Journal articles on the topic 'Bermuda Agreement'

This arbitration arose under the Air Services Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (hereinafter: HMG) and the Government of the United States (hereinafter: USG) concluded at Bermuda, 23 July 1977, as subsequently amended. This Agreement, which is generally referred to as Bermuda 2, provides, inter alia, that airport charges should not discriminate between a state's domestic carriers and those of the other party, and that theparties should use their best efforts to ensure that charges should be based on certain principles.

Abstract In recent years the acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) has found increasing use on commercial vessels to measure currents and their variability along selected routes in the ocean. One such dataset, in operation since late 1992, is the ADCP record from the Container Motor Vessel (CMV) Oleander, which operates between New Jersey and Bermuda. Because the Oleander ADCP system measures upper-ocean currents of O(10−2) m s−1 accuracy every 2.5 km, it provides excellent coverage of the mesoscale and submesoscale velocity field, and also of transport. The question addressed here is how well do estimates of fluxes between the continental shelf break and Bermuda compare with corresponding geostrophic estimates derived from satellite altimeter measurements of sea level extracted from weekly mapped fields along the same route. The Oleander route spans three distinct deep-sea regions: the Slope Sea, the Gulf Stream, and the Sargasso Sea. Agreement in sea surface height variability depends principally upon the length of the section being compared, and not upon eddy kinetic energy levels. Thus, yearly averages for short subsections such as across the quiet Slope Sea and energetic Gulf Stream both have correlation coefficients in excess of 0.9, whereas across the longer Sargasso Sea the correlation coefficient drops to 0.64 and to 0.58 for the 950-km-long Slope–Bermuda section. The principal cause of decrease in correlation with increasing distance appears to be due to ageostrophic flow, principally the Ekman layer and inertial motion, measured by the ADCP but not represented in the altimeter-derived geostrophic fluxes.

Abstract In this study the impacts of the topography of Bermuda on the damage patterns observed following the passage of Hurricane Fabian over the island on 5 September 2003 are considered. Using a linearized model of atmospheric boundary layer flow over low-slope topography that also incorporates a model for changes of surface roughness, sets of directionally dependent wind speed adjustment factors were calculated for the island of Bermuda. These factors were then used in combination with a time-stepping model for the open water wind field of Hurricane Fabian derived from the Hurricane Research Division Real-Time Hurricane Wind Analysis System (H*Wind) surface wind analyses to calculate the maximum 1-min mean wind speed at locations across the island for the following conditions: open water, roughness changes only, and topography and roughness changes combined. Comparison of the modeled 1-min mean wind speeds and directions with observations from a site on the southeast coast of Bermuda showed good agreement between the two sets of values. Maximum open water wind speeds across the entire island showed very little variation and were of category 2 strength on the Saffir–Simpson scale. While the effects of surface roughness changes on the modeled wind speeds showed very little correlation with the observed damage, the effect of the underlying topography led to maximum modeled wind speeds of category 4 strength being reached in highly localized areas on the island. Furthermore, the observed damage was found to be very well correlated with these regions of topographically enhanced wind speeds, with a very clear trend of increasing damage with increasing wind speeds.

Hartman (1965) described a nereidid species, Namalycastis profundus[sic], based on a deep-sea specimen collected from off Bermuda (1000 m deep) in the NW Atlantic. Although Hartman (1965) did not mention its etymology, the specific name is believed to be derived from the Latin adjective “profund-” meaning “deep.” Because Namalycastis is feminine in gender (Glasby et al. 2016), the original specific name as masculine was incorrect and must be corrected to N. profunda for mandatory gender agreement under Articles 31.2 and 34.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (hereafter, “the Code”) (International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature 1999).

Δ14C records are reported for post-bomb corals from three sites in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. In corals from 18°S in the Brazil Current, Δ14C values increased from ca. −58% in the early 1950s to +138% by 1974, then decreased to 110‰ by 1982. Shorter records from 8ºS off Brazil and from the Cape Verde Islands (17°N) showed initially higher Δ14C values before 1965 than those at 18ºS, but showed lower rates of increase of Δ14C during the early 1960s. There is general agreement between the coral results and Δ14C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) measured in seawater previously for locations in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Δ14C values at our tropical ocean sites increased at a slower rate than those observed previously in the temperate North Atlantic (Florida and Bermuda), owing to the latter's proximity to the bomb 14C input source in the northern, hemisphere. Model results show that from 1960–1980 the Cape Verde coral and selected DIG Δ14C values from the North Equatorial Current agree with that calculated for the North Atlantic based on an isopycnal mixing model with a constant water mass renewal rate between surface and subsurface waters. This is in contrast to Δ14C values in Bermuda corals that showed higher post-bomb values than those predicted using a constant water mass renewal rate, hence indicating that ventilation in the western north Atlantic Ocean had decreased by a factor of 3 during the 1960s and 1970s (Druffel 1989).

Abstract. A one-dimensional model of the biogeochemistry and speciation of iron is coupled with the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM) and a NPZD-type ecosystem model. The model is able to simulate the temporal patterns and vertical profiles of dissolved iron (dFe) in the upper ocean at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site reasonably well. Subsurface model profiles strongly depend on the parameter values chosen for the loss processes for iron, colloidal aggregation and scavenging onto particles. Current estimates for these parameters result in depletion of dFe. A high stability constant of iron-binding organic ligands is required to reproduce the observed degree of organic complexation below the mixed layer. A solubility of atmospherically deposited iron higher than 2% lead to dFe concentrations incompatible with observations. Despite neglecting ultraviolet radiation, the model produces diurnal variations and mean vertical profiles of H2O2 and iron species that are in good agreement with observations.

