Academic literature on the topic 'Bermuda Agreement'

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Journal articles on the topic "Bermuda Agreement"

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Collins, R. E. "THE BERMUDA AGREEMENT ON TELECOMMUNICATIONS 1945." Media History 18, no. 2 (May 2012): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2012.663869.

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Haersolte-von Hof, Jacomijn J. van. "US/UK Arbitration Concerning Heathrow Airport User Charges - Some Procedural Aspects." Leiden Journal of International Law 8, no. 1 (1995): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500003228.

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This arbitration arose under the Air Services Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (hereinafter: HMG) and the Government of the United States (hereinafter: USG) concluded at Bermuda, 23 July 1977, as subsequently amended. This Agreement, which is generally referred to as Bermuda 2, provides, inter alia, that airport charges should not discriminate between a state's domestic carriers and those of the other party, and that theparties should use their best efforts to ensure that charges should be based on certain principles.
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Worst, Jessica S., Kathleen A. Donohue, and T. Rossby. "A Comparison of Vessel-Mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler and Satellite Altimeter Estimates of Sea Surface Height and Transports between New Jersey and Bermuda along the CMV Oleander Route." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 6 (June 1, 2014): 1422–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00122.1.

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Abstract In recent years the acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) has found increasing use on commercial vessels to measure currents and their variability along selected routes in the ocean. One such dataset, in operation since late 1992, is the ADCP record from the Container Motor Vessel (CMV) Oleander, which operates between New Jersey and Bermuda. Because the Oleander ADCP system measures upper-ocean currents of O(10−2) m s−1 accuracy every 2.5 km, it provides excellent coverage of the mesoscale and submesoscale velocity field, and also of transport. The question addressed here is how well do estimates of fluxes between the continental shelf break and Bermuda compare with corresponding geostrophic estimates derived from satellite altimeter measurements of sea level extracted from weekly mapped fields along the same route. The Oleander route spans three distinct deep-sea regions: the Slope Sea, the Gulf Stream, and the Sargasso Sea. Agreement in sea surface height variability depends principally upon the length of the section being compared, and not upon eddy kinetic energy levels. Thus, yearly averages for short subsections such as across the quiet Slope Sea and energetic Gulf Stream both have correlation coefficients in excess of 0.9, whereas across the longer Sargasso Sea the correlation coefficient drops to 0.64 and to 0.58 for the 950-km-long Slope–Bermuda section. The principal cause of decrease in correlation with increasing distance appears to be due to ageostrophic flow, principally the Ekman layer and inertial motion, measured by the ADCP but not represented in the altimeter-derived geostrophic fluxes.
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Miller, Craig, Michael Gibbons, Kyle Beatty, and Auguste Boissonnade. "Topographic Speed-Up Effects and Observed Roof Damage on Bermuda following Hurricane Fabian (2003)." Weather and Forecasting 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-12-00050.1.

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Abstract In this study the impacts of the topography of Bermuda on the damage patterns observed following the passage of Hurricane Fabian over the island on 5 September 2003 are considered. Using a linearized model of atmospheric boundary layer flow over low-slope topography that also incorporates a model for changes of surface roughness, sets of directionally dependent wind speed adjustment factors were calculated for the island of Bermuda. These factors were then used in combination with a time-stepping model for the open water wind field of Hurricane Fabian derived from the Hurricane Research Division Real-Time Hurricane Wind Analysis System (H*Wind) surface wind analyses to calculate the maximum 1-min mean wind speed at locations across the island for the following conditions: open water, roughness changes only, and topography and roughness changes combined. Comparison of the modeled 1-min mean wind speeds and directions with observations from a site on the southeast coast of Bermuda showed good agreement between the two sets of values. Maximum open water wind speeds across the entire island showed very little variation and were of category 2 strength on the Saffir–Simpson scale. While the effects of surface roughness changes on the modeled wind speeds showed very little correlation with the observed damage, the effect of the underlying topography led to maximum modeled wind speeds of category 4 strength being reached in highly localized areas on the island. Furthermore, the observed damage was found to be very well correlated with these regions of topographically enhanced wind speeds, with a very clear trend of increasing damage with increasing wind speeds.
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TANAKA, MASAATSU, and MASANORI SATO. "Rullierinereis imajimai nom. nov., a replacement name for R. profunda Imajima, 2009, secondary homonym to R. profunda (Hartman, 1965), formerly Namalycastis profundus." Zootaxa 4341, no. 3 (November 1, 2017): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4341.3.9.

