Relevant bibliographies by topics / Beta-2 toxin. Clostridium perfringens

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Academic literature on the topic 'Beta-2 toxin. Clostridium perfringens'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Beta-2 toxin. Clostridium perfringens"

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TSIOURIS (Β.Σ. ΤΣΙΟΥΡΗΣ), V. S., I. GEORGOPOULOU (ΓΕΩΡΓΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), and E. PETRIDOU (Ε. ΠΕΤΡΙΔΟΥ). "Update on the toxins of Clostridium perfringens and their actions." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 61, no. 3 (November 17, 2017): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14892.

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Clostridia appeared as a distinct class, approximately 2.7 billion years ago, before the initial formation of oxygen. Clostridium perfringens is widely distributed throughout the environment due to its ability to form spores. Furthermore, it is a member of intestinal microbiota in animals and human. In 2002, the complete genome of C perfringens strain 13 was published. Genomic analysis has revealed that C. perfringens lacks the genetic machinery to produce 13 essential amino acids and it obtains these in vivo via the action of its toxins. Toxins of C perfringens can be divided into major, minor and enterotoxin. C perfringens strains are classified into five toxinotypes (A, B, C, D and E), based on the production of four major toxins. Alpha toxin is the best and most studied major toxin of C perfringens and it was the first bacterial toxin established to possess enzymatic activity. It has haemolytic, necrotic and cytolytic activity, it can lyse platelets and leukocytes and it can damage fibroblasts and muscle cell membranes. Expression of epa gene, which is responsible for the production of alpha toxin by C perfringens, is down-regulated in the normal healthy gut, but it is upregulated to initiate enteric disease in response to an environmental signal. C perfringens appears to be regulated in a quorum sensing manner, using oligopeptides, AI-2 or both, to regulate expression of the epa gene, and thus the synthesis of alpha toxin. Beta toxin is recognized as an important agent in necrotic enteritis of humans and it is the second most lethal C. perfringens toxin following epsilon toxin. Beta toxin is a membrane spanning protein that oligomerizes to form channels in susceptible cells or it primarily acts as a neurotoxin. Epsilon toxin is the most potent of the C. perfringens toxins and the third most potent neurotoxin from the Clostridium spp., following botulinum and tetanus toxins. Epsilon toxin of C perfringens type D causes enterotoxaemia and pulpy kidneys disease of lambs. Iota toxin causes disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and cell barrier integrity and it is the less toxic of the major toxins of C perfringens. Although C perfringens enterotoxin is not classified as one of the major toxins of C perfringens, it is the third most common cause of food poisoning in industrialized nations. It is not secreted by the cells of growing bacteria, but it is released only with the sporulation of C perfringens. Not all strains of C perfringens carry the epe gene, which is responsible for the production of enterotoxin. Theta toxin is a pore-forming cytolysin that can lyse red blood cells. It is produced by all types of C perfringens. Together with alpha-toxin, theta-toxin modulates the host inflammatory response. ß2 toxin is a pore forming toxin which is involved in necrotic enteritis of swine and horse, in haemorragic enteritis of bovine in diarrhea cases of dogs and along with enterotoxin in diarrhea cases of humans. Recently, -NetB, a novel toxin that is associated with broiler necrotic enteritis, has been described. The mechanism of its action seems to involve the formation of small hydrophilic pores. Other toxins of C. perfringens include λ-toxin, ô-toxin, μ-toxin, v-toxin, κ-toxin, a-clostripain like protease and neuraminidase/sialidase. These toxins can act as enzymes, while many of them can act synergically or supplementally with major pore forming toxins. Potentially, C. perfringens might produce more toxins, which have not been identified. Finally, the actions of C. perfringens toxins, major or minor, in some diseases have not been figured out.
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Almeida, J. C., R. O. S. Silva, F. C. F. Lobato, and R. A. Mota. "Isolation of Clostridium perfringens and C. difficile in crab-eating fox ( Cerdocyon thous - Linnaeus 1776) from Northeastern Brazil." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 70, no. 6 (December 2018): 1709–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-9895.

