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Journal articles on the topic 'Benzoïne'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Iwadare, Tsukasa, Yoshiyuki Ichinohe, and Kazuhiko Orito. "Decomposition of tosylhydrazones of benzoin, benzoin acetate, and benzoin benzoate with alkali and metal complex hydrides." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 74, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v96-025.

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Treatment of tosylhydrazones of benzoin, benzoin acetate, and benzoin benzoate with alkali under protic and aprotic conditions yielded diphenyl acetylene together with desoxybenzoin. An increase in leaving aptitude of the adjacent group enhanced the formation of diphenyl acetylene. By treatment with LiAlH4 and with NaBH4, the tosylhydrazones gave stilbenes in good yields. Selective formation of cis- or trans-stilbene was observed in some cases. Key words: tosylhydrazone, benzoin derivatives, decomposition, metal complex hydrides.

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2

Leffemberg, C., A. Gautier, and E. Ohleyer. "Enzymatic Preparation of Coniferaldehyde from Coniferyl Benzoate ex. Siam Benzoin." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 37, no. 1 (October 1992): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02788856.

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3

Khojasteh, Roya Ranjineh, and Mitra Maleki. "Recyclable Cu(II)-(MAA-EGDMA) catalyst for selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes using sodium hypochlorite." European Journal of Chemistry 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.11.2.105-112.1964.

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Copper(II) α-benzoin oxime complex was synthesized by the reaction between copper(II) benzoate and α-benzoin oxime. The poly methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (MAA-EGDMA) was applied as support of copper complex catalyst for oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes using NaClO. The structure and morphology of immobilized Cu(II)-benzoin oxime have been studied by using different analysis including Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The yield of aldehydes was determined by Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis. The immobilized Cu(II)-benzoin oxime indicated a high catalytic activity compared to its absence for the alcohol oxidation with sodium hypochlorite. The effect of the reaction time and temperature, the solvent type, the amounts of catalyst and NaClO were optimized to obtain maximum yield. The prepared catalyst had various benefits such as being inexpensive, environmentally friendly manner, recyclable, reducing the reaction time and increasing the yield. A reaction mechanism is proposed for oxidation of alcohols in the presence of the catalyst.

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4

De Luca, Lorena, and Antonio Mezzetti. "Catalytic Strategies to Enantiopure Benzoins: Past and Future." Synthesis 52, no. 03 (December 4, 2019): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1691529.

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The catalytic strategies developed so far for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure benzoins are reviewed. Particular attention is given to their substrate scope and limitations. Finally, this short review highlights the advantages of more atom-economic methods that have been reported recently.1 Introduction2 Benzoin Condensation2.1 Nucleophilic Carbenes as Catalysts2.2 Homocondensation of Aromatic Aldehydes2.3 Cross-Benzoin Condensation2.4 Acyloin Condensation2.5 Biocatalytic Methods3 Organocatalytic Friedel–Crafts Reaction4 Oxidative Methods4.1 α-Hydroxylation of Ketones4.2 Ketohydroxylation of Alkenes4.3 Enantiospecific Oxidation of meso-Hydrobenzoins4.4 Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Hydrobenzoins4.5 Biocatalytic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution5 Asymmetric Hemireduction of Benzils5.1 Biocatalytic Reductions – A Brief Summary5.2 Piers Hydrosilylation of Benzils5.3 Photoreduction of Benzils to Benzoins5.4 Metal-Catalyzed Hemihydrogenation of Benzils6 Conclusion and Future Challenges

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5

van Romburgh, P. "L'action de l'anhydride benzoïque sur l'acétone monochlorée et sur le benzoate de pyravyle." Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 1, no. 2 (September 6, 2010): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.18820010204.

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6

Saba, Shahrokh, Kristen Cagino, and Caitlin Bennett. "Using NMR Spectroscopy To Probe the Chemo- and Diastereoselectivity in the NaBH4 Reduction of Benzoin Acetate and Benzoin Benzoate." Journal of Chemical Education 92, no. 3 (November 6, 2014): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed500553y.

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7

P Simatupang, Dedi, Nora Susanti, and Jamalum Purba. "Stability of Styrax benzoin extract and fraction with the addition of glycerol and tween 80." Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia 13, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jpkim.v13i2.26986.

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This research to decide the consequences of expanding the steadiness of the concentrate and part of incense with the expansion of glycerol and tween 80 by contrasting the reference tests of frankincense separates available. The technique utilized in this examination depends on the expansion of glycerol and tween 80, just as directing boundaries of consistency, organoleptic, pH and investigation of substance content of concentrates and parts with GC-MS instruments. The outcomes got in this investigation demonstrate the actual properties of the concentrate and part of the incense sap as a thick fluid, earthy red and has an unmistakable fragrant smell. The consistency got from the thickness test was 277.68 Cp. In the meantime, the thickness estimation consequences of the reference test acquired a consistency worth of 326.54 cP. What's more, has a pH scope of 4.0-5.5. The fundamental synthetic parts of the extraction results and the isoprophyl part of styrax benzoin and the reference part of the reference styrax benzoin remove dependent on the consequences of the investigation discovered 6 mixtures that share practically speaking, in particular Benzoic corrosive, Vanillin, trans-Cinnamic corrosive, (Z) - Cinnamyl benzoate, 2-Propenoic corrosive , 3-phenyl-, phenylmethyl ester, (E) - and Cinnamyl cinnamate. Keywords: Styrax benzoin, Glycerol, Extract stability, Tween 80, Fractionation

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8

OHKATSU, Yasukazu, and Kazuo YAMAGUCHI. "Hydrogenated Benzoin Photo-stabilizers. (Part 2). Hydrogenated Benzoins Having Hydroxyl Substituents on Phenyl Groups." Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute 39, no. 5 (1996): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1627/jpi1958.39.336.

