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Journal articles on the topic 'Benzene'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Laelasari, Eva, Dewi Kristanti, and Basuki Rahmat. "PENGGUNAAN LEM SEPATU DAN GANGGUAN KESEHATAN PEKERJA INDUSTRI SEPATU DI CIOMAS, BOGOR." JURNAL EKOLOGI KESEHATAN 17, no. 2 (2018): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/jek.17.2.150.85-95.

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ABSTRACT  The use of glue in shoe manufactures may cause health impacts among workers due to hazardous chemical exposure in glue such as benzene and toluene. The government has issued policies to prevent the workers from occupational illness by reducing the hazardous chemical exposure in the workplace. This study was conducted to find out health impacts due to benzenae and toluene exposure from the use of glue in the workplace of shoe manufactures in Ciomas, Bogor in 2017. Design of the study was cross sectional with variables of benzene and toluene content in indoor workspace, consentra

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2

HUFF, J. E., W. EASTIN, J. ROYCROFT, S. L. EUSTIS, and J. K. HASEMAN. "Carcinogenesis Studies of Benzene, Methyl Benzene, and Dimethyl Benzenes." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 534, no. 1 Living in a C (1988): 427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb30132.x.

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3

Li, Jiayue. "Overview of benzene and exploration of benzene structure." Theoretical and Natural Science 21, no. 1 (2023): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/21/20230889.

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Benzene is a hydrocarbon the simplest aromatics. But the search for benzenes structure has been tortuous. This article mainly introduces the basic properties of benzene. From the physical properties of benzene to the chemical properties of benzene to the uses of benzene. In this work, we also summarize the process of scientists exploration of benzene structure and introduce the background of benzene. Of all the structures of benzene, the Kekule structure is the most recognized structure. We have proved the correctness of the Kekule structure by the product of the ozonation decomposition reacti

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4

Maraval, Valérie, Remi Chauvin, Kévin Cocq, Cécile Barthes, and Arnaud Rives. "Synthesis of Functional Carbo-benzenes with Functional Properties: The C2 Tether Key." Synlett 30, no. 01 (2018): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610269.

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Beyond demonstration of conceptual relevance and synthetic feasibility of aryl/alkyl-substituted representatives, carbo-benzene molecules started to gain prospects of broader impact through the emergence of alkynyl derivatives. This is first illustrated by examples of di- and hexaalkynyl-carbo-benzenes, a carbo-naphthalene, a carbo-biphenyl, and two carbo-terphenyls. A focus is then given to dialkynyl derivatives by reference to the peripherally C2-extruded parents. In the centrosymmetric quadrupolar series, the C2 expansion or ethynylogation effect is more particularly considered for 9H-fluo

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5

Holle, Rizky B., Audy D. Wuntu, and Meiske S. Sangi. "Kinetika Adsorpsi Gas Benzena Pada Karbon Aktif Tempurung Kelapa." Jurnal MIPA 2, no. 2 (2013): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jm.2.2.2013.2997.

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Telah diteliti kinetika adsorpsi gas benzena pada karbon aktif tempurung kelapa yang diaktivasi dengan NaCl dengan tujuan menentukan model kinetika yang dapat diaplikasikan untuk adsorpsi gas benzena pada karbon aktif tempurung kelapa. Data adsorpsi dianalisis dengan menggunakan empat model persamaan laju adsorpsi yaitu (1) persamaan laju order pertama pseudo Lagergren, (2) persamaan laju order kedua pseudo Ho, (3) persamaan Elovich, dan (4) persamaan Ritchie. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa model kinetika dengan persamaan laju order ke-2 pseudo Ho adalah yang paling sesuai diaplikasikan untuk

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6

Cao, Chuan-Wang, Fang Niu, Xiao-Peng Li, Shi-Lin Ge, and Zhi-Ying Wang. "Acute and joint toxicity of twelve substituted benzene compounds to Propsilocerus akamusi Tokunaga." Open Life Sciences 9, no. 5 (2014): 550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-014-0289-y.

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AbstractThis study investigated the toxic effects of 12 substituted benzenes exposed to Propsilocerus akamusi larvae singly and as mixtures. Their toxicities were quantified in terms of median effective concentration (EC50) killing 50% of the larvae. For individual substituted benzenes to 4th-instar P. akamusi larvae, the toxicity was in decreasing order of p-chlorophenol > nitrobenzene > phenol > 1,2-dimethylbenzene > 1,3-dimethylbenzene > chlorobenzene > p-phenylenediamine > 1,4-dimethylbenzene > m-phenylenediamine > methylbenzene > benzene > aniline. The ord

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7

Ajenjo, Javier, Martin Greenhall, Camillo Zarantonello, and Petr Beier. "Synthesis and nucleophilic aromatic substitution of 3-fluoro-5-nitro-1-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzene." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 12 (February 3, 2016): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.12.21.

