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Journal articles on the topic 'Benzodiazepine'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Nsira, Asma, Ahlem Karoui, Rafik Gharbi, and Moncef Msaddek. "Chemoselectivity of the 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Some Diazoalkanes with 1,5-Benzodiazepine Derivatives." Journal of Chemical Research 36, no. 3 (2012): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/174751912x13300109535030.

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Benzodiazepines are pharmaceutically important synthetic materials. Reaction of the 4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one with 2-diazopropane (DAP) gave a mixture of the 2-isopropylether of 4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine and 1-isopropyl-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3H-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one. Whilst diphenyldiazomethane (DPDM) gave 1-benzhydryl-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3H-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one. Reaction of the corresponding thione with DAP led to the 2-isopropylthioether of 4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine and 1-isopropyl-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,5-benzodiazepine-2-thione while the

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Rotaru, Luciana Teodora, Paul Nedelea, Renata-Maria Varut, et al. "Determining the Influence of Alcohol on the Pharmacological Effect of Benzodiazepines by Molecular Docking Tehnique." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 3 (2019): 814–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.3.7013.

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Benzodiazepines represents a large category of medications that were originally developed to treat anxiety disorders or issues with anxiety, seizures, and issues with sleeping. The most common drugs abused along with benzodiazepines are other benzodiazepines, prescription pain medications and alcohol. Alcohol and benzodiazepine have a synergistic depressant effect on the central nervous system. Combining alcohol with benzodiazepines can be dangerous practice even if it is engaged in only occasionally. In the present study, using molecular docking technique we followed the binding energy of ben

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Muzaale, Abimereki D., Matthew Daubresse, Sunjae Bae, et al. "Benzodiazepines, Codispensed Opioids, and Mortality among Patients Initiating Long-Term In-Center Hemodialysis." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 15, no. 6 (2020): 794–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/cjn.13341019.

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Background and objectivesMortality from benzodiazepine/opioid interactions is a growing concern in light of the opioid epidemic. Patients on hemodialysis suffer from a high burden of physical/psychiatric conditions, which are treated with benzodiazepines, and they are three times more likely to be prescribed opioids than the general population. Therefore, we studied mortality risk associated with short- and long-acting benzodiazepines and their interaction with opioids among adults initiating hemodialysis.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsThe cohort of 69,368 adults initiating h

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Lyukshenko, Natalya I., Roman G. Nikitin, and Yury V. Morozhenko. "New technology to obtain 1-methyl-5-pnenyl-7-chloro- 1,3-dihydro-2H-[1,4]-benzodiazepine-2-one." Butlerov Communications 60, no. 10 (2019): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-10-24.

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At present, benzodiazepine derivatives being used widely, they continue to occupy a leading position among the drugs of the anxiolytic group. Most anxiolytics of the benzodiazepine structure are derivatives of 1,4-benzodiazepine. The basis of the chemical benzodiazepine structure consists of a benzene ring connected to a seven-membered heterocyclic ring containing two nitrogen atoms (diazepine) at positions 1 and 4. All the benzodiazepine derivatives used in the clinic also have a second benzene ring attached to carbon. The presence of a halogen or a nitro group is essential to display its act

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Williams, Hugh, Doug Handyside, Kirsty Bashford, and Adenekan Oyefeso. "Service response to benzodiazepine use in opiate addicts: a national postal survey." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 22, no. 1 (2005): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700008739.

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AbstractObjectives: The study reports on benzodiazepine use among opiate dependent patients attending National Health Service community prescribing services and examines current practice in the clinical management of benzodiazepine dependence.Method: A postal questionnaire survey of 174 NHS substance misuse services in England and Wales.Results: A 71% response rate was achieved. Services estimated the prevalence of benzodiazepine use to be 40% and the prevalence of benzodiazepine dependence to be less than 25% among opiate dependent patients in treatment. Illicit supplies (street) and general

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Ritvo, Alexis D., D. E. Foster, Christy Huff, A. J. Reid Finlayson, Bernard Silvernail, and Peter R. Martin. "Long-term consequences of benzodiazepine-induced neurological dysfunction: A survey." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (2023): e0285584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285584.

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Background Acute benzodiazepine withdrawal has been described, but literature regarding the benzodiazepine-induced neurological injury that may result in enduring symptoms and life consequences is scant. Objective We conducted an internet survey of current and former benzodiazepine users and asked about their symptoms and adverse life events attributed to benzodiazepine use. Methods This is a secondary analysis of the largest survey ever conducted with 1,207 benzodiazepine users from benzodiazepine support groups and health/wellness sites who completed the survey. Respondents included those st

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Smithers, Alex, Laura Miller, Melanie MacInnis, and Selene Etches. "Benzodiazepine Use Disorder Observed and Diagnosed in a Tertiary Care Pediatric Specialty Clinic: A Descriptive Retrospective Chart Review." BJPsych Open 10, S1 (2024): S64—S65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2024.211.