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Hartman (1965) described a nereidid species, Namalycastis profundus[sic], based on a deep-sea specimen collected from off Bermuda (1000 m deep) in the NW Atlantic. Although Hartman (1965) did not mention its etymology, the specific name is believed to be derived from the Latin adjective “profund-” meaning “deep.” Because Namalycastis is feminine in gender (Glasby et al. 2016), the original specific name as masculine was incorrect and must be corrected to N. profunda for mandatory gender agreement under Articles 31.2 and 34.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (hereafter, “the Code”) (International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature 1999).
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Druffel, Ellen R. M. "Post-Bomb Radiocarbon Records of Surface Corals from the Tropical Atlantic Ocean." Radiocarbon 38, no. 3 (1996): 563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200030095.

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Δ14C records are reported for post-bomb corals from three sites in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. In corals from 18°S in the Brazil Current, Δ14C values increased from ca. −58% in the early 1950s to +138% by 1974, then decreased to 110‰ by 1982. Shorter records from 8ºS off Brazil and from the Cape Verde Islands (17°N) showed initially higher Δ14C values before 1965 than those at 18ºS, but showed lower rates of increase of Δ14C during the early 1960s. There is general agreement between the coral results and Δ14C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) measured in seawater previously for locations in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Δ14C values at our tropical ocean sites increased at a slower rate than those observed previously in the temperate North Atlantic (Florida and Bermuda), owing to the latter's proximity to the bomb 14C input source in the northern, hemisphere. Model results show that from 1960–1980 the Cape Verde coral and selected DIG Δ14C values from the North Equatorial Current agree with that calculated for the North Atlantic based on an isopycnal mixing model with a constant water mass renewal rate between surface and subsurface waters. This is in contrast to Δ14C values in Bermuda corals that showed higher post-bomb values than those predicted using a constant water mass renewal rate, hence indicating that ventilation in the western north Atlantic Ocean had decreased by a factor of 3 during the 1960s and 1970s (Druffel 1989).
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Weber, L., C. Völker, A. Oschlies, and H. Burchard. "Iron profiles and speciation of the upper water column at the Bermuda Atlantic time-series Study site: a model based sensitivity study." Biogeosciences Discussions 4, no. 2 (March 22, 2007): 823–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-4-823-2007.

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Abstract. A one-dimensional model of the biogeochemistry and speciation of iron is coupled with the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM) and a NPZD-type ecosystem model. The model is able to simulate the temporal patterns and vertical profiles of dissolved iron (dFe) in the upper ocean at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site reasonably well. Subsurface model profiles strongly depend on the parameter values chosen for the loss processes for iron, colloidal aggregation and scavenging onto particles. Current estimates for these parameters result in depletion of dFe. A high stability constant of iron-binding organic ligands is required to reproduce the observed degree of organic complexation below the mixed layer. A solubility of atmospherically deposited iron higher than 2% lead to dFe concentrations incompatible with observations. Despite neglecting ultraviolet radiation, the model produces diurnal variations and mean vertical profiles of H2O2 and iron species that are in good agreement with observations.
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Poppi, D. P., W. C. Ellis, J. H. Matis, and C. E. Lascano. "Marker concentration patterns of labelled leaf and stem particles in the rumen of cattle grazing bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) analysed by reference to a raft model." British Journal of Nutrition 85, no. 5 (May 2001): 553–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2001317.