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3-Fluoro-5-nitro-1-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzene was prepared by three different ways: as a byproduct of direct fluorination of 1,2-bis(3-nitrophenyl)disulfane, by direct fluorination of 4-nitro-1-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzene, and by fluorodenitration of 3,5-dinitro-1-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzene. The title compound was subjected to a nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the fluorine atom with oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen nucleophiles affording novel (pentafluorosulfanyl)benzenes with 3,5-disubstitution pattern. Vicarious nucleophilic substitution of the title compound with carbon, oxygen, and

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8

Hocek, Michal, Irena G. Stará, Ivo Starý, and Hana Dvořáková. "Covalent Analogues of DNA Base-Pairs and Triplets IV. Synthesis of Trisubstituted Benzenes Bearing Purine and/or Pyrimidine Rings by Cyclotrimerization of 6-Ethynylpurines and/or 5-Ethynyl-1,3-dimethyluracil." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 67, no. 8 (2002): 1223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20021223.

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Ni-Catalyzed cyclotrimerizations of 6-ethynylpurines 3 or 5-ethynyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (4) afforded the 1,2,4-tris(purin-6-yl)benzenes 7 or 1,2,4-tris(1,3-dimetyhyluracil-5-yl)benzene (9), respectively. The symmetrical 1,3,5-tris(purin-6-yl)benzenes 8 were also formed as minor products in very low yields. Co-cyclotrimerization of 9-benzyl-6-ethynylpurine (3a) with 4 afforded the tris(purinyl)benzene 7a as a major product along with 1,2-bis(9-benzylpurin-6-yl)-4-(1,3-dimethyluracil-5-yl)benzene (10) and a complex mixture of other derivatives and isomers. Compounds 7-10 are analogues of Hoogstee

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9

Streitwieser, Andrew, and Erich R. Vorpagel. "Electron density analysis of substituent effects in substituted benzenes." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 53, no. 9 (1988): 1961–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19881961.

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Electron projection functions and the corresponding difference functions relative to benzene are computed for π and σ electronic systems of several substituted benzenes, fluorobenzene, toluene and anilinium cation, and idealized model substituents, benzene with an external point positive charge and benzene with an external dipole. The results are plotted and integrated difference populations are compared with Mulliken populations. The later give good agreement, especially for π-systems, but obscure the underlying polarization especially evident in σ systems.

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10

Aroney, MJ, E. Patsalides, and RK Pierens. "Malononitrile in Aromatic Solvents—Geometry of Solvation." Australian Journal of Chemistry 38, no. 3 (1985): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9850507.

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Polarization and electric birefringence measurements are reported for malononitrile in dioxan , benzene and hexafluorobenzene solutions. These data, together with 1H n.m.r .shifts, are used to explore solute-solvent interactions. Changes in the proton shifts of CH2(CN)2 are studied with replacement of benzene solvent by fluorinated benzenes.

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11

Shu, Kunxian, Jie Zhao, Shuai Yuan, Yusheng Dou, and Glenn V. Lo. "Mechanisms of Laser-Induced Reactions of Stacked Benzene Molecules: A Semiclassical Dynamics Simulation and CASSCF Calculation." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/874102.

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The response to ultrashort laser pulses of two stacked benzene molecules has been studied by semiclassical dynamics simulation; two typical pathways were found following excitation of one of the benzene molecules by a 25 fs (FWHM), 4.7 eV photon. With a fluence of 40.49 J/m2, the stacked molecules form a cyclobutane benzene dimer; the formation of the two covalent bonds linking two benzenes occurs asynchronously after the excimer decays to electronic ground state. With a fluence of 43.26 J/m2, only one bond is formed, which breaks about 50 fs after formation, followed by separation into the tw

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12

Jones, Peter G., та Piotr Kuś. "Secondary Interactions in Bromomethyl-substituted Benzenes: Crystal Structures of Three α,α′-Bis-bromoxylenes, 1,2,3,5-Tetrakis(bromomethyl)benzene, and 1,2,4,5-Tetrakis(bromomethyl)benzene". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 62, № 5 (2007): 725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2007-0517.

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Abstract X-Ray structure determinations of all three isomers of bis(bromomethyl)benzene and of two isomeric tetrakis(bromomethyl)benzenes show that the packing of the molecules is determined principally by interactions of the bromomethyl groups (C-H· · ·Br and Br· · ·Br), except for ortho-bis (bromomethyl)benzene, in which C-H· · ·π interactions play a major role.

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13

Stanger, Amnon. "Is (benzene)Cr(CO)3 really more aromatic than benzene?" Canadian Journal of Chemistry 95, no. 3 (2017): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2016-0334.

