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Academic literature on the topic 'Bergbultar'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bergbultar"
Mukka, Johan. "Alternativ till bergbultar av stål i Kirunagruvans tvärortar." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-87376.
Full textThe purpose of this report is to investigate what disturbances scrap from rebar steel bolts causes inLKAB's underground Kiruna mine. Furthermore, it is investigated whether there are alternative boltsor approaches that meet LKAB's requirements for bolting of cross-cuts. A statistical analysis is made ofhow much and in which area the scrap reaches the 14 scrap belts in the sorting plant. The alternativebolts must not be magnetic and, if possible, should pulverized during explosion. It must also beaddressed whether it is economically justifiable to switch to alternative bolts. The rock reinforcementin the cross-cuts consists mostly of rebar steel bolts and shotcrete. In the cross-cuts, the risk of seismicactivity is considered to be low and therefore rock bolts dimensioned for dynamic loads do not needto be used. The bolt used today is the so-called Kirunabulten which is a rebar steel bolt with a wedgeat the inside end. It is believed that the rock bolts cause problems in the process. A rock bolt that windsup in the train wagon can cause problems by taking down the train electrical wires and emergencystop cables. Above ground in the sorting- and concentrating plants the bolts can cleave conveyor belts.The costs caused by the bolts are mostly underground on the train and crushing level. In the years1979-1981, a number of experiments were performed with the then new fiberglass bolts. About ahundred bolts were installed in the Kiruna mine. The problem at the time was that the fiberglass bolthad a too smooth surface and could not be attached to the grout sufficiently. Today, the fiberglass boltis a well-tested bolt and is commonly used in the world. Compared to the Kiruna bolt, the fiberglassbolt has around 30% higher tensile strength, 40% lower shear strength but is 70% lighter. A literaturestudy has been carried out to find out more about LKAB and what different types of bolts there areand what tests have been carried out. Collection of raw data has been done from the mine and theplants above ground for further calculations. A study of what materials and suppliers are on the marketas well as a comparison of different bolts against LKAB's standard has been made. The mine hasproblems with bolts that disrupt the process through unforeseen stops in the flow. On the other hand,there will be no major production losses due to bolts included in the production. It is not certain thata change to fiberglass bolts would help as there is a risk that this bolt also accompanies the ore andi.e. winds up in the train wagon, and that it would be taken care of first in the sorting plant. The sortingplant has such a large overcapacity that it can handle everything that the mine hoists at present. Thenumber of bolts will increase because systematic bolting is now required. Problems caused by the boltfollowing the scrap are fairly constant over a year. The number of scrap per ton is relatively constanteven if the number of scrap increases over time. Seen over a week the scrap flow is even up to thesorting plat’s 14 scrap bands. The median average is 12.5 scrap seen over a week. In terms of time, themedian stop time averages 0.84 hours during the same period. The entire facility from theunderground mine to the concentrator is not significantly disturbed today by the scrap and a changeto any other bolts can not be justified. After all, there will be some losses in the mine, but these cannotbe remedied with other types of bolts. It is recommended that further studies be carried out with thefiberglass bolt to see how it behaves in the production.
Carlsson, Martin. "Förstärkning av betongdammar med slaka bergbultar : en studie av bultars samverkan med bergsprickor." Thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168638.
Full textInternationally, the majority of dam failures that have occurred are related to the foundation. It is usually linked to the large uncertainty in the actual propertys of the foundation. A common measure was to install rock bolts as an extra precaution in the subgrade to handle the uncertainties of the subgrade. In Sweden, most of the hydroelectric dams were constructed between 1940 and 1960. It was not uncommon that cemented reinforced rock bolts were installed in the subsoil as an extra precaution. When these rock bolts were installed, understanding of their stress handling was limited, considering the fact that the theory of the rock bolts behavior was first studied between 1970 and 1980. The first part of this thesis is a thorough review of the literature which focuses on the research that has been conducted on the fundamental behavior of the rock bolt when it fails. In this study, a computational theory describing a rock bolts load contribution to a rock joint is presented, verified against experimental shear tests performed on rock bolts. In the design of rock anchoring to the construction of reservoirs in the present application RIDAS, Power Companies' guidelines for dam safety, the guidelines is formed by the Swedish dam owners. Accordingly to RIDAS where there is only a risk for a slide in a rock joint stainless untensioned rock bolts are allowed to be used fore support and dimension according to BBK, Boverkets handbok för betongkonstruktioner, kap 3.11 "kraftöverföring genom fog". Using the theory presented in the literature review, a stability analysis of a monolith on Långbjörn PowerStation was carried out. The goal was to explore the possibility of rock bolts installed in the subgrade to interoperate with a rock joints under the dam building. The load contribution of rock bolts and the rock joints has to overall stability is compared with the requirements of the Swedish power company’s guidelines for dam safety, RIDAS. At the end of the thesis, the presented theories’ applicability under different conditions and how a rock anchor should be designed to be as efficient as possible is discussed. In conclusion, suggestions for research that can be performed on bolting, to gain better understanding of the fundamental behavior of the rock bolt are presented.
Pieslinger, Simon, and Beatrice Lundquist. "Bergbultsmodell - optimalt och minimalt utförande." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-409988.
