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Journal articles on the topic 'Benzina'
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Tomić, Velibor, and Dragan Nikolić. "Investigation of activated carbon sorption characteristics on petrol vapour." Vojnotehnicki glasnik 44, no. 6 (1996): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojtehg9604472t.
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Lucamante, Stefania. "Road Movies and Gas Stations: Monica Stambrini's Benzina as Creation of Alternative Spaces." Quaderni d'italianistica 29, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/q.i..v29i2.8459.
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Both the novel and the film Benzina think of the literary and the visual as contesting sites for women. In revisiting the fields of space within a capitalist society and the struggle for representation of sexual identity, these two works successfully deploy strategies where the visual narrative — literary and cinematic — confirms its ability to be a place in which subjects try out distinct possibilities of their existential corporeality. Rather than presenting crystallized subjectivities, these works analyze the attempts a lesbian couple makes at finding their place within a social system still fraught by stereotypization of gender roles. This article examines how Benzina's cinematic adaptation convincingly extricates representations of the protagonists' struggle in Italian society. The idea of a feminist geometry, a triangle whose theorem is of a problematic nature, at once social and personal of arduous solution was prompted by my memory of American painter Ed Ruscha's diagonal compositions entitled Gas Stations.
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Sambuco, Patrizia. "Women, Relationships and Space in Stancanelli's Benzina (1998)." Romance Studies 22, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026399004786542960.
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Pedrotti, Alceu, Eloy Antonio Pauletto, Silvio Crestana, Paulo Estevão Cruvinel, Carlos Manoel Pedro Vaz, João de Mendonça Naime, and Alvaro Macedo da Silva. "Tomografia computadorizada aplicada a estudos de um Planossolo." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 38, no. 7 (July 2003): 819–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2003000700005.
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Na busca de técnicas mais apuradas para a determinação e avaliação de parâmetros físicos do solo com aplicabilidade em várzeas, vem se destacando a tomografia computadorizada, por medir a densidade e a umidade com boa sensibilidade e alta resolução espacial. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo descrever aspectos e procedimentos da calibração de um minitomógrafo de raios-X e gama para estudo da densidade e umidade de um Planossolo no Rio Grande do Sul, bem como estabelecer parâmetros estatísticos para sua adequada utilização. A calibração do minitomógrafo foi obtida pela regressão linear entre as unidades tomográficas (UT), apresentadas pelo programa de reconstrução de imagem, e os coeficientes de atenuação linear (µl, cm-1), medidos por transmissão direta de raios gama, em amostras dos horizontes A e B do Planossolo, água destilada, benzina e alumínio. Para as medidas de transmissão direta de radiação utilizaram-se recipientes com água destilada, benzina, solo e Al, obtendo-se as seguintes fórmulas para o cálculo da densidade do solo no horizonte A: Ds = [(UT/986,16)-(0,200xteta)]/0,267; e no horizonte B: Ds = [(UT/986,16)-(0,200xteta)]/0,297, em que UT é o valor médio de UT em cada linha e teta é a umidade volumétrica da amostra de solo, em m³ m-3. Com as configurações obtidas, verificou-se variabilidade média de 2,74% e 0,73%, respectivamente, em termos de homogeneidade e repetibilidade. Os erros atribuídos ao equipamento são de 0,051 e 0,046 Mg m-3, respectivamente, nos horizontes A e B, revelando precisão e adaptabilidade no emprego da técnica em estudos do Planossolo.
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Ross, Charlotte. "Queering The Habitus: Lesbian Identity in Stancanelli's Benzina." Romance Studies 22, no. 3 (November 1, 2004): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026399004786542861.
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Adornato, Francesco. "Editoriale: Farina o benzina? Il contributo dell'agricoltura ad un nuovo modello di sviluppo." AGRICOLTURA ISTITUZIONI MERCATI, no. 1 (April 2009): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/aim2008-001001.
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Laelasari, Eva, Dewi Kristanti, and Basuki Rahmat. "PENGGUNAAN LEM SEPATU DAN GANGGUAN KESEHATAN PEKERJA INDUSTRI SEPATU DI CIOMAS, BOGOR." JURNAL EKOLOGI KESEHATAN 17, no. 2 (October 16, 2018): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/jek.17.2.150.85-95.
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ABSTRACT
The use of glue in shoe manufactures may cause health impacts among workers due to hazardous chemical exposure in glue such as benzene and toluene. The government has issued policies to prevent the workers from occupational illness by reducing the hazardous chemical exposure in the workplace. This study was conducted to find out health impacts due to benzenae and toluene exposure from the use of glue in the workplace of shoe manufactures in Ciomas, Bogor in 2017. Design of the study was cross sectional with variables of benzene and toluene content in indoor workspace, consentration of urinary S-PMA, and perceived health symptoms of workers. Samples of 34 respondents were obtained from 5 selected workshop. Analysis of the data was carried out descriptively. It was found that the content of benzene and toluene in glue are 0.1% and 55% respectively, indoor benzene vapor was below detection limit of the instrument (undetected), and concentration of urinary S-PMA was 0.24 µg/g creatinine. There was no benzene exposure to the workers in this study. High percentage of worker risk behavior were smoking, the use of PPE, and hand washing. Perceived symptoms of workers (more than 60%) were fatigue, headache, tingling. It is necessary to improve workplace with healthier and more conducive environment, and educate workers to use the PPE.
Keywords: Shoe glue, benzene, toluene, exposure, small scale shoe manufacture
ABSTRAK
Penggunaan lem pada industri sepatu kemungkinan memberikan dampak kesehatan terhadap pekerja karena lem biasanya mengandung bahan berbahaya, seperti benzena dan toluena. Pemerintah sudah berupaya membuat kebijakan untuk mengendalikan penyakit akibat kerja, salah satunya adalah mengurangi pajanan bahan kimia berbahaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak kesehatan akibat pajanan benzena dan toluena yang berasal dari penggunaan lem di tempat kerja di sentra industri sepatu Ciomas, Bogor pada tahun 2017. Desain penelitian adalah potong lintang dengan variabel kandungan benzena dan toluena di udara ruang kerja, kandungan S-PMA dalam urin, dan gangguan kesehatan yang dialami oleh pekerja. Jumlah sampel pekerja sebanyak 34 orang yang berasal dari 5 bengkel kerja. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar benzena dan toluena dalam lem masing-masing adalah 0,1% dan 55%, kadar uap benzena di udara ruang kerja berada di bawah limit deteksi alat (tidak terdeteksi), dan rerata kandungan S-PMA dalam urin adalah 0,24 µg/g kreatinin. Tidak terjadi pajanan benzena terhadap pekerja industri sepatu di lokasi penelitian. Perilaku berisiko pekerja dengan persentase cukup tinggi adalah merokok, penggunaan APD, dan cuci tangan. Keluhan/gangguan kesehatan yang dirasakan (lebih dari 60%) adalah cepat lelah, sakit kepala, kesemutan. Perlu perbaikan lingkungan kerja yang lebih sehat dan nyaman, dan mengedukasi pekerja untuk menggunakan APD.
Kata kunci: Lem sepatu, benzena, toluena, pajanan, industri sepatu rumahan
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Taveira, Eleusa F., José A. Rizzo, Joaquim Τ. Sousa, Lelia S. Fernandes, Wagner F. Torres, Maria C. M. Pereira, Ricardo F. Ansorval, and Antonio J. Lapa. "Atividade farmacológica dos extratos da casca do caule do tropeiro. O Connarus fulvus, Planch." Acta Amazonica 18, suppl 1-2 (1988): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921988185240.
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O Cannarus fulvus Planch é utilizado em Goiás por ser "bom para o coração". Este trabalho estudou, a atividade farmacológica do extrato bruto etanólico (EE) do pó da casca do caule e da fração hidrossolúvel (FH) obtida após partição benzina/água. O EE e a FH produziram em ratos e camundongos diminuição da motilidade, sonolência sem hipnose, dificuldade respiratória, analgésia e arrastamento do trem posterior; estes proporcionais às doses. As DL50 em camundongos foram 210+/-22 e 310+/-52mg/kg, i.p. para o EE e FH respectivamente. A FH prolongou o sono barbitúrico, o tempo de reação ao calor na placa, quente e antagonizou (80%) as ações convulsivantes do pentilenotetrazol, mas não as da estricnina. Protegeu (100%) camundongos contra a ação letal do pancurônio e potencializou a ação da succinilcolina. Em preparações isolada, a FH potencializou (20%) a contração do diafragma em resposta ao estímulo elétrico do nervo frênico de ratos e reverteu o bloqueio neuromuscular produzido pela d-tubocurarina, em átrios de ratos e cobaias a freqüência e a força de contração não foram alteradas. As injeções do EE e FH em ratos anestesiados produziram hipotensão (5 a 100mg/kg); doses maiores foram letais. Os dados obtidos não confirmaram ação cardiativa direta. A planta apresentou ações depressões do S.N.C., analgésica, anticonvulsivante e descurarizante.
