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Owen, Claire Elayne Bangerter. "Parameter Estimation for the Beta Distribution." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2670.pdf.
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Urashkin, Alexander. "Beta dose distribution for randomly packed microspheres." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4854.
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Brachytherapy refers to the therapeutic use of encapsulated radionuclides within
or close to a tumor. Today brachytherapy is used as an alternative to surgery or beam
therapy to treat different kinds of cancers such as breast, lung, prostate, ovarian and
pancreatic, primary and metastatic hepatic tumors and rheumatoid arthritis.
Microspheres are one therapy utilized in brachytherapy procedures. Despite the
development of advanced equipment and methods, there is still a limited knowledge of
radiation dose distribution when utilizing this technique.
This study focuses on random packing of microspheres and seeks to determine
dose distributions for specific cases. The Monte Carlo Neutral Particle code (MCNP)
developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory is used to simulate beta particle
transport. Pr-142 is the beta source utilized for all calculations. The cylinder radii are
0.1, 0.15 and 0.3 cm and sphere radii are 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07 cm. The results are verified
by examining limiting cases: uniformly distributed source and line of microspheres.
Based on the data collected, the correlations between the average dose, its related
variance, and distance from the cylinder were determined. An approach for estimating
the surface average dose was developed and suggestions regarding an approach to assess
surface variance estimation were presented.
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Jonsson, Fredrik. "Statistical studies of the Beta Gumbel distribution." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad matematik och statistik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-220547.
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Feng, Jingyu. "Modeling Distributions of Test Scores with Mixtures of Beta Distributions." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1068.pdf.
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Paz, Rosineide Fernando da. "Alternative regression models to beta distribution under bayesian approach." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/9146.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
The Beta distribution is a bounded domain distribution which has dominated the modeling the distribution of random variable that assume value between 0 and 1. Bounded domain distributions arising in various situations such as rates, proportions and index. Motivated by an analysis of electoral votes percentages (where a distribution with support on the positive real numbers was used, although a distribution with limited support could be more suitable) we focus on alternative distributions to Beta distribution with emphasis in regression models. In this work, initially we present the Simplex mixture model as a flexible model to modeling the distribution of bounded random variable then we extend the model to the context of regression models with the inclusion of covariates. The parameters estimation is discussed for both models considering Bayesian inference. We apply these models to simulated data sets in order to investigate the performance of the estimators. The results obtained were satisfactory for all the cases investigated. Finally, we introduce a parameterization of the L-Logistic distribution to be used in the context of regression models and we extend it to a mixture of mixed models.
A distribuição beta é uma distribuição com suporte limitado que tem dominado a modelagem de variáveis aleatórias que assumem valores entre 0 e 1. Distribuições com suporte limitado surgem em várias situações como em taxas, proporções e índices. Motivados por uma análise de porcentagens de votos eleitorais, em que foi assumida uma distribuição com suporte nos números reais positivos quando uma distribuição com suporte limitado seira mais apropriada, focamos em modelos alternativos a distribuição beta com enfase em modelos de regressão. Neste trabalho, apresentamos, inicialmente, um modelo de mistura de distribuições Simplex como um modelo flexível para modelar a distribuição de variáveis aleatórias que assumem valores em um intervalo limitado, em seguida estendemos o modelo para o contexto de modelos de regressão com a inclusão de covariáveis. A estimação dos parâmetros foi discutida para ambos os modelos, considerando o método bayesiano. Aplicamos os dois modelos a dados simulados para investigarmos a performance dos estimadores usados. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios para todos os casos investigados. Finalmente, introduzimos a distribuição L-Logistica no contexto de modelos de regressão e posteriormente estendemos este modelo para o contexto de misturas de modelos de regressão mista.
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Yan, Huey. "A Comparison of Estimation Procedures for the Beta Distribution." DigitalCommons@USU, 1991. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7126.
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The beta distribution may be used as a stochastic model for continuous proportions in many situations in applied statistics. This thesis was concerned with estimation of the parameters of the beta distribution in three different situations.
Three different estimation procedures-the method of moments, maximum likelihood, and a hybrid of these two methods, which we call the one-step improvement-were compared by computer simulation, for beta data and beta data contaminated by zeros and ones. We also evaluated maximum likelihood estimation in the context of censored data, and Newton's method as a numerical procedure for solving the likelihood equations for censored beta data.