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9

Courvoisier, Emilie, Yoann Bicaba, and Xavier Colin. "Analyse de la dégradation thermique du Poly(éther éther cétone)." Matériaux & Techniques 105, no. 4 (2017): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2018007.

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La dégradation thermique du PEEK a été étudiée à l’état caoutchoutique dans de larges intervalles de température (entre 180 et 320 °C) et de pression partielle d’oxygène (entre 0,21 et 50 bars). Tout d’abord, les mécanismes de vieillissement thermique ont été analysés et élucidés par spectroscopie IRTF et par calorimétrie différentielle (DSC) sur des films de PEEK suffisamment minces (entre 10 et 60 μm d’épaisseur) pour s’affranchir totalement des effets de la diffusion d’oxygène. L’oxydation se produit sur les cycles aromatiques provoquant la croissance de cinq nouvelles bandes d’absorption IR centrées à 3650, 3525, 1780, 1740 et 1718 cm-1 et attribuées aux vibrations d’élongation des liaisons O–H du phénol et de l’acide benzoïque, et des liaisons C–O de l’anhydride benzoïque, du benzoate de phényle et de la fluorénone respectivement. De plus, l’oxydation conduit à une large prédominance de la réticulation sur les coupures de chaîne (augmentation de Tg) empêchant le recuit du PEEK, en particulier lorsque la température d’exposition est supérieure au pied du pic de fusion. Enfin, les conséquences de l’oxydation sur les propriétés élastiques ont été analysées et élucidées par micro-indentation sur des sections droites préalablement polies de plaquettes de PEEK de 3 mm d’épaisseur. Les variations du module d’Young et du taux de cristallinité se corrèlent parfaitement, vérifiant ainsi la relation de Tobolsky.

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10

Juhl, Martin, Myungjo Kim, Hee-Yoon Lee, Mu-Hyun Baik, and Ji-Woong Lee. "Aldehyde Carboxylation: A Concise DFT Mechanistic Study and a Hypothetical Role of CO2 in the Origin of Life." Synlett 30, no. 09 (March 19, 2019): 987–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1611738.

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Carbon dioxide is arguably one of the most stable carbon-based molecules, yet enzymatic carbon fixation processes enabled the sustainable life cycle on Earth. Chemical reactions involving CO2-functionalization often suffer from low efficiency with highly reactive substrates. We recently reported mild carboxylation of aldehydes to furnish α-keto acids – a building block for chiral α-amino acids via reductive amination. Here, we discuss potential reaction mechanisms of aldehyde carboxylation reactions based on two promoters: NHCs and KCN in the carboxylation reaction. New DFT mechanistic studies suggested a lower reaction barrier for a CO2-functionalization step, implying a potential role of CO2 in prebiotic evolution of organic molecules in the primordial soup.1 Introduction: Aldehydes, Benzoins, Carboxylic Acids2 CO2-Activation: NHC, Cyanide, Lewis Acid and Water3 A Breslow Intermediate: Benzoin Reaction vs. Carboxylation with CO2 4 Carboxylation in the Primordial Soup5 Conclusion

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11

MIYASHITA, Akira, Yumiko SUZUKI, Yoko OKUMURA, Ken-ichi IWAMOTO, and Takeo HIGASHINO. "Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage of .ALPHA.-Substituted Benzoins by Retro-Benzoin Condensation; A New Method of Synthesizing Ketones." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 46, no. 1 (1998): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.46.6.

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12

Shinka, Toshihiro, Yoshito Inoue, Tomiko Kuhara, Masahiro Matsumoto, and Isamu Matsumoto. "Benzoylalanine: detection and identification of an alanine conjugate with benzole acid in hyperammonemic patients treated with sodium benzoate." Clinica Chimica Acta 151, no. 3 (October 1985): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(85)90092-0.

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13

Petrović, Sanja, Saša Savić, Jelena Zvezdanović, Ljubiša Nikolić, and Staniša Stojiljković. "Benzoic acid removal from aqueous solutions by activated charcoal." Advanced Technologies 10, no. 1 (2021): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/savteh2101005p.

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Benzoic acid has a wide use primarily in food but it is also used in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and other products. Because of noted carcinogenic and toxic characteristics under certain concentration it is considered a pollutant that becomes an important environmental problem. In this study, commercial activated charcoal was tested for the removal of benzoic acid from aqueous solutions. Removal of benzoic acid was investigated in a batch and column system under various values of pH, temperature, activated charcoal granulation and mass. The analysis of all samples was performed by visible absorption spectrometry. The optimum conditions for benzoic acid removal in a batch system were found to be pH 3, contact time of 60 min, the temperature of 273.65 K and adsorbent dose of 10 g L-1. The benzoic acid removal can be performed in a column system as well in which the highest quantity of benzoic acid is removed during the first 20 min (70%) and saturation occurs after 70 min. The used benzoic acid removing methods can be characterized as simple, economical and fast and requiring no chemical treatment.