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Holle, Rizky B., Audy D. Wuntu, and Meiske S. Sangi. "Kinetika Adsorpsi Gas Benzena Pada Karbon Aktif Tempurung Kelapa." Jurnal MIPA 2, no. 2 (July 8, 2013): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jm.2.2.2013.2997.
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Telah diteliti kinetika adsorpsi gas benzena pada karbon aktif tempurung kelapa yang diaktivasi dengan NaCl dengan tujuan menentukan model kinetika yang dapat diaplikasikan untuk adsorpsi gas benzena pada karbon aktif tempurung kelapa. Data adsorpsi dianalisis dengan menggunakan empat model persamaan laju adsorpsi yaitu (1) persamaan laju order pertama pseudo Lagergren, (2) persamaan laju order kedua pseudo Ho, (3) persamaan Elovich, dan (4) persamaan Ritchie. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa model kinetika dengan persamaan laju order ke-2 pseudo Ho adalah yang paling sesuai diaplikasikan untuk adsorpsi gas benzena pada karbon aktif tempurung kelapa. Dari model kinetika order ke-2 pseudo Ho diperoleh konstanta adsorpsi benzena sebesar 1,63x10-4 g mg-1 min-1. Nilai energi adsorpsi menunjukkan bahwa benzena teradsorpsi secara fisik pada adsorben.Kinetics of gaseous benzene adsorption on coconut shell NaCl-activated carbon had been studied. The research was aimed to determine the appropriate kinetic model applied to gaseous benzene adsorption on the adsorbent. Adsorption data was analyzed using four kinetic models of adsorption rate equation, which were (1) Lagergren’s pseudo first order rate equation, (2) Ho’s pseudo second order rate equation, (3) Elovich‘s equation, and (4) Ritchie’s equation. The results showed that the Ho’s pseudo second order rate equation was best applied to gaseous benzene adsorption on coconut shell activated carbon. The second order rate constant for benzene adsorption was 1.63x10-4 g mg-1 min-1. The value of adsorption energy showed that benzene was physically adsorbed on the adsorbent.
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Karisma Putri, Frizki Rana, Abdul Rohim Tualeka, Juliana Jalaludin, and Ahsan Ahsan. "Hubungan Konsentrasi Benzena Dengan Kadar Eritosit Pada Pekerja Produksi AUP Surabaya." Media Gizi Kesmas 11, no. 1 (June 2, 2022): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mgk.v11i1.2022.225-230.
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Latar Belakang: Industri percetakan adalah industri tulisan dan gambar massal yang menggunakan tinta pada kertas dan mesin cetak. Dalam proses produksinya digunakan tinta dan pelarut yang mengandung bahan kimia, salah satunya adalah benzena. Paparan benzena dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi benzena di lingkungan kerja serta meningkatkan risiko kesehatan bagi pekerja. Benzene menargetkan darah yang dapat mengurangi jumlahsel darah yang ada dalam tubuh atau anemiaTujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara konsentrasi benzena dengan eritrosit dan hemoglobin pada pekerja bagian produksi di Airlangga University Press. Metode: Variabel bebas yang digunakan adalah konsentrasi benzena dan variabel terikatnya adalah kadar eritrosit dan hemoglobin. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasional dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan cross sectional. Semua 11 pekerja produksi di perusahaan percetakan Airlangga University Press diambil sebagai sampel dalam penelitian ini. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji normalitas Shapiro-Wilk dan uji korelasi PearsonHasil: konsentrasi benzena pada pekerja produksi percetakan berada di bawah nilai ambang batas. Rerata kadar hemoglobin dan eritrosit pekerja dalam batas normal. Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara konsentrasi benzena dengan eritrosit (p = 0,816) pada pekerja di bagian produksi percetakan Airlangga University PressKesimpulan: Efek kesehatan yang terjadi akibat paparan benzena adalah gangguan sistem hematologi dimana target utama benzena adalah sumsum tulang. Paparan benzena dapat menurunkan jumlah sel darah dan berkontribusi pada jumlah leukosit, eritrosit, dan trombosit di perifer dara
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Panggabean, Aman Sentosa, Tika Widyastuti, and Noor Hindryawati. "Validasi Metode Penentuan Benzena, Toluena dan Xilena pada Sampel Udara dan Tanah Menggunakan Kromatografi Gas." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.15.1.25522.177-189.
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<p>Penelitian tentang validasi metode penentuan kadar benzena, toluena dan xilena pada sampel udara dan tanah dengan menggunakan kromatografi gas telah dilakukan. Untuk mendapatkan hasil pengukuran yang valid, beberapa parameter penting yang berpengaruh dalam validasi metode telah ditentukan. Beberapa parameter penting yang dilakukan adalah penentuan besaran dasar kromatografi yang meliputi: waktu retensi, kapasitas (k’), faktor selektivitas (α) dan kinerja analitik yang meliputi: penentuan linearitas (r), limit deteksi (LOD), limit kuantitasi (LOQ), presisi dan akurasi. Hasil penelitian penentuan kinerja analitik sangat baik ditunjukkan oleh nilai presisi sebagai % KV < 2/3 nilai KV Horwitz, LOD untuk masing-masing senyawa benzena, toluena dan xilena adalah 0,02 mg/L; 0,59 mg/L dan 0,08 mg/L serta LOQ untuk masing-masing senyawa benzena, toluena dan xilena adalah 0,07 mg/L; 1,99 mg/L dan 0,27 mg/L. Akurasi metode ini sangat baik ditunjukkan dengan nilai presentase perolehan kembali masing-masing senyawa benzena, toluena dan xilena untuk sampel tanah sebesar 102,61 ± 4,61%; 101,65 ± 7,41%; 102,15 ± 4,15%, dan untuk sampel udara masing-masing senyawa sebesar 101,69 ± 5,77%; 102,08 ± 5,43% dan 98,55 ± 5,11%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, metode kromatografi gas dapat digunakan dalam penentuan benzena, toluena dan xilena pada sampel udara dan tanah dengan memberikan hasil yang valid.</p><p><strong>Validation Method </strong><strong>o</strong><strong>n The Determination </strong><strong>o</strong><strong>f Benzene, Toluene </strong><strong>a</strong><strong>nd Xylene </strong><strong>i</strong><strong>n Air </strong><strong>a</strong><strong>nd Soil Samples Using Gas Chromatography. </strong>The present study investigated the method for the determination of the content of benzene, toluene, and xylene in air and soil samples using gas chromatography. To obtain a valid measurement result, several important parameters that influence the method validation have been determined. The several important parameters carried out are the determination of the basic chromatographic such as retention time, capacity factor (k'), selectivity (α) and analytical performance measurement includes: the determination of linearity (r), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), precision and accuracy. The result of analytical performance of the research are well verified, in which the value of precision was % CV < 2/3 CV Horwitz value, LOD for benzene, toluene, and xylene compound were 0.02 mg/L, 0.59 mg/L, 0.08 mg/L, respectively, and LOQ for benzene, toluene and xylene compounds was 0.07 mg/L, 1.99 mg/L and 0.27 mg/L respectively. This method achieved high accuration, indicated by a percentage of recovery value of benzene, toluene, and xylene for soil samples of 102.61 ± 4.61%; 101.65 ± 7.41%; 102.15 ± 4.15%, and for air samples was 101.69 ± 5.77%, 102.08 ± 5.43%, and 98.55 ± 5.11% respectively. Based on the results of this research, the method presented in this study can be applied for the determination of benzene, toluene, and xylene using gas chromatography in air and soil samples with valid results.</p>
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CESUR, İdris. "Effect of Methanol Gasoline Blends on the Performance and Emissions of a Gasoline Engine." Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Sciences and Engineering 22, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1069914.
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One of the methods used to reduce pollutant emissions from spark ignition engines is the use of alternative fuels in engines. As an alternative fuel, methanol can be used in the engine without making any structural changes by adding it to the fuel up to certain proportions. In this study, the effects of using different ratios of gasoline methanol mixtures as fuel in spark ignition engines on performance and exhaust emissions were investigated experimentally. In the experiments, 10% and 20% by mass of methanol was mixed with gasoline fuel. The experiments were carried out at different engine speeds and full load conditions. As a result of the experimental study, reductions of up to 3% in engine torque and effective power were determined by using 20% methanol blended fuel as fuel in the engine. Despite the slight deterioration in engine performance, reductions in HC, CO and NOx emissions were observed. The maximum reduction in HC emissions is 17% in 10% methanol blended fuel, and the maximum reduction in NOx emissions is 26% in 20% methanol blended fuel. Some deterioration was observed in the specific fuel consumption and effective efficiency values.
