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Journal articles on the topic 'Benzodiazepine abuse'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 March 2023

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1

Cook, B., L. Chavez, R. Carmona, and M. Alegria. "Assessing Comorbidities and service use among patients with benzodiazepine abuse." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (2016): S294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1003.

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Prior studies have identified that individuals with comorbid substance use disorder and mental health disorder are at a greater risk of benzodiazepine abuse compared to individuals that present with mental health disorder without an accompanying substance use disorder. These studies were conducted in predominantly white populations, and little is known if the same associations are seen in safety net health care networks. Also, the literature is mixed as to whether or not psychiatrists’ prescription of benzodiazepines places individuals at undue risk of benzodiazepine abuse.We use 2013–2015 ele

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2

Warner, A. "Interference of common household chemicals in immunoassay methods for drugs of abuse." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 4 (1989): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.4.648.

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Abstract I report how some adulterants affect results for drugs of abuse in urine as measured by Roche RIA, Syva emit d.a.u., and Abbott TDx fpia (fluorescence polarization immunoassay) for the following drugs: amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, cocaine, opiates, and phencyclidine (PCP). Sodium chloride interfered negatively with all of these drugs when assayed by emit and caused a slight decrease in measured benzodiazepine concentration by fpia. Drug concentrations were also decreased by added H2O2 (emit: benzodiazepine), Joy detergent (emit: cannabinoid, benzodiazepin

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3

Haeger, Bisa. "Benzodiazepine addiction and child sexual abuse." Psychiatric Bulletin 13, no. 10 (1989): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.13.10.547.

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There is now an extensive literature on benzodiazepines (over 18,400 publications since 1966), particularly regarding their addictive potential (Feely, 1988). The importance of this finding lies in prescribing as well as in the treatment of existing addiction. However, psychological factors are also important in the maintenance of addictive behaviour and one should not assume that all are recognised. For example, it is known that drugs are used to reward children employed by the pornographic industry and that sexually abused children can develop drug addiction (Burgess et al., 1984). There are

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&NA;. "Benzodiazepine abuse." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 352 (1991): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199103520-00012.

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5

Robertson, J. Roy, and Wilfrid Treasure. "Benzodiazepine Abuse." CNS Drugs 5, no. 2 (1996): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00023210-199605020-00005.

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6

Ross, Helen. "Benzodiazepine Abuse." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 38, no. 1 (1993): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379303800129.

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7

Majumder, Udayan, Rajesh Das, and Rajkumar Lenin Singh. "Zolpidem dependence with frontal lobe syndrome: a case report." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 12 (2017): 2936. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20175222.

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Zolpidem is a non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotic that binds to the benzodiazepine binding site on the gammaaminobutyric acid type A (GABA-A) receptors. It is the most commonly prescribed sleep medication which has been shown to be effective for treating insomnia on a short-term basis with fewer side effects than traditional benzodiazepines, which are feared for their abuse and dependence potential. Many studies have reported efficacy and safety of zolpidem in treatment of insomnia keeping in mind about its low abuse, and dependence capability. We present a case of zolpidem dependence in a 36

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8

Tan, Zhouhong, Yunbo Wen, Kai Yang, Xia Zhao, Xiaoli Yang, and Jieli He. "Development and validation of the UPLC-MS method for simultaneous determination of six new psychoactive substances." RSC Advances 12, no. 41 (2022): 26704–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra04869h.

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The combined abuse of benzodiazepines and antipsychotics has become a global problem, and to develop a highly sensitive and selective method for monitoring of benzodiazepine hypnotics and antipsychotics is urgently necessary.

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9

Schmitz, Allison. "Benzodiazepine use, misuse, and abuse: A review." Mental Health Clinician 6, no. 3 (2016): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2016.05.120.

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Abstract Benzodiazepine (BZD) abuse has reached epidemic levels and results in poor outcomes, particularly when combined with concomitant central nervous system depressants. BZDs are abused most commonly in combination with opioids and alcohol. Emergency department visits and related deaths have soared in recent years. In the absence of other medications or illicit substances, BZDs are rarely the sole cause of death. Prescription drug abuse has received more attention in recent years, yet much remains unknown about BZD abuse. BZDs have low abuse potential in most of the general population. A s

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10

DuPont, Robert L., and Keith E. Saylor. "Depressant Substances in Adolescent Medicine." Pediatrics In Review 13, no. 10 (1992): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.13.10.381.