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ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to isolate Clostridium perfringens and C. difficile in crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) from Northeastern Brazil. Stool samples of 18 captive crab-eating foxes from four states of Northeastern Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Paraíba e Pernambuco) were collected and subjected to C. perfringens and C. difficile isolation. Suggestive colonies of C. perfringens were then analyzed for genes encoding the major C. perfringens toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and iota), beta-2 toxin (cpb2), enterotoxin (cpe), and NetB- (netB) and NetF- (netF) encoding genes. C. difficile strains were analyzed by multiplex-PCR for a housekeeping gene (tpi), toxins A (tcdA) and B (tcdB) and a binary toxin gene (cdtB). Unthawed aliquots of stool samples positive for toxigenic C. difficile were subjected to a commercial ELISA to evaluate the presence of A/B toxins. Clostridium perfringens (type A) was isolated from five (27%) samples, and only one sample was positive for beta-2 enconding gene (cpb2). Two (11%) stool samples were positive for C. difficile, but negative for A/B toxins. These two wild canids were also positive for C. perfringens type A. This is the first report of C. difficile in crab-eating fox.
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Songer, J. Glenn, and Francisco A. Uzal. "Clostridial Enteric Infections in Pigs." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 17, no. 6 (November 2005): 528–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870501700602.

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Clostridium perfringens types A and C and Clostridium difficile are the principal enteric clostridial pathogens of swine. History, clinical signs of disease, and gross and microscopic findings form the basis for a presumptive diagnosis of C. perfringens type-C enteritis. Confirmation is based on isolation of large numbers of type-C C. perfringens and/or detection of beta toxin in intestinal contents. Diagnosis of C. perfringens type-A infection, however, remains controversial, mostly because the condition has not been well defined and because type-A organisms and their most important major (alpha) toxin can be found in intestinal contents of healthy and diseased pigs. Isolation of large numbers of C. perfringens type A from intestinal contents, in the absence of other enteric pathogens, is the most reliable criterion on which to base a diagnosis. Recently, beta2 (CPB2) toxin-producing C. perfringens type A has been linked to disease in piglets and other animals. However, implication of CPB2 in pathogenesis of porcine infections is based principally on isolation of C. perfringens carrying cpb2, the gene encoding CPB2, and the specific role of CPB2 in enteric disease of pigs remains to be fully defined. Clostridium difficile can also be a normal inhabitant of the intestine of healthy pigs, and diagnosis of enteric infection with this microorganism is based on detection of its toxins in feces or intestinal contents.
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Gurjar, Abhijit, Jihong Li, and Bruce A. McClane. "Characterization of Toxin Plasmids in Clostridium perfringens Type C Isolates." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 11 (September 7, 2010): 4860–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00715-10.

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ABSTRACT Clostridium perfringens type C isolates cause enteritis necroticans in humans or necrotizing enteritis and enterotoxemia in domestic animals. Type C isolates always produce alpha toxin and beta toxin but often produce additional toxins, e.g., beta2 toxin or enterotoxin. Since plasmid carriage of toxin-encoding genes has not been systematically investigated for type C isolates, the current study used Southern blot hybridization of pulsed-field gels to test whether several toxin genes are plasmid borne among a collection of type C isolates. Those analyses revealed that the surveyed type C isolates carry their beta toxin-encoding gene (cpb) on plasmids ranging in size from ∼65 to ∼110 kb. When present in these type C isolates, the beta2 toxin gene localized to plasmids distinct from the cpb plasmid. However, some enterotoxin-positive type C isolates appeared to carry their enterotoxin-encoding cpe gene on a cpb plasmid. The tpeL gene encoding the large clostridial cytotoxin was localized to the cpb plasmids of some cpe-negative type C isolates. The cpb plasmids in most surveyed isolates were found to carry both IS1151 sequences and the tcp genes, which can mediate conjugative C. perfringens plasmid transfer. A dcm gene, which is often present near C. perfringens plasmid-borne toxin genes, was identified upstream of the cpb gene in many type C isolates. Overlapping PCR analyses suggested that the toxin-encoding plasmids of the surveyed type C isolates differ from the cpe plasmids of type A isolates. These findings provide new insight into plasmids of proven or potential importance for type C virulence.
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Nagahama, Masahiro, Sadayuki Ochi, Masataka Oda, Kazuaki Miyamoto, Masaya Takehara, and Keiko Kobayashi. "Recent Insights into Clostridium perfringens Beta-Toxin." Toxins 7, no. 2 (February 3, 2015): 396–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins7020396.

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Sakurai, Jun, and Masahiro Nagahama. "CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS BETA-TOXIN: CHARACTERIZATION AND ACTION." Toxin Reviews 25, no. 1 (January 2006): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15569540500320979.