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AimsObjectives: In youth and young adults, it is common to encounter non-medical use of benzodiazepines, defined as use without a prescription or use for reasons other than that for which the medication is intended. Benzodiazepine use disorder remains understudied and overlooked, especially in youth and young adults. The primary objective of our study was to highlight the proportion of youth and young adults with aberrant use of benzodiazepines and diagnosed with benzodiazepine use disorder in a single centre. The secondary objective was to determine factors associated with aberrant benzodiaze

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van der Sluiszen, Nick, Annemiek Vermeeren, Stefan Jongen, Frederick Vinckenbosch, and Johannes Ramaekers. "Influence of Long-Term Benzodiazepine use on Neurocognitive Skills Related to Driving Performance in Patient Populations: A Review." Pharmacopsychiatry 50, no. 05 (2017): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-112755.

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AbstractAcute benzodiazepine intoxication produces severe impairment of neurocognitive skills related to driving. It is less clear whether such impairments also occur in patients who use benzodiazepines chronically. The current review evaluated neurocognitive skills of long-term benzodiazepine users and addressed 2 major questions: do long-term users develop tolerance for the impairing effects of benzodiazepines on neurocognitive performance, and if so, does tolerance warrant a change in driver fitness classification systems that currently deem users of benzodiazepines unfit to drive? Neurocog

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Kim, Yoseop, та Sung-Gon Kim. "Stereoselective [4+3]-Cycloaddition of 2-Amino-β-Nitrostyrenes with Azaoxyallyl Cations to Access Functionalized 1,4-Benzodiazepin-3-Ones". Molecules 29, № 6 (2024): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29061221.

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The 1,4-benzodiazepine structural framework is a fascinating element commonly found in biologically active and pharmaceutically relevant compounds. A highly efficient method for synthesizing 1,4-benzodiazepin-3-ones is described, involving a [4+3]-cycloaddition reaction between 2-amino-β-nitrostyrenes and α-bromohydroxamate, with Cs2CO3 used as a base. This process yielded the desired 1,4-benzodiazepines in good yields. Furthermore, an organocatalytic asymmetric [4+3]-cycloaddition was successfully accomplished using a bifunctional squaramide-based catalyst. This approach enabled the enantiose

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Grønbæk, Lisbet, Hugh Watson, Hendrik Vilstrup, and Peter Jepsen. "Benzodiazepines and risk for hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis and ascites." United European Gastroenterology Journal 6, no. 3 (2017): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050640617727179.

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Background There is limited evidence to support the belief that benzodiazepines increase cirrhosis patients’ risk of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Objective We aimed to examine the association between benzodiazepine use and HE development in cirrhosis patients. Methods We used data on 865 cirrhosis patients with ascites from three trials to study the effect of benzodiazepine use on development of first-time HE. For each patient, we classified periods of benzodiazepine use by the number of days since initiation. We used Cox regression to compare the risk of HE in current benzodiazepine users vs.

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Alzghoul, Hamza, Mohammed I. Al-Said, Omar Obeidat, et al. "Effectiveness of Gabapentin as a Benzodiazepine-Sparing Agent in Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome." Medicina 60, no. 6 (2024): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina60061004.

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Background and Objectives: Gabapentin has shown promise as a potential agent for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of gabapentin as a benzodiazepine-sparing agent in patients undergoing alcohol withdrawal treatment in all the hospitals of a large tertiary healthcare system. Materials and Methods: Medical records of patients admitted to the hospital for alcohol withdrawal management between 1 January 2020 and 31 August 2022 were reviewed. Patients were divided into two cohorts: benzodiazepine-only treatment who received benzodiazepines as the p

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Lutz, Eric William, and Christopher Hines. "Recurrent clonazepam withdrawal delirium in a postoperative neurosurgical patient: a case report." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 6 (2021): e240804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-240804.