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The benzodiazepines have replaced widespread use of barbiturates and other sedatives. They are effective, safe medicines used to treat a variety of disorders associated with excessive CNS excitability. Although many physicians avoid prescribing benzodiazepines to adolescents, there is little evidence to support this practice. Unless an adolescent has a history of substance abuse/dependence and suicidal ideation, the benzodiazepines are safe. Benzodiazepine toxicity rarely occurs unless another CNS depressant, especially alcohol, is used concurrently.

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11

Hashmi, Ali M., Jin Y. Han, Lindsay French-Rosas, Qammar Jabbar, Burhan Ahmed Khan, and Asim A. Shah. "Benzodiazepine Use and Abuse." Psychiatric Annals 48, no. 8 (2018): 360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20180718-02.

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12

&NA;. "Injected benzodiazepine abuse assessed." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 936 (1994): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199409360-00052.

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13

Menuck, M. "Increase in Benzodiazepine Abuse." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 36, no. 10 (1991): 764–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379103601022.

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14

&NA;. "Injected benzodiazepine abuse assessed." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 500 (1994): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199405000-00003.

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15

S, Bittmann, Villalon G, Weissenstein A, and Luchter E. "Benzodiazepine Intoxication in a Neonate by Maternal Use in Pregnancy." Journal of Clinical Cases & Reports 2, no. 4 (2019): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46619/joccr.2019.2-1050.

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The abuse of benzodiazepines by pregnant women can cause intoxication in the neonate. Benzodiazepines can diffuse readily across the placenta to the fetus because of their high lipid solubility. After the sixth month of pregnancy, the loss of the cytotrophoblasts from the placenta further facilitates the transport of benzodiazepines across the placenta. They may persist for at least a week in pharmacologically active concentrations after administration of high dosages to the mother. We report about a floppy, drowsy and pulmonary impaired newborn delivered in the 36th week of gestation. The mot

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16

Raut, Binod, Anjan Khadka, Pradeep Manandhar, and Kamal Kandel. "Study of association between characteristics of patient and likelihood of benzodiazepine use in psychiatry outpatient department at tertiary care hospital of Kathmandu." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 7, no. 3 (2017): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v7i3.23689.

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Introduction: Benzodiazepines exert their pharmacological properties as hypnotics, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants. Benzodiazepines are clinically effective for a number of indication including the reduction of anxiety, the induction and maintenance of sleep, muscle relaxation. They have a range of well documented adverse effects that may outweigh the benefits in certain patient population including psychomotor impairment, development of tolerance and dependence, potential for abuse.  Methods: It is a hospital based prospective cross-sectional study conducted in a psych

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17

Garretty, Deborah J., Kim Wolff, Alastair W. M. Hay, and Duncan Raistrick. "Benzodiazepine Misuse by Drug Addicts." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 34, no. 1 (1997): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456329703400110.

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Using a high-performance liquid chromatography method, we measured seven commonly prescribed benzodiazepines (chlordiazepoxide, nitrazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, lorazepam, temazepam and diazepam) in 100 urine samples obtained from patients attending the Leeds Addiction Unit. All of the urines selected for investigation were positive for benzodiazepines using an EMIT (Enzyme Immunoassay) screen. Forty-four of the urines contained a range of benzodiazepines, none of which had been prescribed. Nitrazepam was detected most frequently (61 urine samples), but had not been prescribed to any of the

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18

Bobes, J., G. Rubio, A. Terán, et al. "Pregabalin for the discontinuation of long-term benzodiazepines use: An assessment of its effectiveness in daily clinical practice." European Psychiatry 27, no. 4 (2012): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.12.004.

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AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of pregabalin in the management of the discontinuation of benzodiazepines in long-term users.Subjects and methodsWe performed a 12-week, prospective, uncontrolled, non-interventional, and observational study in patients aged 18 years old or above, who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for benzodiazepine dependence without other major psychiatry disorder. Evaluations included the Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Symptom Questionnaire, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, the Clinical Global Impression Scale, and the Sheehan Disability Scale. A urine dru

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19

&NA;. "Multiple drug abuse + benzodiazepine withdrawal." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1205 (2008): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200812050-00059.