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Məhəbbət Gözəlov, Fərid Dənyarov, Hikmət Əsgərov, Məhəbbət Gözəlov, Fərid Dənyarov, Hikmət Əsgərov. "BİRBAŞA PÜSKÜRTMƏLİ BENZİN MÜHƏRRİKLƏRİ VƏ ONLARIN PORT-YANACAQ SİSTEMLİ MÜHƏRRİKLƏRLƏ MÜQAYİSƏLİ TƏHLİLİ." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 23, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei23122022-21.
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Benzinin birbaşa yanma kamerasına vurulması üçün nəzərdə tutulmuş dörd vuruşlu, qığılcımla alışan mühərriklərin inkişafı avtomobil sənayesinin dünya miqyasında önəmli təşəbbüslərindən biridir. Bu cür mühərriklərin əhəmiyyətli dərəcədə artırılmış yanacaq qənaəti, keçici reaksiya və soyuq işə salma zamanı karbohidrogen emissiya səviyyələri üçün termodinamik potensialı benzinin birbaşa vurulmasını nəzərdə tutan yanma sistemlərini başa düşmək, inkişaf etdirmək və optimallaşdırmaq məqsədi daşıyan çoxlu sayda tədqiqat və təkmilləşdirmə layihələrinin həyata keçirilməsinə səbəb olmuşdur. Yanacağın vurulması, püskürtmənin atomlaşdırılması və buxarlanması, yükün soyudulması, qarışığın hazırlanması və silindrdaxili havanın hərəkətinin idarə edilməsi prosesləri fəal şəkildə tədqiq edilir və bu işlər ətraflı nəzərdən keçirilir və təhlil edilir. Yüksək təzyiqli, ümumi relsli, benzin vurma sistemləri və burulğanlı atomlaşdırıcı benzin injektorları kimi yeni texnologiyalar ətraflı müzakirə olunur, çünki bu texnologiyalar kompüter idarəetmə imkanları ilə birlikdə köhnə benzin mühərriklərinin müayinəsini həyata keçirməyə imkan vermişdir. Bütün dünyada tanınmış tədqiqat, prototip və istehsal birbaşa püskürtməli mühərriklər performans, emissiya və yanacaq qənaəti üstünlükləri və əlavə inkişaf tələb edən sahələr üçün nəzərdən keçirilir. Mühərrikin sxemləri, idarəetmə diaqramları və spesifikasiyalar tərtib edilir, emissiyaya nəzarət strategiyaları təsvir edilir və müzakirə edilir. Zəif NOx katalizatorlarının gec inyeksiyalı, təbəqələşmiş yüklü benzinin birbaşa püskürtməli mühərriklərin inkişafına təsiri nəzərdən keçirilib və daha az idarəetmə mürəkkəbliyi tələb edən seçim kimi zəif yanan, homojen, birbaşa püskürməli mühərriklərin nisbi üstünlükləri təhlil edilib. Tarixi nöqteyi-nəzərdən, bu əhəmiyyətli faydalara maraq birbaşa inyeksiya, təbəqələşdirilmiş yük mühərriklərinin potensialının bir sıra mühüm araşdırmalarına təkan verdi. Dolayı püskürtməli dizel mühərriki ilə rəqabət aparan əyləc üçün xüsusi yanacaq sərfiyyatı ilə yük diapazonunun əksəriyyətində tənzimləməsiz işləmə əldə edildi. Əsas çatışmazlıq, mexaniki yanacaq vurma sisteminin məhdudiyyətləri səbəbindən gec enjeksiyon vaxtının tam yükdə belə saxlanılması idi. Bu, 20:1-dən daha zəngin hava-yanacaq nisbətləri üçün məhdud tüstülü yanma təmin etdi. Dizel yanacağının vurulması avadanlığının istifadəsi zərurəti və adekvat güc hasilatı təmin etmək üçün turbomühərrikə olan ehtiyac, dizel mühərrikininkinə oxşar qiymət və performans xüsusiyyətlərinə malik olan, lakin qismən yüklü yanmamış karbohidrogen emissiyasına malik olan mühərriklə nəticələndi. Nisbətən az hava istifadəsinin və sürət diapazonunda məhdud yanacaq vurma avadanlığının istifadəsi mühərrikin xüsusi gücünün olduqca aşağı olması demək idi. Birbaşa inyeksiya, təbəqələşdirilmiş yük mühərrikləri üzərində əvvəlki işlərdə rast gəlinən bir çox əsas məhdudiyyətlər indi artıq aradan qaldırıla bilər. Bu, xüsusilə 15 il əvvəl birbaşa inyeksiya injektorları üçün mövcud olan əhəmiyyətli nəzarət məhdudiyyətləri üçün doğrudur. Hazırda bir sıra avtomobil şirkətləri birbaşa benzin vurma mühərrikinin potensial faydalarının istehsal mühərriklərində həyata keçirilə bilmə dərəcəsini yenidən araşdırmaq üçün yeni texnologiyalar və kompüter idarəetmə strategiyalarına müraciət edirlər. Açar sözlər: Yanma sistemləri, Benzin mühərrikləri, Birbaşa püskürtmə, Port-yanacaqlı püskürtmə
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Koleangan, Harry S. J. "ANALISIS KONSENTRASI CAMPURAN SENYAWA MENGGUNAKAN VB 2008." JURNAL ILMIAH SAINS 13, no. 1 (April 17, 2013): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jis.13.1.2013.1860.
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ANALISIS KONSENTRASI CAMPURAN SENYAWA MENGGUNAKAN VB 2008 ABSTRAK Telah dibuat sebuah program aplikasi menggunakan VB 2008 yang ditujukan untuk menganalisis suatu larutan yang berisi campuran senyawa etil-benzena, o-silena, m-silena, dan p-silena. Konsentrasi dari masing-masing senyawa ini ditentukan menggunakan metode eliminasi Gauss dalam bentuk program komputer yang ditulis menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Visual Basic 2008. Penggunaan program ini terhadap suatu data sekunder, memberikan hasil konsentrasi (dalam satuan molar) sebagai berikut: etil-benzena = 0,04153, o-silena = 0,04067, m-silena = 0,02772, dan p-silena = 0,02522. Kata kunci: Metode Gauss, VB 2008 ANALYSIS OF MIXED CPMPOUND CONCENTRATION USING VB 2008 ABSTRACT A VB 2008-based application program to analyze a solution containing four different compounds, which are ethyl-benzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene, has been built. Concentration of each compound was then determined by using Gauss elimination method in the form of computer program written in Visual Basic 2008 programming language. Application of the program using the secondary data shows that concentrations (in molar) of each compuound are as follows: ethyl-benzene = 0,04153, o-xylena = 0,04067, m- xylena = 0,02772, and p- xylena = 0,02522. Keywords: Gauss method, VB 2008
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Nasa, Yola Noveraz, Nugraha Sutadipura, and Santun Bhekti Rahimah. "Scoping Review: Pengaruh Bensin terhadap Peningkatan Kadar LDL pada Plasma Darah Tikus." Jurnal Integrasi Kesehatan & Sains 3, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/jiks.v3i1.7382.
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Konsumsi bensin sejak tahun 2000 sampai 2014 meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan jumlah kendaraan bermotor setiap tahun. Bensin memiliki dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan berupa polusi dan terhadap kesehatan seperti gangguan paru, ginjal, penyakit kulit, serta perubahan profil lipid berupa peningkatan kadar low-density lipoprotein (LDL) yang dapat meningkatkan angka kejadian penyakit jantung koroner dan sindrom metabolik. Tujuan penelitian mengetahui pengaruh paparan bensin terhadap kadar LDL pada plasma darah manusia yang dimulai dengan kajian terhadap hewan coba. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif dengan prosedur scoping review dengan cara mengidentifikasi, menganalisis dan mengevaluasi karya ilmiah sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi serta diskrining menggunakan kriteria kelayakan (Eligibility criteria). Hasil penelitian didapatkan sepuluh artikel dari jumlah awal 10.486 artikel yang ditemukan dari kata kunci. Sepuluh artikel yang sesuai dengan PICO (Population: tikus; Intervention: bensin, lead atau benzene; Comparison: tikus yang tidak dipaparkan bensin, lead atau benzene; Outcome: kadar LDL pada plasma darah) menunjukkan peningkatan kadar LDL plasma pada kelompok tikus yang diberi paparan bensin, timbal atau benzena daripada kelompok kontrol. Hal tersebut diakibatkan stres oksidatif dari induksi lead atau benzene yang menekan aktivitas antioksidan dan meningkatkan reactive oxygen species di tubuh sehingga terjadi cidera hepar dan metabolisme lipoproteinpun terganggu. Pada akhirnya bensin yang memiliki komponen benzene atau lead mengakibatkan peningkatan kadar LDL plasma. Kesimpulan penelitian terdapat pengaruh bensin terhadap kadar LDL pada plasma darah tikus dan beberapa komponen bensin yang berperan, yaitu timbal dan benzena. Scoping Review: Effect of Gasoline on Increasing Blood Plasma LDL Levels in Rats Gasoline consumption from 2000 to 2014 increased along with the increase in the number of motorized vehicles each year. Gasoline harms the environment in the form of pollution and on the health of lung, kidney, skin diseases, and changes in the lipid profile in the form of increased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) which can increase the incidence of coronary and metabolic heart disease. This study aimed to determine the effect of gasoline exposure on LDL levels in human blood plasma starting with a study of experimental animals. The research method used is descriptive with a scoping review procedure by identifying, analyzing, and evaluating scientific papers according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and screening using eligibility criteria. The research results obtained ten articles from the initial number of 10,486 articles found from keywords. Ten PICO-compliant articles (Population: rats; Intervention: gasoline, lead or benzene; Comparison: rats not exposed to gasoline, lead or benzene; Results: LDL levels in blood plasma) showed increased plasma LDL levels in the group of rats exposed to gasoline, lead or benzene control group. This is due to oxidative stress from lead or benzene induction which suppresses antioxidant activity and increases reactive oxygen species in the body, resulting in liver injury, impaired lipoprotein metabolism. In the end, gasoline which has benzene or lead component causes an increase in plasma LDL levels. This study concludes that there is an effect of gasoline on LDL levels in rat blood plasma, and several components of gasoline that play a role, namely lead and benzene.