Full textHave you ever traveled through a tunnel and wondered why the heavy rock above you doesn’t collapse on top of you? Have you noticed the odd metal rods that sticks out from the walls and ceiling? These metal rods are bolts, a part of the security measures that make sure that tunnels all over Sweden are safe to travel through. When a tunnel is built, it is important to know the properties of the rock to be able to assess what type of security measures that need to be applied. These properties can be fractures and their orientation, the composition of the rock and the forces that are present. The security work regarding tunnels can be the difference between life and death, but how can research in this field be carried out? Model experiments in a laboratory can be of great use to investigate the most efficient way to stabilize the rock, but also the minimal effort required to prevent collapse. For this report a model that represents the roof of a tunnel has been used. The model is used for learning about rock bolts and consisted of an elevated 82 cm square steel frame with a detachable floor. Bolts and crushed rock were placed within the frame to simulate a tunnel roof in a smaller scale. The crushed rock had a grain size of 32 to 64 mm. The bolts in combination with small metal discs compress the rock to produce pressure, and the induced pressure is measured with pressure indicators placed within the model. The experiments conducted with this model aims to develop potential new methods for future uses and experiments. Previous experiments with this type of model have shown that the model is stable when the bolts have been tightened to 7 Nm (Newton Meters) torque, and subsequently collapsed with minimal influence when the bolts were tightened to 5 Nm. Therefore, the hypothesis of this report was based on previous experiments, where the lower limit of the model seemed to be close to 5 Nm. The previous experiments didn’t measure the pressure throughout the strained rock mass, and therefore there is no hypothesis regarding this. The experiments were conducted in different ways. The bolts were tightened both in different patterns and with different torques, and the crushed rock were placed differently throughout the experiments as the model was being built. The following result of torque and pressure were presented in tables and graphs. The result showed that the hypothesis regarding the lower boundary being close to 5 Nm was not correct. The model stayed in place even when the bolts were tightened as low as 2 Nm. The model was stable at 2 Nm both with a favorable and unfavorable bottom layer of rock. Therefore, it is required to tension the bolt with torque lower than 2 Nm to determine the lower limit of stability, but that could not be tested due to the lack of proper tools.
Hugoson, Alexander, and Henrik Précenth. "Kvalitetssäkrad Bultplansgenerering." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-41887.
Full textThis thesis in rock mechanics was carried out on behalf of Boliden during the period of April to May 2016 at Boliden underground mine in Garpenberg. The bolting rigs in Garpenberg are equipped with a new system to assist the operator to position the rock bolts according to the planned bolting pattern. This means that the planned bolt spacing is manually inserted in the bolt positioning software and by referring to two previously installed bolts the planned location of the next bolting fan is generated and shown in the software. The aim of the thesis was to perform a quality control regarding the bolting rigs navigation system by reference bolting. Through comparing the bolting rigs data log with the measurements of the actual outcome it was determined if the location of the bolts were positioned according to the specified rock support plan. The work was performed by measuring the location of eight bolting fans (a total of 104 installed bolts) with a total station. The data was then compared with a data log that is automatically generated in the software at the installation of each bolt. The data has mainly been analysed using computer software such as AutoCAD and Microsoft Excel in order to calculate deviation of the bolting rigs data log and the measurements of actual outcome (mean values, standard deviation and normal distribution). The result of the measurements shows that 30.4% of all rock bolts are in the range of 0-3 centimetres from their planned locations. The analysis shows a total standard deviation of 0.103 metres. The analysis of deviations requires that the sensors on the joints of the bolting rigs are calibrated for the bolt positioning software and therefore control measurements were carried out.
Larsson, Minna, and Klara Skoog. "Modellförsök avseende bergspänningars betydelse för spännvidd av valv." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-411059.
Full textTunnlar och bergrum är i modern tid så vanliga att många knappt märker att en befinner sig i ett bergrum i sin vardag. Inte minst i större städer såsom Stockholm där infrastrukturen sträcker sig högt över markytan såväl som långt ner i berggrunden. Tunnelbana, biltrafik, tågtrafik är några transportsätt som ofta har förflyttats under jord det senaste århundradet. Innan dess fanns varken tekniken eller kunskapen om hur tunnlar och bergrum ska konstrueras för att säkerheten ska vara tillräckligt hög. I berget under oss finns det flera krafter som verkar, däribland vikten från ovanliggande berg, spänningar av tektoniska, termala eller hydrostatiska ursprung. Kunskap om dessa spänningar är väsentliga för att du inte ska få ett bergblock i huvudet när åker hem från jobbet med tunnelbanan. I de allra flesta fall har bergrummet eller tunneln ett tak format som ett valv, och stabiliteten av dessa valv beror på flera aspekter. När berguttag sker finns det en naturlig valvverkan som existerar i berget. Höga spänningar, mängden överliggande berg och förekomsten av sprickor (mängd, riktningar och egenskaper hos sprickorna) är några faktorer som påverkar stabiliteten av valvet och hur stort valvet kan vara. Den naturliga valvverkan i en antropogen tunnel är sällan tillräcklig för att valvet ska hålla och vara säkert för människor ska vistas i. Det krävs bergförstärkning av olika typer, där bultförstärkning är vanligt förekommande. Arbetet gick ut på att simulera valv i berg med hjälp av en modell. Modellen efterliknar ett tunneltak och består av en upphöjd låda (820x820x250mm) med järnvägsmakadam, systematiskt placerade bultar (stänger med bricka och mutter i varje ände) och tryckmätare. Lådan har en avtagbar botten. Experimentet gick ut på att spänna upp makadammet med olika vridmoment, och se vid vilka moment det håller när bultarna succesivt tas bort i en viss ordning. Syftet med arbetet var att ta fram en förfinad metodik för bultmodell så att kontrollerade försök kan genomföras samt fastställa spänningars betydelse för spännvidd av valv. Uppsatsen ska även kunna användas som instruktion för framtida försök vid universitetet. Resultatet visade att en stor spännvidd uppstod vid både höga och låga spänningar. En jämnare spänningsfördelning gav i flera fall en större spännvidd, men i andra fall inte. Fler försök hade behövt göras för att säkerställa ett pålitligt resultat och det finns därmed stor potential att bygga vidare på experimenten som gjorts.