has been reported up to 150 km north of the coast of Benin and 500 km north from the coast in Togo. Although the species is polyphagous, mango, citrus, breadfruit, banana, frangipani (Plumeria alba) and species of Ficus are among the most attacked hosts. Several indigenous natural enemies were identified, but their ability to regulate the populations of R. invadens is very low. The most important among the predators were the coccinellids Chilocorus nigrita (F.), Exochomus promtus Weise and E. troberti Mulsant and the lycaenids Spalgis spp. In Togo, an indigenous parasitoid, Anagyrus sp. ?nr aurantifrons Compere, has become adapted to the pest.
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FULLER, T. L., M. F. DUCATEZ, K. Y. NJABO, E. COUACY-HYMANN, A. CHASAR, G. L. APLOGAN, S. LAO, et al. "Avian influenza surveillance in Central and West Africa, 2010–2014." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 10 (December 22, 2014): 2205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814003586.

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SUMMARYAvian influenza virus (AIV) is an important zoonotic pathogen, resulting in global human morbidity and mortality and substantial economic losses to the poultry industry. Poultry and wild birds have transmitted AIV to humans, most frequently subtypes H5 and H7, but also different strains and subtypes of H6, H9, and H10. Determining which birds are AIV reservoirs can help identify human populations that have a high risk of infection with these viruses due to occupational or recreational exposure to the reservoir species. To assess the prevalence of AIV in tropical birds, from 2010 to 2014, we sampled 40 099 birds at 32 sites in Central Africa (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, Gabon) and West Africa (Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Togo). In Central Africa, detection rates by real-time RT–PCR were 16·6% in songbirds (eight passerine families,n = 1257), 16·4% in kingfishers (family Alcedinidae,n = 73), 8·2% in ducks (family Anatidae,n = 564), and 3·65% in chickens (family Phasianidae,n = 1042). Public health authorities should educate human cohorts that have high exposure to these bird populations about AIV and assess their adherence to biosecurity practices, including Cameroonian farmers who raise small backyard flocks.
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Iyawe, Osama Ose, and Ifuero Osad Osamwonyi. "Financial Development and Life Insurance Demand in Sub-Sahara Africa." International Journal of Financial Research 8, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v8n2p163.

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This study examines the relationship between financial development and life insurance demand in Sub-Saharan Africa with a sample of fifteen countries. These countries are Nigeria, South Africa, Namibia, Cameroon, Ghana, Cote d’Ivoire, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Mozambique, Togo, Benin, Senegal, Cape Verde and Zambia. The specific objectives are to determine the relative effect of financial depth, as well as major macroeconomic factors, preferences and life insurance demand in the sampled countries. It is argued in this study that the traditional textbook and theoretical factors driving demand for life insurance may not be extensively dominant in the case of Sub-Sahara Africa where low formal financial patronage are rife. Using annual data covering the period 1990 – 2011 (22 years), the study applies the panel data estimation, which allows for endogenization of individual country characteristics in the analysis. The model adopted in this study categorises all the necessary macroeconomic factors in the study that seek to explain both insurance penetration and insurance density for the sampled countries. The results of the study show that financial development in African countries drives life insurance demand than major macroeconomic factors.
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Gong, YY, S. Egal, A. Hounsa, PC Turner, AJ Hall, KF Cardwell, and CP Wild. "Determinants of aflatoxin exposure in young children from Benin and Togo, West Africa: the critical role of weaning." International Journal of Epidemiology 32, no. 4 (August 2003): 556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg109.

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27

NICOLAS, VIOLAINE, AYODEJII OLAYEMI, WIM WENDELEN, and MARC COLYN. "Mitochondrial DNA and morphometrical identification of a new species of Hylomyscus (Rodentia: Muridae) from West Africa." Zootaxa 2579, no. 1 (August 30, 2010): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2579.1.2.

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In this paper we describe a new species of Hylomyscus based on molecular (Cyt b and 16S rDNA gene sequencing) and morphometrical analyses. This new species occurs in Benin and Nigeria, and probably also in Togo. It differs by 8.29 to 10.40 % of sequence divergence (K2P distance for the Cyt b gene) from all other species of the H. alleni species complex, and can be distinguished from these species through morphometrical multivariate analyses. It differs significantly from its closest relative, H. simus, by four external and nine cranio-dental measurements. The role of rivers and Pleistocene forest refugia in the diversification of the H. alleni species complex is discussed.
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Yakubu, Muhammad Maimuna, and Gylych Jelilov. "Effect of Energy Consumption on GDP Evidence from (Ten) Sub-Saharan Africa Countries." Nile Journal of Business and Economics 3, no. 5 (April 21, 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.20321/nilejbe.v3i5.87.