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Gutiérrez, César, Hans Contreras, Delia Trujillo, Eduardo Haro,, and José Ramos-Castillo. "Drogas ilegales en escolares de Lima y Callao: factores familiares asociados a su consumo." Anales de la Facultad de Medicina 70, no. 4 (December 3, 2012): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v70i4.924.
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Introducción: El consumo de drogas es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial; se viene incrementando en países en vías de desarrollo. Las drogas ilegales, como marihuana e inhalantes (terokal, PVC, benzina y/o acetona), son consumidas cada vez a edades más tempranas. Objetivo: Determinar las características epidemiológicas, personales, escolares y los factores de tipo familiar (involucramiento de los padres con las actividades de sus hijos) que se asocian con el consumo de marihuana e inhalantes por los estudiantes de secundaria de Lima Metropolitana y Callao. Diseño: Estudio analítico y transversal. Lugar: Lima Metropolitana y Callao. Participantes: Cinco mil seiscientos cuarenta y siete estudiantes de 2°, 4° y 5° año de secundaria. Intervenciones: Revisión y análisis de la base de datos del estudio nacional “Prevención y consumo de drogas en estudiantes de secundaria”, llevado a cabo por la Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo y Vida sin Drogas, el año 2005. Resultados: La prevalencia de vida de consumo de drogas ilegales en estudiantes de secundaria de Lima Metropolitana y Callao fue de 5,9% (marihuana) y 4,8% (inhalantes). El consumo de marihuana fue más frecuente en hombres (7,6%) que en mujeres (2,71%), p<0,001. El consumo de marihuana e inhalantes fue significativamente más frecuente (p<0,001) en quienes no conviven con sus padres, en quienes tienen dos o más antecedentes de fracaso escolar, en quienes tienen frecuentes problemas de comportamiento en el colegio y en quienes se ‘hacen la vaca’ (ausentismo escolar). El tipo de colegio (público o privado) no se asoció significativamente con el antecedente de consumo de marihuana e inhalantes. Los factores de riesgo hallados para el consumo de marihuana e inhalantes fueron: tener algún problema de comportamiento o disciplina durante los estudios, dos o más antecedentes de fracaso escolar y ‘hacerse la vaca’. Entre los factores de involucramiento familiar, fueron factores protectores: el conocimiento acerca de la ubicación del hijo por parte de los padres luego de la salida del colegio o en los fines de semana, el control de los padres sobre los programas de televisión que mira el estudiante, el comer junto a los padres entre 4 a 7 días a la semana y el informar a sus padres por parte del adolescente sobre el lugar donde sale en las tardes o fines de semana. Conclusiones: Existe una mayor frecuencia de consumo de drogas entre quienes tienen antecedentes de fracaso e indisciplina escolar así como disfunción familiar. Los valores positivos de participación de la familia en las actividades de sus hijos constituyen factores protectores frente al consumo de estas sustancias; el rol familiar es trascendental en la formación del adolescente.
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YAKIN, Ahmet, Rasim BEHÇET, and Adnan YILDIZ. "İÇTEN YANMALI BENZİNLİ BİR MOTORDA YAKIT KATKI MADDESİ OLARAK ETİL ALKOL VE METİL ALKOLÜN KULLANILMASI." EJONS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING & NATURAL SCIENCES 5, no. 20 (December 20, 2021): 805–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.38063/ejons.501.
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Taşıt kaynaklı hava kirliliği, küresel ısınmaya sebep olan kaynaklar arasındadır. Hava kirliliği sadece bir ülkenin değil tüm dünyanın başlıca sorunları arasındadır. Fosil yakıtların kullanıldığı, kara, hava ve deniz taşıtlarında kullanılan fosil yakıtların yanmasıyla atmosfere salınan zararlı emisyonlar olarak, CO (karbonmonoksit), CO2 (karbondioksit) ve HC (hidrokarbon), NOx (azotoksit) emisyonları sayılabilir. Küresel ısınmayı azaltmak için günümüz içten yanmalı taşıtların yerine güneş enerjili taşıtlar, hibrit ve elektrikli taşıtlar kullanılırken, alternatif yakıtlar olarak biyoyakıtlar, hidrojen yakıtı veya zararlı emisyonları azaltmak için yakıt katkı maddeleri kullanılmaktadır. Bilim adamları bu emisyonların azaltılması için çalışmalarını yoğunlaştırmışlardır. Özellikle zararlı emisyonların azaltılması için yakıt katkı maddeleri üzerindeki çalışmaları artmıştır. Bu çalışmada, tek silindirli, su soğutmalı, sıkıştırma oranı 10/1 olan, benzinli bir motorda, benzin yakıtı içerisine hacimsel olarak %7.5 oranında etilalkol katılarak EB7.5 ve %7.5 oranında metilalkol katılarak MB7.5 yakıtları elde edilerek deney yapılmıştır. Deney sonucunda EB7.5 ve MB7.5 karışım yakıtlarının HC (hidrokarbon) ve CO (karbonmonoksit) emisyonları benzin yakıtıyla kıyaslandığında sırasıyla, %10,84 azalma; %7,80 artma ve %13.41; %50.94 azalma meydana geldi. EB7.5 ve MB7.5 yakıtlarının Motor Momentine ve özgül yakıt tüketimine baktığımızda ise, B100 yakıtıyla kıyaslandığında sırasıyla, %1.25; %2.94 artma ve %3.68 artma; %0.38 azalma meydana gelmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: motor, etil alkol, benzin, metil alkol
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Sahri, Moch, Gilang Nugraha, Abraham Ahmad Ali Firdaus, Rizka Wahyu Safitri, and Nur Muhamad Nuzulul Syufi. "Pemeriksaan Profil Darah Pada Pekerja Sebagai Upaya Deteksi Dini Gangguan Kesehatan Akibat Paparan Uap Benzene di Industri Percetakan." JURNAL KREATIVITAS PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT (PKM) 4, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 1338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/jkpm.v4i6.4355.
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ABSTRAK Berdasarkan penelitain sebelumnya diketahui bahwa lokasi kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat, didapatkan hasil pengukuran kadar uap benzene dilingkungan kerja dengan kisaran 0,3-1,5 ppm. Anemia aplastik yang disebabkan oleh penekanan sumsum tulang adalah penyebab klasik kematian akibat keracunan benzena kronis. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalaha untuk melakukan pemeriksaan profil darah pekerja yang terpapar benzene dilingkungan kerjanya sebagai upaya antisipasi dan deteksi dini penyakit akibat paparan benzene. Kegiatan pemeriksaan profil darah dilakukan dengan menerapkan protokol Kesehatan. Pengambilan dan anlisa profil darah dilakukan oleh laboratorium yang kompeten. Jumlah pekerja yang terlibat dalam kegiatan ini sebanyak 10 pekerja dengan jenis kelamin laki-laki dengan kriteria pekerja yang terpapar langsung dengan uap benzene dilingkungan kerjanya. Hasil dari pemeriksaan 10 orang pekerja didapatkan hasil leukosit 6,97 ± 0,8, hemoglobin 15,3 ± 0,92 dan trombonist 212,1 ± 25,07. Kegiatan pengabdian masayarakat berjalan sesuai dengan jadwal yang telah direncanakan. Hasil pemeriksaan profil darah pada 10 pekerja masih dalam batas nilai rujukan. Kata Kunci : benzene, profil darah, industri percetakan ABSTRACT Based on previous research, it is known that the location of community service activities, the results of measurements of benzene vapor levels in the work environment are in the range of 0.3-1.5 ppm. Aplastic anemia caused by bone marrow compression is the classic cause of death from chronic benzene poisoning. The purpose of this activity is to examine the blood profile of workers exposed to benzene in their work environment to anticipate and detect diseases due to benzene exposure. Blood profile examination activities were carried out by applying the Covid Health protocol 19. Blood profile collection and analysis were carried out by a competent laboratory. The number of workers involved in this activity was 10 workers of the male gender with the criteria that workers were directly exposed to benzene vapor in their work environment. The results of the examination of 10 workers showed leukocytes 6.97 ± 0.8, hemoglobin 15.3 ± 0.92, and trombone 212.1 ± 25.07. Community service activities go according to the planned schedule. The results of blood profile examinations on 10 workers are still within the reference value limit. Keywords: benzene, blood profile, printing industry
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Wispriyono, Bambang, and Eko Handoyo. "RISIKO KESEHATAN PAJANAN BENZENA, TOLUENA DAN XYLENA PETUGAS PINTU TOL." Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 11, no. 2 (February 25, 2016): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v11i2.3935.