Large (>1600 μm), ingestively masticated particles of bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) leaf and stem labelled with 169Yb and 144Ce respectively were inserted into the rumen digesta raft of heifers grazing bermuda grass. The concentration of markers in digesta sampled from the raft and ventral rumen were monitored at regular intervals over approximately 144 h. The data from the two sampling sites were simultaneously fitted to two pool (raft and ventral rumen–reticulum) models with either reversible or sequential flow between the two pools. The sequential flow model fitted the data equally as well as the reversible flow model but the reversible flow model was used because of its greater application. The reversible flow model, hereafter called the raft model, had the following features: a relatively slow age-dependent transfer rate from the raft (means for a gamma 2 distributed rate parameter for leaf 0.0740 v. stem 0.0478 h-1), a very slow first order reversible flow from the ventral rumen to the raft (mean for leaf and stem 0.010 h-1) and a very rapid first order exit from the ventral rumen (mean of leaf and stem 0.44 h-1). The raft was calculated to occupy approximately 0.82 total rumen DM of the raft and ventral rumen pools. Fitting a sequential two pool model or a single exponential model individually to values from each of the two sampling sites yielded similar parameter values for both sites and faster rate parameters for leaf as compared with stem, in agreement with the raft model. These results were interpreted as indicating that the raft forms a large relatively inert pool within the rumen. Particles generated within the raft have difficulty escaping but once into the ventral rumen pool they escape quickly with a low probability of return to the raft. It was concluded that the raft model gave a good interpretation of the data and emphasized escape from and movement within the raft as important components of the residence time of leaf and stem particles within the rumen digesta of cattle.

Abstract. A one-dimensional model of the biogeochemistry and speciation of iron is coupled with the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM) and a NPZD-type ecosystem model. The model is able to simulate the temporal patterns and vertical profiles of dissolved iron (dFe) in the upper ocean at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study site reasonably well. Subsurface model profiles strongly depend on the parameter values chosen for the loss processes for iron, colloidal aggregation and scavenging onto particles. Estimates for these parameters based on observations in particle-rich waters result in depletion of dFe. A high stability constant of iron-binding organic ligands is required to reproduce the observed degree of organic complexation below the mixed layer. The scavenging residence time for iron in the model is shortest in spring and summer, because of the larger abundance of particles, and increases with depth towards values on the order of a hundred years. A solubility of atmospherically deposited iron higher than 2% lead to dFe concentrations incompatible with observations. Despite neglecting ultraviolet radiation, the model produces diurnal variations and mean vertical profiles of H2O2 and iron species that are in good agreement with observations.

Abstract. Regional climate and air quality simulations were conducted for summers 2001–2005 in the eastern US and subjected to extensive evaluation using various ground and airborne measurements. Climate evaluation focused on transport by comparing modeled dominant map types with ones from reanalysis. Reasonable agreement was found for their frequency of occurrence and distinctness of circulation patterns. The two most frequent map types from reanalysis were the Bermuda High (22%) and passage of a Canadian cold frontal over the northeastern US (20%). The model captured their frequency of occurrence at 25% and 18% respectively. The simulated five average distributions of daily 1-h ozone (O3) daily maxima using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system reproduced salient features in observations. This suggests that the ability of the regional climate model to depict transport processes accurately is critical for reasonable simulations of surface O3. Comparison of mean bias, root mean square error, and index of agreement for CMAQ summer surface 8-h O3 daily maxima and observations showed −0.6±14 nmol/mol, 14 nmol/mol, and 71% respectively. CMAQ performed best in moderately polluted conditions and less satisfactorily in highly polluted ones. This highlights the common problem of overestimating/underestimating lower/higher modeled O3 levels. Diagnostic analysis suggested that significant overestimation of inland nighttime low O3 mixing ratios may be attributed to underestimates of nitric oxide (NO) emissions at night. The absence of the second daily peak in simulations for the Appledore Island marine site possibly resulted from coarse grid resolution misrepresentation of land surface type. Comparison with shipboard measurements suggested that CMAQ has an inherent problem of underpredicting O3 levels in continental outflow. Modeled O3 vertical profiles exhibited a lack of structure indicating that key processes missing from CMAQ, such as lightning produced NO and stratospheric intrusions, are important for accurate upper tropospheric representations.

Abstract. Regional air quality simulations were conducted for summers 2001–2005 in the eastern US and subjected to extensive evaluation using various ground and airborne measurements. A brief climate evaluation focused on transport by comparing modeled dominant map types with ones from reanalysis. Reasonable agreement was found for their frequency of occurrence and distinctness of circulation patterns. The two most frequent map types from reanalysis were the Bermuda High (22%) and passage of a Canadian cold frontal over the northeastern US (20%). The model captured their frequency of occurrence at 25% and 18% respectively. The simulated five average distributions of 1-h ozone (O3) daily maxima using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system reproduced salient features in observations. This suggests that the ability of the regional climate model to depict transport processes accurately is critical for reasonable simulations of surface O3. Comparison of mean bias, root mean square error, and index of agreement for CMAQ summer surface 8-h O3 daily maxima and observations showed –0.6±14 nmol/mol, 14 nmol/mol, and 71% respectively. CMAQ performed best in moderately polluted conditions and less satisfactorily in highly polluted ones. This highlights the common problem of overestimating/underestimating lower/higher modeled O3 levels. Diagnostic analysis suggested that significant overestimation of inland nighttime low O3 mixing ratios may be attributed to underestimates of nitric oxide (NO) emissions at night. The absence of the second daily peak in simulations for the Appledore Island marine site possibly resulted from coarse grid resolution misrepresentation of land surface type. Comparison with shipboard measurements suggested that CMAQ has an inherent problem of underpredicting O3 levels in continental outflow. Modeled O3 vertical profiles exhibited a lack of structure indicating that key processes missing from CMAQ, such as lightning produced NO and stratospheric intrusions, are important for accurate upper tropospheric representations.

Abstract Simulations from 18 coupled atmosphere–ocean GCMs are analyzed to predict changes in the climatological Great Plains low-level jet (GPLLJ) and Midwest U.S. hydrology resulting from greenhouse gas increases during the twenty-first century. To build confidence in the prediction, models are selected for analysis based on their twentieth-century simulations, and their simulations of the future are diagnosed to ensure that the response is reasonable. Confidence in the model projections is also bolstered by agreement among models, in a so-called multimodel ensemble, and by analogy with present-day interannual variability. The GCMs agree that the GPLLJ will be more intense in April, May, and June in the future. The selected models even agree on the reason for this intensification, namely, a westward extension and strengthening of the North Atlantic subtropical high (the Bermuda high) that occurs when greenhouse gas–induced warming over the continental United States exceeds that of the subtropical Atlantic in the spring. Accompanying the changes in the GPLLJ are springtime precipitation increases of 20%–40% in the upper Mississippi Valley, which are closely associated with intensified meridional moisture convergence by the jet, with decreases to the south, which results in reduced moist static stability in the region. The simulated differences in the Midwest circulation and hydrology in the spring for the twenty-first century are similar to the observed moisture balance and circulation anomalies for May and, especially, June of 1993, a year of devastating floods throughout the Mississippi Valley.