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Large (>1600 μm), ingestively masticated particles of bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) leaf and stem labelled with 169Yb and 144Ce respectively were inserted into the rumen digesta raft of heifers grazing bermuda grass. The concentration of markers in digesta sampled from the raft and ventral rumen were monitored at regular intervals over approximately 144 h. The data from the two sampling sites were simultaneously fitted to two pool (raft and ventral rumen–reticulum) models with either reversible or sequential flow between the two pools. The sequential flow model fitted the data equally as well as the reversible flow model but the reversible flow model was used because of its greater application. The reversible flow model, hereafter called the raft model, had the following features: a relatively slow age-dependent transfer rate from the raft (means for a gamma 2 distributed rate parameter for leaf 0.0740 v. stem 0.0478 h-1), a very slow first order reversible flow from the ventral rumen to the raft (mean for leaf and stem 0.010 h-1) and a very rapid first order exit from the ventral rumen (mean of leaf and stem 0.44 h-1). The raft was calculated to occupy approximately 0.82 total rumen DM of the raft and ventral rumen pools. Fitting a sequential two pool model or a single exponential model individually to values from each of the two sampling sites yielded similar parameter values for both sites and faster rate parameters for leaf as compared with stem, in agreement with the raft model. These results were interpreted as indicating that the raft forms a large relatively inert pool within the rumen. Particles generated within the raft have difficulty escaping but once into the ventral rumen pool they escape quickly with a low probability of return to the raft. It was concluded that the raft model gave a good interpretation of the data and emphasized escape from and movement within the raft as important components of the residence time of leaf and stem particles within the rumen digesta of cattle.
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Weber, L., C. Völker, A. Oschlies, and H. Burchard. "Iron profiles and speciation of the upper water column at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site: a model based sensitivity study." Biogeosciences 4, no. 4 (August 23, 2007): 689–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-689-2007.

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Abstract. A one-dimensional model of the biogeochemistry and speciation of iron is coupled with the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM) and a NPZD-type ecosystem model. The model is able to simulate the temporal patterns and vertical profiles of dissolved iron (dFe) in the upper ocean at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site reasonably well. Subsurface model profiles strongly depend on the parameter values chosen for the loss processes for iron, colloidal aggregation and scavenging onto particles. Estimates for these parameters based on observations in particle-rich waters result in depletion of dFe. A high stability constant of iron-binding organic ligands is required to reproduce the observed degree of organic complexation below the mixed layer. The scavenging residence time for iron in the model is shortest in spring and summer, because of the larger abundance of particles, and increases with depth towards values on the order of a hundred years. A solubility of atmospherically deposited iron higher than 2% lead to dFe concentrations incompatible with observations. Despite neglecting ultraviolet radiation, the model produces diurnal variations and mean vertical profiles of H2O2 and iron species that are in good agreement with observations.
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Mao, H., M. Chen, J. D. Hegarty, R. W. Talbot, J. P. Koermer, A. M. Thompson, and M. A. Avery. "Seasonal climate and air quality simulations for the northeastern US – Part 1: Model evaluation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 17851–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-17851-2009.

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Abstract. Regional climate and air quality simulations were conducted for summers 2001–2005 in the eastern US and subjected to extensive evaluation using various ground and airborne measurements. Climate evaluation focused on transport by comparing modeled dominant map types with ones from reanalysis. Reasonable agreement was found for their frequency of occurrence and distinctness of circulation patterns. The two most frequent map types from reanalysis were the Bermuda High (22%) and passage of a Canadian cold frontal over the northeastern US (20%). The model captured their frequency of occurrence at 25% and 18% respectively. The simulated five average distributions of daily 1-h ozone (O3) daily maxima using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system reproduced salient features in observations. This suggests that the ability of the regional climate model to depict transport processes accurately is critical for reasonable simulations of surface O3. Comparison of mean bias, root mean square error, and index of agreement for CMAQ summer surface 8-h O3 daily maxima and observations showed −0.6±14 nmol/mol, 14 nmol/mol, and 71% respectively. CMAQ performed best in moderately polluted conditions and less satisfactorily in highly polluted ones. This highlights the common problem of overestimating/underestimating lower/higher modeled O3 levels. Diagnostic analysis suggested that significant overestimation of inland nighttime low O3 mixing ratios may be attributed to underestimates of nitric oxide (NO) emissions at night. The absence of the second daily peak in simulations for the Appledore Island marine site possibly resulted from coarse grid resolution misrepresentation of land surface type. Comparison with shipboard measurements suggested that CMAQ has an inherent problem of underpredicting O3 levels in continental outflow. Modeled O3 vertical profiles exhibited a lack of structure indicating that key processes missing from CMAQ, such as lightning produced NO and stratospheric intrusions, are important for accurate upper tropospheric representations.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bermuda Agreement"