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<p>Efek negatif dari polusi udara terhadap kesehatan manusia banyak diteliti termasuk polusi akibat sistem transportasi. Emisi kendaraan bermotor menghasilkan Benzena, Toluena dan Xylena (BTX) yang merupakan bahan kimia yang bersifat karsinogenik dan petugas pintu tol merupakan kelompok berisiko terpajan BTX. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui risiko kesehatan akibat pajanan BTX pada petugas pintu tol. Desain penelitian adalah <em>cross-sectional</em> dengan pendekatan Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (ARKL) dan faktor-faktor antropometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada pintu tol rata-rata konsentrasi (mean<span style="text-decoration: underline;">+</span>SD) benzena sebesar 0,00167<span style="text-decoration: underline;">+</span>0,000056 mg/m<sup>3</sup>, toluena sebesar 0,00124<span style="text-decoration: underline;">+</span>0.000049 mg/m<sup>3</sup> dan xylena sebesar 0,00147<span style="text-decoration: underline;">+</span>0,000063 mg/m<sup>3</sup> sedangkan pada kantor administrasi konsentrasi tidak terdeteksi oleh alat (<em>Method Detection Limit</em>). Rata-rata risiko non karsinogenik (RQ) BTX pada petugas pintu tol lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan rata-rata RQ BTX petugas administrasi. Risiko kesehatan non karsinogenik dan karsinogenik belum menunjukkan adanya risiko kesehatan yang signifikan. Upaya pencegahan berupa pengelolaan manajemen risiko untuk pengendalian risiko bahan berbahaya di lingkungan perlu ditingkatkan.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Kata Kunci:</strong> Pintu Tol, Benzena, Toulena, Xylena</p><p> </p><p>The researches of BTX (Benzene, Toluene and Xylene) related to the health impacts have been done and published in any publications. One of the risk groups is toll gate’s workers who have been exposed every day with BTX. The design of this study is cross-sectional with Environmental Health Risk Analysis to determine the magnitude of health risks of BTX on the toll gate. The results showed at the toll workers’s respondents have benzene concentration 0.00167+0.000056 mg/m<sup>3</sup>, toluene 0.00124+0.000049 mg/m<sup>3</sup> and xylene 0.00147+0,000063 mg/m<sup>3</sup> respectively, while in the administrative office’s respondents, BTX was undetectable (Minimum Detection Limit). The average RQ of toll gate respondents was significantly higher than administrative office’s respondents. In conclusion, the risk of all workers have the RQ ≤ 1. Non carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks to all toll gate’s workers recently have not shown any risk yet. Nevertheless, risk management system should be developed and improved.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Toll Gate, Benzene, Toulene, Xylene</p>
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Reynolds, J. M. "Catalogue des Inscriptions Latines Païennes du Musée du Bardo. By Zeineb Benzina Ben Abdallah. Collection de l'Ecole française de Rome, 92. Joint publication of the Institut d'Archéologie et d'Art de Tunis and the École française de Rome, 1986. xvii and 300 pages, c. 100 plates." Libyan Studies 19 (1988): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900001229.
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Efiyanti, Lisna, Suci Aprianty Wati, and Mamay Maslahat. "Pembuatan dan Analisis Karbon Aktif dari Cangkang Buah Karet dengan Proses Kimia dan Fisika." Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan 14, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jik.57479.
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Penggunaan karbon aktif di Indonesia semakin meluas sejalan dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan tehadap karbon aktif tersebut, sehingga perlu terus diupayakan pencarian bahan baku dan metode pembuatan karbon aktif untuk menghasilkan karbon aktif yang berkualitas. Salah satu bahan baku yang dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan karbon aktif adalah cangkang buah karet karena keberadaannya tidak termanfaatkan dengan baik. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pembuatan karbon aktif dari cangkang buah karet masing-masing dengan metode aktivasi steam pada suhu 650°C, aktivasi dengan kalium hidroksida 10% dan aktivasi dengan asam fosfat 10%. Karbon aktif yang terbentuk kemudian dianalisa menggunakan metode SNI 06-3730-1995 dengan parameter kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang, kadar karbon terikat, daya jerap iod, daya jerap biru metilen dan daya jerap benzena. Gugus fungsi, kristalinitas dan morfologi karbon aktif dianalisa masing-masing menggunakan FTIR, XRD dan SEM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang, kadar karbon terikat, daya jerap iod, daya jerap biru metilen dan daya jerap benzena masing-masing sebesar 1,83-3,74%; 2,86-8,14; 7,36-13,55; 82,8-89,78%; 355,21-569,39 mg/g; 10,34-17,61 mg/g; 8,09-19,26%. Hasil FTIR menunjukkan bahwa gugus fungsi yang terdeteksi pada karbon aktif adalah gugus OH, CH alifatik, CH aromatik, C=O, C-C, C=C dan C-O, sedangkan kristalinitas karbon aktif berkisar antara 11,34-30,78% dengan ukuran pori sebesar 5-9 μm. Karbon aktif dengan aktivator KOH dapat menjerap senyawa iod dan metilen biru lebih baik sedangkan karbon aktif aktivasi steam memiliki daya jerap terbaik pada adsorpsi senyawa benzena. Manufacture and Analysis of Activated Carbon from Rubber Fruit Shell with Chemical and Physical ProcessingAbstract The utilization of activated carbon in Indonesia is increased, which is in line with the increase of activated carbon needs, therefore it is necessary to search the raw materials and methods continuously for good quality activated carbon. One of the raw materials that can be used to produce activated carbon is a rubber fruit shell because it is not properly utilized. In this research, activated carbon was made from rubber fruit shells by the steam activation method at a temperature of 650°C, 10% potassium hydroxide, and 10% phosphoric acid activation. The activated carbon was then analyzed using SNI 06-3730-1995 methods with parameters of water content, ash content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, iod adsorption, methylene blue adsorption, and benzene adsorption. The functional groups, crystallinity, and morphology of activated carbon also analyzed using FTIR, XRD, and SEM respectively. The results shows that the water content, ash content, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, iod adsorption, methylene blue adsorption, and benzene adsorption are 1,83-3,74%; 2,86-8,14; 7,36-13,55; 82,8-89,78%; 355,21-569,39 mg/g; 10,34-17,61 mg/g; 8,09-19,26%, respectively. The FTIR results from activated carbon are contain of several functional groups, like OH; CH aliphatic, CH aromatic, C=O; C-C; C=C and C-O, meanwhile the degree of crystallinity from activated carbon formed are ranged 11,34-30,78% with 5-9 μm of pore size. The activated carbon with KOH activator has good adsorption in iod and methylene blue compound meanwhile activated carbon from steam activation can be a good adsorbent on the benzene compound.
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SEZEN, Bülent, and Ali Ulvi Ä°ÅžLER. "ELEKTRÄ°KLÄ° ARAÇLARIN MEVCUT DURUMU, TERCÄ°H EDÄ°LME VE EDÄ°LMEME SEBEPLERÄ°." TURKISH JOURNAL OF MARKETING 2, no. 2 (December 26, 2017): 82–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30685/tujom.v2i2.21.
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Elektrikli araçlar dünyada 1880’li yıllardan itibaren kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. İlk zamanlarda benzin yakıtlı araçlar ile rekabet eden elektrikli araçlar, benzinli araçların seri üretime geçerek çok düşük fiyatlardan satılmaları üzerine piyasadan çekilmiştir. 1990’lı yıllarda fosil yakıtların çevreye olan zararlı etkileri nedeniyle bu araçlar tekrar gündeme gelmiştir. Hem konvansiyonel fosil yakıtlı motor, hem de elektrikli motor (batarya) barındıran araçlara uluslararası literatürde “hibrit araç†denilmektedir. Ülkemizde son yıllarda kullanıma girmeye başlayan bu araçlar için bu isim yaygın olarak kullanılsa da bazı yerlerde kelimenin Türkçesi kullanılarak “melez araç†ifadesi tercih edilmektedir.
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D, KONIECZNY, and KRAWCZUK S. "COMBUSTION OF GASOLINE AND ETANOL MIXTURE." National Transport University Bulletin 1, no. 50 (2021): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/2308-6645-2021-3-50-104-112.