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Ribom, Henrik, and Mathias Sjöberg. "Intraday Analysis & Prediction of Volume Distribution on the Stockholm Stock Exchange : An exploratory study of volume distribution and automated trading." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170148.
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The purpose of this study is to create a model of prediction for the volume distribution. Due to the lack of previous studies on the subject, an exploratory approach is used, with the purpose of serving as a proof of concept for further research. By looking at all market data from the Stockholm stock exchange the volume distribution of individual order books are matched with a mixed beta distribution and scaled by a prediction based on a linear regression. The model provided in this study outperforms the floating mean by quite a good margin. Some days are, almost by definition, impossible to get an accurate prediction on. Intraday news with a big impact have a tendency to skew the results away from the predicted value. To remedy this the initial model is expanded by using intraday data to catch up on trendsSyftet med denna rapport är att skapa en model för prediction av höglikvida aktiers volym fördelingen på stockholmsbörsen. Detta görs på ett utforskande sätt och agerar som konceptvalidering och bevis att grunda vidare forsking på. Genom att titta på all marknadsdata på stockholmsbörsen kommer den kumulativa volym fördelingen av induviduela aktier skapas. För att sedan bli matchad mot en mixture beta fördeling och skalas med en prediktion erhållen från en linjär regrission. Modelen som presenteras i rapporten fungerar bättre som prediktion än det flytande medelet. Det finns dock dagar som av sin natur är omöjliga att förutspå, exempelvis när en stor nyhet blir känd. För att kompensera för detta expanderas modelen genom att använda data från samma dag som ska prediceras och detta förbättrar modelen för den resterande tiden av dagen.
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SANTOS, Rosilda Sousa. "Estudo sobre algumas famílias de distribuições de probabilidades generalizadas." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2012. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1358.
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Capes
A proposta desta dissertação está relacionada com o estudo das principais famílias de distribuições de probabilidade generalizadas. Particularmente, estudamos as distribuições Beta Pareto, Beta Exponencial Generalizada, Beta Weibull Modificada, Beta Fréchet e a Kw-G. Para cada uma delas foram obtidas expressões para as funções densidades de probabilidade, funcões de distribuição acumuladas, funções de taxa de falha, funções geratrizes de momentos, bem como foram obtidos os estimadores dos parâmetros pelo método da máxima verossimilhança. Finalmente, para cada distribuição foram feitas aplicações com dados reais.
The purpose of this dissertation is to study the main families of generalized probability distributions. Particularly we study the distributions Beta Pareto, generalized Beta Exponential, Beta Modified Weibull, Beta Fréchet and Kw-G. For each one of these distributions we obtain expressions for the probability density function, cumulative distribution function, hazard function and moment generating function as well as parameter estimates by the method of maximum likelihood. Finally, we make real data applications for each one of the studied distributions.
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Isik, Mehmet. "Thermally Stimulated Current Study Of Traps Distribution In Beta-tlins2 Layered Crystals." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609667/index.pdf.
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Trapping centres in as-grown TlInS2 layered single crystals have been studied by using a thermally stimulated current (TSC) technique. TSC measurements have been performed in the temperature range of 10-300 K with various heating rates. Experimental evidence has been found for the presence of five trapping centres with activation energies 12, 14, 400, 570 and 650 meV. Their capture cross-sections and concentrations were also determined. It is concluded that in these centres retrapping is negligible as confirmed by the good agreement between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions of the model that assumes slow retrapping. An exponential distribution of traps was revealed from the analysis of the TSC data obtained at different light excitation temperatures.
The transmission and reflection spectra of TlInS2 crystals were measured over the spectral region of 400-1100 nm to determine the absorption coefficient and refractive index. The analysis of the room temperature absorption data revealed the coexistence of the indirect and direct transitions. The absorption edge was observed to shift toward the lower energy values as temperature increases from 10 to 300 K. The oscillator and the dispersion energies, and the zero-frequency refractive index were also reported. Furthermore, the chemical composition of TlInS2 crystals was determined from energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis. The parameters of monoclinic unit cell were found by studying the x-ray powder diffraction.
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OLIVEIRA, Cícero Carlos Felix de. "Uma priori beta para distribuição binomial negativa." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2011. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4537.