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We present a case of benzodiazepine withdrawal delirium in a middle-aged man undergoing spinal surgery. Benzodiazepines were stopped prior to surgery and on postoperative day 4, the patient exhibited significant paranoia, hyperarousal and ideas of reference. Patient’s symptoms resolved after reintroduction of his benzodiazepines. It is important to include benzodiazepine withdrawal in the differential diagnosis for acute delirium even in those patients taking low or moderate doses. Benzodiazepine withdrawal delirium typically responds rapidly to restarting benzodiazepines. In patients with kno

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Cooper, Michael, Marc Safran, and Mark Eberhardt. "Caffeine Consumption among Adults on Benzodiazepine Therapy: United States 1988–1994." Psychological Reports 95, no. 1 (2004): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.1.183-191.

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The concomitant use of benzodiazepines and caffeine was studied to learn if caffeine consumption varied as a function of benzodiazepine use. Caffeine may antagonize the effects of benzodiazepine and even relatively small amounts can aggravate symptoms associated with anxiety disorders. In addition, caffeine can cause or aggravate insomnia, one of the main reasons cited for use by the subjects in this analysis. Given this, there would seem to be sufficient reason for at least some users of benzodiazepines to consider, with their physicians, avoiding or limiting caffeine consumption. Data from t

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De Maricourt, P., P. Gorwood, Th Hergueta, et al. "Balneotherapy Together with a Psychoeducation Program for Benzodiazepine Withdrawal: A Feasibility Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8961709.

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Benzodiazepines should be prescribed on a short-term basis, but a significant proportion of patients (%) use them for more than 6 months, constituting a serious public health issue. Indeed, few strategies are effective in helping patients to discontinue long-term benzodiazepine treatments. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and the impact of a program including cognitive behavioural therapy, psychoeducation, and balneotherapy in a spa resort to facilitate long-term discontinuation of benzodiazepines. We conducted a prospective multicentre cohort study. Patients with long-term

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Okulevičiūtė, Agnė, and Gabija Laubner Sakalauskienė. "Narrative Literature Review of Potential Atrial Fibrillation Mechanism of Action Induced by Discontinuation of Benzodiazepines." Acta medica Lituanica 30, no. 2 (2023): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/amed.2023.30.2.14.

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Introduction: Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed but often misused, leading to dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Increased worldwide prescriptions raise adverse effects and overdose concerns, especially for the elderly. Caution is needed in prescribing and considering alternative treatments to minimize risks. Aim: Narrative literature review of potential atrial fibrillation mechanism of action induced by discontinuation of benzodiazepines. Materials and methods: Database PubMed was searched using the combination of keywords – “Benzodiazepine AND atrial fibrillation OR peripheral benzodi

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Summers, J., and K. W. Brown. "Benzodiazepine prescribing in a psychiatric hospital." Psychiatric Bulletin 22, no. 8 (1998): 480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.22.8.480.

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Using a case note study, this paper presents a longitudinal survey of the effect of psychiatric inpatient care on benzodiazepine prescribing. Standards were proposed to assess the quality of this prescribing. Based on these standards, the study shows inappropriate use of benzodiazepines. Following admission, there was an increase in the number of patients prescribed benzodiazepines and in the number of benzodiazepines prescribed. Of the benzodiazepines withdrawn, most were contrary to the proposed standard. The quality of drug history showed little emphasis being placed on rationalising benzod

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Bužančić, Iva, Tajana Iva Pejaković, and Maja Ortner Hadžiabdić. "A Need for Benzodiazepine Deprescribing in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cohort Study." Pharmacy 10, no. 5 (2022): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050120.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on patients’ mental health. The aim of this study was to explore whether the pandemic influenced the use and prescription of benzodiazepines and increased the need for community pharmacist involvement in counselling on deprescribing. Electronic prescription-related data from one pharmacy in Croatia were retrospectively collected for the COVID-19 period (April 2020 to March 2021) and compared with pre-COVID-19 (April 2019 to March 2020) data. Data were collected for patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders who filled out more than one prescriptio

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Cosh, Ayla, and Helen Carslaw. "Managing benzodiazepine dependence." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 10, no. 11 (2017): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738017715275.

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Benzodiazepines have a variety of clinical indications. Benzodiazepines are used as anxiolytics, hypnotics, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants and in assisting alcohol withdrawal. This article aims to give a general overview of benzodiazepine use, prescribing issues and approaches to managing dependence.

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Williams, Hugh, A. Oyefeso, and AH Ghodse. "Benzodiazepine misuse and dependence among opiate addicts in treatment." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 13, no. 2 (1996): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700002445.