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(benzene)Cr(CO)3 was claimed to be more aromatic than benzene, based on the central 1H Me chemical shifts in dimethyldihydropyrene annulated to it. In this paper, several dihydropyrenes are computationally investigated. NICS-scan methods are used to assess the ring current properties, and NMR calculations are used for obtaining NMR chemical shifts. The parent and four benz-annulated dihydropyrenes show excellent agreement with the experimental results, reported by R. Mitchell in several papers. The effect of annulating the antiaromatic cyclobutadiene was shown to be larger than that of benzene

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14

Ali, Md Eaqub, Md Motiar Rahman, and Sharifah Bee Abd Hamid. "Nanoclustered Gold: A Promising Green Catalysts for the Oxidation of Alkyl Substituted Benzenes." Advanced Materials Research 925 (April 2014): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.38.

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Catalytic oxidation of alkyl substituted benzenes is an essential route for the synthesis of a number of important chemicals, perfumes, drugs and pharmaceuticals. The oxidation products of ethyl benzene are important precursors for a wide range of pharmaceuticals and synthetic materials. Acetophenone and 1-phenylethanol are two oxidation products of ethyl benzene which are the precursors of optically active alcohol, benzalacetophanones, hydrazones and so on. However, the oxidations of alkyl substituted benzenes have been remaining a challenging task. This is because of the limitations of an ap

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15

Ikeda, Toshiaki, Tetsuya Masuda, Midori Takayama, Hiroaki Adachi, and Takeharu Haino. "Solvent-induced emission of organogels based on tris(phenylisoxazolyl)benzene." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, no. 1 (2016): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ob01898f.

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16

Varma, Saranga, and Gauri Sharma. "Mechanisms of Benzene." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 10, no. 9 (2021): 1418–20. https://doi.org/10.21275/sr21926231220.

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17

Schmidt, Lisa, Danny Wagner, Martin Nieger, and Stefan Bräse. "Functionalized C3-Symmetric Building Blocks—The Chemistry of Triaminotrimesic Acid." Molecules 27, no. 14 (2022): 4369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144369.

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A series of C3-symmetric fully substituted benzenes were prepared based on alkyl triamino-benzene-tricarboxylates. Starting with a one step-synthesis, the alkyl triamino-benzene-tricarboxylates were synthesized using the corresponding cyanoacetates. The reactivity of these electronically sophisticated compounds was investigated by the formation of azides, the click reaction of the azides and a Sandmeyer-like reaction. Caused by the low stability of triaminobenzenes, direct N-alkylation was rarely reported. The use of the stable alkyl triamino-benzene-tricarboxylates allowed us total N-alkylati

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18

Hartshorn, CM, and PJ Steel. "Poly(pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)Benzenes: New Multidentate Ligands." Australian Journal of Chemistry 48, no. 9 (1995): 1587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9951587.

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Twelve new multidentate poly(pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene ligands , (5)-(16), have been synthesized by phase-transfer-catalysed alkylations of pyrazoles with poly( bromomethyl )benzenes, and their 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectra have been fully assigned. X-Ray crystal structure determinations have been carried out on the tetrachloropalladate salt of the diprotonated form of 1,4-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-ylmethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene and on hexakis (pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)benzene.

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Tualeka, Abdul Rohim, Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz, Velu Perumal, et al. "Relationship between benzene concentration, MDA levels and kidney function in car painting workshops in Surabaya: A cross-sectional observational study." F1000Research 12 (June 5, 2024): 1419. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.140287.2.

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Background Car painting workers are at risk because of the use of solvents containing benzene as the main ingredient in the car painting process. One of the clinical effects of systemic benzene is kidney disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between benzene and Risk Quotient (RQ) benzene concentrations with Malondialdehyde (MDA), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine levels in workers exposed to benzene in car painting workshops in Surabaya. Methods This study used an observational design with a cross-sectional method conducted at two car paint work

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ZUO, TIANMING, and THOMAS HUANG. "AN MMX STUDY OF BENZENE ISOMERS AND THE HYDROGENATION PRODUCTS OF BENZENE." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 03, no. 01 (2004): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633604000830.

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We have calculated the structures, the heats of hydrogenation and the resonance energies of benzene isomers. All structures and energies were calculated by using the MMX force fields. Using PC model, the calculated structure parameters of benzene's 8 isomers are generally in good agreements with the experimental data. The heats of hydrogenation and resonance energy of benzene isomers are parallel to those experimental data and need a systematic adjustment of 4.5 kJ/mol.