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This dissertation is being dealt with a discrete distribution based on Bernoulli trials, which is the Negative Binomial distribution. The main objective is to propose a new non-informative prior distribution for the Negative Binomial model, which is being termed as a possible prior distribution Beta(0; 0), which is an improper distribution. This distribution is also known for the Binomial model as Haldane prior, but for the Negative Binomial model there are no studies to date. The study of the behavior of this prior was based on Bayesian and classical contexts. The idea of using a non-informative prior is the desire to make statistical inference based on the minimum of information prior subjective as possible. Well, makes it possible to compare the results of classical inference that uses only sample information, for example, the maximum likelihood estimator. When is compared the Beta(0; 0) distribution with the Bayes-Laplace prior and Jeffreys prior, based on the Bayesian estimators (posterior mean and posterior mode) and the maximum likelihood estimator, note that the possible Beta(0; 0) prior is less informative than the others prior. It is also verified that is prior possible is a limited distribution in parameter space, thus, an important feature for non-informative prior. The main argument shows that the possible Beta(0; 0) prior is adequate, when it is applied in a predictive posterior distribution for Negative Binomial model, leading the a Beta-Negative Binomial distribution (which corresponds the a hypergeometric multiplied by a probability). All observations citas are strengthened by several studies, such as: basic concepts related to Bayesian Inference and concepts of the negative binomial distribution and Beta-Negative Binomial (a mixture of Beta with the negative binomial) distribution.
Nesta dissertação está sendo abordado uma distribuição discreta baseada em ensaios de Bernoulli, que é a distribuição Binomial Negativa. O objetivo principal é prôpor uma nova distribuição a priori não informativa para o modelo Binomial Negativa, que está sendo denominado como uma possível distribuição a priori Beta(0; 0), que é uma distribuição imprópria. Essa distribuição também é conhecida para o modelo Binomial como a priori de Haldane, mas para o modelo Binomial Negativa não há nenhum estudo até o momento. O estudo do comportamento desta a priori foi baseada nos contextos bayesiano e clássico. A ideia da utilização de uma a priori não informativa é o desejo de fazer inferência estatística baseada no mínimo de informação subjetiva a priori quanto seja possível. Assim, torna possível a comparação com os resultados da inferência clássica que só usa informação amostral, como por exemplo, o estimador de máxima verossimilhança. Quando é comparado a distribuição Beta(0; 0) com a priori de Bayes - Laplace e a priori de Jeffreys, baseado-se nos estimadores bayesiano (média a posteriori e moda a posteriori) e no estimador de máxima verossimilhança, nota-se que a possível a priori Beta(0; 0) é menos informativa do que as outras a priori. É verificado também, que esta possível a priori é uma distribuição limitada no espaço paramétrico, sendo assim, uma característica importante para a priori não informativa. O principal argumento mostra que a possível a priori Beta(0; 0) é adequada, quando ela é aplicada numa distribuição a posteriori preditiva para modelo Binomial Negativa, levando a uma distribuição Beta Binomial Negativa (que corresponde a uma hipergeométrica multiplicada por uma probabilidade). Todas as observações citadas são fortalecidas por alguns estudos feitos, tais como: conceitos básicos associados à Inferência Bayesiana e conceitos das distribuições Binomial Negativa e Beta Binomial Negativa (que uma mistura da Beta com a Binomial Negativa).
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Pescim, Rodrigo Rossetto. "The new class of Kummer beta generalized distributions: theory and applications." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11134/tde-30012014-112231/.