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AbstractObjective: Benzodiazepine misuse among opiate addicts is well described but few studies have reported on the occurrence and management of benzodiazepine dependence within this group. This study reports on the nature and extent of benzodiazepine dependence among a group of opiate addicts and describes the patients' treatment progress and requirement for substitute medication.Method: Over a 12 month period routinely collected data on all admissions of opiate addicts to our inpatient treatment and research unit were searched. Specific details were then extracted for those 61 admissions wh

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Zakhary, Kirolos, Sophia Bruno, Caleb Myatt, et al. "Prevalence and Predictors of Non-Benzodiazepine Use in Patients with Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in United States Emergency Departments – a cross-sectional study." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 15, no. 3 (2024): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v15i3.6270.

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Purpose: Benzodiazepines are the mainstay treatment in Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS), though they have the potential for abuse and cognitive side effects. Non-benzodiazepines are of growing interest for treatment of AWS; however, the prevalence of non-benzodiazepine use remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of non-benzodiazepine use for AWS in the Emergency Department (ED). Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective study utilizing data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) spanning the years 2014-2020 investigat

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Reid Finlayson, Alistair J., Jane Macoubrie, Christy Huff, D. E. Foster, and Peter R. Martin. "Experiences with benzodiazepine use, tapering, and discontinuation: an Internet survey." Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 12 (January 2022): 204512532210823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20451253221082386.

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Background: Over 92 million prescriptions for benzodiazepines are dispensed in the United States annually, yet little is known about the experiences of those taking and discontinuing them. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the experiences of those taking, tapering, or having discontinued benzodiazepines. Methods: An online survey ( n = 1207) elicited information about benzodiazepine use, including long-term use, tapering, discontinuation, and withdrawal symptoms. Results: Symptoms associated with benzodiazepine use, tapering, and discontinuation were numerous and ranged from sympto

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Warner, A. "Interference of common household chemicals in immunoassay methods for drugs of abuse." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 4 (1989): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.4.648.

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Abstract I report how some adulterants affect results for drugs of abuse in urine as measured by Roche RIA, Syva emit d.a.u., and Abbott TDx fpia (fluorescence polarization immunoassay) for the following drugs: amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, cocaine, opiates, and phencyclidine (PCP). Sodium chloride interfered negatively with all of these drugs when assayed by emit and caused a slight decrease in measured benzodiazepine concentration by fpia. Drug concentrations were also decreased by added H2O2 (emit: benzodiazepine), Joy detergent (emit: cannabinoid, benzodiazepin

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Farooq, Azra. "Benzodiazepine Prescribing Within a Community Mental Health Team Setting." BJPsych Open 10, S1 (2024): S231—S232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2024.566.

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AimsCurrent guidelines provide for short-term relief of symptoms using benzodiazepines, but patients, including those with complex emotional disorders often seek these medicines for longer. The current audit aims to review clinical practice in respect of benzodiazepine prescribing against national and local guidelines.MethodsRetrospective analysis of all benzodiazepines prescriptions during the study period (March–December 2021 and January–December 2023). Data was assessed against National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, British National Formulary and local Trust guidelines using a p

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Sim, Faye, Isabel Sweetman, Shitij Kapur, and Maxine X. Patel. "Re-examining the role of benzodiazepines in the treatment of schizophrenia: A systematic review." Journal of Psychopharmacology 29, no. 2 (2014): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881114541013.

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Background Benzodiazepine prescribing for schizophrenia occurs in clinical practice and antipsychotic trials. This review examined the clinical outcomes for benzodiazepines in schizophrenia. Method A systematic search identified randomised controlled trials that evaluated benzodiazepines in comparison with placebo or antipsychotics, and also as adjuncts to antipsychotics. Relevant clinical outcome data was extracted. Results Twenty six studies were included with some reporting multiple comparisons. Seven short-term studies compared benzodiazepines with placebo: benzodiazepine superiority was f

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Schallemberger, Janaína Barden, and Christiane de Fátima Colet. "Assessment of dependence and anxiety among benzodiazepine users in a provincial municipality in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 38, no. 2 (2016): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2015-0041.

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Abstract Introduction: Benzodiazepines are among the most prescribed drugs for anxiety and one of the most used drug classes in the world and have a high potential for addiction. The objective of this study was to assess levels of dependence and anxiety among users of these drugs in the public health system. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and quantitative study. Benzodiazepine users treated on the public health system were selected. Anxiety levels were assessed with the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and dependency with the Benzodiazepine Dependence Self-Report Questionnaire. Results

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Suleman, Asma, Anees Fatima, Nauman Mazhar, and Ali Madeeh Hashmi. "Silent Slips: Overprescription of Benzodiazepines in Outpatient Psychiatry." BJPsych Open 11, S1 (2025): S280—S281. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2025.10682.