Abstract. We apply GENMOM, a coupled atmosphere–ocean climate model, to simulate eight equilibrium time slices at 3000-year intervals for the past 21 000 years forced by changes in Earth–Sun geometry, atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs), continental ice sheets, and sea level. Simulated global cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is 3.8 °C and the rate of post-glacial warming is in overall agreement with recently published temperature reconstructions. The greatest rate of warming occurs between 15 and 12 ka (2.4 °C over land, 0.7 °C over oceans, and 1.4 °C globally) in response to changes in radiative forcing from the diminished extent of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) ice sheets and increases in GHGs and NH summer insolation. The modeled LGM and 6 ka temperature and precipitation climatologies are generally consistent with proxy reconstructions, the PMIP2 and PMIP3 simulations, and other paleoclimate data–model analyses. The model does not capture the mid-Holocene "thermal maximum" and gradual cooling to preindustrial (PI) global temperature found in the data. Simulated monsoonal precipitation in North Africa peaks between 12 and 9 ka at values ~ 50% greater than those of the PI, and Indian monsoonal precipitation peaks at 12 and 9 ka at values ~ 45% greater than the PI. GENMOM captures the reconstructed LGM extent of NH and Southern Hemisphere (SH) sea ice. The simulated present-day Antarctica Circumpolar Current (ACC) is ~ 48% weaker than the observed (62 versus 119 Sv). The simulated present-day Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) of 19.3 ± 1.4 Sv on the Bermuda Rise (33° N) is comparable with observed value of 18.7 ± 4.8 Sv. AMOC at 33° N is reduced by ~ 15% during the LGM, and the largest post-glacial increase (~ 11%) occurs during the 15 ka time slice.

Abstract. We apply GENMOM, a coupled atmosphere–ocean climate model, to simulate eight equilibrium "time-segments" at 3000 yr intervals for the past 21 000 years forced by changes in Earth-Sun geometry, atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs), continental ice sheets and sea level. Simulated global cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is 3.8 °C and the rate of post-glacial warming is in overall agreement with recently published temperature reconstructions. The greatest rate of warming occurs between 15 and 12 ka (2.4 °C over land, 0.7 °C over oceans and 1.4 °C globally) in response to changes in radiative forcing from the diminished extent of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) ice sheets and increases in GHGs and NH summer insolation. The modeled LGM and 6 ka temperature and precipitation climatologies are generally consistent with proxy reconstructions, the PMIP2 and PMIP3 simulations, and other paleoclimate data-model analyses. The model does not capture the mid-Holocene "thermal maximum" and gradual cooling to pre-industrial global temperature found in the data. Simulated monsoonal precipitation in North Africa peaks between 12 and 9 ka at values ~ 50% greater than those of the PI, and Indian monsoonal precipitation peaks at 12 and 9 ka at values ~ 45% greater than the PI. GENMOM captures the reconstructed LGM extent of NH and Southern Hemisphere (SH) sea ice. The simulated present-day Antarctica Circumpolar Current (ACC) is ~ 48% weaker than observed (62 vs. 119 Sv). The simulated present-day Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) of 19.3 ± 1.4 Sv on the Bermuda Rise (33° N) is comparable with the observed value of 17.4 Sv. AMOC at 33° N is reduced by ~ 15% during the LGM, and the largest post-glacial increase (~ 11%) occurs, unforced, during the 15 ka time slice.

Abstract Bermuda has been engaging in tax information exchange with other jurisdictions since the 1980s. This article, which is based upon a paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Academy of Estate and Trusts Law in Tokyo, Japan in May 2019, looks at the historical trend towards information exchange. The article considers in detail the system now in place under Bermuda law for the production of information pursuant to tax information exchange agreements (TIEAs). This requires a court order and the reported case law dealing with challenges to these TIEA orders provides a useful insight into the nature and range of the requests being made by foreign tax authorities.

ABSTRACTDispute resolution can be done by litigation and non litigation. Litigation settlement is conventional methods that contain tire weakness, so that the non-litigation settlement with an agreement arises. Issues: concerning the nature of law enforcement of the treaty agreement as the basis for resolving disputes through ADR; The power of the principle pacta sunt servanda in the mechanism of execution of the ADR decision. In law enforcement of agreements, it can be a violation of the making of an agreement (pre contract), and a violation of the implementation of the agreement (post contract), which leads to a settlement in litigation. Settlement through ADR must be based on the agreement of the parties and stated in the agreement. The power of the principle of pacta sunt servanda over the settlement agreement through ADR binds the parties and applies as a law. Third parties may not intervene on the substance of the contract made by the parties. Keywords: agreement, principle pacta sunt servanda, ADR. ABSTRAKPenyelesaian sengketa dapat dilakukan secara litigasi dan non litigasi. Penyelesaian secara litigasi merupakan cara-cara konvensional yang mengandung banyak kelemahan, sehingga memunculkan penyelesaian non litigasi atau di luar pengadilan (ADR) yang dilandasi dengan perjanjian. Permasalahan: menyangkut Hakikat penegakan hukum perjanjian; Perjanjian sebagai landasan penyelesaian sengketa melalui ADR; Kekuatan asas pacta sunt servanda dalam mekanisme eksekusi putusan ADR. Dalam penegakan hukum terhadap perjanjian, bisa berupa pelanggaran terhadap pembuatan perjanjian (pra contract), dan pelanggaran terhadap pelaksanaan perjanjian (post contract), yang bermuara pada penyelesaian secara litigasi. Penyelesaian melalui ADR harus didasarkan pada kesepakatan para pihak dan dan dituangkan dalam perjanjian. Kekuatan asas pacta sunt servanda atas perjanjian penyelesaian melalui ADR mengikat para pihak dan berlaku sebagai undang-undang. Pihak ketiga tidak boleh melakukan intervensi terhadap substansi kontrak yang dibuat oleh para pihak.Kata Kunci: perjanjian, asas pacta sunt servanda, sengketa.