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In this study, a new class of generalized distributions was developed, based on the Kummer beta distribution (NG; KOTZ, 1995), which contains as particular cases the exponentiated and beta generators of distributions. The main feature of the new family of distributions is to provide greater flexibility to the extremes of the density function and therefore, it becomes suitable for analyzing data sets with high degree of asymmetry and kurtosis. Also, two new distributions belonging to the new class of distributions, based on the Birnbaum-Saunders and generalized gamma distributions, that has as main characteristic the hazard function which assumes different forms (unimodal, bathtub shape, increase, decrease) were studied. In all studies, general mathematical properties such as ordinary and incomplete moments, generating function, mean deviations, reliability, entropies, order statistics and their moments were discussed. The estimation of parameters is approached by the method of maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis and the observed information matrix is derived. It is also considered the likelihood ratio statistics and formal goodness-of-fit tests to compare all the proposed distributions with some of its sub-models and non-nested models. The developed results for all studies were applied to six real data sets.Neste trabalho, foi proposta uma nova classe de distribuições generalizadas, baseada na distribuição Kummer beta (NG; KOTZ, 1995), que contém como casos particulares os geradores exponencializado e beta de distribuições. A principal característica da nova família de distribuições é fornecer grande flexibilidade para as extremidades da função densidade e portanto, ela torna-se adequada para a análise de conjuntos de dados com alto grau de assimetria e curtose. Também foram estudadas duas novas distribuições que pertencem à nova família de distribuições, baseadas nas distribuições Birnbaum-Saunders e gama generalizada, que possuem função de taxas de falhas que assumem diferentes formas (unimodal, forma de banheira, crescente e decrescente). Em todas as pesquisas, propriedades matemáticas gerais como momentos ordinários e incompletos, função geradora, desvios médio, confiabilidade, entropias, estatísticas de ordem e seus momentos foram discutidas. A estimação dos parâmetros é abordada pelo método da máxima verossimilhança e pela análise bayesiana e a matriz de informação observada foi derivada. Considerou-se, também, a estatística de razão de verossimilhanças e testes formais de qualidade de ajuste para comparar todas as distribuições propostas com alguns de seus submodelos e modelos não encaixados. Os resultados desenvolvidos foram aplicados a seis conjuntos de dados.
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Chu, P. T. David (Ping Tong David). "Representations of exact distribution of random volume from beta type-2 random points." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74646.
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In this thesis, we study the random volume $ Delta$ of the r-simplex generated by (r+1) independent and isotropic random points in $ Re sp{n}$. The moment expressions for $ nabla$ = r! $ Delta$ are available in the literature if the random points are (1) uniformly distributed, (2) beta type-1 distributed and (3) beta type-2 distributed. We will focus on the random points coming from beta type-2 distribution in this thesis. By considering the structure of moments and using the method of transformations, various series representations for the exact density of W, a constant multiple of $ nabla sp2$, are derived. Gamma type approximations and Pearson curves approximation to the exact density of W are discussed. Some numerical computations are given to compare the accuracy of each method. Two asymptotic normality results are obtained, which are analogous to the result conjectured by Miles (1971) for the case of uniformly distributed random points. Some applications are also considered.
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Da, Cruz Margarido Tânia Carina. "Studies on the PI3K-dependency of [beta]2 integrin distribution in mouse neutrophils." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609528.
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Chan, Cy P. "Sturm sequences and the eigenvalue distribution of the beta-Hermite random matrix ensemble." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40522.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (p. 33).
This paper proposes that the study of Sturm sequences is invaluable in the numerical computation and theoretical derivation of eigenvalue distributions of random matrix ensembles. We first explore the use of Sturm sequences to efficiently compute histograms of eigenvalues for symmetric tridiagonal matrices and apply these ideas to random matrix ensembles such as the [beta]-Hermite ensemble. Using our techniques, we reduce the time to compute a histogram of the eigenvalues of such a matrix from O(n2 + m) to O(mn) time where n is the dimension of the matrix and m is the number of bins (with arbitrary bin centers and widths) desired in the histogram. Our algorithm is a significant improvement because m is usually much smaller than n. This algorithm allows us to compute histograms that were computationally infeasible before, such as those for n equal to 1 billion. Second, we give a derivation of the eigenvalue distribution for the [beta]-Hermite random matrix ensemble (for general [beta]). The novelty of the approach presented in this paper is in the use of Sturm sequences to derive the distribution. We derive an analytic formula in terms of multivariate integrals for the eigenvalue distribution and the largest eigenvalue distribution for general [beta] by analyzing the Sturm sequence of the tridiagonal matrix model. Finally, we explore the relationship between the Sturm sequence of a random matrix and its shooting eigenvectors. We show using Sturm sequences that, assuming the eigenvector contains no zeros, the number of sign changes in a shooting eigenvector of parameter A is equal to the number of eigenvalues greater than [lambda].
by Cy P. Chan.
S.M.
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MELLO, L. H. S. "Evaluating loss minimization in multi-label classification via stochastic simulation using beta distribution." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/4309.