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14

Dinçer, M., N. Özdemir, A. Çukurovalı, and I. Yılmaz. "Benzoin thiosemicarbazone and benzoin 4-ethylthiosemicarbazone." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 62, a1 (August 6, 2006): s293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767306094153.

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15

&NA;. "Benzyl benzoate." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 305 (June 1990): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199003050-00009.

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16

&NA;. "Sodium benzoate." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1009 (July 2004): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200410090-00049.

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17

Sykora, Richard E., Lane McDonald, and Greg T. Spyridis. "Triphenylmethyl benzoate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 65, no. 8 (July 29, 2009): o2026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160053680902889x.

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18

Wang, Y., N. Serradell, E. Rosa, and J. Bolós. "Alogliptin benzoate." Drugs of the Future 33, no. 1 (2008): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dof.2008.033.01.1171514.

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19

Bahadur, S. Asath, S. Sivapragasam, R. Sayee Kannan, and B. Sridhar. "Creatininium benzoate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 63, no. 4 (March 14, 2007): o1714—o1716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536807010665.

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20

Pereira Silva, P. S., M. Ramos Silva, J. A. Paixão, and A. Matos Beja. "Guanidinium benzoate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 63, no. 6 (May 3, 2007): o2783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536807015802.

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21

Kaur, Manpreet, Jerry P. Jasinski, Amanda C. Keeley, H. S. Yathirajan, and M. S. Siddegowda. "Diphenylmethyl benzoate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 69, no. 1 (December 12, 2012): o81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536812050064.

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22

Sarifudin, Achmat. "Kajian Paparan Bahan Tambahan Pangan Benzoat pada Anak-anak Berdasarkan Data Konsumsi Pangan Individu di Kabupaten Bogor." Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 22, no. 1 (April 21, 2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v22i1.20540.

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Food additives exposure assessment of benzoate is one of the important points in health risk assessment. This assessment is needed to protect the children from negative impact caused by excessive consumption of benzoate. The method used to predict individual benzoate consumption by calculating all benzoate consumption contained in food product in 3 days consumption. Concentration data of benzoate in the products was determined based on assumption of highest concentration allowed by government regulation of Food Additives i.e Permenkes no. 722/Menkes/PER/IX/1988. To obtain benzoate exposure level, the sum of benzoate consumptions was compared with safety limit level of benzoate (Acceptable Daily Intake) Value. This research resulted a mean value of benzoate consumption is 0.36 mm/kg BW (Body Weight) or its exposure level 7% ADI (ADI Benzoate= 5 mg/kg BW) and even highest consumer (95<sup>th</sup>) is 1.16 mg/kg BW or its exposure level 23% ADI

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23

MIYASHITA, A., Y. SUZUKI, Y. OKUMURA, K. IWAMOTO, and T. HIGASHINO. "ChemInform Abstract: Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage of α-Substituted Benzoins by Retro-Benzoin Condensation; a New Method of Synthesizing Ketones." ChemInform 29, no. 28 (June 21, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199828051.

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24

Choi, Ki Young, Gerben J. Zylstra, and Eungbin Kim. "Benzoate Catabolite Repression of the Phthalate Degradation Pathway in Rhodococcus sp. Strain DK17." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 4 (December 8, 2006): 1370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02379-06.

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ABSTRACT Rhodococcus sp. strain DK17 exhibits a catabolite repression-like response when provided simultaneously with benzoate and phthalate as carbon and energy sources. Benzoate in the medium is depleted to detection limits before the utilization of phthalate begins. The transcription of the genes encoding benzoate and phthalate dioxygenase paralleled the substrate utilization profile. Two mutant strains with defective benzoate dioxygenases were unable to utilize phthalate in the presence of benzoate, although they grew normally on phthalate in the absence of benzoate.

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25

Kleerebezem, Robbert, Look W. Hulshoff Pol, and Gatze Lettinga. "The Role of Benzoate in Anaerobic Degradation of Terephthalate." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 1161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.3.1161-1167.1999.

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ABSTRACT The effects of acetate, benzoate, and periods without substrate on the anaerobic degradation of terephthalate (1,4-benzene-dicarboxylate) by a syntrophic methanogenic culture were studied. The culture had been enriched on terephthalate and was capable of benzoate degradation without a lag phase. When incubated with a mixture of benzoate and terephthalate, subsequent degradation with preference for benzoate was observed. Both benzoate and acetate inhibited the anaerobic degradation of terephthalate. The observed inhibition is partially irreversible, resulting in a decrease (or even a complete loss) of the terephthalate-degrading activity after complete degradation of benzoate or acetate. Irreversible inhibition was characteristic for terephthalate degradation only because the inhibition of benzoate degradation by acetate could well be described by reversible noncompetitive product inhibition. Terephthalate degradation was furthermore irreversibly inhibited by periods without substrate of only a few hours. The inhibition of terephthalate degradation due to periods without substrate could be overcome through incubation of the culture with a mixture of benzoate and terephthalate. In this case no influence of a period without substrate was observed. Based on these observations it is postulated that decarboxylation of terephthalate, resulting in the formation of benzoate, is strictly dependent on the concomitant fermentation of benzoate. In the presence of higher concentrations of benzoate, however, benzoate is the favored substrate over terephthalate, and the culture loses its ability to degrade terephthalate. In order to overcome the inhibition of terephthalate degradation by benzoate and acetate, a two-stage reactor system is suggested for the treatment of wastewater generated during terephthalic acid production.