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Aims: 1. To evaluate the prescribing patterns and duration of benzodiazepine use among psychiatric outpatients and their adherence to established guidelines.2. To assess the prevalence of benzodiazepine dependence and the level of patient awareness regarding its associated risks.3. To identify discrepancies between current prescribing practices and evidence-based guidelines, particularly in the treatment of Schizophrenia, Bipolar Affective Disorder, and Generalised Anxiety Disorder.Methods: A retrospective review of online prescription records was conducted for 35 randomly selected patients fr

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Raut, Binod, Anjan Khadka, Pradeep Manandhar, and Kamal Kandel. "Study of association between characteristics of patient and likelihood of benzodiazepine use in psychiatry outpatient department at tertiary care hospital of Kathmandu." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 7, no. 3 (2017): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v7i3.23689.

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Introduction: Benzodiazepines exert their pharmacological properties as hypnotics, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants. Benzodiazepines are clinically effective for a number of indication including the reduction of anxiety, the induction and maintenance of sleep, muscle relaxation. They have a range of well documented adverse effects that may outweigh the benefits in certain patient population including psychomotor impairment, development of tolerance and dependence, potential for abuse.  Methods: It is a hospital based prospective cross-sectional study conducted in a psych

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Carr, Frances, Peter Tian, Jeffrey Chow, et al. "Deprescribing benzodiazepines among hospitalised older adults: quality improvement initiative." BMJ Open Quality 8, no. 3 (2019): e000539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2018-000539.

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Benzodiazepines are recognised as being potentially inappropriate medications for seniors due to their considerable side-effect profile, yet they are commonly prescribed and infrequently discontinued (deprescribed). The study’s primary objective was the deprescription or the dose reduction of benzodiazepines among newly hospitalised seniors using a patient education intervention. A 3-month duration quality improvement study based on the plan–do–study–act model was conducted across two units (3C and 4D) in the Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital to improve benzodiazepine deprescribing among newly

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Hammond, Drayton A., Jordan M. Rowe, Adrian Wong, Tessa L. Wiley, Kristen C. Lee, and Sandra L. Kane-Gill. "Patient Outcomes Associated With Phenobarbital Use With or Without Benzodiazepines for Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: A Systematic Review." Hospital Pharmacy 52, no. 9 (2017): 607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018578717720310.

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Purpose: Benzodiazepines are the drug of choice for alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS); however, phenobarbital is an alternative agent used with or without concomitant benzodiazepine therapy. In this systematic review, we evaluate patient outcomes with phenobarbital for AWS. Methods: Medline, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched from 1950 through February 2017 for controlled trials and observational studies using [“phenobarbital” or “barbiturate”] and [“alcohol withdrawal” or “delirium tremens.”] Risk of bias was assessed using tools recommended by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institut

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Nichols, Taylor A., Sophie Robert, David J. Taber, and Jeffrey Cluver. "Alcohol withdrawal-related outcomes associated with gabapentin use in an inpatient psychiatric facility." Mental Health Clinician 9, no. 1 (2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2019.01.001.

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Abstract Introduction Limited evidence exists evaluating the impact of gabapentin in conjunction with benzodiazepines for the management of alcohol withdrawal. A review of outcomes associated with combination gabapentin and benzodiazepine therapy may illuminate new therapeutic uses in clinical practice. Methods This retrospective study evaluated the impact of gabapentin on as-needed use of benzodiazepines in inpatients being treated for acute alcohol withdrawal. The treatment cohort consisted of patients prescribed gabapentin while on a symptom-triggered alcohol withdrawal protocol. The contro

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Knopf, Alison. "Clinical practice guideline on benzodiazepine tapering available from ASAM." Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly 37, no. 11 (2025): 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/adaw.34453.

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Last week the American Society of Addiction Medicine released a joint guideline on benzodiazepine tapering. Developed with 10 medical societies, the guideline focuses on strategies to help clinicians determine whether a given patient needs to taper from benzodiazepine medications, and if so, the best way to do so. Benzodiazepines are approved to treat many conditions, including anxiety, mood disorders, insomnia, and seizures. However, benzodiazepine use is also associated with risk of overdose (especially in combination with opioids and alcohol), motor vehicle accidents, falls, and cognitive i

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Perkovic-Vukcevic, Natasa, Gordana Vukovic-Ercegovic, Zoran Segrt, Snezana Djordjevic, and Jasmina Jovic-Stosic. "Benzodiazepine poisoning in elderly." Vojnosanitetski pregled 73, no. 3 (2016): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp141208025p.