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Thanks to the pressure of the Environmental Society, the priority of engine manufacturers is to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and reduce fuel consumption while constantly increasing engine performance. One way to overcome the aforementioned technical and social problems is to use alcohols, natural or synthetic, such as ethanol to power engines. The objectives of manufacturers of alternative fuels is to provide consumers with the opportunity to use their product without changing the parameters of the main units in their vehicles, therefore the stoichiometry of the combustion of fuel mixtures is important, since this parameter can affect the amount of fuel burned, the quality of exhaust gases and the power of the internal combustion engine. Combustion in a car engine is exothermic, which means that a side effect of this chemical reaction is heat released into the environment. The condition for starting the combustion process is the thermal coefficient – for spark ignition engines – a spark, and for diesel engines – heat during compression of the fuel-air mixture. From the above it follows that after the oxidation reaction in the exhaust gases there should be no residual fuel particles, which in turn is an image of stoichiometric combustion. Since the stoichiometric mixture is very difficult to achieve outside laboratory conditions, a distinction is made between a non-greasy mixture (too much oxidizing agent) and a saturated mixture (too little oxidizing agent), but always strive to reach λ = 1, which corresponds to a stoichiometric mixture. The heavy weight when working with ethanol fuel is the one that affects the operation of the engine and its components. Therefore, it is important to compare the physicochemical data of gasoline and ethanol, as well as mixed fuel – E85. The article deals with the stoichiometry of combustion of an alternative fuel - a mixture of gasoline and ethanol. The economic and environmental conditions that initiated the production of this type of fuel were taken into account, the fuel mixtures were divided according to the content of fuel and oxidants in the combustion chamber. Attention is drawn to the determination of the stoichiometric mixture, as well as to the lambda coefficient (λ), which helps to determine the type of mixture. The properties of gasoline (in the form of iso-octane) and ethanol are described in separate sections and each is compared. One chapter is devoted to the description of the E85 mixture used in Flexi Fuel Vehicles engines, the requirements for this fuel are determined by the Minister of Economy on the requirements for the quality of biofuels, and attention is also paid to the effect of the mixture on the operation of the engine and the content of chemical compounds in the exhaust using E85 biofuel. It has been established that ethanol fuel (in particular E100) is undoubtedly a step forward in terms of ecology, transport economics and the development of alternative fuels. However, its physicochemical properties cause many problems in engine operation. Despite the improvement in the net power generated by the engine, it should be remembered that for the current mechanical parts and their materials, this is a “problem” mixture that requires frequent and accurate diagnostics and calibration. KEY WORDS: STOICHIOMETRIC MIXTURE, COMBUSTION, MIXTURE OF GASOLINE AND ETHANOL, ALTERNATIVE FUEL, IMPROVEMENT OF THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES OF THE ENGINE.
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Islam, Md Saiful, Sinin Hamdan, Md Rezaur Rahman, I. Jusoh, Abu Saleh Ahmed, and Mun'aim Idrus. "Dynamic Young’s modulus, morphological, and thermal stability of 5 tropical light hardwoods modified by benzene diazonium salt treatment." BioResources 6, no. 1 (January 18, 2011): 737–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.1.737-750.
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In this study the tropical light hardwood species jelutong (Dyera costulata), terbulan(Endospermum diadenum), batai (Paraserianthes moluccana), rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis), and pulai (Alstonia pneumatophora) were treated with benzene diazonium salt to improve their dynamic Young’s modulus (Ed), and thermal stability. Benzine diazonium salt reacted with cellulose in wood and produced 2,6-diazocellulose by a coupling reaction, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Values of Ed were calculated from the free-free flexural vibration method and found to increase on treatment. The morphological properties were studied by FTIR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and found to be changed. Thermal properties of treated wood samples were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The treated wood samples exhibited an increased thermal stability relative to the untreated wood samples; this increase may be related to the formation of 2, 6-diazo cellulose compound.
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Khlebnikova, Elena, Irena Dolganova, Elena Ivashkina, and Stanislav Koshkin. "Modeling of Benzene with Ethylene Alkylation." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 8, no. 1 (February 2017): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2017.8.1.631.
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ZHANGABAY, N., A. B. Utelbayeva, M. N. Yermakhanov, A. KIRGIZBAYEVA, and B. KHASSANKHODJAYEVA. "HYDROGENATION OF BENZENE IN BATCH REACTOR." Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan 73, no. 1 (March 14, 2021): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51580/2021-1/2710-1185.07.
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In this article is considered hydrogenation of benzene in liquid phase at presence rhodium support catalyst.where as carrieris usedpillar structural montmorillonite obtaining from bentonite clay..The degree of using an internal surface of porous system is depended.of the size particles.Increase the concentration of chromium above 20 mmole per gram of clay does not lead to the further growth of distance. It is probably connected by that in a solution there are not hydrolized forms of chromium chloride which do not influence formation pillar structures. Modifying montmorillonite minerals containing in bentonite clay gives to them heat resistance. The specific surface of samples(containing 15-30 mmole Cr3+) were defined after heat treatment at 180°C are 240-260 m2 /g and increasing the temperature up to 500-560°C decreases this value insignificant to 220-240 м2 /г, accordingly. Not modified bentonite clay lost their porosity at 140°C, and a specific surface made 20 m2 /g. Besides reaction of hydro-dehydrogenation of cyclic hydrocarbons a huge interest are represented in hydrogen technology. Everyone mole of benzene and its derivatives attaching of three and more quantities of hydrogen, and are unique objects at storages and transportation of hydrogen. Thereby, necessity to develop of catalysts of hydro-dehyrogenation also follows under rather soft conditions. developed rhodium support catalyst for hydrogenation of benzene and defined the factor of efficiency using the internal surface of porosity systems. Presence of water in hydrogenated system leads to phasic course of restoration of benzene on a surface of the catalyst with formation cyclohexane and cyclohexene. The received experimental results expand a circle of data in the field of hydrodearomatization motor fuels, especially transformations of aromatic hydrocarbons cycloalkans
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GRÉGROVÁ, Adéla, Helena ČÍŽKOVÁ, Aleš RAJCHL, Jitka ŠNEBERGROVÁ, and Michal VOLDŘICH. "Survey Results of Benzene Content in Soft Drinks." Kvasny Prumysl 60, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18832/kp2014002.
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Hidayat, Tri Rahayu, Ida Indrawati, and Tati Herlina. "Biodegradation Styrofoam by Soil Bacteria from Sarimukti Cipatat Bandung Final Disposal Site." Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi 13, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 218–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v13i2.14529.
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AbstrakStyrofoam digunakan sebagai kemasan makanan atau minuman, dibentuk oleh stiren dan benzena. Migrasi benzena dari bahan kemasan ke makanan dapat menyebabkan berbagai penyakit. Cara untuk mengurangi limbah styrofoam adalah dengan mencari bakteri yang dapat mendegradasi styrofoam secara alami. Sumber potensial untuk menemukan bakteri tersebut adalah di Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Sarimukti. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksplorasi yang dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Tahapan penelitian terdiri atas uji biodegradasi dengan metode Winogradsky Column, perhitungan persentase penurunan berat kering Styrofoam, analisis fisik dengan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), dan analisis perubahan gugus fungsi dengan FT-IR.Hasil penelitian ini ditemukan 4 spesies bakteri pendegradasi polistiren yaitu Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus cereus, dan Bacillus firmus. Persentase penurunan berat kering polistiren menunjukkan pada minggu kedelapan mencapai 18,23% dan analisis fisik dengan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) menunjukkan bahwa proses degradasi oleh bakteri tanah menghasilkan pembentukan pori-pori di permukaan Styrofoam. Analisis gugus fungsi menunjukkan bahwa gugus fungsi menjadi lebih sederhana setelah degradasi dengan munculnya gugus fungsi C-O pada bilangan gelombang 1.030,02 cm-1. Bakteri pendegradasi polistiren dari tempat pembuangan akhir Sarimukti ini dapat direkomendasikan sebagai metode yang ramah lingkungan untuk mengurangi limbah styrofoam.Abstract Styrofoam used as packaging food or drinks, that are formed on styrene and benzene. The migration of benzene from packaging materials to food can cause various diseases. The way to reduce styrofoam waste is to look for bacteria that can degrade styrofoam naturally. The most potent source of finding bacteria is in the Sarimukti Final Landfill. This research method uses exploratory methods that are analyzed descriptively qualitative. The stages of the study consisted of biodegradation testing using the Winogradsky method, calculation of the percentage of weight loss of Styrofoam, physical analysis with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and analysis of changes in functional groups with FTIR. The results of this study found 4 species of polystyrene degrading bacteria is Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus firmus. The percentage reduction in dry weight of polystyrene showed in the eighth week which reached 18.23% and physical analysis with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) indicates that the process of degradation by soil bacteria showed the formation of pores on the surface. Functional group analysis shows that functional groups become simpler after the degradation with the appearance of C-O functional groups at wave number 1,030.02 cm-1. These polystyrene degrading bacteria from Sarimukti landfills can be recommended as an environmentally friendly method for reducing styrofoam waste.