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26

Carrera Díaz, Manuel. "Ver otros mundos: de Marco Polo a Benzoni." Philologia Hispalensis 2, no. 4 (1989): 697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/ph.1989.v04.i02.19.

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27

Cowles, Charles E., Nancy N. Nichols, and Caroline S. Harwood. "BenR, a XylS Homologue, Regulates Three Different Pathways of Aromatic Acid Degradation in Pseudomonas putida." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 22 (November 15, 2000): 6339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.22.6339-6346.2000.

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ABSTRACT Pseudomonas putida converts benzoate to catechol using two enzymes that are encoded on the chromosome and whose expression is induced by benzoate. Benzoate also binds to the regulator XylS to induce expression of the TOL (toluene degradation) plasmid-encodedmeta pathway operon for benzoate and methylbenzoate degradation. Finally, benzoate represses the ability of P. putida to transport 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-HBA) by preventing transcription of pcaK, the gene encoding the 4-HBA permease. Here we identified a gene, benR, as a regulator of benzoate, methylbenzoate, and 4-HBA degradation genes. AbenR mutant isolated by random transposon mutagenesis was unable to grow on benzoate. The deduced amino acid sequence of BenR showed high similarity (62% identity) to the sequence of XylS, a member of the AraC family of regulators. An additional seven genes located adjacent to benR were inferred to be involved in benzoate degradation based on their deduced amino acid sequences. ThebenABC genes likely encode benzoate dioxygenase, andbenD likely encodes 2-hydro-1,2-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase. benK and benF were assigned functions as a benzoate permease and porin, respectively. The possible function of a final gene, benE, is not known.benR activated expression of a benA-lacZreporter fusion in response to benzoate. It also activated expression of a meta cleavage operon promoter-lacZ fusion inserted in an E. coli chromosome. Third, benRwas required for benzoate-mediated repression of pcaK-lacZfusion expression. The benA promoter region contains a direct repeat sequence that matches the XylS binding site previously defined for the meta cleavage operon promoter. It is likely that BenR binds to the promoter region of chromosomal benzoate degradation genes and plasmid-encoded methylbenzoate degradation genes to activate gene expression in response to benzoate. The action of BenR in repressing 4-HBA uptake is probably indirect.

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28

Fatimah, Siti, Dian Wuri Astuti, and Ni Putu Ayu Kurniasih. "Analisis Natrium Benzoat pada Saos di Yogyakarta." Journal of Health 2, no. 2 (July 31, 2015): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30590/vol2-no2-p69-74.

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Background: Preservative can block or slow process of fermentation, acidity and analyzes that cause by microbe. Sodium benzoate is one of organic preservative that easy to dissolve and usually additional with various of ingredients like sauce. Sauce is a fluid that can make food tasty. Sauce can be lasting if add by sodium benzoate. Sodium benzoate as preservative can be dangerous for healthy if out maximum level, and that interested research sodium benzoate. The research purpose to know about sodium benzoate and then determine content level existence on samples of sauce bottle on Beringharjo market in Yogyakarta. Research methods: The research describe sodium benzoate exiztence on sauce and than determine sodium benzoate level on saos. The research object sodium benzoate. Statistical variable in this research is one variable that is the existence and level of sodium benzoate on samples. Method that used for analyzed sodium benzoate in this case is base-acid titration in alkalimetry with two test that is qualitative test and quantitative test. This data is set out in table. Result: The research result by samples is 100% contain sodium benzoate and preservative with high level or out of maksimum level that has been certained and did not fulfill the terms of regulation BPOM Nomor 36 Tahun 2013 is 41,70%. Conclusion: there is sodium benzoate preservative on samples of sauce bottle on Beringharjo market in Yogyakarta with level maximum 7.001,61 mg/kg and level minimun 420,175 mg/kg

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29

Schühle, Karola, Johannes Gescher, Ulrich Feil, Michael Paul, Martina Jahn, Hermann Schägger, and Georg Fuchs. "Benzoate-Coenzyme A Ligase from Thauera aromatica: an Enzyme Acting in Anaerobic and Aerobic Pathways." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 16 (August 15, 2003): 4920–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.16.4920-4929.2003.

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ABSTRACT In the denitrifying member of the β-Proteobacteria Thauera aromatica, the anaerobic metabolism of aromatic acids such as benzoate or 2-aminobenzoate is initiated by the formation of the coenzyme A (CoA) thioester, benzoyl-CoA and 2-aminobenzoyl-CoA, respectively. Both aromatic substrates were transformed to the acyl-CoA intermediate by a single CoA ligase (AMP forming) that preferentially acted on benzoate. This benzoate-CoA ligase was purified and characterized as a 57-kDa monomeric protein. Based on V max/Km , the specificity constant for 2-aminobenzoate was 15 times lower than that for benzoate; this may be the reason for the slower growth on 2-aminobenzoate. The benzoate-CoA ligase gene was cloned and sequenced and was found not to be part of the gene cluster encoding the general benzoyl-CoA pathway of anaerobic aromatic metabolism. Rather, it was located in a cluster of genes coding for a novel aerobic benzoate oxidation pathway. In line with this finding, the same CoA ligase was induced during aerobic growth with benzoate. A deletion mutant not only was unable to grow anaerobically on benzoate or 2-aminobenzoate, but also aerobic growth on benzoate was affected. This suggests that benzoate induces a single benzoate-CoA ligase. The product of benzoate activation, benzoyl-CoA, then acts as inducer of separate anaerobic or aerobic pathways of benzoyl-CoA, depending on whether oxygen is lacking or present.