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Greco, Grazia, Anna Madio, Vito Martella, Marco Campolo, Marialaura Corrente, Domenico Buonavoglia, and Canio Buonavoglia. "Enterotoxemia Associated with Beta2 Toxin–Producing Clostridium Perfringens Type A in Two Asiatic Black Bears (Selenarctos Thibetanus)." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 17, no. 2 (March 2005): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870501700216.

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Beta2 (β2) toxin–producing Clostridium perfringens type A strains were found to be associated with necrotic and hemorrhagic intestinal lesions in 2 Asiatic black bears ( Selenarctos thibetanus) that died suddenly. Ten isolates were obtained from the liver, lungs, heart, and small and large intestine of the animals and were examined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the genes encoding the 4 lethal toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon, and iota) for classification into toxin types as well as for the genes encoding enterotoxin and the novel β2-toxin for subclassification. In addition, the cpb2 sequence of the 10 isolates was different from the published sequence of cpb2 of pig type C isolate CWC245, whereas it was highly similar to the cpb2 sequence of the C. perfringens type A strain 13. This finding suggests the existence of 2 cpb2 subtypes. This is the first report of enterotoxemia associated with the presence of C. perfringens producing β2-toxin in the tissues and intestinal content of Asiatic black bears.
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Diab, S. S., H. Kinde, J. Moore, M. F. Shahriar, J. Odani, L. Anthenill, G. Songer, and F. A. Uzal. "Pathology of Clostridium perfringens Type C Enterotoxemia in Horses." Veterinary Pathology 49, no. 2 (April 18, 2011): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985811404710.

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Clostridium perfringens type C is an important cause of enteritis and enterocolitis in foals and occasionally in adult horses. The disease is a classic enterotoxemia, and the enteric lesions and systemic effects are caused primarily by beta toxin, 1 of 2 major toxins produced by C. perfringens type C. Until now, only sporadic cases of C. perfringens type C equine enterotoxemia have been reported. We present a comprehensive description of the lesions in 8 confirmed cases of type C enterotoxemia in foals and adult horses. Grossly, multifocal to segmental hemorrhage and thickening of the intestinal wall were most common in the small intestine, although the colon and cecum were also frequently affected. All horses had variable amounts of fluid, often hemorrhagic intestinal contents. The most characteristic microscopic lesion was necrotizing or necrohemorrhagic enteritis, with mucosal and/or submucosal thrombosis. Numerous gram-positive rods were occasionally seen in affected mucosa. A definitive diagnosis of C. perfringens type C enterotoxemia in all 8 cases was based on the clinical history, gross and histologic lesions, and detection of the beta toxin in intestinal contents.
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Ferreira, Thais Sebastiana Porfida, Andrea Micke Moreno, Renata Rodrigues de Almeida, Cleise Ribeiro Gomes, Debora Dirani Sena de Gobbi, Pedro Henrique Nogueira de Lima Filsner, and Marina Moreno. "Molecular typing of Clostridium perfringens isolated from swine in slaughterhouses from São Paulo State, Brazil." Ciência Rural 42, no. 8 (August 2012): 1450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782012000800020.

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Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium known as common pathogen for humans, for domestic and wildlife animals. Although infections caused by C. perfringens type C and A in swine are well studied, just a few reports describe the genetic relationship among strains in the epidemiological chain of swine clostridioses, as well as the presence of the microorganism in the slaughterhouses. The aim of the present study was to isolate C. perfringens from feces and carcasses from swine slaughterhouses, characterize the strains in relation to the presence of enterotoxin, alpha, beta, epsilon, iota and beta-2 toxins genes, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and comparing strains by means of Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Clostridium perfringens isolation frequencies in carcasses and finishing pig intestines were of 58.8% in both types of samples. According to the polymerase chain reaction assay, only alfa toxin was detected, being all isolates also negative to enterotoxin and beta2 toxin. Through PFGE technique, the strains were characterized in 35 pulsotypes. In only one pulsotype, the isolate from carcass sample was grouped with fecal isolate of the same animal, suggesting that the risk of cross-contamination was low. Despite the high prevalence of C. perfringens in swine carcasses from the slaughterhouses assessed, the risk of food poisoning to Brazilian pork consumers is low, since all strains were negative to cpe-gene, codifying enterotoxin.
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Fisher, Derek J., Mariano E. Fernandez-Miyakawa, Sameera Sayeed, Rachael Poon, Victoria Adams, Julian I. Rood, Francisco A. Uzal, and Bruce A. McClane. "Dissecting the Contributions of Clostridium perfringens Type C Toxins to Lethality in the Mouse Intravenous Injection Model." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 9 (September 2006): 5200–5210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00534-06.