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Christiansi, Welldelin Yufuria. "Literature Review: Hubungan Pajanan Benzena, Usia, dan Masa Kerja dengan Kadar Trans, Trans – Muconic Acid (ttMA) Urin pada Pekerja Terpapar Benzena." Media Gizi Kesmas 11, no. 2 (November 23, 2022): 633–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mgk.v11i2.2022.633-642.
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Latar Belakang: Benzena adalah salah satu zat atau bahan kimia yang sering ditemukan dan digunakan di dalam bidang perindustrian, baik di dalam industri percetakan, pengeleman, obat-obatan, plastik, karet buatan, pewarna hingga bensin. Hal ini menyebabkan paparan benzena yang diterima manusia atau pekerja yang bekerja dekat dengan sumber benzena rentan menerima risiko atau gangguan kesehatan yang disebabkan oleh benzena. Salah satu metabolit yang dapat diukur sebagai tanda dari adanya paparan benzena di dalam tubuh adalah ttMA dalam urin.Tujuan: Studi literatur ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara pajanan benzena dengan kadar ttMA urin pada pekerja berdasarkan penelitian yang sudah dilakukan sebelumnya.Metode: Metode penelitian ini adalah literature review yang dimana digunakan untuk mengkaji, memahami, dan menafsirkan penelitian-penelitian yang ada yang sesuai dengan topik yang diambil dengan bersumber dari artikel yang diterbitkan dalam kurun waktu 5 tahun.Hasil: Hasil dari literature review menunjukkan bahwa hampir seluruh penelitian (75%) yang dirangkum menyatakan adanya hubungan antara pajanan benzena dengan kadar ttMA urin. Sedangkan variabel seperti usia dan masa kerja mayoritas (>50%) tidak berhubungan dengan kadar ttMA urin.Kesimpulan: Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini yang dapat diambil adalah pajanan benzena berhubungan dengan kadar ttMA urin seseorang atau pekerja yang bekerja dekat atau sering terpapar dengan benzena di lingkungan kerjanya. Sedangkan variabel lain seperti usia dan masa kerja tidak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan.Kata kunci: pajanan benzena, usia, masa kerja, kadar ttMA urin
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Bajusová, Ivica, Peter Kolarčik, Michal Ihnatko, Tatiana Kimáková, and Ľubomír Legáth. "Comparison of the Excretion Rate of Selected Biomarkers of Benzene Exposure." Hygiena 58, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21101/hygiena.a0967.
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Musthari, Musthari, Eka Roina Megawati, and Putri Eyanoer. "KORELASI PAPARAN BENZENA MELALUI PENGUKURAN KADAR TRANS-TRANS MUCONIC ACID (ttMA) DENGAN KADAR ENZIM TRANSAMINASE DAN TOTAL PROTEIN PADA PEKERJA SPBU PERTAMINA KOTA MEDAN." JURNAL BIOSAINS 2, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jbio.v2i3.5826.
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Sejak ditemukan bukti gangguan kesehatan akibat paparan benzena, maka benzena merupakan salah satu bahan kimia yang paling berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia. Perkembangan industri migas di Indonesia tidak lepas keterkaitannya dari penggunaan beraneka ragam bahan kimia. Bensin merupakan salah satu produk migas yang mengandung senyawa benzena (C6H6) yang berfungsi untuk meningkatkan nilai oktan. Dampak paparan benzena secara akut berupa gangguan pada sistem saraf, kurangnya suplai oksigen ke otak, kebingungan, denyut jantung cepat, sakit kepala, tremor, dan pingsan. Paparan benzena secara kronis menyebabkan penurunan produksi sel-sel darah di sumsum tulang. Paparan benzena dapat menyebabkan kerusakan hati karena hati merupakan organ utama untuk biotransformasi berbagai zat kimia yang masuk ke dalam tubuh dan juga merupakan organ utama dalam metabolism toksin dan obat. trans, trans-Muconic Acid (t,t-MA) merupakan metabolit benzena yang dapat digunakan sebagai indikator yang lebih sensitif dan spesifik untuk biomonitoring biologi, terutama untuk paparan benzena dengan konsentrasi rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat korelasi paparan benzena melalui pengukuran kadar t,t-MA dengan kadar enzim transaminase dan total protein pada pekerja SPBU Pertamina kota Medan. Penelitian ini merupakan suatu penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan desain cross sectional study. Subjek penelitian ini adalah karyawan Stasiun Pengisian Bahan Bakar Umum (SPBU) PT. Pertamina Medan (n = 43) dengan masa kerja ≥ 6 bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 9 dari 43 subjek memiliki kadar t,t-MA lebih dari 500 µg/g creatinin. Korelasi kadar t,t-MA dengan kadar enzim ALT, AST dan Total Protein tidak signifikan (p>0,05), berkorelasi negatif dengan semua parameter yaitu ALT (r = -0,030), AST (r = -0,046), Total Protein (r = -0,147). Perbedaan rata-rata kadar t,t-MA pada masa kerja ≤ 1 tahun dan masa kerja > 1 tahun tidak signifikan p = 0,054. Perbedaan rata-rata kadar t,t-MA pada subjek yang merokok dan tidak merokok tidak signifikan p = 0,559. Kata Kunci : Benzena ,trans,trans-Muconic Acid, (t,t-MA) ALT, AST, Total Protein
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Lee, Song-Woo, Sang-Kyu Kam, and Min-Gyu Lee. "Comparison of Surface Characteristics and Adsorption Rate of Benzene Vapor According to Modifications of Activated Carbon." Journal of Environmental Science International 17, no. 8 (August 30, 2008): 919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5322/jes.2008.17.8.919.
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Park, Hoey Kyung, Dong Sun Kim, and JungHo Cho. "Simulation and Optimization Study on the Pressure-Swing Distillation of Ethanol-Benzene Azeotrope." Korean Chemical Engineering Research 53, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2015.53.4.450.
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Carrera Díaz, Manuel. "Ver otros mundos: de Marco Polo a Benzoni." Philologia Hispalensis 2, no. 4 (1989): 697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/ph.1989.v04.i02.19.
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Kiswandono, Agung Abadi, Sonny Widiarto, Dessy Tiara Elvia Nita Sari, R. Supriyanto, Hardoko Insan Qudus, Rinawati Rinawati, Anisa Rahmawati, and Wahyu Devariani. "Kompetisi Fenol pada Limbah Buatan Menggunakan Kopoli-Eugenol Divinil Benzena 10% sebagai Senyawa Pembawa." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 18, no. 1 (December 3, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.18.1.45356.1-9.
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<p>Salah satu komponen yang bertanggung jawab terhadap pemisahan pada metode <em>Polymer Inclusion Membrane</em> (PIM) adalah senyawa pembawa. Senyawa pembawa pada pemisahan fenol sangat diperlukan dalam rangka ikut menyelamatkan lingkungan perairan. Penelitian ini menyintesis senyawa pembawa, yaitu kopoli-eugenol divinil benzena (co-EDVB) 10%. Senyawa ini merupakan hasil sintesis antara eugenol dan divinil benzena dengan teknik polimerisasi menggunakan katalis triflourodietil eter (BF<sub>3</sub>O(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>). Senyawa pembawa selanjutnya dipakai sebagai salah satu komponen pembentuk membran PIM. Membran PIM yang terbentuk kemudian diaplikasikan untuk uji pemisahan fenol pada limbah buatan, yaitu limbah yang dibuat dengan mencampurkan fenol, logam Pb(II) dan Cu(II). Senyawa hasil sintesis dikarakterisasi menggunakan <em>Fourier Transform Infrared</em> (FTIR), sedangkan membran PIM sebelum dan setelah transpor fenol dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR dan <em>Scanning Electron Microscope</em> (SEM). Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa senyawa co-EDVB 10% telah berhasil disintesis, ditandai dengan hilangnya serapan spektra IR gugus vinil pada bilangan gelombang 995,27 cm<sup>-1</sup> dan serapan gugus alil pada bilangan gelombang 1636,5 cm<sup>-1</sup>. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa transpor fenol menggunakan membran PIM dipengaruhi oleh kehadiran logam berat. Persentase transpor fenol pada kontrol didapatkan sebesar 48,8%, sedangkan pada limbah buatan didapatkan 27,25%. </p><p><strong>Competition of Phenol in Artificial Waste using Copoly-Eugenol Divinyl Benzene 10% as Carrier Compound. </strong>One of the components responsible for the separation in the Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM) method is a carrier compound. Carrier compounds in the separation of phenol are very necessary in order to save the aquatic environment. This study synthesized a carrier compound namely copoly-eugenol divinyl benzene (co-EDVB) 10%. This compound was synthesized between eugenol and benzene divinyl with polymerization techniques using the catalyst triflourodietil ether (BF<sub>3</sub>O(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>). Furthermore, the carrier compound was used as one of the components of PIM membrane formation. The formed PIM was is applied to test the separation of phenols in artificial waste made by mixing phenols, metal Pb(II), and Cu(II). The synthesized compounds were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), whereas PIM membranes before and after phenol transport were characterised using FTIR and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results show that the co-EDVB10% compound was successfully synthesized indicated by the loss of the IR absorption spectra of the vinyl group at a wavenumber of 995.27 cm<sup>-1</sup> and the absorption of the allyl group at a wavenumber of 1636.5 cm<sup>-1</sup>. Moreover, the results show that phenol transport using PIM membranes was influenced by the presence of heavy metals. The percentage of phenol transport in the control was 48.8%, while in the artificial waste was 27.25%.</p>
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Nina Notman, special to C&EN. "E. Peter Benzing." C&EN Global Enterprise 100, no. 27 (August 8, 2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-10027-obits2.