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30

S, Sivajothi. "Rare Case Report on Emamect in Benzoate Poisoning in Buffaloes." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 3, no. 2 (2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000157.

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Emamectin benzoate is a macrocyclic lactone which is commonly used as pest control in agriculture and indiscriminate use of these compounds causes toxicity in the livestock. Two buffaloes were reported to be had a history of acc idental ingestion of emamectin benzoate mixed solution and they showed disorientation, circling, incoordination, salivation, nasal discharges and shivering. Animals were treated with atropine sulfate, fluid therapy with vitamin supplementation and oral lax atives. Adult buffalo was recovered from the toxicity by the fifth day of therapy but buffalo calf was died by the second day of therapy.

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31

Larson, Nicholas R., Mahalet Nega, Aijun Zhang, and Mark Feldlaufer. "Toxicity of Methyl Benzoate and Analogs to Adult Aedes aegypti." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 37, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/19-6896.1.

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ABSTRACT Methyl benzoate is a natural product (floral volatile organic compound) that is currently used as a food flavoring ingredient. This compound has shown to be insecticidal in laboratory studies against agricultural and urban pests, including spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii, brown marmorated stink bug Hyalomorpha halys, the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella, and the common bed bug Cimex lectularius, to name several insect taxa. In this study we topically treated adult Aedes aegypti females with methyl benzoate and analogs and determined their toxicities. We found that among adult females, 4 analogs—butyl benzoate, n-pentyl benzoate, vinyl benzoate, and methyl 3-methoxybenzoate—were more toxic than the parent compound, methyl benzoate.

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32

Leyva, J. S., M. Manrique, and J. M. Peinado. "Benzoate effect on a benzoate-resistant strain ofZygosaccharomyces bailii." Folia Microbiologica 42, no. 3 (June 1997): 236–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02818991.

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33

Pongsavee, Malinee. "Effect of Sodium Benzoate Preservative on Micronucleus Induction, Chromosome Break, and Ala40Thr Superoxide Dismutase Gene Mutation in Lymphocytes." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/103512.

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Sodium benzoate is food preservative that inhibits microbial growth. The effects of sodium benzoate preservative on micronucleus induction, chromosome break, and Ala40Thr superoxide dismutase gene mutation in lymphocytes were studied. Sodium benzoate concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/mL were treated in lymphocyte cell line for 24 and 48 hrs, respectively. Micronucleus test, standard chromosome culture technique, PCR, and automated sequencing technique were done to detect micronucleus, chromosome break, and gene mutation. The results showed that, at 24- and 48-hour. incubation time, sodium benzoate concentrations of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/mL increased micronucleus formation when comparing with the control group (P<0.05). At 24- and 48-hour. incubation time, sodium benzoate concentrations of 2.0 mg/mL increased chromosome break when comparing with the control group (P<0.05). Sodium benzoate did not cause Ala40Thr (GCG→ACG) in superoxide dismutase gene. Sodium benzoate had the mutagenic and cytotoxic toxicity in lymphocytes caused by micronucleus formation and chromosome break.

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Dwiasi, Dian Windy, Mudasir Mudasir, and Roto Roto. "Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin." Open Chemistry 17, no. 1 (November 13, 2019): 1043–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0122.

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AbstractThe Ni-Al-NO3 layered double hydroxide (LDH) compound has been intercalated with benzoate anion through an anion exchange process for amoxicillin drug adsorption. The purpose of this research is to synthesize Ni-Al-NO3, ion exchange with benzoate anion to form Ni-Al-Benzoate, and then applying it as an adsorbent of amoxicillin. The adsorption process was carried out using the batch technique. The materials synthesized in this study were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray ray diffraction (XRD), and Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA). The exchange of benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate LDH by amoxicillin was followed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The pH, LDH amount, and contact time are optimized. The adsorption of amoxicillin by Ni-Al-Benzoate is fit to the pseudo-second-order kinetics model, with an adsorption capacity of 40 mg/ g. The results showed that anion exchange was successfully carried out between benzoate anion and amoxicillin.

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Moriuchi, Ryota, Hideo Dohra, Yu Kanesaki, and Naoto Ogawa. "Transcriptome differences between Cupriavidus necator NH9 grown with 3-chlorobenzoate and that grown with benzoate." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 1546–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbab044.

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ABSTRACT RNA-seq analysis of Cupriavidus necator NH9, a 3-chlorobenzoate degradative bacterium, cultured with 3-chlorobenzaote and benzoate, revealed strong induction of genes encoding enzymes in degradation pathways of the respective compound, including the genes to convert 3-chlorobenzaote and benzoate to chlorocatechol and catechol, respectively, and the genes of chlorocatechol ortho-cleavage pathway for conversion to central metabolites. The genes encoding transporters, components of the stress response, flagellar proteins, and chemotaxis proteins showed altered expression patterns between 3-chlorobenzoate and benzoate. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that chemotaxis-related terms were significantly upregulated by benzoate compared with 3-chlorobenzoate. Consistent with this, in semisolid agar plate assays, NH9 cells showed stronger chemotaxis to benzoate than to 3-chlorobenzoate. These results, combined with the absence of genes related to uptake/chemotaxis for 3-chlorobenzoate located closely to the degradation genes of 3-chlorobenzoate, suggested that NH9 has not fully adapted to the utilization of chlorinated benzoate, unlike benzoate, in nature.