This research is motivated by a contradictory reality about the life of traditional fishermen. Traditional fishermen have “sacred” zones for fishing activities which are protected by law due to their highest biodiversity and cultural importance to local fishing communities. On the other hand, 76 percent of the traditional fishermen are classified as poor; the level of poverty headcount index (PHI) reaches 32.4 percent. Based on this contradictory situation, 2 (two) important questions arise: what happens in the fishing area of traditional fishermen and whether the poverty experienced by traditional fishermen starst from this fishing ground. This research took place in Bagan Kuala, a village where the majority of the population are traditional fishermen. This study used an ethnographic approach with two data collection tools, which are interviews and observations. It was found that each traditional fisherman in this village has its own fishing grounds and boundaries. The boundary is marked by fish aggregating device (FAD), which also serve its purpose as fish catcher. Some of the FADs have been owned by fishermen for many generations. Outsiders often trespass this fishing ground, particularly at night where they use modern tools like trawl, destroying the fishermen’s FADs. As a result, there are conflicts and also negotiations involving the locals and outsiders who asked for their permission; the catch was divided depending on the agreement. From these findings, it can be concluded that poverty can start from the fishing ground.

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk membahas estetika pola tiga yang menjadi ciri khas dalam penyajian talempong renjeang (renjeng atau tenteng). Estetika pola tiga dalam konsep musikal talempong renjeang dibentuk oleh 3 (tiga) pasangan talempong, dan masing disebut sebagai talempong Jantan, talempong Paningkah, dan talempong Pangawinan. Dinamika kehidupan beragama di Minangkabau ditandai konflik antara kaum sufi dan paham modern. Konflik tersebut bermula dari tarekat Syattariyah dan tarekat Naqsyabandiah yang mempersoalkan konsep wildathul wujud dan wildathul suhud. Masuknya pengaruh wahabi, konflik konflik menyulut perang suadara, dan dalam catatan sejarah kemudian lebih dikenal dengan perang padri – secara fisik berkahir pada perjanjian Bukik Marapalam. Perjanjian Bukik Marapalam – momerandum of understanding – melahirkan sebuah konsensus untuk menciptakan perdamaian di antara mereka yang berbeda paham. Konflik tersebut kemudian melahirkan konsep tali tigo sapilin, tungku nan tigo sajarangan (tali tiga sepilin, tunggku yang tiga sejarangan) – keharmonisan. Metode yang digunakan berbasis data kualitatif dan diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, dan analisis data. Analisis data fokus pada talempong renjeang sebagai satu sistem musikal dan dinamika kehidupan bergama dalam masyarakat Minangkabau yang bermula dari perbedaan paham keagamaan antara tarekat Syattariyah dan tarekat Naqsyabandiyah. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa talempong sebagai sistem musikal sejalan dengan dinamika keagamaaan masyarakat Minangkabau. ABSTRACTThis article is intended to discuss the aesthetics of three-patterned talempong which its characteristic is in the presentation of ranjeang talempong (renjeng or tenteng). Aesthetics of three-patterned talempong in ranjeang talempong musical concept are formed by 3 (three) pairs of talempong. Each of them called as Jantan talempong, Paningkah talempong, and Pangawinan talempong. The dynamics of religious life in Minangkabau is marked by conflict between Sufis and modern Islamic concept. The conflict begins when Syattariyah “tarekat” and Nasqsyabbandiah ”tarekat” question the concept of wildatul wujud and wildathul suhud. The influence of conflict induced by the Wahhabi has sparked off a civil war, that in the historical record has been known as Paderi war – and that was physically ended in an Agreement of Marapalam Hill. This agreement spawned a consensus to bring peace among those who have different understandings. This conflict has spawned one concept of tali tigo sapilin, tungku tigo sajarangan (unity in diversity, three pillars of leadership) - harmony. Method used builds upon the qualitative data obtained through observation, interviews, documentation, and data analysis. Data analysis are focused on renjeang talempong as a musical system and the dynamics of religious life in Minangkabau society that began with diffrent religious understanding between Syattariyah :tarekat” and Nasqsyabandiah “tarekat”. The result of this study is talempong as a musical system that is in accordance with the dynamics of relegious of Minangkabau society.

Komitmen dan kepimpinan Presiden Benigno Aquino III menjadi titik tolak penting kepada termeterainya perjanjian damai antara Republik Filipina dengan Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) bermula dari tahun 2012 hingga berakhir tempoh pentadbirannya sebagai Presiden Filipina pada bulan Jun 2016. Sikapnya yang terbuka, lebih bertolak ansur dan memahami keadaan rakyatnya membolehkan beliau mengadakan siri rundingan dan perjanjian dengan MILF bagi mengembalikan keamanan di Selatan Filipina. Berbanding dengan presiden-presiden sebelumnya, Presiden Aquino dilihat memiliki karisma dan kemahiran kepimpinan yang tinggi sehingga berupaya merencana dan mempertahankan perjanjian damai yang ditandatangani demi mewujudkan Bangsamoro Autonomous Region. Ia merupakan satu pencapaian terbesar yang telah dicapai Filipina menerusi kepimpinan Aquino setelah 17 tahun berhadapan dengan pelbagai bentuk halangan dan kegagalan dalam merealisasikan perjanjian damai yang efektif dengan MILF dan Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). Di tahun terakhir pentadbiran Aquino, perjanjian damai dan Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL) berada dalam fasa terakhir untuk dilaksanakan sehinggalah kepimpinannya Aquino diambil alih oleh Presiden Rodrigo Duterte pada bulan Jun 2016. Justeru, artikel ini bertujuan untuk menilai komitmen Presiden Aquino dalam menggerakkan proses rundingan damai selain turut menganalisis Comprehensive Bangsamoro Agreement (CAB) dan Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL) dalam aspek-aspek terpilih. Analisis dalam kajian ini menggunakan rekod-rekod daripada sumber primer dan sekunder meliputi akhbar, laporan, dokumen perjanjian, bil senat, buku dan artikel jurnal. Kata Kunci: perjanjian damai, komitmen, kepimpinan, rundingan, Bangsamoro