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21

Iakobson, George, Junyi Du, Alexandra M. Z. Slawin, and Petr Beier. "Pyridine-promoted dediazoniation of aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates: Application to the synthesis of SF5-substituted phenylboronic esters and iodobenzenes." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 11 (August 26, 2015): 1494–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.11.162.

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Pyridine promotes dediazoniation of aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates. The formed aryl radicals were trapped with B2pin2, iodine, or tetrahydrofuran to afford boronic esters, iodobenzenes and benzenes, respectively. The application to the synthesis of (pentafluorosulfanyl)phenylboronic esters, iodo(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzenes and (pentafluorosulfanyl)benzene is shown.

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Nguyen Nhu, Thuong, Thuy Le Thi, Phuong Thao Nguyen Thi, et al. "Development of GC-MS for determination of benzene content in food products containing benzoate salts and ascorbic acid." Heavy metals and arsenic concentrations in water, agricultural soil, and rice in Ngan Son district, Bac Kan province, Vietnam 5, no. 3 (2022): 422–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47866/2615-9252/vjfc.3961.

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Food products containing simultaneously benzoate salts and ascorbic acid have a risk&nbsp;of benzene formation. This study has developed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry&nbsp;method GC-MS to determine the benzene content in foods containing benzoate salts and&nbsp;ascorbic acid simultaneously. The analyte sample was distilled to recover benzene and analyzed on GC-MS using a purge and trap injector, the analysis was controlled by benzened6 internal standard. The method has been validated for the parameters specified by AOAC.&nbsp;The method detection limit was 0.05 &micr

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23

Li, Bo, Yangqiu Li, Shaohua Chen, et al. "CD3-Zeta Gene Expression in Workers Benzene-Exposed and Benzene- Poisoned Workers." Blood 112, no. 11 (2008): 4925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.4925.4925.

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Abstract Benzene is an industrial chemical and component of cigarette smoke, gasoline, and automobile emissions. Benzene’s toxic effects on the blood and bone marrow can induce aplastic anemia and leukemia. Benzene is known to be highly toxic to a variety of cell types including lymphocytes. Our previous study showed that skewed distribution and clonal expansion of TCR Vα subfamily T cells had been found in benzene-exposed workers, indicating that the disorder of T cell immune function might relate to benzene-exposed. The TCR expressed on the surface of T cells is associated with an invariant

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Takriti, Salaheddin. "Radiation-Induced Degradation and the Effect of Scavengers on Benzene, Monochlorobenzene and 1,2-Dichlorobenzene in Aqueous Solutions." Water Quality Research Journal 39, no. 3 (2004): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2004.034.

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Abstract The degradation of benzene, monochlorobenzene and 1,2-dichlorobenzene in aqueous solution by gamma irradiation was investigated. The effect of the irradiated solution composition was studied. The results showed that benzene is more resistant to destruction than chlorinated benzenes. The presence of oxidizing and reducing reactive species and the rapid reaction rates with halogenated benzenes increased the degradation rate of the pollutants. Dechlorination of CB and 1,2-DCB was observed. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectroscopy (UV-Vis) were used to monitor change

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25

Sahri, Moch, Gilang Nugraha, Abraham Ahmad Ali Firdaus, Rizka Wahyu Safitri, and Nur Muhamad Nuzulul Syufi. "Pemeriksaan Profil Darah Pada Pekerja Sebagai Upaya Deteksi Dini Gangguan Kesehatan Akibat Paparan Uap Benzene di Industri Percetakan." JURNAL KREATIVITAS PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT (PKM) 4, no. 6 (2021): 1338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/jkpm.v4i6.4355.

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ABSTRAK Berdasarkan penelitain sebelumnya diketahui bahwa lokasi kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat, didapatkan hasil pengukuran kadar uap benzene dilingkungan kerja dengan kisaran 0,3-1,5 ppm. Anemia aplastik yang disebabkan oleh penekanan sumsum tulang adalah penyebab klasik kematian akibat keracunan benzena kronis. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalaha untuk melakukan pemeriksaan profil darah pekerja yang terpapar benzene dilingkungan kerjanya sebagai upaya antisipasi dan deteksi dini penyakit akibat paparan benzene. Kegiatan pemeriksaan profil darah dilakukan dengan menerapkan protokol Kesehatan. P

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26

Schraml, Jan, Robert Brežný, Jan Čermák, and Václav Chvalovský. "29Si and 13C NMR spectra of some substituted bis(trimethylsiloxy)benzenes." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 55, no. 8 (1990): 2033–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19902033.