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20

Rodos, Jerry. "Education-not legislationresolves benzodiazepine abuse." Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 90, no. 1 (1990): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jom-1990-900107.

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21

Sarkar, Siddharth, and Shalini Singh. "Benzodiazepine abuse among the elderly." Journal of Geriatric Mental Health 3, no. 2 (2016): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2348-9995.195605.

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22

Rummans, Teresa A. "Benzodiazepine Dependence, Toxicity, and Abuse." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 65, no. 11 (1990): 1519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-6196(12)62180-6.

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23

King, Steven A. "Benzodiazepine dependence, toxicity, and abuse." Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 7, no. 5 (1992): 324–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0885-3924(92)90069-t.

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24

Teuber, L., F. Watjen, and L. H. Jensen. "Ligands for the Benzodiazepine Binding Site - a Survey." Current Pharmaceutical Design 5, no. 5 (1999): 317–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161280505230110100242.

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Abstract: y-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian Central Nervous System (CNS). GABA participates in the 1·egulation of neuronal excitability through interaction with specific membrane proteins (the GABAA receptors). The binding of GABA to these postsynaptic receptors, results in an opening of a chloride channel integrated in the receptor which allows the entry of c1- and consequently leads to hyperpolarization of the recipient cell. The action of GABA is allosterically modulated by a wide variety of chemical entities which interact with distinct bi

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25

Bennett, Carrie. "Benzodiazepine hypnotics — their use and abuse." Elderly Care 7, no. 6 (1995): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/eldc.7.6.8.s15.

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26

BUSTO, USOA, EDWARD M. SELLERS, CLAUDIO A. NARANJO, HOWARD D. CAPPELL, MARTHA SANCHEZ-CRAIG, and JAN SIMPKINS. "Patterns of Benzodiazepine Abuse and Dependence." Addiction 81, no. 1 (1986): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1986.tb00299.x.

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27

Lader, Malcolm. "Benzodiazepine Abuse and Dependence: An Overview." Clinical Neuropharmacology 8 (1985): S123—S125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-198508001-00016.

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28

Balon, Richard. "Benzodiazepine Abuse in Attention-Deficit Disorder?" Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 39, no. 3 (2019): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0000000000001043.

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29

Reynolds, Madison, Gordian Fulde, and Trish Hendry. "Trends in benzodiazepine abuse: 2007-2011." Emergency Medicine Australasia 25, no. 2 (2013): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.12035.

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30

Franzini, Roberta, Alessia Rosetti, and Claudio Villani. "Low Temperature Dynamic Chromatography for the Separation of the Interconverting Conformational Enantiomers of the Benzodiazepines Clonazolam, Flubromazolam, Diclazepam and Flurazepam." Symmetry 13, no. 6 (2021): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13061012.

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Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are an important class of psychoactive drugs with hypnotic-sedative, myorelaxant, anxiolytic and anticonvulsant properties due to interaction with the GABAa receptor in the central nervous system of mammals. BZDs are interesting both in clinical and forensic toxicology for their pharmacological characteristics and potential of abuse. The presence of a non-planar diazepine ring generates chiral conformational stereoisomers, even in the absence of stereogenic centers. A conformational enrichment of BZD at the binding sites has been reported in the literature, thus making i

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31

Melanson, Stacy. "KIMS, CEDIA, and HS-CEDIA Immunoassays Are Inadequately Sensitive for Detection of Benzodiazepines in Urine from Patients Treated for Chronic Pain." Pain Physician 4;17, no. 4;7 (2014): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2014/17/259.

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Background: Patients treated for chronic pain may frequently undergo urine drug testing to monitor medication compliance and detect undisclosed prescribed or illicit drug use. Due to the increasing use and abuse of benzodiazepines, this class of medications is often included in drug screening panels. However, immunoassay-based methods lack the requisite sensitivity for detecting benzodiazepine use in this population primarily due to their poor cross-reactivity with several major urinary benzodiazepine metabolites. A High Sensitivity Cloned Enzyme Donor Immunoassay (HS-CEDIA), in which betagluc

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32

Fernandes, Milene, Inês Neves, Joana Oliveira, et al. "Discontinuation of chronic benzodiazepine use in primary care: a nonrandomized intervention." Family Practice 39, no. 2 (2021): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmab143.