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ABSTRACT The gram-positive anaerobe Clostridium perfringens produces a large arsenal of toxins that are responsible for histotoxic and enteric infections, including enterotoxemias, in humans and domestic animals. C. perfringens type C isolates, which cause rapidly fatal diseases in domestic animals and enteritis necroticans in humans, contain the genes for alpha toxin (plc), perfringolysin O (pfoA), beta toxin (cpb), and sometimes beta2 toxin (cpb2) and/or enterotoxin (cpe). Due to the economic impact of type C-induced diseases, domestic animals are commonly vaccinated with crude type C toxoid (prepared from inactivated culture supernatants) or bacterin/toxoid vaccines, and it is not clear which toxin(s) present in these vaccines actually elicits the protective immune response. To improve type C vaccines, it would be helpful to assess the contribution of each toxin present in type C supernatants to lethality. To address this issue, we surveyed a large collection of type C isolates to determine their toxin-producing abilities. When late-log-phase vegetative culture supernatants were analyzed by quantitative Western blotting or activity assays, most type C isolates produced at least three lethal toxins, alpha toxin, beta toxin, and perfringolysin O, and several isolates also produced beta2 toxin. In the mouse intravenous injection model, beta toxin was identified as the main lethal factor present in type C late-log-phase culture supernatants. This conclusion was based on monoclonal antibody neutralization studies and regression analyses in which the levels of alpha toxin, beta toxin, perfringolysin O, and beta2 toxin production were compared with lethality. Collectively, our results highlight the importance of beta toxin for type C-induced toxemia.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Beta-2 toxin. Clostridium perfringens"

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Roskens, Dalzell Heidi M. "A study of the beta-2 toxin gene and the beta-2 toxin in clostridium prefringens strains isolated from human sources." Connect to resource online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/1690.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, 2008.
Title from screen (viewed on June 2, 2009). Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Stephen D. Allen. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 192-215).
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Penha, Marcelo De Luca. "Detecção dos genes das toxinas alfa, beta e épsilon de Clostridium perfringens isolados a partir de amostras clínicas de bovinos pela reação em cadeia da polimerase." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-06072005-101119/.

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O Clostridium perfringens é um microrganismo anaeróbio que está presente no solo e no trato intestinal dos mamíferos. Provoca intoxicação alimentar nos seres humanos, doenças enterotoxêmicas nos animais domésticos e gangrena gasosa em ambos os grupos. O C. perfringens é classificado em cinco tipos (A, B, C, D e E) mediante a produção de quatro toxinas principais (alfa, beta, épsilon e iota). Neste trabalho foi possível padronizar a técnica de PCR para detectar a presença dos genes cpa, cpb e etx a partir de culturas de C. perfringens. A sensibilidade analítica da técnica de PCR a partir de culturas de C. perfringens foi de 2,27 ng/µL para o gene cpa, 22,7 pg/µL para o gene cpb e 22,7 pg/µL para o gene etx. A pesquisa dos genes cpa, cpb e etx partir de 35 amostras de C. perfringens isoladas de bovinos revelou que 16 (45,7%) eram do tipo A; 18 (51,4%) eram do tipo C e 1 (2,9%) era do tipo B. Não foi observada nenhuma amostra do tipo D. A metodologia de PCR revelou-se útil na tipificação de amostras de C. perfringens isoladas de bovinos, contribuindo para o diagnóstico dessa bacteriose neste país, eliminando as dificuldades de tipificação oriundas do alto custo e da indisponibilidade de anti-soros para a tipificação pela reação de soroneutralização e evitando a utilização de animais de laboratório.
Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic micro-organism that is present in the soil and gastrointestinal tract of mammals. It causes food poisoning in humans, enterotoxemic diseases in domestic animals and gas gangrene in both. C. perfringens is classified into five types (A, B, C, D and E) according to the production of four major toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and iota). In this trial was possible to standardize the PCR?s technique to detect cpa, cpb and etx genes from cultures of C. perfringens. PCR?s analythical sensibility was 2.27 ng/µL for cpa gene, 22.7 pg/µL for cpb gene and 22.7 pg/µL for etx gene. The research of cpa, cpb and etx genes from 35 samples of C. perfringens isolated from cattle reveals that 16 (45.7%) were classified as type A, 18 (51.4%) as type C and 1 (2.9%) as type B. No sample of type D was observed. PCR?s technique reveals to be usefull to typify samples of C. perfringens isolated from cattle, contributing to diagnose of this bacterial disease in this country and solving typifing problems represented by the high costs of the process and by the lack of antiserum that is required to typify the micro-organism by seroneutralization. PCR?s technique avoid the use of laboratory animals, too.
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Carvalho, Augusto Vinicius Arruda de. "ELISA sanduíche para detecção de toxina beta produzida pelo Clostridium perfringens tipos B e C." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUDB-8BRF8M.