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Rashedinia, Marzieh, Jamileh Saberzadeh, Forouzan Khodaei, Najmeh Mashayekhi Sardoei, Mahshid Alimohammadi, and Rita Arabsolghar. "Effect of Sodium Benzoate on Apoptosis and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential After Aluminum Toxicity in PC-12 Cell Line." Iranian Journal of Toxicology 14, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijt.10.4.677.1.

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Background: Sodium benzoate, a food preservative, prevents the growth of fungi and bacteria. Numerous studies have reported the protective effects of sodium benzoate on the nervous system. This study investigated the effect of sodium benzoate on cell apoptosis and mitochondrial function in an aluminum cell toxicity model. Methods: After 48 hr of treating PC-12 cells with varying concentrations of sodium benzoate (0.125, 0.25 or 0.5 mg/ml) in the presence of aluminum maltolate (500 μM), the cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. The type of cell death (necrosis or apoptosis) was analyzed by flow cytometry (7-ADD/An V-PE staining). Also, rhodamine 123 was used to measure the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP). The acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) was assessed by Ellman’s method. Results: It was observed that sodium benzoate inhibited aluminum induced cell death within 48hr. Sodium benzoate at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml significantly reduced the apoptotic cells that had been exposed to aluminum. Exposure of PC-12 cells with sodium benzoate and aluminum, increased the AChE activity, although, no significant changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were observed. Conclusion: Sodium benzoate may provide its protective effects through increased AChE activity and inhibiting apoptosis induced by aluminum toxicity. It is likely that the disruption of MMP is neither involved in the induction of apoptosis by aluminum nor in the protective effect of sodium benzoate.

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Häussinger, D., T. Stehle, and J. P. Colombo. "Benzoate stimulates glutamate release from perfused rat liver." Biochemical Journal 264, no. 3 (December 15, 1989): 837–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2640837.

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In isolated perfused rat liver, benzoate addition to the influent perfusate led to a dose-dependent, rapid and reversible stimulation of glutamate output from the liver. This was accompanied by a decrease in glutamate and 2-oxoglutarate tissue levels and a net K+ release from the liver; withdrawal of benzoate was followed by re-uptake of K+. Benzoate-induced glutamate efflux from the liver was not dependent on the concentration (0-1 mM) of ammonia (NH3 + NH4+) in the influent perfusate, but was significantly increased after inhibition of glutamine synthetase by methionine sulphoximine or during the metabolism of added glutamine (5 mM). Maximal rates of benzoate-stimulated glutamate efflux were 0.8-0.9 mumol/min per g, and the effect of benzoate was half-maximal (K0.5) at 0.8 mM. Similar Vmax. values of glutamate efflux were obtained with 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate, ketomethionine (4-methylthio-2-oxobutyrate) and phenylpyruvate; their respective K0.5 values were 1.2 mM, 3.0 mM and 3.8 mM. Benzoate decreased hepatic net ammonia uptake and synthesis of both urea and glutamine from added NH4Cl. Accordingly, the benzoate-induced shift of detoxication from urea and glutamine synthesis to glutamate formation and release was accompanied by a decreased hepatic ammonia uptake. The data show that benzoate exerts profound effects on hepatic glutamate and ammonia metabolism, providing a new insight into benzoate action in the treatment of hyperammonaemic syndromes.

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Kitagawa, Wataru, Keisuke Miyauchi, Eiji Masai, and Masao Fukuda. "Cloning and Characterization of Benzoate Catabolic Genes in the Gram-Positive Polychlorinated Biphenyl DegraderRhodococcus sp. Strain RHA1." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 22 (November 15, 2001): 6598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.22.6598-6606.2001.

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ABSTRACT Benzoate catabolism is thought to play a key role in aerobic bacterial degradation of biphenyl and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Benzoate catabolic genes were cloned from a PCB degrader,Rhodococcus sp. strain RHA1, by using PCR amplification and temporal temperature gradient electrophoresis separation. A nucleotide sequence determination revealed that the deduced amino acid sequences encoded by the RHA1 benzoate catabolic genes, benABCDK, exhibit 33 to 65% identity with those of Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1. The gene organization of the RHA1 benABCDKgenes differs from that of ADP1. The RHA1 benABCDK region was localized on the chromosome, in contrast to the biphenyl catabolic genes, which are located on linear plasmids. Escherichia coli cells containing RHA1 benABCD transformed benzoate to catechol via 2-hydro-1,2-dihydroxybenzoate. They transformed neither 2- nor 4-chlorobenzoates but did transform 3-chlorobenzoate. The RHA1 benA gene was inactivated by insertion of a thiostrepton resistance gene. The resultant mutant strain, RBD169, neither grew on benzoate nor transformed benzoate, and it did not transform 3-chlorobenzoate. It did, however, exhibit diminished growth on biphenyl and growth repression in the presence of a high concentration of biphenyl (13 mM). These results indicate that the cloned benABCD genes could play an essential role not only in benzoate catabolism but also in biphenyl catabolism in RHA1. Six rhodococcal benzoate degraders were found to have homologs of RHA1benABC. In contrast, two rhodococcal strains that cannot transform benzoate were found not to have RHA1 benABChomologs, suggesting that many Rhodococcus strains contain benzoate catabolic genes similar to RHA1 benABC.