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NMR spectra of a few 4-substituted 1,2-bis(trimethylsiloxy)benzenes and positional isomers of bis(trimethylsiloxy)benzene were measured under standard conditions that approach those of infinite dilution. Under these conditions somewhat smaller values of steric or proximity deshielding effects on 29Si chemical shifts are found but the trends established earlier are confirmed; the deshielding effect of the ìsecondî ortho positioned trimethylsiloxy group in a tris(trimethylsiloxy)benzene derivative on 29Si chemical shifts is somewhat smaller. Also, overcrowding of three trimethylsiloxy groups pro

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Nasa, Yola Noveraz, Nugraha Sutadipura, and Santun Bhekti Rahimah. "Scoping Review: Pengaruh Bensin terhadap Peningkatan Kadar LDL pada Plasma Darah Tikus." Jurnal Integrasi Kesehatan & Sains 3, no. 1 (2021): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/jiks.v3i1.7382.

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Konsumsi bensin sejak tahun 2000 sampai 2014 meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan jumlah kendaraan bermotor setiap tahun. Bensin memiliki dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan berupa polusi dan terhadap kesehatan seperti gangguan paru, ginjal, penyakit kulit, serta perubahan profil lipid berupa peningkatan kadar low-density lipoprotein (LDL) yang dapat meningkatkan angka kejadian penyakit jantung koroner dan sindrom metabolik. Tujuan penelitian mengetahui pengaruh paparan bensin terhadap kadar LDL pada plasma darah manusia yang dimulai dengan kajian terhadap hewan coba. Metode penelitian yang dig

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Prince Junior Asilevi, Daniel Akambawe, Chengwu Yu, et al. "Research on the electrical characteristics of atmospheric strong ionization dielectric barrier discharge for air pollution control." Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication 2, no. 1 (2020): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54279/mijeec.v2i1.244953.

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The specific input energy (SIE), current density, and discharge power of homemade strong ionization dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) were studied to suppress gas-phase benzene at atmospheric pressure efficiently. Findings indicate that for 300 ppm of benzene at 3.5 kJ/L SIE, benzene's removal efficiency reached 96%. The decline in current density by 66.48% and 43.7% for an initial benzene concentration of 300 ppm was due to increased oxygen content (from 2.4% to 20.9%) and relative humidity (from 18.9% to 90%), respectively, thus reducing electron concentration and consequentially enhanced t

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Roesyadi, A. "Hidrogenasi Benzen." REAKTOR 8, no. 1 (2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.8.1.22-28.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari unjuk kerja katalis ruthenium dan rhodium yang disupport dengan karbon aktif pada reaksi hidrogenasi benzene pada fasa cair dengan pelarut asam asetat. Percobaan dilakukan dalam reaktor bertekanan yang dilengkapi dengan pengaduk mekanis, indicator tekanan, termokopel dan jaket pemanas. Variabel penelitian adalah temperatur yaitu pada 30 0C, 50 0C, 75 0C, 100 0C, 125 0C dan 150 0C. sedangkan tekanan dilakukan pada 9 atm dan persentase katalis Metal C sebesar 5%. Analisa hasil dilakukan dengan Gas Chromatographi dengan memakai standar intern Toluen yang terpi

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Resdwivani, Diva Madya. "Air Benzene’s Concentration, Urine Trans,Trans-Muconic Acid’s Concentration and Health Disturbance of X’s Fuel Station Employee in South Jakarta." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 10, no. 2 (2018): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v10i2.2018.159-164.

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Benzene is an aromatic compound which is easy to evaporate that is found in fuel oil. Benzene in the air can affect to human’s health if inhaled because benzene can be metabolized in the body. The aim of this research was analyze benzene’s concentration in air on X’s fuel station in South Jakarta, urine trans,trans-muconic acid’s concentration, and health disturbance of fuel station’s employee. This research was a descriptive with cross-sectional study. There were 8 respondents in this research with defined criteria. X’s fuel station air benzene’s concentration be measured in 3 points (2 point

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Shimizu, Tomoe, Takayuki Maeda, Katsuhiro Hida, and Takehiko Yamato. "Synthesis and conformational studies of 9-methoxy- and 9-methyl-2,11-dithia[3.3]metacyclophanes." Journal of Chemical Research 2009, no. 8 (2009): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/030823409x12474221035244.

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A series of 9-methoxy- and 9-methyl-2,11-dithia[3.3]metacyclophanes are obtained by the coupling reaction of the corresponding 1,3-bis(bromomethyl)benzenes and bis(sulfanylmethyl)benzenes in ethanol under the high dilution conditions. The conformational studies of 2,11-dithia[3.3]metacyclophanes as well as the ring current interactions derived from benzene ring are also described.

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32

Chow, Yuan L., and Xinxin Ouyang. "The photoaddition of 1,3-diketonatoboron difluorides with benzene derivatives." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 3 (1991): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-064.