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Background/Aim. Benzodiazepines are among the most frequently ingested drugs in self-poisonings. Elderly may be at greater risk compared with younger individuals due to impaired metabolism and increased sensitivity to benzodiazepines. The aim of this study was to assess toxicity of benzodiazepines in elderly attempted suicide. Methods. A retrospective study of consecutive presentations to hospital after self-poisoning with benzodiazepines was done. Collected data consisted of patient's characteristics (age, gender), benzodiazepine ingested with its blood concentrations at admission, clinical f

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Edinoff, Amber N., Catherine A. Nix, Amira S. Odisho, et al. "Novel Designer Benzodiazepines: Comprehensive Review of Evolving Clinical and Adverse Effects." Neurology International 14, no. 3 (2022): 648–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neurolint14030053.

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As tranquilizers, benzodiazepines have a wide range of clinical uses. Recently, there has been a significant rise in the number of novel psychoactive substances, including designer benzodiazepines. Flubromazolam(8-bromo-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazeZpine) is a triazolo-analogue of flubromazepam. The most common effects noted by recreational users include heavy hypnosis and sedation, long-lasting amnesia, and rapid development of tolerance. Other effects included anxiolysis, muscle-relaxing effects, euphoria, loss of control, and severe withdrawals. Clonaz

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Cook, B., L. Chavez, R. Carmona, and M. Alegria. "Assessing Comorbidities and service use among patients with benzodiazepine abuse." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (2016): S294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1003.

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Prior studies have identified that individuals with comorbid substance use disorder and mental health disorder are at a greater risk of benzodiazepine abuse compared to individuals that present with mental health disorder without an accompanying substance use disorder. These studies were conducted in predominantly white populations, and little is known if the same associations are seen in safety net health care networks. Also, the literature is mixed as to whether or not psychiatrists’ prescription of benzodiazepines places individuals at undue risk of benzodiazepine abuse.We use 2013–2015 ele

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Keshavan, M. S., P. Moodley, M. Eales, E. Joyce, and V. K. Yeragani. "Delusional Depression following Benzodiazepine Withdrawal." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 7 (1988): 626–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378803300709.

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Withdrawal from long-term treatment with benzodiazepines was followed in three patients by a severe delusional depression. The delusional depression may be related to the neurotransmitter changes accompanying benzodiazepine withdrawal. Caution should be exercised in long-term use of benzodiazepines in susceptible individuals.

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Dowling, M. J., Patrick Doyle, and S. P. Kennelly. "282 A Time to Wean: An Audit on Benzodiazepine and Z-drug Use Amongst Patients Attending a Geriatric Ambulatory Care Day Hospital." Age and Ageing 48, Supplement_3 (2019): iii17—iii65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz103.177.

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Abstract Background Benzodiazepine prescription is common among the Irish patient cohort. 23% of medical card holders have been prescribed a benzodiazepine or Z-drug, with a third of these being for a period longer than three months. This is despite these drugs being associated with addiction, falls, cognitive and psychomotor impairment, mood disorder, sleep automatism and drug interactions. We performed an audit looking at the repeat prescriptions of patients attending a geriatric day hospital. Methods The repeat prescriptions of all patients currently enrolled at a day hospital were analysed

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Voica, Donna. "Change in Benzodiazepine Prescribing Practices of Mental Health Providers After Implementation of an Agency-Specific Protocol." Journal of Doctoral Nursing Practice 9, no. 1 (2016): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/2380-9418.9.1.29.

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Purpose: As a class of drugs, benzodiazepines are highly effective in treating anxiety disorders. However, the use of benzodiazepines carries a risk for dependence with an increased incidence in individuals with cooccurring disorders. The project evaluated the impact of a benzodiazepine prescribing protocol on mental health providers’ prescribing practices. Methods: A retrospective chart review (N = 237) was conducted to assess changes in benzodiazepine prescribing patterns prior to and following the implementation of an agency-specific protocol. A convenience sample of 15 providers included n

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Goudarzi, Fazel, Razieh Sadat Mousavi-Roknabadi, Maryam Abdollahpour, and Robab Sadegh. "Hypoglycemia in Patients With Pure Benzodiazepine Poisoning." International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine 11, no. 2 (2021): 32702.1–32702.6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijmtfm.v11i2.32702.