This study stems from Dr. Zakiah Drajat who began to introduce the psychology of religious views. However, it was not until 1994 that through the national symposium, Islamic psychology enthusiasts were finally collected and came to an agreement to name the new knowledge in the name of Islamic psychology, after many names were proposed, among them the Psychology of Qur'ani, Psychology of Tasawwuf and so on. Islam is a concept that is outside of its adherents; but as a belief, Islam became part of its adherents. To deepen the psychology of the Muslims, it takes a separate study that has not been touched by the study of western psychology. This study is the focus of the study of Islamic psychology. Keywords: Islamic Psychology, Psychiatry, Western Psychology Abstrak Kajian ini bermula dari usaha Dr. Zakiah Drajat yang mulai mengenalkan psikologi dari tinjauan agama. Namun baru pada tahun 1994, melalui simposium nasional, para peminat psikologi Islam akhirnya dikumpulkan dan muncullah kesepakatan untuk menamakan pengetahuan baru tersebut dengan nama psikologi Islam, setelah sebelumnya, banyak nama diusulkan, di antaranya adalah Psikologi Qur’ani, Psikologi Tasawwuf dan lain sebagainya. Islam adalah konsep yang berada di luar diri pemeluknya; namun sebagai keyakinan, Islam menjadi bagian dari pemeluknya. Untuk mendalami kejiwaan kaum muslim, dibutuhkan kajian tersendiri yang selama ini tidak tersentuh oleh kajian psikologi barat. Kajian inilah yang menjadi fokus kajian psikologi Islam. Kata Kunci: Psikologi Islam, Kejiwaan, Psikologi Barat

Abstract Spall, the tensile failure of a material due to high stress loading, has been observed in a number of contained and surface explosions. The phenomenon results in a repartition of the initial spherical explosion energy source, yielding a second energy source which is cylindrical and delayed in time. Recent spall models by Day et al. (1983) demanding conservation of momentum have shown the phenomenon to have little contribution to 20-sec surface waves. These models are extended to include the effect of the process on near-source seismograms. The spall model is constrained by observations within the nonlinear regime of the source which bound the mass, momentum, and timing of the process. Comparison of these forward models with the inverse vertical point force source inferred from seismic recordings of a bermed surface explosion yields excellent agreement. The spall model developed from the contained explosion, CHEAT, is used to create synthetic seismograms. Comparisons of these waveforms with those from a Mueller-Murphy contained explosion indicate that the waveform contribution from spall is similar in size to the spherical explosion waveform. The complete synthetic composed of the spall and explosion contribution compares favorably with observational data from the CHEAT experiment in both amplitude and energy distribution.

Social justice has always been the most significant component in determining the orientation and objectives of social life. Issues frequently arise in relation to social discrepancies initiated by ensuing injustices, this further instigates crucial tension among groups, particularly in the field of economic welfare. As a unitary state, Indonesia has high aspirations of accomplishing life goals that rise up from the spirit ideology of Pancasila. As an ideology, Pancasila is not an objective, it functions as a means of achieving an objective. The objective of such mutual perspective of life is nothing but the creation of a developed, prosperous, and wealthy society in which it is embodied in the spirit of social justice. This study attempts to uncover substantial matters pertaining to the concept of social justice according to Al-Qur’an and Pancasila, wherein both are inseparable from the spirit of the Indonesian community in a broad sense. As a Muslim living in Indonesia, Al-Qur’an and Pancasila have become indivisible. They serve as a foundation and guidance in attaining a wealthy and prosperous life. In this context, I try to find the point of agreement on the concept of social justice between Al-Qur’an and Pancasila in order to find similarities or harmony between the two. My aim is to synergize the power of religion and the power of state ideology in order to easily accomplish the objectives and aspirations of civil society[Keadilan sosial selalu saja menjadi bagian paling penting dalam menentukan arah dan tujuan suatu kehidupan bermasyarakat.Seringkali masalah muncul berkenaan dengan adanya ketimpangan sosial yang bermula dari ketidakadilan yang menyertainya, hal ini memicu adanya ketegangan yang krusial antar kelompok, khsususnya dalam bidang kesejahteraan ekonomi.Sebagai negara kesatuan, Indonesia memiliki cita-cita tinggi untuk mencapai tujuan hidup yang bertitik tolak dari semangat dan Ideologi Pancasila. Sebagai ideologi, Pancasila bukanlah tujuan, tetapi ia berfungsi sebagai sarana untuk sampai pada suatu tujuan. Tujuan dari pandangan hidup bersama tersebut tak lain adalah terciptanya masyarakat yang maju, makmur, dan sejahtera yang kemudian hal ini tertuang dalam semangat keadialan sosial. Penelitian ini mencoba menggali hal penting tentang konsep keadilan sosial menurut Al-Qur’an dan Pancasila, kedua hal tersebut sama sekali tidak bisa dipisahkan dari semangat masyarakat Indonesia secara luas. Sebagai masyarakat Muslim yang tinggal di Indonesia, Al-Qur’an dan Pancasila sudah menjadi bagian yang tak terpisahkan.Ia menjadi dasar sekaligus pegangan untuk mencapai suatu kehidupan yang makmur dan sejahtera. Dalam konteks ini, peneliti mencoba menemukan titik temu antara konsep keadilan sosial dalam perspektif Al-Qur’an dan Pancasila guna mencari persamaan atau keselarasan diantaranya keduanya.Tujuanny adalah untuk mensinergikan antara kekuatan agama dengan kekuatan ideologi negara, agar tujuan dan cita-cita sebagai masyarakat yang madani dapat dicapai dengan mudah.]