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Abstract Background Chronic benzodiazepine use is a challenge in primary care practice. Protocols to support safe discontinuation are still needed, especially in countries with high utilization rates. Objectives To evaluate the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of a benzodiazepine discontinuation protocol in primary care setting. Methods Nonrandomized, single-arm interventional study, at primary care units. Family physicians (FPs) recruited patients (18–85 years-old) with benzodiazepine dependence and chronic daily use ≥3 months. Patients with daily dosages ≥30 mg diazepam-equivalent, tak

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33

Fluyau, Dimy, Neelambika Revadigar, and Brittany E. Manobianco. "Challenges of the pharmacological management of benzodiazepine withdrawal, dependence, and discontinuation." Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 8, no. 5 (2018): 147–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045125317753340.

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Background: Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are among the most prescribed sedative hypnotics and among the most misused and abused medications by patients, in parallel with opioids. It is estimated that more than 100 million Benzodiazepine (BZD) prescriptions were written in the United States in 2009. While medically useful, BZDs are potentially dangerous. The co-occurring abuse of opioids and BZD, as well as increases in BZD abuse, tolerance, dependence, and short- and long-term side effects, have prompted a worldwide discussion about the challenging aspects of medically managing the discontinuation o

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34

Wolf, B., R. Grohmann, D. Biber, P. Brenner, and E. Rüther. "Benzodiazepine Abuse and Dependence in Psychiatric Inpatients." Pharmacopsychiatry 22, no. 02 (1989): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1014578.

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35

Senninger, J. L., and A. Senninger. "Crime and Benzodiazepine Use, Abuse and Dependence." European Psychiatry 30 (March 2015): 1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(15)32043-5.

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36

Deshpande, S. N., and R. S. Nagpal. "Benzodiazepine abuse among female outpatients in India." Addictive Behaviors 18, no. 5 (1993): 595–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(93)90075-k.

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37

Commissaris, Randall L. "Benzodiazepine Use and Abuse: A Clinical Update." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 37, no. 9 (1992): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/032608.

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38

Basith, Mohammed, Andrew Francis, and Alfredo Bellon. "Reversible Thrombocytopenia after Gabapentin in an HIV-Positive Patient." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2018 (2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5927065.

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Gabapentin has become increasingly used in psychiatric practice specifically for anxiety disorders. Even though gabapentin is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat anxiety, physicians sometimes use it as an alternative to benzodiazepines in patients with a history of substance abuse. Gabapentin is also prescribed when individuals are at risk of thrombocytopenia which is not considered a side effect. Among patients at risk of thrombocytopenia are those positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Here we present a case of an HIV-positive man who presented for inpatien

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39

Rosenberg, Jennifer M., and Carl Salzman. "Update: New Uses for Lithium and Anticonvulsants." CNS Spectrums 12, no. 11 (2007): 831–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900015571.

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ABSTRACTAnticonvulsants are being used clinically as monotherapy and adjuncts in mental illnesses other than affective disorders. This review focuses on the literature for anticonvulsants and lithium in substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia. Given the abuse potential and other difficulties with prescribing benzodiazepines for alcohol and benzodiazepine withdrawal, anticonvulsants have been considered as an alternative. Promising therapeutic effects have been demonstrated in many of the anxiety disorders, with the greatest number of trials and positive results in posttra

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40

Weizman, Tal, Marc Gelkopf, Yuval Melamed, Miriam Adelson, and Avraham Bleich. "Treatment of Benzodiazepine Dependence in Methadone Maintenance Treatment Patients: A Comparison of Two Therapeutic Modalities and the Role of Psychiatric Comorbidity." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 4 (2003): 458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01211.x.