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Background: Various studies investigated the effects of benzodiazepines on insulin and blood glucose levels and provided contradictory results. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical effects of benzodiazepine poisoning on hypoglycemia. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study (from 22/June/2018 to 22/December/2018) was conducted on all medical records of adult patients with benzodiazepine poisoning who were referred to Ali-Asghar Hospital. The required data were collected using a data-gathering form and then analyzed. Results: In total, 61 patients were enrolled in this stud

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Paredes, Nivia Pinos, Adriana Inocenti Miasso, and Carlos Renato Tirapelli. "Consumption of benzodiazepines without prescription among first-year nursing students at the University of Guayaquil, school of nursing, Ecuador." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 16, spe (2008): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692008000700021.

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This study aimed to determine the consumption of benzodiazepines without prescription among first-year students from a nursing school of a public University in Ecuador. This is a descriptive, transversal and explanatory study with a quantitative approach. A questionnaire was used for data collection. The population studied was of 181 students. The results showed that 10.5% of the students had consumed benzodiazepine without prescription once in their lives. Of these, 6.1% consumed benzodiazepine in the last year, and 3.9% are currently consuming it. The diazepam was the most consumed BZD witho

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Avallone, R., M. L. Zeneroli, I. Venturini, et al. "Endogenous benzodiazepine-like compounds and diazepam binding inhibitor in serum of patients with liver cirrhosis with and without overt encephalopathy." Gut 42, no. 6 (1998): 861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.42.6.861.

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Background/Aim—Despite some controversy, it has been suggested that endogenous benzodiazepine plays a role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the concentrations of endogenous benzodiazepines and the peptide, diazepam binding inhibitor, in the blood of patients with liver cirrhosis with and without overt encephalopathy, and to compare these levels with those of consumers of commercial benzodiazepines.Subjects—Normal subjects (90), benzodiazepine consumers (14), and cirrhotic patients (113) were studied.Methods—Endogenous benzodiazepines w

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Pflanz, Natasha C., Anna W. Daszkowski, Garrett L. Cornelison, James R. Trudell, and S. John Mihic. "An intersubunit electrostatic interaction in the GABAA receptor facilitates its responses to benzodiazepines." Journal of Biological Chemistry 293, no. 21 (2018): 8264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra118.002128.

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Benzodiazepines are positive allosteric modulators of the GABAA receptor (GABAAR), acting at the α–γ subunit interface to enhance GABAAR function. GABA or benzodiazepine binding induces distinct conformational changes in the GABAAR. The molecular rearrangements in the GABAAR following benzodiazepine binding remain to be fully elucidated. Using two molecular models of the GABAAR, we identified electrostatic interactions between specific amino acids at the α–γ subunit interface that were broken by, or formed after, benzodiazepine binding. Using two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology in Xe

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Fisher, T. E., D. D. Johnson, J. M. Tuchek, and R. D. Crawford. "Evidence for the pharmacological relevance of benzodiazepine receptors to anticonvulsant activity." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 63, no. 11 (1985): 1477–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y85-243.

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Each of a series of benzodiazepines was found to be effective in preventing convulsions evoked by intermittent photic stimulation of epileptic chickens. There was a high correlation between the anticonvulsant potencies (mean effective dosages) and the affinity of the agents for the putative benzodiazepine receptor as measured by displacement of [3H]diazepam from binding sites on chicken synaptosomal membranes. This correlation in a genetic model of epilepsy provides further evidence that benzodiazepines exert their anticonvulsant effects by interacting with the benzodiazepine receptor.

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Apantaku-Olajide, Tunde, Kevin Ducray, Patricia Byrne, and Bobby P. Smyth. "Perception of unmet needs and association with benzodiazepine misuse among patients on a methadone maintenance treatment programme." Psychiatrist 36, no. 5 (2012): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.111.036616.

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Aims and methodTo examine patients' perceptions of unmet needs during methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), and to explore the relationship between co-occurring benzodiazepine misuse and severity of needs. A cross-sectional survey was carried out at an MMT programme in Dublin, Ireland. All patients were invited to participate on a voluntary basis. Of the 191 eligible patients, 107 agreed to participate and completed the Camberwell Assessment of Need questionnaire.ResultsUnmet needs for substance misuse treatments, daytime activities, socialisation, money management and psychological distress

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Davies, Simon J. C., Binu Jacob, David Rudoler, Juveria Zaheer, Claire de Oliveira, and Paul Kurdyak. "Benzodiazepine prescription in Ontario residents aged 65 and over: a population-based study from 1998 to 2013." Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 8, no. 3 (2017): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045125317743651.