ABSTRAKPasal 1 angka 1 Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2009 tentang Ketenagalistrikan dapat dikatakan bahwa, ketenagalistrikan adalah segala sesuatu yang menyangkut penyediaan dan pemanfaatan tenaga listrik serta usaha penunjang tenaga listrik. Tenaga Listrik mempunyai peran yang sangat penting dan strategis dalam mewujudkan tujuan pembangunan nasional, maka usaha penyediaan tenaga listrik perlu terus ditingkatkan sejalan dengan perkembangan pembangunan agar tersedia tenaga listrik dalam jumlah yang cukup, merata, dan bermutu. Usaha penyediaan tenaga listrik merupakan pengadaan tenaga listrik meliputi pembangkitan, transmisi, dan penjualan tenaga listrik. Dalam penjualan tenaga listrik terjadi transaksi jual beli tenaga listrik antara pelanggan dengan PT. PLN (Persero). Berdasarkan Pasal 1457 KUHPerdata, jual beli adalah suatu perjanjian dengan mana pihak yang satu mengikat dirinya untuk menyerahkan hak milik atas suatu barang dan pihak yang lain untuk membayar harga yang telah dijanjikan. Oleh karena itu dalam pelaksanaannya perlu diadakan suatu perjanjian antara pelanggan dengan PT. PLN (Persero) yang disebut dengan “Surat Perjanjian Jual Beli Tenaga Listrik (SPJBTL)”. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai hak dan kewajiban para pihak dalam Perjanjian Jual Beli Tenaga Listrik (SPJBTL) antara PT PLN (Persero) Unit Pelaksana Pelayanan Pelanggan Tanjungpinang dengan Pelanggan dan Perjanjian Jual Beli Tenaga Listrik (SPJBTL) antara PT PLN (Persero) Unit Pelaksana Pelayanan Pelanggan Tanjungpinang dengan Pelanggan jika dilihat dari asas itikad baik.Metode Penelitian adalah penelitian hukum normatif, yang disebut juga dengan penelitian hukum doktrinal. Dalam penelitian hukum normatif ini, penulis tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian dengan menggunakan asas hukum. Penelitian yang membahas tentang asas hukum ini penulis gunakan dikarenakan berkaitan dengan asas hukum itikad baik (Good Faith) terhadap mengenai hak dan kewajiban para pihak dalam Perjanjian Jual Beli Tenaga Listrik (SPJBTL) antara PT PLN (Persero) Unit Pelaksana Pelayanan Pelanggan Tanjungpinang dengan Pelanggan serta mengenai upaya penyelesaian perselisihan yang terjadi antara PT PLN (Persero) Unit Pelaksana Pelayanan Pelanggan Tanjungpinang dengan Pelanggan. Penulis menggunakan metode kajian kepustakaan yaitu peneliti menganalisa berdasarkan buku-buku, peraturan perundang-undangan maupun literatur-literatur lainnya yang terkait dengan permasalahan yang diteliti. Analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif yaitu data yang diperoleh tidak dengan menggunakan statistik atau matematika ataupun yang sejenisnya. Dalam menarik kesimpulan penulis menggunakan metode berfikir deduktif yaitu cara berfikir yang menarik kesimpulan dari suatu pernyataan atau dalil yang bersifat umum menjadi suatu pernyataan atau kasus yang bersifat khusus.Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah para pihak harus memenuhi hak dan kewajibannya sebagai pelanggan dan tidak melakukan pelanggaran dalam menggunakan tenaga listrik, antara lain: tidak menunggak atau tidak membayar rekening tagihan tenaga listrik, tidak melakukan pencurian tenaga listrik, tidak menyalurkan tenaga listrik pada pihak lain, menggunakan tenaga listrik sesuai peruntukan dalam SPJBTL serta tidak merubah atau merusak peralatan listrik dan tidak melakukan perbuatan lainnya yang merugikan PT. PLN (Persero). Akan tetapi hak dan kewajiban para pihak dalam Surat Perjanjian Jual Beli Tenaga Listrik (SPJBTL) antara PT PLN (Persero) Unit Pelaksana Pelayanan Pelanggan Tanjungpinang tidak diatur secara jelas dan tegas. Sehingga apabila terdapat wanprestasi yang dilakukan oleh para pihak, maka pihak yang dirugikan tidak mendapatkan ganti kerugian sebagaimana mestinya. Sehingga untuk menghindari terjadinya wanprestasi yang dapat merugikan para pihak maka perjanjian jual beli tenaga listrik (SPJBTL) antara PT. PLN (Persero) dengan konsumen harus didasarkan dengan itikad baik. Untuk kedepannya dalam membuat surat perjanjian jual beli tenaga listrik pihak PLN harus meninjau ulang mengenai klausula dalam SPJBTL, karena beberapa pasal dalam SPJBTL masih mengandung klausula yang melanggar hak-hak konsumen. Sehingga tujuan Negara untuk mencapai kemakmuran dan kesejahteran rakyat dalam energi listrik di Indonesia dan misi PLN tentang kepuasan pelanggan dapat tercapai. Untuk konsumen kedepannya harus lebih bertanggungjawab dalam menunaikan kewajibannya, agar hak-hak juga bisa diperoleh dengan baik. Sehingga tidak ada pihak yang dirugikan.Kata kunci: hak dan kewajiban; SPJBTL; PLN unit pelaksana pelayanan pelanggan TanjungpinangABSTRACTArticle 1 number 1 of Law Number 30 Year 2009 concerning Electricity can be said that, electricity is everything related to the supply and use of electricity as well as electricity supporting businesses. Electric Power has a very important and strategic role in realizing national development goals, so the business of supplying electricity needs to be continuously increased in line with the development development so that there is sufficient, equitable and quality electricity. Electricity supply business is the supply of electricity including the generation, transmission and sale of electricity. In the sale of electricity there is a power purchase transaction between the customer and PT. PLN (Persero). Based on Article 1457 of the Civil Code, buying and selling is an agreement with which one party binds himself to surrender ownership rights to an item and the other party to pay the price promised. Therefore in its implementation it is necessary to hold an agreement between the customer and PT. PLN (Persero), called the "Electricity Purchase Agreement (SPJBTL)". This study discusses the rights and obligations of the parties in the Electricity Sale and Purchase Agreement (SPJBTL) between PT PLN (Persero) Tanjungpinang Customer Service Implementing Unit with Customers and the Electricity Sale and Purchase Agreement (SPJBTL) between PT PLN (Persero) Customer Service Implementation Unit Tanjungpinang with customers when viewed from the principle of good faith.The research method is normative legal research, also called doctrinal law research. In this normative legal research, the author is interested in conducting research using the principle of law. This research discusses the legal principle I use because it relates to the legal principle of good faith (Good Faith) regarding the rights and obligations of the parties in the Power Purchase Agreement (SPJBTL) between PT PLN (Persero) Tanjungpinang Customer Service Implementation Unit with Customers and regarding efforts to resolve disputes that occur between PT PLN (Persero) Tanjungpinang Customer Service Implementation Unit and Customers. The author uses the method of literature study in which the researcher analyzes based on books, laws and regulations and other literatures related to the problem under study. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively, that is, the data obtained were not using statistics or mathematics or the like.The conclusion of this research is that the parties must fulfill their rights and obligations as customers and do not violate the use of electricity, including: not arrears or not paying electricity bill, not stealing electricity, not delivering electricity to other parties, using electricity in accordance with the designation in the SPJBTL and does not change or damage the electrical equipment and does not do other actions that harm PT. PLN (Persero). However, the rights and obligations of the parties in the Power Purchase Agreement (SPJBTL) between PT PLN (Persero) Tanjungpinang Customer Service Implementation Unit are not clearly and clearly regulated. So if there is a default done by the parties, the injured party does not get compensation as they should. So as to avoid the occurrence of default that can be detrimental to the parties, the power purchase agreement (SPJBTL) between PT. PLN (Persero) with consumers must be based on good faith. In the future, in making a power purchase agreement, the PLN must review the clause in the SPJBTL, because some articles in the SPJBTL still contain clauses that violate consumer rights. So that the State's goal of achieving prosperity and prosperity of the people in electrical energy in Indonesia and PLN's mission of customer satisfaction can be achieved. For consumers in the future must be more responsible in fulfilling their obligations, so that rights can also be obtained properly. So that no party is harmed.Keywords: rights and obligations; SPJBTL; PLN Tanjungpinang customer service implementation unit.