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Özer, Salih. "THE EFFECT AF GASOLINE/ALCOHOL MIXTURES AS A FUEL ON NOISE AND VIBRATION IN A TWO-STROKE ENGINE." E-journal of New World Sciences Academy 15, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12739/nwsa.2020.15.2.1a0455.
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Nozari, Mohammad, Jerry P. Jasinski, Manpreet Kaur, Anthony W. Addison, Ahmad Arabi Shamsabadi, and Masoud Soroush. "Crystal structure of 5,7,12,14-tetrahydro-5,14:7,12-bis([1,2]benzeno)pentacene-6,13-dione." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 72, no. 12 (November 4, 2016): 1734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989016017461.
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The lattice of 5,7,12,14-tetrahydro-5,14:7,12-bis([1,2]benzeno)pentacene-6,13-dione, C34H20O2, at 173 K has triclinic (P-1) symmetry and crystallizes with four independent half-molecules in the asymmetric unit. Each molecule is generated from a C17H10O substructure through an inversion center at the centroid of the central quinone ring, generating a wide H-shaped molecule, with a dihedral angle between the mean planes of the terminal benzene rings in each of the two symmetry-related pairs over the four molecules of 68.6 (1) (A), 65.5 (4) (B), 62.3 (9) (C), and 65.8 (8)° (D), an average of 65.6 (1)°. This compound has applications in gas-separation membranes constructed from polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM). The title compound is a product of a double Diels–Alder reaction between anthracene andp-benzoquinone followed by dehydrogenation. It has also been characterized by cyclic voltammetry and rotating disc electrode polarography, FT–IR, high resolution mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and1H NMR.
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Suleymanova, R. H., N. А. Zeynalov, L. N. Qulubayova, А. R. Guliyeva, U. A. Mammadova, and E. H. Babayev. "METAL-POLYMER CATALYSTS IN THE REACTION OF BENZENE HYDROGENATION." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 3 (September 22, 2022): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2022-3-93-98.
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Metal-polymer catalysts in the reaction of hydrogenation of benzene have been studied. Salts of nickel, palladium, and H2PtCl6·6H2O were used as metals, which were deposited on polymer carriers, in particular, on polyethylenepolyamine, poly-2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine, styrene copolymer with maleic anhyd¬ride, and poly-4-vinylpyridine. A number of polymer complexes were also synthesized, tuned to benzene hydrogenation products and cross-linked with N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, a crosslinking agent. The temperature of the hydrogenation reaction was controlled within 20–600C. Hydrogenation was carried out in an autoclave. It has been established that complexes based on platinum and poly-4-vinylpyridine lead to a high yield of the product of incomplete hydrogenation of benzene, cyclohexene. Also, it has been established that the Pt-poly-2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine complex tuned to benzene and cyclohexene exhibits a higher catalytic activity
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Lazarević, Konstansa. "Benzene in food and risk for health." Zdravstvena zastita 42, no. 6 (2013): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zz1306014l.
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Otto, Thomas N., Michael Zimmermann, Eckhard Dinjus, and Christina Ceccarelli. "Benzin aus Ether." Nachrichten aus der Chemie 61, no. 4 (April 2013): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nadc.201390115.
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Drastyana, Serlly Frida. "Perbedaan Konsentrasi Serum Imunoglobulin G Antara Petugas Administrasi Dan Petugas Operator Spbu Di Surabaya." Jurnal Manajemen Kesehatan Yayasan RS.Dr. Soetomo 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29241/jmk.v2i1.49.
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ABSTRAKSalah satu zat yang terkandung dalam produk SPBU adalah benzena. Pada paparan kronik benzena menunjukkan efek pada imunitas selular dan humoral. Salah satu efek imunitas adalah efek pada IgG. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis perbedaan Konsentrasi IgG Serum Antara Petugas Administrasi dan Petugas Operator SPBU di Surabaya. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan observasional analitik dengan studi cros sectional. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada 3 SPBU di Surabaya. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret sampai Juli 2014. Populasi penelitian ini adalah semua petugas administrasi dan petugas operator di SPBU Surabaya. Sampel penelitian adalah masing-masing 11 orang petugas operator dan petugas administrasi SPBU di Surabaya dengan menggunakan teknik simple random sampling. Analisis data menggunakan uji t sampel bebas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar benzena di ruang administrasi tidak melebihi ambang batas sedangkan kadar benzena di tempat operator melebihi ambang batas. Konsentrasi IgG serum dipengaruhi oleh umur (p=0,005) dan masa kerja (p=0,037). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan konsentrasi IgG pada petugas operator dan petugas administrasi SPBU di Surabaya (p = 0,001). Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah ada perbedaan konsentrasi IgG pada petugas operator dan petugas administrasi SPBU di Surabaya. Monitoring benzena dan konsentrasi IgG diperlukan secara periodik di SPBU Surabaya. Penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri untuk pekerja SPBU yang meliputi masker gas, sarung tangan, sepatu, dan baju khusus.
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Baum, Jeremy, Leonor Cruzeiro-Hansson, and John Finney. "Electron-Benzene and Benzene-Benzene Potentials for Simulation of an Excess Electron in Liquid Benzene." Physica Scripta T33 (January 1, 1990): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1990/t33/011.
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pandey, Arunendra kumar. "QSPR Study on Benzene Disulfonamides with log IC50 (CAI) Inhibitory Activities." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2011): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/feb2013/6.
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Bausà, Roser, Lydia Navarro, and Imma Cortès-Franch. "Myelofibrosis in a benzene-exposed cleaning worker." Archivos de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales 20, no. 3 (July 1, 2017): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12961/aprl.2017.20.03.3.
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pandey, Arunendra kumar. "QSPR study on benzene disulfonamides with log IC50 (CAII) inhibitory activities." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 2, no. 1 (January 15, 2012): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/jan2013/52.
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Kim, Namhyung, Junwhan Ahn, Kiyoung Choi, Daniel Sanchez, Donghoon Yoo, and Soojung Ryu. "Benzene." ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization 15, no. 1 (April 2, 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3177963.
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Young, Jay A. "Benzene." Journal of Chemical Education 82, no. 12 (December 2005): 1769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed082p1769.
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Luttrell, William E., and Nicholas L. Conley. "Benzene." Journal of Chemical Health and Safety 18, no. 4 (July 2011): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchas.2011.05.005.
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Zhang, Tian, Pier-Luc Tremblay, Akhilesh Kumar Chaurasia, Jessica A. Smith, Timothy S. Bain, and Derek R. Lovley. "Anaerobic Benzene Oxidation via Phenol in Geobacter metallireducens." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 24 (October 4, 2013): 7800–7806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03134-13.
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ABSTRACTAnaerobic activation of benzene is expected to represent a novel biochemistry of environmental significance. Therefore, benzene metabolism was investigated inGeobacter metallireducens, the only genetically tractable organism known to anaerobically degrade benzene. Trace amounts (<0.5 μM) of phenol accumulated in cultures ofGeobacter metallireducensanaerobically oxidizing benzene to carbon dioxide with the reduction of Fe(III). Phenol was not detected in cell-free controls or in Fe(II)- and benzene-containing cultures ofGeobacter sulfurreducens, aGeobacterspecies that cannot metabolize benzene. The phenol produced inG. metallireducenscultures was labeled with18O during growth in H218O, as expected for anaerobic conversion of benzene to phenol. Analysis of whole-genome gene expression patterns indicated that genes for phenol metabolism were upregulated during growth on benzene but that genes for benzoate or toluene metabolism were not, further suggesting that phenol was an intermediate in benzene metabolism. Deletion of the genes for PpsA or PpcB, subunits of two enzymes specifically required for the metabolism of phenol, removed the capacity for benzene metabolism. These results demonstrate that benzene hydroxylation to phenol is an alternative to carboxylation for anaerobic benzene activation and suggest that this may be an important metabolic route for benzene removal in petroleum-contaminated groundwaters, in whichGeobacterspecies are considered to play an important role in anaerobic benzene degradation.