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<p>There is no uncertainty that Energy plays a very important part in economic growth and development of any country and increasing access to modernized systems of energy is vital to unlocking rapid economic and social development in sub Saharan Africa. Therefore, this paper has empirically examined the causality between energy and economic growth using a consistent data set and methodology for 10 sub-Saharan Africa countries for the period 1990-2012. By applying Augmented Dickey Fuller, co-integration and causality tests the study finds causality running from GDP to energy consumption in Nigeria, in Ghana causality runs from energy consumption to GDP, for Namibia causality runs from GDP to energy consumption but not vice versa and for Cote d’ivore causality runs from gross capital formation to GDP. And no evidence of causality found in Togo, Cameroon, Botswana, Ethiopia, South Africa and Benin.</p>
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29

Sahoo, Kalyan Kumar, Padma Charan Mishra, and Rayalacheruvu Venkatamuni Reddy. "Utilization of Moodle in Teaching Undergraduate Students in West Africa." Integration of Education 24, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/1991-9468.101.024.202004.552-560.

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Introduction. Teaching pedagogy has become more advanced and techno friendly. The goal of this study is to inspect effectiveness of e-LMS (learning management system) prevalent for students of West African University, mainly at Private University Colleges. Materials and Methods. The samples were collected from Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo and Benin. The research design is based on a survey method. Data were collected from 435-undergraduate students using questionnaires out of which 410-were found useful. Results. The result hints towards enhancing infrastructure for technology, more seminars and encouraging students to use the same. Discussion and Conclusion. Efficient use of LMS ought to be on obligatory institutional objectives and policies. The study recommends integration of LMS in curricula of undergraduate students of West African countries. The study further recommends efficient and useful information technology education to be made mandatory institutional policy for students and criteria for getting accreditation for organization.
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30

Nubukpo, P., P. M. Preux, D. Houinato, A. Radji, E. K. Grunitzky, G. Avodé, and J. P. Clément. "Psychosocial issues in people with epilepsy in Togo and Benin (West Africa) I. Anxiety and depression measured using Goldberg’s scale." Epilepsy & Behavior 5, no. 5 (October 2004): 722–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.07.001.

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31

Wadsworth, Frank H., Jerry E. Wheat, and Brenda K. Swartz. "CORRUPTION AND OBSTACLES FOR CONDUCTING BUSINESS IN FORMER FRENCH WEST AFRICA." International Journal of Management, Innovation & Entrepreneurial Research 5, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijmier.2019.513.

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This study examines the extent of corruption and obstacles to conducting business in some former French West Africa countries. Methodology: This study uses business owner’s and mangers perceptions about the use of gifts or informal payments and obstacles to conducting business in five African countries. Data comes from the World Bank Institute and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development’s Business Environment and Economic Performance study. Data from Benin, Burkina Faso, Niger, Senegal, and Togo were examined. Univariate general linear analysis was used to discover statistical differences between factors by country. Main Findings: Results show Senegalese managers and owners perceived the lowest obstacles to conducting business among the five countries. Togo business managers and owners are slightly less positive about obstacles they face in their businesses. Businesses in the five countries on average pay about eight percent of their annual sales as gifts/informal payments. Limitations: The study uses data that is about ten years old. The political and economic environment may have changed in these countries since data collection. Social Implications: The significant level of obstacles business faces in these countries may significantly reduce foreign direct investment in these countries. Electricity is an obstacle in most of these countries reducing the ability if not the interest in conducting business. Originality/Novelty of the Study: The French strategy in this region for three hundred years was to rule through the military not the development of economic systems. The results of this strategy may still be apparent in the number and degree of obstacles facing business only 50 years after independence.
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Camberlin, Pierre, Marc Kpanou, and Pascal Roucou. "Classification of Intense Rainfall Days in Southern West Africa and Associated Atmospheric Circulation." Atmosphere 11, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020188.