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The boron difluoride complexes of 2-acetylcyclohexanone, 2-acetylcyclopentanone, and acetylacetone (abbreviated as ACHBF2, ACPBF2, and AABF2) were irradiated in the presence of benzene to give the 1:1 adducts as the primary photoadducts; for certain BF2 complexes, toluene, chlorobenzene, benzonitrile, and methyl benzoate were also used as substrates. The 1,5-diketone photoadducts were assumed to form by a [2+2] photocycloaddition followed by cyclobutane opening and hydrolysis to give 1,2 adducts. They undergo a variety of secondary thermal reactions, probably acid catalyzed, to give enol ether

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Wu, Yuezhengfei. "Comprehensive Analysis of Benzene: Synthesis, Applications, and Environmental Impacts." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 83 (February 27, 2024): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/5z3hze71.

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As a cornerstone in producing fuels, plastics, pharmaceuticals, and other commodities, benzene catalyzes innovation and modern convenience. However, its simultaneous classification as a Group 1 carcinogen necessitates a nuanced understanding of its potential detriments alongside its benefits. This concise but comprehensive paper explores the complex characteristics and pervasive influence of benzene, a compound integral to numerous industries and facets of daily life. This study meticulously delineates the adverse health implications of benzene exposure, with a particular focus on its role in

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34

Panggabean, Aman Sentosa, Tika Widyastuti, and Noor Hindryawati. "Validasi Metode Penentuan Benzena, Toluena dan Xilena pada Sampel Udara dan Tanah Menggunakan Kromatografi Gas." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 15, no. 1 (2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.15.1.25522.177-189.

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<p>Penelitian tentang validasi metode penentuan kadar benzena, toluena dan xilena pada sampel udara dan tanah dengan menggunakan kromatografi gas telah dilakukan. Untuk mendapatkan hasil pengukuran yang valid, beberapa parameter penting yang berpengaruh dalam validasi metode telah ditentukan. Beberapa parameter penting yang dilakukan adalah penentuan besaran dasar kromatografi yang meliputi: waktu retensi, kapasitas (k’), faktor selektivitas (α) dan kinerja analitik yang meliputi: penentuan linearitas (r), limit deteksi (LOD), limit kuantitasi (LOQ), presisi dan akurasi. Hasil penelitian

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35

Suhartono, S., Herri Susanto, Dwiwahju Sasongko, and Azis Trianto. "Pengukuran konstanta henry toluen dan benzen dalam minyak dan air dengan kolom gelembung." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 9, no. 2 (2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2010.9.2.2.

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Determination of Henry’s constant for toluene and benzene in oils and water were carried out in a bubbling bottle with diameter of 3 cm. Air containing toluene vapour or benzene vapour was bubbled through 50 mL absorbing liquid. The gas flow rate was 13.6 mL/min. By measuring the concentration of toluene or benzene in the inlet and outlet gas stream, we were able to calculate their concentrations in absorbing liquid. We found that the value of Henry’s constant of toluene in lubrication oil and palm oil at 30 oC were 155 and 145 respectively (H= CG/CL, with CG in mol/L and CL in mol/L). We also

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Boinski, Tomasz, and Agnieszka Szumna. "Hybrid[4]arenes with anthracene units and tuneable cavities." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 9 (2017): 3387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj00039a.

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Acid catalyzed condensation between tetramethoxyanthracenes and formaldehyde in the presence of additional benzene-based building blocks leads to hybrid macrocyclic products that are further modified by the Diels–Alder reaction with benzyne to obtain macrocycles with expanded cavities.

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Zou, Chunhai, Christine Lepetit, Yannick Coppel, and Remi Chauvin. "Ring carbo-mers: From questionable homoaromaticity to bench aromaticity." Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, no. 4 (2006): 791–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200678040791.

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The title journey is undertaken at the levels of both theory and experiment. Since 1983, homoaromaticity has been shown to play at most a minor role in the stability of Scott's [N]pericyclyne hydrocarbons - the first ring carbo-mers of cycloalkanes. This statement has been systematically refined for N = 3-6 by using both classical theoretical tools and newly designed tools based on electron localization function (ELF) analysis. The compatibility of the [5]- and [6]-pericyclyne cores with vertex functionalities was established by the synthesis of 20 oxy (carbo-cyclitol) derivatives. The stereoi

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38

Jabbar, Baneen Hayder, Ibtisam A. Al-Ali, and Khalid Ali Hussein. "Effect of Spanish Black Radish Extract Against Benzyne Induced Toxicity in Rats." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1215, no. 1 (2023): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1215/1/012060.