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An ELISA test was developed and standardized to detect beta toxin produced by the Clostridium perfringens types B and C. The beta toxin was purified by metal affinity chromatography and immunoaffinity chromatography and detoxified by the method of controlled iodination. Anti-toxin IgG raised in sheep were purified on a beta toxin affinity column and conjugated to horse radish peroxidase. The sandwich ELISA detected 2.44ng/ml of the purified beta toxin in PBS buffer and intestinal content. The ELISA compared favourably to the toxicity test in mice, showing an 1000 fold higher sensitivity, detecting 0,01 DMM/mL, of nonpurified beta toxin in intestine content artificially contaminated.
Padronizou-se o teste ELISA sanduíche para a detecção da beta toxina produzida pelo Clostridium perfringens tipos B e C. A toxina beta foi purificada pelos métodos da afinidade metálica e imunoafinidade e destoxificada pelo método da iodação controlada para a produção de imunoglobulinas e conjugado de IgG de carneiro antibeta toxina. O ELISA sanduíche mostrou-se sensível detectando 2,44ng/mL de toxina beta purificada em PBS e em conteúdo intestinal. Quando comparado com o teste de toxicidade em camundongos o ELISA mostrou ser 1000 vezes mais sensível, detectando 0,01 DMM/mL de toxina beta não purificada em conteúdo intestinal artificialmente contaminado.
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Almeida, Marcelle Oliveira de. "Clonagem e expressão do gene da toxina beta de Clostridium perfringens tipo B e sua aplicação na imunização de animais." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-8GLQEZ.

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The beta toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens types B and C is linked to enterotoxemia that affect humans and animals, mainly goats, cattle, horses, pigs and domestic poultry. The illness has acute or superacute profile causing sudden death and great economic losses to livestock. Due to rapid disease progression, treatment measures are ineffective. The control and prevention must be based on appropriate measures for handling and efficient systematic vaccination of the entire herd. Within this context, it is necessary to develop new vaccines against this enterotoxemia. To do so, part of the ORF encodes the beta toxin of Clostridium perfringens type B, obtained from the cpb gene, was cloned into the pCR2.1-TOPO vector and subcloned into the pET-11a expression vector. The Escherichia coli strain BL21 DE3 was used for expression in a large scale. After the purification step, the protein quantification by Bradford method allowed the estimation of its concentration of approximately 0.3 mg/mL in the soluble fraction and 5 mg/mL in the insoluble fraction (inclusion bodies). The lethality test in mice showed that the recombinant toxin was expressed in the form of toxoid, it release additional steps of inactivation of the toxin to immunize animals. Analysis by Western blotting with anti-beta native antibodies and ELISA with anti-beta recombinant antibodies - both produced in rabbits - showed that the toxoid has antigenic and immunogenic similarity in comparasion to the native toxin. These data demonstrate the use of inclusion bodies for the efficient production of antibodies. Faced with various inefficient national clostridial vaccines available in Brazil, the results presented in this study show that the recombinant beta toxin is a strong candidate for the production of a recombinant polyvalent vaccine against enterotoxemia caused by Clostridium perfringens. .
A toxina beta produzida pelo Clostridium perfringens tipos B e C está relacionada com enterotoxemia que acomete animais e humanos, principalmente caprinos, bovinos, eqüinos, suínos e aves domésticas. Essa enfermidade apresenta caráter agudo ou super agudo, causando morte súbita e grandes perdas econômicas para a pecuária. Devido à rápida evolução da doença, medidas terapêuticas são ineficientes. O controle e a profilaxia devem basear-se em medidas adequadas de manejo e vacinações sistemáticas eficientes de todo o rebanho. Dentro desse contexto, é necessário desenvolver novas vacinas contra enterotoxemias. Para tanto, parte da ORF codificante da toxina beta de Clostridium perfringens tipo B, obtida a partir do gene cpb, foi clonada no vetor pCR2.1-TOPO e subclonada no vetor de expressão pET-11a. A linhagem Escherichia coli BL21 DE3 foi utilizada para a expressão em larga escala. Após a etapa de purificação, a quantificação protéica através do método de Bradford permitiu a estimativa de sua concentração em aproximadamente 0,3 mg/mL na fração solúvel e 5 mg/mL na fração insolúvel (corpos de inclusão). O teste de letalidade demonstrou que a toxina recombinante foi expressa na forma de toxóide, o que dispensa etapas adicionais de inativação da toxina para imunização de animais. Análises por Western Blotting com anticorpos anti-beta nativa e o ELISA com anticorpos anti-beta recombinante, ambos produzidos em coelhos, demonstraram que o toxóide possui similaridade antigênica e imunogênica em relação à toxina nativa. Esses dados mostram a utilização de corpos de inclusão para a produção eficiente de anticorpos. Diante de várias vacinas clostridiais nacionais ineficientes disponíveis no mercado, os resultados apresentados nesse trabalho mostram que a toxina beta recombinante é uma forte candidata para a produção de uma vacina recombinante polivalente contra enterotoxemia causada por Clostridium perfringens
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Sommer, Alexa [Verfasser]. "Etablierung und Evaluierung eines Capture-ELISAs zum Nachweis des Beta2-Toxins von Clostridium perfringens aus Feldisolaten / Alexa Sommer." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1079792457/34.