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Objective: Therapeutic approaches for benzodiazepine (BZD) dependence in patients in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) have met with limited success. Clonazepam detoxification (CDTX) and clonazepam maintenance treatment (CMT) were compared in an open, clinical naturalistic study on such patients. Methods: Benzodiazepine dependent patients substituted their BZD of abuse for clonazepam and were then either detoxified (CDTX) or a maintenance dose was reached and maintained (CMT). Patients were considered as failing the trial if they either abused BZDs (CDTX group) or abused BZDs over the main

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41

Jufas, N. E., and R. Wood. "The use of benzodiazepines for tinnitus: systematic review." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 129, S3 (2015): S14—S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215115000808.

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AbstractObjectives:To investigate the effectiveness of benzodiazepine use for subjective tinnitus and to consider this in the context of the concomitant side effects.Methods:A systematic search of several databases using the terms ‘tinnitus’ and ‘benzodiazepines’ was conducted to find clinical trials of benzodiazepines and comparators in tinnitus patients. These studies were then assessed for risk of bias.Results:Six clinical trials were included. Clonazepam was found to be effective in three studies, but these studies had limitations regarding adequate blinding. The effectiveness of alprazola

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GIANNINI, A. JAMES, CYNTHIA SENG, and WILLIAM A. PRICE. "Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome Associated with Chronic Benzodiazepine Abuse." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 5, no. 3 (1985): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-198506000-00026.

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43

Bender, Eve. "Federal Health Officials Troubled by Benzodiazepine-Abuse Data." Psychiatric News 46, no. 14 (2011): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.46.14.psychnews_46_14_13_2.

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Lugoboni, Fabio, and Laura Morbioli. "Benzodiazepine Abuse in the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 38, no. 4 (2018): 402–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0000000000000903.

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45

Albiero, Anna, Francesco Brigo, Marco Faccini, et al. "Focal nonconvulsive seizures during detoxification for benzodiazepine abuse." Epilepsy & Behavior 23, no. 2 (2012): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.11.005.

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46

Manconi, Mauro, Raffaele Ferri, Silvia Miano, et al. "Sleep architecture in insomniacs with severe benzodiazepine abuse." Clinical Neurophysiology 128, no. 6 (2017): 875–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.03.009.

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47

O'Shea, Brian. "Alprazolam: just another benzodiazepine?" Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 6, no. 2 (1989): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700015378.

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AbstractThe literature on alprazolam is reviewed. It is concluded that it is an effective anxiolytic but that it is not an antidepressant. When used in sufficiently high dosage it can block panic attacks, but it is not the only antipanic agent available. It may be used as an alternative to other benzodiazepines in the acute detoxification of alcoholics. It should be avoided where there is strong individual likelihood of abuse. Chronic usage (more than a few weeks) demands a very slow tapering of dosage. Carbamazepine may ameliorate withdrawal symptoms. The use of alprazolam in other conditions

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48

Fatima, Safia, Ayesha Hafeez, and Muhammad Aamir. "The Spectrum of Toxicological Analysis in a Tertiary Care Setting-Pakistan." Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal 72, no. 4 (2022): 1172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v72i4.2918.

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Objective: To determine the frequency of opiate, cannabinoid, amphetamine, benzodiazepine, barbiturate, organophosphate, alcohol and related drugs of abuse poisonings in the tertiary care setting. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Toxicology & Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, from Apr 2014 to Mar 2019. Methodology: Random sampling was done, and specimens of blood in an EDTA bottle, urine in a plain container and gastric lavage in a syringe were collected for drugs of abuse (Opiate,

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Smith, David E., and Mim J. Landry. "Benzodiazepine dependency discontinuation: Focus on the chemical dependency detoxification setting and benzodiazepine-polydrug abuse." Journal of Psychiatric Research 24 (January 1990): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(90)90046-s.

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50

Peles, E., A. Sason, E. Malik, S. Schreiber, and M. Adelson. "Characteristics and outcome of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients with depression." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (2016): S311—S312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1065.

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IntroductionComorbidity of depression and opioid addiction is highly prevalent, but their outcome in MMT is not consistent.ObjectivesTo compare between depressed and non-depressed MMT patients.MethodsHamilton depression scale scores (taken during a psychiatric assessment) were studied among MMT patients on admission or during treatment (cutoff for depression > 18).ResultsA total of 498 MMT patients were studied. Depression proportion was 22.5%, and 23.2% among 263 who were studied on admission; the depressed vs. non-depressed on admission did not differ in female proportion (19.7% vs. 25.6%

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