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Background: Although commonly used in anxiety and insomnia, recent guidelines recommend caution when prescribing benzodiazepines in the elderly. Here we examined rates of benzodiazepine prescribing to older adults in Ontario, Canada from 1998 to 2013 and impact of legislation that made prescribing regulations more strict. Method: Annual benzodiazepine prescription rates for Ontario residents aged 65 and over were examined using the Ontario Drug Benefit database which captures all publicly funded prescriptions. Since most drugs, including benzodiazepines, are funded for residents aged ⩾65, data

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Taylor, S., C. F. M. McCracken, K. C. M. Wilson, and J. R. M. Copeland. "Extent and appropriateness of benzodiazepine use." British Journal of Psychiatry 173, no. 5 (1998): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.173.5.433.

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BackgroundWe sought to determine the extent and appropriateness of benzodiazepine use in an elderly community, by measuring prevalence and incidence of benzodiazepines and examining mental health status as a predictor of benzodiazepine use.MethodData were collected from two longitudinal studies of people from the same community, sampled in 1982–1983 and again in 1989–1991.ResultsBenzodiazepine prevalence did not decrease during the period under study, but there was a significant reduction in anxiolytic use. Prevalence of benzodiazepines in women is twice that in men, and incidence of hypnotics

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Alves-dos-Reis, T., A. L. Papoila, and R. Gusmão. "Changes in prescribing patterns of benzodiazepines after training of general practitioners." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (2016): S86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.045.

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IntroductionBenzodiazepines are the most utilized anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs. The high consumption of benzodiazepines has been a concern due to reported side effects of long-term use and dependence. Portugal has the highest benzodiazepine utilization in Europe.ObjectivesTo analyze the change in general practitioners’ (GPs) benzodiazepine prescription pattern after an intervention period.MethodsAn educational session was delivered to a group of intervened GPs. The benzodiazepine prescription pattern of intervened group was compared to the pattern of a non-intervened matched group from the sa

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Lindström, Ann-Charlotte, Erik von Oelreich, Jesper Eriksson, et al. "Onset of Prolonged High-Potency Benzodiazepine Use Among ICU Survivors: A Nationwide Cohort Study." Critical Care Explorations 6, no. 7 (2024): e1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cce.0000000000001124.

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OBJECTIVES: Exposure to critical illness and intensive care may lead to long-term psychologic and physical impairments. To what extent ICU survivors become prolonged users of benzodiazepines after exposure to critical care is not fully explored. This study aimed to describe the extent of onset of prolonged high-potency benzodiazepine use among ICU survivors not using these drugs before admission, identify factors associated with this use, and analyze whether such usage is associated with increased mortality. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Sweden, including all registered ICU admi

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Chatterjee, Devoshree, Steve Iliffe, Kalpa Kharicha, et al. "Health risk appraisal in older people 7: long-acting benzodiazepine use in community-dwelling older adults in London: is it related to physical or psychological factors?" Primary Health Care Research & Development 18, no. 03 (2017): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463423617000068.

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Aim To investigate whether the use of long-acting benzodiazepines, in individuals aged 65 and over is mediated by physical or psychological factors. Background Long-acting benzodiazepine consumption among older people has implications for mortality, morbidity and cost-effective prescribing. Two models explain benzodiazepine use in this age group, one linked to physical illness and disability and one to psychological factors. Methods Secondary analysis of baseline data from a study of 1059 community-dwelling non-disabled people aged 65 years and over recruited from three general practices in Lo

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Rowntree, R., J. Sweeney, N. Crumlish, and G. Flynn. "How do we compare with best practice? A completed audit of benzodiazepine and z-hypnotic prescribing." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 35, no. 4 (2016): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2016.24.

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ObjectivesTo compare benzodiazepine and z-hypnotic prescribing practices in an inpatient psychiatric unit to best practice standards.MethodsMedication charts of all inpatients in the psychiatric unit, over a 1-week period, were reviewed. Details of current benzodiazepine and z-hypnotic prescriptions were collected. Information collected included the substance prescribed, duration and administration instructions. Feedback was communicated to medical practitioners through a presentation and email. A re-audit was completed 4 months later.ResultsThere were increases in total benzodiazepine and z-h

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Bobes, J., G. Rubio, A. Terán, et al. "Pregabalin for the discontinuation of long-term benzodiazepines use: An assessment of its effectiveness in daily clinical practice." European Psychiatry 27, no. 4 (2012): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.12.004.

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AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of pregabalin in the management of the discontinuation of benzodiazepines in long-term users.Subjects and methodsWe performed a 12-week, prospective, uncontrolled, non-interventional, and observational study in patients aged 18 years old or above, who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for benzodiazepine dependence without other major psychiatry disorder. Evaluations included the Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Symptom Questionnaire, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, the Clinical Global Impression Scale, and the Sheehan Disability Scale. A urine dru

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