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Junior, Milton Formiga de Souza. "Teste de neutralização para toxina épsilon e titulação de toxinas beta e épsilon de Clostridium perfringens tipos C e D em cultura de células." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-8C5GR8.

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We evaluated the sensitivity s of the cell lines Madin Darby bovine kidney cells (MDBK), Madin darby canine cells (MDCK), African green momkey (VERO), lymphosarcoma ace beta and epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens types C and D respectively. Developed and standardized to a titration technique in cell lines and a neutralization test in vitro for epsilon toxin; AL 929 cell line was more sensitive to the toxin and beta toxin to MDCK and MDCK beta epsilon toxin, in concentrations of 65 to 200 and from 1.0 to 3.0 DMM / ml for mice (DMNC). In the standardization of the titration of toxin in MDCK cells was observed correction of 97% between DMMc (minimum lethal dose in mice) and ECT (Cytotoxic Effect), when we used a correction factor (CF) and adjusted the mathematical equation for cytotoxic therapy (ECT XFC = 0,32-00,23). The correlation between test soroneutalização developed in MDCK and pattern in mice was 99.73%
Avaliou-se s sensibilidade das linhagens celulares Madin darby kidney bovine cells (MDBK), Madin darby canine cells (MDCK), African green momkey (VERO), Linfosarcoma de ás toxinas beta e epsilon de Clostridium perfringens tipos C e D respectivamente. Desenvolveram-se e padronizaram-se uma técnica de titulação em linhagens celular e um teste de soroneutralização in vitro para toxina épsilon; A L 929 foi a linhagem celular mais sensível à toxina beta e a MDCK à toxina beta e a MDCK à toxinica épsilon, nas concentrações de 65 a 200 e 1,0 a 3,0 DMM/ml para camundongo (DMNC). Na padronização da técnica de titulação de toxina em células MDCK observou-se correção de 97% entre a DMMc (Dose Mínima Mortal em camundongo) e ECT (Efeito Citotóxico), quando utilizou-se um fator de correção (FC) e ajustou-se a equação matemática para efeito citotóxico (ECT=0,32-00,23xFC). A correlação entre o teste de soroneutalização desenvolvido em células MDCK e o teste padrão em camundongos foi de 99,73%
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Roskens, Dalzell Heidi M. "A STUDY OF THE BETA-2 TOXIN GENE AND THE BETA-2 TOXIN IN CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS STRAINS ISOLATED FROM HUMAN SOURCES." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/1690.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Clostridium perfringens is an important human pathogen known to cause a range of diseases including diarrhea, necrotizing bowel disease and gas gangrene. Though potentially pathogenic, this microorganism is commonly identified in the fecal microbiota of healthy individuals. The major clinical findings associated with C. perfringens diseases are linked to production of potent toxins. In 1997, Gibert et al. identified a new toxin, the beta2 toxin, from a C. perfringens strain from a piglet with necrotic enteritis. Subsequently, this new beta2 toxin gene (cpb2) has been identified in C. perfringens from dogs, horses, and other animals. The principal objective of this investigation was to study cpb2 and the beta2 toxin in C. perfringens isolates from human sources. The C. perfringens isolates were grouped into three different populations: 1) fecal samples from patients suspected of having C. perfringens gastrointestinal illnesses (e.g. antibiotic-associated diarrhea or colitis), 2) extraintestinal specimen sources (e.g. wounds, abscesses, blood cultures), 3) a control group of isolates from healthy volunteers. Results of studies using different PCR methods and nucleotide sequencing revealed that cpb2 was present in the genome of isolates from all populations, and that the genetic variation between cpb2 from the different C. perfringens isolates was greater then expected. Using western blotting techniques, it was found that the beta2 protein was not expressed by all cpb2 positive C. perfringens isolates. Finally, different variants of cpb2 were cloned into E. coli, and the recombinant beta2 protein used in cell cytotoxicity assays. Results from these assays demonstrated that recombinant beta2 proteins caused a range of cellular damage at different levels of protein concentration and different lengths of time. Our results from these experiments provided new information regarding cpb2 in C. perfringens isolates from human sources; as well as on the range of variation of cpb2 genes, differences in beta2 toxin expression, and differences in the effects of recombinant beta2 toxin on enterocytes. This information could help to explain differences in virulence between C. perfringens isolates, differences in diseases and disease severity.
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8