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Peters, Franziska, Michael Rother, and Matthias Boll. "Selenocysteine-Containing Proteins in Anaerobic Benzoate Metabolism of Desulfococcus multivorans." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 7 (April 1, 2004): 2156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.7.2156-2163.2004.

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ABSTRACT The sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfococcus multivorans uses various aromatic compounds as sources of cell carbon and energy. In this work, we studied the initial steps in the aromatic metabolism of this strictly anaerobic model organism. An ATP-dependent benzoate coenzyme A (CoA) ligase (AMP plus PPi forming) composed of a single 59-kDa subunit was purified from extracts of cells grown on benzoate. Specific activity was highest with benzoate and some benzoate derivatives, whereas aliphatic carboxylic acids were virtually unconverted. The N-terminal amino acid sequence showed high similarities with benzoate CoA ligases from Thauera aromatica and Azoarcus evansii. When cultivated on benzoate, cells strictly required selenium and molybdenum, whereas growth on nonaromatic compounds, such as cyclohexanecarboxylate or lactate, did not depend on the presence of the two trace elements. The growth rate on benzoate was half maximal with 1 nM selenite present in the growth medium. In molybdenum- and/or selenium-depleted cultures, growth on benzoate could be induced by addition of the missing trace elements. In extracts of cells grown on benzoate in the presence of [75Se]selenite, three radioactively labeled proteins with molecular masses of ∼100, 30, and 27 kDa were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. The 100- and 30-kDa selenoproteins were 5- to 10-fold induced in cells grown on benzoate compared to cells grown on lactate. These results suggest that the dearomatization process in D. multivorans is not catalyzed by the ATP-dependent Fe-S enzyme benzoyl-CoA reductase as in facultative anaerobes but rather involves unknown molybdenum- and selenocysteine-containing proteins.

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Elshahed, Mostafa S., and Michael J. McInerney. "Benzoate Fermentation by the Anaerobic BacteriumSyntrophus aciditrophicus in the Absence of Hydrogen-Using Microorganisms." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 5520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.12.5520-5525.2001.

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ABSTRACT The anaerobic bacterium Syntrophus aciditrophicusmetabolized benzoate in pure culture in the absence of hydrogen-utilizing partners or terminal electron acceptors. The pure culture of S. aciditrophicus produced approximately 0.5 mol of cyclohexane carboxylate and 1.5 mol of acetate per mol of benzoate, while a coculture of S.aciditrophicus with the hydrogen-using methanogenMethanospirillum hungatei produced 3 mol of acetate and 0.75 mol of methane per mol of benzoate. The growth yield of theS. aciditrophicus pure culture was 6.9 g (dry weight) per mol of benzoate metabolized, whereas the growth yield of the S. aciditrophicus-M. hungatei coculture was 11.8 g (dry weight) per mol of benzoate. Cyclohexane carboxylate was metabolized by S. aciditrophicus only in a coculture with a hydrogen user and was not metabolized by S. aciditrophicus pure cultures. Cyclohex-1-ene carboxylate was incompletely degraded by S. aciditrophicus pure cultures until a free energy change (ΔG′) of −9.2 kJ/mol was reached (−4.7 kJ/mol for the hydrogen-producing reaction). Cyclohex-1-ene carboxylate, pimelate, and glutarate transiently accumulated at micromolar levels during growth of an S. aciditrophicus pure culture with benzoate. High hydrogen (10.1 kPa) and acetate (60 mM) levels inhibited benzoate metabolism byS. aciditrophicus pure cultures. These results suggest that benzoate fermentation by S. aciditrophicus in the absence of hydrogen users proceeds via a dismutation reaction in which the reducing equivalents produced during oxidation of one benzoate molecule to acetate and carbon dioxide are used to reduce another benzoate molecule to cyclohexane carboxylate, which is not metabolized further. Benzoate fermentation to acetate, CO2, and cyclohexane carboxylate is thermodynamically favorable and can proceed at free energy values more positive than −20 kJ/mol, the postulated minimum free energy value for substrate metabolism.

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EL-SHENAWY, MOUSTAFA A., and ELMER H. MARTH. "Sodium Benzoate Inhibits Growth of or Inactivates Listeria monocytogenes." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.7.525.