Pembentukan al-'aqd dalam perniagaan ditunjangi kehendak syara' bagi memastikan kebajikan setiap pihak berakad dijamin dan sesuatu matlamat yang disasarkan dapat dicapai dengan sempurna. Al-'aqd yang mewakili kepada pelaksanaan kontrak, menuntut kepada pematuhan di atas persepakatan sepanjang tempoh ia berlangsung. Keperluan al-'aqd ditonjolkan melalui ciri-ciri dan syarat tertentu mengikut disiplin muamalat Islam merangkumi pelbagai sudut bermula daripada sighah, pelaksana akad, perkara diakadkan dan kesan terhadap hukum. Kelebihan mematuhi prinsip ini bukan hanya dibuka kepada usahawan di kalangan muslim sahaja, bahkan secara menyeluruh merentasi agama, adat dan budaya. Manakala perniagaan francais pula, merupakan perniagaan yang dijalankan bersandarkan kepada kontrak sepenuhnya terutama kepada hubungan di antara pemberi dan penerima francais. Pelbagai isu melibatkan kontrak francais berlaku di kalangan pengusaha perniagaan tersebut di Malaysia merangkumi bermacam jenis produk dipasarkan. Melihatkan kepada isu yang berbangkit, maka kajian ini menemukan kelebihan prinsip al-'aqd kepada usahawan francais yang terdiri daripada agama berbeza. Oleh itu, pengkaji menggunakan kaedah kualitatif untuk mencapai objektif kajian dengan melibatkan kaedah kepustakaan dari pelbagai rujukan dan sesi temu bual bersama mereka yang berkenaan dengan perniagaan francais. Hasil kajian mendapati al-'aqd menawarkan kelebihan yang mampu memberi kemanfaatan kepada pihak berkontrak dalam francais sama ada di kalangan muslim atau sebagainya mencakupi pemilihan pihak berkontrak, penjelasan bentuk penawaran dan penerimaan serta kesan yang akan diterima untuk jangka masa panjang. Kajian ini mencadangkan agar al-'aqd dapat diperkenalkan dengan berkesan dan kesedaran ke atas pelaksanaan prinsip ini dipertingkatkan kepada lebih ramai pengusaha francais bagi memastikan pihak berkontrak mengenalpasti hak dan batasan dalam sesebuah kontrak dengan sewajarnya berpandukan kepada ajaran Islam sebenar. ABSTRACT Al-'aqd in business is based on the requirements of syara’ to ensure the welfare of each party is guaranteed and a targeted goal can be achieved perfectly. It represents the execution of the contract, demands compliance with the agreement throughout the period in which it is in force. The need for al-'aqd is highlighted through certain characteristics and conditions according to the discipline of Islamic muamalat covering various angles starting from sighah, the executor of the contract, the matter in question, and the effect on the law. Its advantages are not only open to entrepreneurs among Muslims only but across religions, customs, and cultures. The franchise business, on the other hand, is a business conducted based on a full contract, especially on the relationship between the grantor and the recipient of the franchise. Various issues involving franchise contracts occurred. This study examines the advantages of the al-'aqd principle to franchise entrepreneurs of different religions. Using qualitative methods by involving the library method and interview with the franchisee. The results of the study found that al-'aqd offers advantages that provide benefits to the contracting parties in the franchise whether among Muslims or so covering the selection of contractors, the explanation of the form of supply and acceptance as well as the effects that will be received in the long run. This study suggests that al-'aqd can be introduced effectively and awareness on the implementation of this principle is increased to more franchisees to ensure that contractors identify the rights and limitations in a contract accordingly based on the true teachings of Islam.