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Abstract Benzene is one of the main products of the petrochemical industry worldwide, which causes aplastic anemia and leukemia in both people and animals. This study was designed to examine the modulatory effects of black radish on Benzene-induced toxicity in male rats. Thirty-five rats were divided into 7 groups (5 rats in each group), G1 negative control group; G2 positive control group (benzene treated group); G3 and G4 were treated after development of leukemia with Black radish aqueous extract (100mg/kg and 200 mg/kg respectively), while G5 and G6 were treated with Black radish ethanolic

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Petersen, Dirk, Martina Lemmrich, Matthias Altrogge, and Jürgen Voss. "Notizen: Elektroreduktion organischer Verbindungen, XV [1] / Electroreduction of Organic Compounds, XV [1]." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 45, no. 7 (1990): 1105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1990-0736.

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The twelve possible chlorinated benzenes and the three isomeric monochlorobiphenyls are electrochemically reduced in a divided cell in methanol at a lead cathode. Chlorobenzene and benzene or biphenyl, respectively, are formed with acceptable current yields and very good chemical yields.

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Agustriyanto, Rudy, Lanny Sapei, Endang Srihari Mochni, and Puguh Setyopratomo. "Process Design of Benzene Nitrification." Keluwih: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi 4, no. 1 (2023): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/saintek.v4i1.5391.

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Abstract—Aspen HYSYS was used to investigate several aspects of process design for benzene nitration. In this study, the frequency factor (ko) and the activation energy (Ea) for benzene nitration were given from the literature. Calculations of chemical and physical properties were performed automatically on Hysys using the NRTL and UNIQUAC Thermodynamic models. Some aspects of process design were studied, namely: (1) the effect of temperature on the conversion of reactions, (2) the effect of the ratio of sulphuric acid to nitric acid on the synthesis of nitrobenzen in the reactor, and (3) the

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Agustriyanto, Rudy, Lanny Sapei, Endang Srihari Mochni, and Puguh Setyopratomo. "Process Design of Benzene Nitrification." Keluwih: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi 4, no. 1 (2023): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/saintek.v3i2.5391.

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Abstract—Aspen HYSYS was used to investigate several aspects of process design for benzene nitration. In this study, the frequency factor (ko) and the activation energy (Ea) for benzene nitration were given from the literature. Calculations of chemical and physical properties were performed automatically on Hysys using the NRTL and UNIQUAC Thermodynamic models. Some aspects of process design were studied, namely: (1) the effect of temperature on the conversion of reactions, (2) the effect of the ratio of sulphuric acid to nitric acid on the synthesis of nitrobenzen in the reactor, and (3) the

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42

Kitamura, Tsugio, Rin Yamada, Keisuke Gondo, Nobuo Eguchi, and Juzo Oyamada. "Copper-Free Double Silylation of 1,2-Dibromobenzenes Using a Mg/LiCl/DMI System." Synthesis 49, no. 11 (2017): 2495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588726.

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The reaction of 1,2-dibromobenzenes with chlorotrimethylsilane efficiently proceeded in the presence of Mg and LiCl in DMI under mild conditions, giving 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzenes in good to high yields. The reaction of 1,2-dibromobenzenes with chlorodimethylsilane under the same conditions afforded the corresponding 1,2-bis(dimethylsilyl)benzenes in high yields. Functional group transformations of 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene were conducted to demonstrate the synthetic utility.

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43

Brownstein, Sydney, Anne Morrison, and Liang K. Tan. "Ternary charge transfer complexes. II. Complexes with Group III and IV elements in the anion." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 2 (1986): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v86-045.

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Intensely colored charge transfer complexes are formed from NOMX4 (M = B,Al,Ga,Tl; X = Cl,F) and benzene or methyl substituted benzenes. (NO)2MX6 (M = Si,Ge,Sn,Tl; X = Cl,F) also form complexes with methyl substituted benzenes. Magnetic resonance and optical spectroscopic parameters are presented. NOMX4 forms stronger complexes than (NO)2MX6 and complexes containing fluorine are stronger than those with chlorine.

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44

Abasov, S. I., S. B. Agaeva, M. T. Mamedova, Y. S. Isaeva, A. A. Iskenderova, and D. B. Tagiyev. "EFFECT OF AN ALKYL SUBSTITUTE ON HYDROCONVERSION OF INDIVIDUAL AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS ON Co/HZSM-5/SO42-–ZrO2 COMPOSITE CATALYST." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 2 (May 7, 2024): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2024-2-36-43.

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A systematic study of the hydrogenation of individual aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene) and their mixtures was carried out at 1800C, H2/Ar=7, WHSV = 2h-1 and atmospheric pressure on a composite catalyst 0.4%Co/HZSM-5/SO42-(2.0%)–ZrO2. It has been established that the developed catalyst has a high hydrogenating ability with respect to aromatic hydrocarbons at low hydrogen pressures. Alkyl-substituted benzenes turned out to be more active. It was found that alkyl substituents increase the activity of hydrogenation of the benzene ring of an aromatic hydrocarbon. According to their

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45

Ariobimo, Mumammad Pasha, Adyati Pradini Yudison, and Moh Irsyad. "Identifikasi Senyawa Benzena pada Kabin Mobil." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 21, no. 1 (2022): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jil.21.1.15-21.