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The ability of Listeria monocytogenes to grow or survive was determined using tryptose broth at pH 5.6 or 5.0, supplemented with 0, 0.05. 0.1, 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 or 0.3% sodium benzoate, and incubated at 4,13,21 or 35°C. The bacterium grew in benzoate-free controls under all conditions except at 4°C and pH 5.0. At pH 5.6 and 4°C, after 60 d, L. monocytogenes (initial population ca. 103/ml) was inactivated by 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3% sodium benzoate. Other concentrations of benzoate permitted slight growth during the first 36 d of incubation followed by a decrease in populations of the pathogen. At pH 5.0 and 4°C, from 0.15 to 0.3% benzoate completely inactivated the pathogen in 24 to 30 d, whereas the other concentrations caused a gradual decrease in the population during the 66-d incubation period. At 13°C and pH 5.6, L. monocytogenes grew (more at lower than higher concentrations of benzoate) in the presence of all concentrations of benzoate except 0.25 or 0.3%, which prohibited growth throughout a 264-h incubation period. Reducing the pH to 5.0 minimized growth at the two low concentrations of benzoate and caused slight decreases in population at the other concentrations of benzoate. At 21 and 35°C and pH 5.6, appreciable growth of L. monocytogenes occurred in the presence of 0.2% or less sodium benzoate, whereas higher concentrations were inhibitory, permitting little if any growth by the pathogen. Reducing the pH to 5.0 allowed limited growth of the pathogen at 21 and 35°C when the medium contained 0.05 or 0.1% sodium benzoate. Higher concentrations caused either complete inhibition or inhibition plus partial or complete inactivation of the pathogen during incubations of 117 h at 21°C or 78 h at 35°C.

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&NA;. "Benzoin tincture." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1258 (June 2009): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912580-00020.

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Dinçer, Muharrem, Namık Özdemir, Alaaddin Çukurovalı, and İbrahim Yılmaz. "Benzoin thiosemicarbazone." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 61, no. 4 (March 11, 2005): o880—o883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160053680500646x.

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Nagendrappa, Gopalpur. "Benzoin condensation." Resonance 13, no. 4 (April 2008): 355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12045-008-0016-y.

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45

Barragán, María J. López, Manuel Carmona, María T. Zamarro, Bärbel Thiele, Matthias Boll, Georg Fuchs, José L. García, and Eduardo Díaz. "The bzd Gene Cluster, Coding for Anaerobic Benzoate Catabolism, in Azoarcus sp. Strain CIB." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 17 (September 1, 2004): 5762–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.17.5762-5774.2004.

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ABSTRACT We report here that the bzd genes for anaerobic benzoate degradation in Azoarcus sp. strain CIB are organized as two transcriptional units, i.e., a benzoate-inducible catabolic operon, bzdNOPQMSTUVWXYZA, and a gene, bzdR, encoding a putative transcriptional regulator. The last gene of the catabolic operon, bzdA, has been expressed in Escherichia coli and encodes the benzoate-coenzyme A (CoA) ligase that catalyzes the first step in the benzoate degradation pathway. The BzdA enzyme is able to activate a wider range of aromatic compounds than that reported for other previously characterized benzoate-CoA ligases. The reduction of benzoyl-CoA to a nonaromatic cyclic intermediate is carried out by a benzoyl-CoA reductase (bzdNOPQ gene products) detected in Azoarcus sp. strain CIB extracts. The bzdW, bzdX, and bzdY gene products show significant similarity to the hydratase, dehydrogenase, and ring-cleavage hydrolase that act sequentially on the product of the benzoyl-CoA reductase in the benzoate catabolic pathway of Thauera aromatica. Benzoate-CoA ligase assays and transcriptional analyses based on lacZ-reporter fusions revealed that benzoate degradation in Azoarcus sp. strain CIB is subject to carbon catabolite repression by some organic acids, indicating the existence of a physiological control that connects the expression of the bzd genes to the metabolic status of the cell.

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46

Schwab, Andreas J., Lei Tao, Tsutomu Yoshimura, André Simard, Ford Barker, and K. Sandy Pang. "Hepatic uptake and metabolism of benzoate: a multiple indicator dilution, perfused rat liver study." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 280, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): G1124—G1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.6.g1124.

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Multiple, noneliminated references (51Cr-labeled erythrocytes,125I-albumin, [14C]- or [3H]sucrose, and [2H]2O), together with [3H]hippurate or [14C]benzoate, were injected simultaneously into the portal vein of the perfused rat liver during single-pass delivery of benzoate (5–1,000 μM) and hippurate (5 μM) to investigate hippurate formation kinetics and transport. The outflow dilution data best fit a space-distributed model comprising vascular and cellular pools for benzoate and hippurate; there was further need to segregate the cellular pool of benzoate into shallow (cytosolic) and deep (mitochondrial) pools. Fitted values of the membrane permeability-surface area products for sinusoidal entry of unbound benzoate were fast and concentration independent (0.89 ± 0.17 ml · s−1 · g−1) and greatly exceeded the plasma flow rate (0.0169 ± 0.0018 ml · s−1 · g−1), whereas both the influx of benzoate into the deep pool and the formation of hippurate occurring therein appeared to be saturable. Results of the fit to the dilution data suggest rapid uptake of benzoate, with glycination occurring within the deep and not the shallow pool as the rate-determining step.

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&NA;. "Sodium benzoate/sulfamethoxazole." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1327 (November 2010): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201013270-00120.

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&NA;. "Caffeine sodium benzoate." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1253 (May 2009): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912530-00031.

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Gowda, B. Thimme, Sabine Foro, Roopa Nayak, and Hartmut Fuess. "4-Methoxyphenyl benzoate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 63, no. 8 (July 18, 2007): o3507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160053680703406x.

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Gowda, B. Thimme, Sabine Foro, Roopa Nayak, and Hartmut Fuess. "4-Methylphenyl benzoate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 63, no. 8 (July 20, 2007): o3563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536807034848.

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