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Daily rainfall in southern West Africa (4–8° N, 7° W–3° E) is analyzed with the aim of documenting the intense rainfall events which occur in coastal Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, and Benin. The daily 99th percentile (P99) shows that the coastline experiences higher intensity rainfall than inland areas. Using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rainfall data for 1998–2014, a novel way of classifying the intense events is proposed. We consider their space-time structure over a window of 8° latitude-longitude and five days centered on the event. A total 39,680 events (62 at each location) are classified into three major types, mainly found over the oceanic regions south of 5° N, the Bight of Benin, and the inland regions respectively. These types display quite distinct rainfall patterns, propagation features, and seasonal occurrence. Three inland subtypes are also defined. The atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with each type are examined from ERA-interim reanalysis data. Intense rainfall events over the continent are mainly a result of westward propagating disturbances. Over the Gulf of Guinea, many intense events occur as a combination of atmospheric disturbances propagating westward (mid-tropospheric easterly waves or cyclonic vortices) and eastward (lower tropospheric zonal wind and moisture anomalies hypothesized to reflect Kelvin waves). Along the coast, there is a mixture of different types of rainfall events, often associated with interacting eastward- and westward-moving disturbances, which complicates the monitoring of heavy precipitation.
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Akani, Godfrey C., Godfrey C. Akani, Fabio Petrozzi, Godfrey C. Akani, Fabio Petrozzi, Lorenzo Rugiero, Godfrey C. Akani, et al. "Effects of rainfall and geography on the comparative diets of eight rainbow lizard populations across Togo, Benin and Nigeria (West Africa)." Amphibia-Reptilia 34, no. 2 (2013): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002881.

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The diet composition of rainbow lizards (Agama agama complex) populations was studied by feces analysis at eight distant places across a mega-transect in the Gulf of Guinea (West Africa), covering three countries: Togo, Benin and Nigeria. The effects of geography (= linear distance between study sites) and local conditions (using the mean annual rainfall as a proxy of the site-specific conditions) on dietary similarity of rainbow lizards were tested. Rainbow lizards were mainly insectivorous at all sites. Multivariate analyses identified four main groups of localities in terms of diet diversity indexes, with populations inhabiting forest towns tending to have less prey taxa richness than conspecifics from more arid areas, which instead had higher dietary evenness. Food niche overlap between populations was high among populations (range 0.631-0.940, ), and decreased with increases in the difference of mean annual rainfall between sites. There was no effect of the geographic distance on the similarity in diet composition between populations. A UPGMA dendrogram revealed a geographic trend in terms of presence/absence of the various prey types in the diets, with all the Nigerian study sites forming one cluster, whereas Lomé and Cotonou, two cities situated within the Dahomey Gap, being grouped apart. Overall, rainfall of the various sites seems to be more important than geographic distance for determining the taxonomic diet composition similarity of these lizards.
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34

Tenkouano, Abdou, Niéyidouba Lamien, Josephine Agogbua, Delphine Amah, Rony Swennen, Siaka Traoré, Deless Thiemele, et al. "Promising High-Yielding Tetraploid Plantain-Bred Hybrids in West Africa." International Journal of Agronomy 2019 (April 21, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3873198.

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The devastating threat of black leaf streak disease caused by Pseudocercospora fijiensis on plantain production in West Africa spurred the development of resistant hybrids. The goal of this research and development (R&D) undertaken was assessing the development and dissemination of two plantain hybrids PITA 3 and FHIA 21 bred in the 1980s by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA, Nigeria) and the Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (FHIA, Honduras), respectively. In Côte d’Ivoire, plantain growers selected PITA 3 and FHIA 21 based on their improved agronomic characteristics and, between 2012 and 2016, they were massively propagated and distributed to farmers in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, and Togo under the West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAAP) coordinated by the West and Central Africa Council for Agricultural Research and Development (CORAF). In 2016, the Centre National de Recherche Agronomique in Côte d’Ivoire included the hybrids in the improved cultivar directory. This R&D activity illustrates how three decades of crossbreeding, selection, and distribution led to local acceptance. It also highlights how a CORAF-led partnership harnessed CGIAR research for development. The dissemination and acceptance of these plantain hybrids will enhance the sustainable intensification in plantain-based farming systems across the humid lowlands of West and Central Africa.
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35

"Scutellonema clathricaudatum. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20083245615.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Scutellonema clathricaudatum Whitehead. Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae. Hosts: polyphagous. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (India, Manipur, Thailand), Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda), Central America and Caribbean (Cuba).
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36