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Interior mobil yang pada umumnya terbuat dari bahan-bahan sintetis yang dapat mengemisikan Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) apabila berada pada suhu yang tinggi, salah satunya adalah senyawa benzene. Selain berasal dari emisi bahan-bahan yang digunakan pada interior mobil, konsentrasi senyawa benzena dapat pula dipengaruhi oleh hal lain, diantaranya: kondisi udara ambien, kebocoran gas dari tangki bahan bakar dan tabung penghantar bahan bakar, infiltrasi emisi kendaraan lain di tempat parkir, dan lain sebagainya. Pada penelitian ini akan dibandingkan konsentrasi benzene di dalam kabin mobil pad

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46

Baum, Jeremy, Leonor Cruzeiro-Hansson, and John Finney. "Electron-Benzene and Benzene-Benzene Potentials for Simulation of an Excess Electron in Liquid Benzene." Physica Scripta T33 (January 1, 1990): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1990/t33/011.

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Knežević, Nikola Ž., Sladjana B. Novaković, and Goran A. Bogdanović. "Monomolecular sheets of propeller-shaped triethyl 4,4′,4′′-[benzene-1,3,5-triyltris(ethyne-2,1-diyl)]tribenzoate deuterochloroform monosolvate." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 70, no. 10 (2014): 937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229614019147.

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The title compound, C39H30O6·CDCl3, has a chemical threefold axis and an approximately planar structure, with an ethoxycarbonyl substituent on each of the terminal benzenes oriented in the same direction, thus forming a propeller-shaped molecule. This molecule is of particular interest in the field of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), where its hydrolyzed analogue forms MOF structures with high surface areas. The benzene ring which occupies the centre of the molecule forms π–π interactions to the equivalent benzene ring at a perpendicular distance of 3.32 (1) Å. Centrosymmetric dimers formed in

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48

Chen, Liang, YuLong Liu, Fan Xia, Fei Liu, and Binghua Li. "Influences of benzene or toluene on dechlorination of perchloroethene and trichloroethene in a simulated zero-valent iron permeable reactive barrier." Water Quality Research Journal 53, no. 2 (2018): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2018.023.

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Abstract Column studies were conducted to investigate the influence of benzene or toluene on the dechlorination of perchloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) in columns packed with zero-valent iron (ZVI) in order to simulate a permeable reactive barrier (PRB). Enhancive and inhibitive influences of benzene and toluene, respectively, on PCE and TCE reduction were observed within 10–80 pore volumes (PV) that flowed through the columns. However, such influences dissipated when the flow-through volume increased above 80 PV. The presence of benzene increased the mean dechlorination kobs of PCE

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Yang, Feihu, Xiaojie Zheng, Qiong Hu, Yimin Hu, Yu Lei, and Wenjing Zhu. "Epoxyanthracene Derivatives and Dicarbonylation on Benzene Ring via Hexadehydro-Diels–Alder (HDDA) Derived Benzynes with Oxazoles." Synthesis 54, no. 04 (2021): 1125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1659-8167.

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AbstractA capture reaction of hexadehydro-Diels–Alder (HDDA) derived benzyne with various substituted oxazoles is reported. With methyl, hydrogen, or phenyl as the substituent at 2-position of oxazole, tetraynes afforded epoxyanthracene derivatives or underwent dicarbonylation on benzene ring. The reaction does not require any catalyst or additive. The mechanism behind the reaction was investigated. The obtained polycyclic product structure has potential application value in optoelectronic materials. The availability of dicarbonylated arene implies the uniqueness of HDDA benzyne reaction compa

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Chrostowska, Anna, Genevieve Pfister-Guillouzo, Françoise Gracian, and Curt Wentrup. "Pitfalls in the Photoelectron Spectroscopic Investigations of Benzyne. Photoelectron Spectrum of Cyclopentadienylideneketene." Australian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 7 (2010): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch09641.

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The 9.24 eV ionization energy often quoted in photoelectron spectroscopic investigations of benzyne is not due to benzyne 1 but to benzene, C6H6. The 8.9 eV ionization is not due to benzyne either but to cyclopentadienylideneketene 12 when a 10.2 eV band is also present, or to biphenylene 5 when a 7.6 eV band is simultaneously present. Cyclopentadienylideneketene 12 has been generated by flash vacuum thermolysis of four different precursors, which permit a linking of infrared, mass, and photoelectron spectroscopic observations.

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