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Ehrenbeck, Mirelle. "Developments in bilateral air service agreements." Diss., 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16736.

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This dissertation deals with international transport law and looks at the development of bilateral air service agreements governing international scheduled flights from their inception after the Chicago Conference of 1944 until the present day. The Chicago Conference left a legacy of separation in airline services. Scheduled and nonscheduled flights came into existence and bilateral agreements are needed to regulate international scheduled services. The relationship between the state and its designated airline forms the pivot of the bilateral relationship. However, the aviation relationship between state and airline and between states inter se face challenges as globalisation and development take place in the air transport industry. New methods of cooperation now exist which need to be adapted to suit the needs of individual countries and airlines. South Africa has accepted the challenges of development and undertaken modern methods of cooperation such as code-sharing.
Law
LL.M.
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Books on the topic "Bermuda Agreement"

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David, Scorey, Geddes Richard, and Harris Chris. Part III Dispute Resolution Under the Bermuda Form, 16 The Arbitration Agreement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198754404.003.0016.

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This chapter provides an overview of practical and theoretical aspects of arbitrating disputes concerning Bermuda Form policies, building upon the contents of earlier chapters. A well known feature of the Bermuda Form is its dispute resolution mechanism, namely the requirement for arbitration in London to resolve any dispute between the policyholder and the insurer that cannot be resolved or settled by early negotiation. This requirement for London arbitration is contained in Article VI.N of Form XL004, in the ‘conditions’ section of the Bermuda Form. Article VI.N is a lengthy and detailed clause that contains several subclauses addressing distinct concepts and different aspects of the dispute resolution process and arbitration procedure.
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Multilateral Agreement on Trade in Goods: Slovak Republic, Honduras, Antigua, Bermuda, Bahrain, Barbados, Belize. Gen Agreement Tariffs Trade, 1994.

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David, Scorey, Geddes Richard, and Harris Chris. Part III Dispute Resolution Under the Bermuda Form, 22 Interest and Costs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198754404.003.0022.

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A tribunal will ordinarily have to make determinations as to what award of costs it will make, and, where appropriate, what award of interest it should make. In some cases, a tribunal will not invite submissions on interest and costs until it has made a ruling on the substantive merits; in other cases, the tribunal will invite the parties to make submissions at the close of the hearing. The method adopted is a decision for the arbitrators to take, absent agreement between the parties. This chapter discusses legal and practical questions that frequently arise for the parties and the arbitrators in relation to questions of interest and costs in Bermuda Form case. It assumes that no provision has been made in the Bermuda Form policy or in any arbitration agreement to set out expressly the powers of the tribunal as regards an award of interest.
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David, Scorey, Geddes Richard, and Harris Chris. Part II The Bermuda Form in Detail, 3 Conflict of Law Issues: Substantive Issues vs Procedural Issues. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198754404.003.0003.

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The Bermuda Form is not immune from conflict of law issues. Such issues arise from its very nature as an ‘international’ document that provides coverage to large and often multinational corporations in respect of legal liability arising from their global operations in a variety of jurisdictions. This chapter highlights some of the conflict of law issues that may be encountered when arbitrating disputes arising from Bermuda Form policies and suggests some possible solutions to assist in choosing between the myriad of potential and competing applicable laws. Topics covered include express choices of law in the Bermuda Form, the severability principle, potential applicable laws, proper law of the contract, proper law of the underlying claim, proper law of the conflict of law rules applied to the policy, proper law of the arbitration agreement, procedural law, and curial law.
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David, Scorey, Geddes Richard, and Harris Chris. Part III Dispute Resolution Under the Bermuda Form, 18 Commencement of the Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198754404.003.0018.