Gurjar, Abhijit. "Characterization of Clostridium perfringens beta2 toxin." 2008. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-2532/index.html.

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9

Kircanski, Jasmina. "Clostridium perfringens and the beta2 (CPB2) toxin: Development of a diagnostic ELISA for neonatal piglet enteritis, and distribution of the gene in isolates from selected animal species." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/3495.

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Abstract:
The main objective of this work was to develop an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of beta2-toxin in the intestine of neonatal piglets. The format of the assay comprised of capture antibodies (polyclonal), antigen (beta2-toxin), detecting antibody (labeled monoclonal) and a substrate. The ELISA was optimized using recombinant protein. After intestinal content samples were applied, the test protocol needed to be adjusted because of the presence of high background signal in some samples consistent with intestinal proteases. This was overcome by processing the samples at 4oC and using citrate buffer pH 6.1 containing 5% bovine serum albumin. The second objective was to identify cpb2 in Clostridium perfringens type A isolates from selected animal species and to examine genotype-phenotype corelation. The study concluded that consensus cpb2, if present, was almost always expressed. In contrast, only about three-quarters of atypical cpb2, mostly was present in isolates of non-porcine origin, were expressed.
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs; The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
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Book chapters on the topic "Beta-2 toxin. Clostridium perfringens"

1

Smedley, J. G., D. J. Fisher, S. Sayeed, G. Chakrabarti, and B. A. McClane. "The enteric toxins of Clostridium perfringens." In Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, 183–204. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10254-004-0036-2.

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Fernandez-Miyakawa, Mariano E., and Leandro M. Redondo. "Role of Clostridium perfringens Alpha, Beta, Epsilon and Iota toxins in Enterotoxemia of monogastrics and Ruminants." In Microbial Toxins, 1–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6725-6_16-1.

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Alvin, Joseph W., and D. Borden Lacy. "Role of Clostridium Perfringens Alpha, Beta, Epsilon and Lota Toxins in Enterotoxemia of Monogastrics and Ruminants." In Microbial Toxins, 1–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6725-6_26-1.

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Fernandez-Miyakawa, Mariano E., and Leandro M. Redondo. "Role of Clostridium perfringens Alpha, Beta, Epsilon, and Iota Toxins in Enterotoxemia of Monogastrics and Ruminants." In Toxinology, 93–118. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6449-1_16.

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Basak, Ajit K., M. Popoff, R. W. Titball, and Ambrose Cole. "Clostridium perfringens ɛ-toxin." In The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins, 631–42. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012088445-2/50040-8.

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Nocera, Mariann, Lynne Barkley Burnett, and Siraj Amanullah. "Clostridium perfringens Toxin (Epsilon Toxin) Attack." In Ciottone's Disaster Medicine, 794–97. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-28665-7.00155-2.

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McClane, Bruce A. "Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin." In The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins, 763–78. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012088445-2/50050-0.

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