"Ceratitis cosyra. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, June (August 1, 1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp20066600592.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Ceratitis cosyra (Walker) Diptera: Tephritidae Mainly attacks mango (Mangifera indica), also avocado (Persea americana), Citrus and peach (Prunus persica). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, St Helena, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
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37

"Maize streak monogeminivirus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20066500739.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Maize streak monogeminivirus Viruses: Geminiviridae: Monogeminivirus Hosts: Mainly maize (Zea mays). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Yemen, AFRICA, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
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38

"Maliarpha separatella. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, no. 1st Revision) (August 1, 1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20046600271.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Maliarpha separatella Ragonot. Lepidoptera: Pyralidae (Madagascar/African white rice borer). Attacks rice. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Comoro Islands, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, Réunion, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Asia, Burma.
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39

"Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 2) (August 1, 1993). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20046500521.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis (Berthet & Bondar) Dye. Hosts: Cassava (Manihot esculenta). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Asia, India, Kerala, Indonesia, Java, Sumatra, Celebes, Japan, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, North America, Mexico, Central America & West Indies, Cuba, Panama, Trinidad & Tobago, South America, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Venezuela.
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40

"Trirhithrum nigerrimum. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No.June (August 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp20173184893.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Trirhithrum nigerrimum (Bezzi). Hemiptera: Tephritidae. Hosts: polyphagous. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa (Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Congo Democratic Republic, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Mayotte, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda).
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41

"Cassava mosaic disease. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 4) (August 1, 1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20066500184.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Cassava mosaic disease Viruses: Geminiviridae: Begomovirus Hosts: Cassava (Manihot esculenta). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, India, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka, AFRICA, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape, Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
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42

"Thaumatotibia leucotreta. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, no. 1st revision) (August 1, 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20066600352.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Polyphagous; important hosts include Citrus, cotton (Gossypium spp.), maize (Zea mays), castor (Ricinus communis) and avocado (Persea americana). Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, UK, ASIA, Israel, AFRICA, Angola, Benin, Burkina, Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo Dem Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, St Helena, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
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43

"Phenacoccus manihoti. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, no. 1st Revision) (August 1, 1993). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20046600466.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. Homoptera: Pseudococcidae (cassava mealybug). Attacks cassava (Manihot esculenta) and other species of Manihot. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Angola, Annobon Island, Benin, Burundi, Central African Republic, COngo, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South America, Bolivia, Brazil, Amazonas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, Paraguay.
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44

"Bactrocera invadens. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, no. 1st revision) (August 1, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20083279224.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White. Diptera: Tephritidae. Hosts: mango (Mangifera indica) and guava (Psidium guajava). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka), Africa (Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia).
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45

"Busseola fusca. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, December (August 1, 1988). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp20056600499.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Busseola fusca (Fuller) [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] Maize stalk borer. Attacks maize, sorghum, millet, sugarcane. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Angola, Benin, Burkina, Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
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46

"Alcidodes dentipes. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, December (August 1, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20066600669.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Alcidodes dentipes (Olivier) Coleoptera: Curculionidae Hosts: Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), also groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), cotton (Gossypium) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Benin, Cameroon, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
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47

"Xiphinema ifacolum. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.April (August 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20103096732.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Xiphinema ifacolum Luc. Nematoda. Hosts: Polyphagous. Major host is rice (Oryza sativa). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (Sri Lanka), Africa (Benin, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Togo), South America (Brazil, Bahia, Para).
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48

"Pseudospiropes elaeidis. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 2) (August 1, 1989). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20046500487.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Pseudospiropes elaeidis (Steyaert) Deighton. Hosts: Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Sao Tome, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Zaire.
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49

"Pepper veinal mottle virus. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.October (August 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20173342628.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Pepper veinal mottle virus. Potyviridae: Potyvirus. Hosts: Capsicum spp., tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) and aubergines (Solanum melongena). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (Afghanistan, China, Hunan, India, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Iran, Japan, Ryukyu Archipelago, Taiwan), Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Tunisia), Central America & Caribbean (Cuba).
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50

"Pseudotheraptus devastans. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No.December (July 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpp/20203000833.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Pseudotheraptus devastans Distant. Hemiptera: Coreidae. Hosts: coconut (Cocos nucifera), cassava (Manihot esculenta), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), cashew (Anacardium occidentale). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Congo Democratic Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, Togo).
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