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This chapter discusses the procedures involved in the commencement of arbitration. Just as an arbitration agreement must be in writing, arbitral proceedings must also be commenced by way of a written notice unless the parties have agreed otherwise. The claimant's lawyers will usually commence proceedings by sending a formal notice of arbitration or request for arbitration — the precise nomenclature chosen is irrelevant. This advises the other party of a request to arbitrate, sets out the basis of the request, and appoints an arbitrator. A Bermuda Form arbitration could be validly commenced as easily by putting similar information in the form of a letter to the opposing party, or to their lawyers. The remainder of the chapter covers the selection of arbitrators, replacement of arbitrators, issues of jurisdiction of an arbitral tribunal, and court applications.
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Great Britain. Department of Transport., Norske Krigforsikring for SKIB, and Norwegian Shipowners' Mutual WarRisks Insurance Association (Bermuda) Ltd., eds. Agreement: A supplementary agreement concluded under section 1(1)of the Maritime and Aviation Insurance (War Risks) Act, 1952, between Den Norske Krigforsikring for SKIB (the Norwegian Shipowners' Mutual War Risks Insurance Association), the Norwegian Shipowners' Mutual War Risks Insurance Association (Bermuda) Limited and the Secretary of State for the reinsurance of Norwegian ships against war risks. London: H.M.S.O., 1990.

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Britain, Great. Tax convention with United Kingdom (on behalf of Bermuda): Message from the President of the United States transmitting the convention between the government of the United States of America and the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (on behalf of the government of Bermuda) relating to the taxation of insurance enterprises and mutual assistance in tax matters ... signed at Washington on July 11, 1986. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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Tax convention with United Kingdom (on behalf of Bermuda): Message from the President of the United States transmitting the convention between the government of the United States of America and the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (on behalf of the government of Bermuda) relating to the taxation of insurance enterprises and mutual assistance in tax matters ... signed at Washington on July 11, 1986. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bermuda Agreement"

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Clark, Ian. "Bermuda and the Negotiation of the Thor Agreement." In Nuclear Diplomacy and the Special Relationship, 38–76. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273707.003.0003.

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Macdonald, Elizabeth, Ruth Atkins, and Jens Krebs. "19. The doctrine of frustration." In Koffman & Macdonald's Law of Contract. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198752844.003.0019.

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This chapter investigates the scope of the doctrine of frustration which was developed to deal with cases where events occur after a contract is made which render the agreement illegal, or impossible to perform, or which fundamentally change the nature of the obligations undertaken by the parties. The doctrine operates within strict limits and its use is restricted in cases where, although the commercial purpose of the contract has been drastically affected by unforeseen events, the performance of the contract is still possible. The position under the Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943 and under the common law, including for example, the recent cases of Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Lines v Steamship Mutual Underwriting Association (Bermuda) Ltd and Olympic Airlines SA (in Special Liquidation) v ACG Acquisition XX LLC, are examined, collectively demonstrating how the doctrine currently operates.
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"The Role of Consultation in Bilateral International Air Services Agreements, as Exemplified by Bermuda i and Bermuda ii." In Studies in International Air Law, 144–54. Brill | Nijhoff, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004345140_008.

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"No. 16509. Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the United States of America concerning air services. Signed at Bermuda on 23 July 1977." In United Nations Treaty Series, 499–503. UN, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/182aada5-en-fr.

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"No. 16509. Agreement between the government of the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and the government of the united states of america concerning air services. Signed at bermuda on 23 july 1977." In United Nations Treaty Series, 413–38. UN, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/7f35a710-en-fr.

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"No. 16509. Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the United States of America concerning air services. Signed at Bermuda on 23 July 1977." In Treaty Series 1658, 669. UN, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/09e90afa-en-fr.

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"No. 16509. Agreement between the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the government of the United States of America concerning air services. Signed at Bermuda on 23 July 1977." In Treaty Series 1584, 445–56. UN, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/3c2d0f52-en-fr.

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