LABURPENA: Euskadiko Toki Erakundeei buruzko 2/2016 Legearekin batera Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko barne instituzionalizazio-prozesua bukatu da, erakundeen beste bi mailekin (foru maila eta erkidego maila) modu harmonikoan egituratu behar den toki-gobernu eredua artikulatuz. Legeak toki-autonomiaren funtsezko bi alderdiak uztartzen ditu: eskumenak eta finantzaketa. Nolanahi ere, foru-erakundeek arlo honetan ekarpen garrantzitsuak egin ditzakete. Legeak izaera integrala dauka, eskumen sistema propio eta berezia osatzea eragingo duena; ezin da finantzaketatik banandu. Finantzaketa nahikoa eta autonomia izatea, finantza-iraunkortasuna eta aurrekontu-egonkortasuna dira Euskadiko Toki Erakundeei buruzko Legeak bermatu nahi dituen toki-ogasunen oinarrizko jarduketa-printzipioen osagaiak. Finantzaketa egokiaren bermea eskumen propioetan zein EAEko udalerriek baliatu dituzten beste eskumen batzuetan proiektatu da —legez edo foru-arauz eman ahal zaizkien eskumen berriak barne— baita transferitu edo eskuordetu daitezkeen eskumenetan ere. Toki-finantzaketaren arloan Euskadiko Toki Erakundeei buruzko Legetik eratorritako sistema instituzionala, oro har, Finantza Publikoen Euskal Kontseiluko erabakiak hartzean udal-ordezkariek daukaten parte hartzeak definitzen du. Horri dagokionez, Lurralde Historikoen Legea aldatzearen ondorioz, toki-finantzaketarako oso garrantzitsuak diren arlo askotako erabakiak hartzean udal-ordezkariak gehituko dira, eskubide osoko kide gisa (ahotsa eta botoa), dualtzat har daitekeen parte-hartze instituzionaleko eredu baten barruan. Eredu horren arabera gaiak banatu egiten dira: batetik, hiru maila instituzionalen parte hartzea behar duten akordioak, eta, bestetik, garrantzitsuak izanik soilik foru eta udal mailakoei dagozkienak (parte-hartze maila edo eredu horizontala ekarpenen legeetan). RESUMEN: La Ley 2/2016 de Instituciones Locales de Euskadi (LILE) culmina el proceso de institucionalización interna de la Comunidad Autónoma de Euskadi articulando un modelo de gobierno local que debe vertebrarse de manera armónica con los otros dos niveles dos niveles institucionales (foral y autonómico). Es una ley que, sin perjuicio de las importantes atribuciones que en este ámbito tienen las instituciones forales, integra los dos aspectos sustantivos de la autonomía local: competencias y financiación. Carácter integral que va a determinar la configuración de un sistema competencial propio y singular que no puede disociarse de su financiación. La suficiencia y autonomía financiera, junto con la estabilidad presupuestaria y la sostenibilidad financiera, constituyen los principios de actuación básicos de las haciendas locales que la LILE trata de garantizar. La garantía de financiación adecuada se proyecta tanto sobre las competencias propias que vienen ejerciendo los municipios vascos como sobre las nuevas competencias que les puedan ser atribuidas por ley o norma foral o que les puedan ser transferidas o delegadas. El sistema institucional, en materia de financiación local, que se deriva de la LILE, viene definido fundamentalmente por el modelo de participación de los re presentantes municipales en la toma de decisiones del Consejo Vasco de Finanzas Públicas. A este respecto, con la consiguiente modificación de la Ley de Territorios Históricos, se incorporan los representantes municipales, como miembros de pleno derecho (voz y voto) en la toma de decisiones acerca de un significativo número de materias de gran trascendencia para la financiación local, dentro de un modelo de participación institucional que podemos calificar de dual. Modelo conforme al cual se diferencia entre aquellas materias cuyos acuerdos precisan de la participación de los tres niveles institucionales y aquellas otras, de especial importancia (nivel de participación o modelo horizontal en leyes de aportaciones), cuyos acuerdos solamente competen a los niveles foral y municipal. ABSTRACT: Act 2/2016 on Local Entities of Euskadi (LILE) brings to an end the process of internal institutionalization of the Autonomous Community of Euskadi by articulating a local government model that has harmoniously to be built upon the other two levels of institutions (foral and autonomous). It is an act that, with no prejudice to the important attributions foral institutions have in this area, comprehends two substantive features of local autonomy: competences and funding. That comprehensive character is going to determine the configuration of an own and singular system of competences which cannot be dissociated from its funding. The financial sufficiency and autonomy, together with the budgetary stability are the basic principles of action of local government finances that LILE tries to guarantee. The guarantee for an adequate funding is projected both to own competences that Basque municipalities are already exercising and to new competences that can be attributed either by act or by foral rule or that can be transferred or delegated. The institutional system, in the field of local funding, that results from LILE is mainly defined by the model of participation by the municipal representatives in the decision-making process of the Basque Committee for Public Finances. In this regard, with the consequential amendment of the Act on Historic Territories, the municipal representatives will be incorporated as full members (with voice and vote) in the decision-making process in a significant amount of very important issues for the local funding within the model of institutional participation which can be qualified as twofold. A model according to whom those issues whose agreement requires the participation of the three institutional levels and those others, with particular relevance (level of participation or horizontal model in act of contributions) whose agreement does only affect the foral and municipal levels.

Abstract In situ atmospheric ozone measurements aboard the R/V Ronald H. Brown during the 2008 Gas-Ex and AMMA research cruises were compared with data from four island and coastal Global Atmospheric Watch stations in the Atlantic Ocean to examine ozone transport in the marine boundary layer (MBL). Ozone measurements made at Tudor Hill, Bermuda, were subjected to continental outflow from the east coast of the United States, which resulted in elevated ozone levels above 50 ppbv. Ozone measurements at Cape Verde, Republic of Cape Verde, approached 40 ppbv in springtime and were influenced by outflow from Northern Africa. At Ragged Point, Barbados, ozone levels were ∼ 21 ppbv; back trajectories showed the source region to be the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Ozone measurements from Ushuaia, Argentina, indicated influence from the nearby city; however, the comparison of the daily maxima ozone mole fractions measured at Ushuaia and aboard the Gas-Ex cruise revealed that these were representative of background ozone in higher latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. Diurnal ozone cycles in the shipborne data, frequently reaching 6–7 ppbv, were larger than most previous reports from coastal or island monitoring locations and simulations based on HOx photochemistry alone. However, these data show better agreement with recent ozone modeling that included ozone-halogen chemistry. The transport time between station and ship was estimated from HYSPLIT back trajectories, and the change of ozone mole fractions during transport in the MBL was estimated. Three comparisons showed declining ozone levels; in the subtropical and tropical North Atlantic Ocean the loss of ozone was < 1.5 ppbv day−1. Back trajectories at Ushuaia were too inconsistent to allow for this determination. Comparisons between ship and station measurements showed that ozone behavior and large-scale (∼ 1000 km) multi-day transport features were well retained during transport in the MBL.