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Previous issue date: 2016-05-20The objective of this work is to present the effectiveness and efficiency of algorithms for solving the loss minimization problem in Multi-Label Classification (MLC). We first prove that a specific case of loss minimization in MLC isNP-complete for the loss functions Coverage and Search Length, and therefore,no efficient algorithm for solving such problems exists unless P=NP. Furthermore, we show a novel approach for evaluating multi-label algorithms that has the advantage of not being limited to some chosen base learners, such as K-neareast Neighbor and Support Vector Machine, by simulating the distribution of labels according to multiple Beta Distributions.
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Dashti, Moghaddam Mohammadamin. "Stochastic Phenomena in Finance, Economics, Cognitive Psychology -- Modeling with Generalized Beta Prime." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1571061904950758.
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Luiz, Amom Mendes 1987. "Diversity, distribution and conservation of anurans from coastal plains of São Paulo state, Southeastern Brazil." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315722.
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Orientador: Ricardo Jannini SawayaTexto em português e inglês
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Indivíduos e espécies não são distribuídos aleatoriamente no espaço. Consequentemente, as metacomunidades formadas por tais organismos também apresentam uma organização espacial. Associado a isso, poucas espécies conseguem se distribuir na maioria dos ambientes possíveis. Portanto, as metacomunidades possuem uma variação em sua composição que pode ser espacialmente organizada, ou seja, existem locais que são mais similares em termos de composição de espécies do que outros. Robert Whittaker nomeou esse fenômeno como o componente beta da diversidade, ou simplesmente, diversidade beta. Entender quais processos geram e mantêm os padrões espaciais da diversidade beta é, portanto, uma questão central em ecologia de comunidades, além de auxiliar na proposição de formas apropriadas de manejo e conservação. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever padrões de diversidade beta de anfíbios anuros das planícies costeiras do Sudeste do Brasil e investigar os possíveis processos que influenciam os padrões de diversidade detectados. A dissertação está dividida em dois capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, descrevo a diversidade beta de anuros da região de estudo e avalio como esses padrões estão protegidos atualmente, por unidades de conservação. No segundo capítulo, busco entender como múltiplos preditores poderiam estar relacionados com a variação na composição de espécies da região de estudo, dado o embasamento teórico e empírico da potencial influência de tais preditores sobre a diversidade de anuros. Os resultados do primeiro capítulo mostraram que existe um padrão claro de organização espacial na diversidade beta, estruturada em três áreas de forma congruente com a história geomorfológica da região. Os resultados evidenciam ainda, que a atual rede de unidades de conservação inclui padrões de diversidade beta semelhante às áreas não protegidas. No entanto, a representatividade dessas unidades em termos de área (~ 4000 km²) é pequena (11.3%). Os resultados do segundo capítulo demonstram a importância de diferentes preditores, incluindo clima, história geomorfológica e processos espaciais em diferentes escalas, para explicar a variação espacial da composição de espécies de anuros. Dentre esses preditores, as unidades geomorfológicas foram predominantemente importantes para explicar a diversidade beta. No entanto, outros processos que foram também importantes para a estruturação das comunidades, como o gradiente climático presente dentro das unidades geomorfológicas, possivelmente gerados pela estrutura geomorfológica da região e pela presença da Serra do Mar. Nossos resultados podem apresentar implicações práticas relacionadas à escolha de potenciais áreas para a conservação das planícies costeiras do Sudeste brasileiro. Tendo em vista a conservação dos padrões de diversidade beta e de seus processos subjacentes, associado à falta representatividade de em termos de tamanho de áreas protegidas na porção central do litoral paulista, sugerimos que tais áreas sejam priorizadas no planejamento e implementação de novas unidades de conservação
Abstract: Individuals and species are not randomly distributed in space. Hence, the communities composed by these species also show a spatial organization. Moreover, only few species can occur in many of the available environments. Therefore, the communities present a variation in their composition which can be spatially structured, that is, there are sites more similar each other in terms of species composition than other ones. Robert Whittaker named this phenomenon as the beta component of diversity or, simply, the beta diversity. The understanding of which processes generate and maintain beta diversity is a central question of the community ecology, also helping in the proposing and applying proper ways to its conservation and management. The aims of this study were to describe the anuran beta diversity patterns of coastal plains from southeastern Brazil and assess potential processes which influence such patterns. This study comprises two chapters. In the first one, I described aspects of the anuran beta diversity in the study region and evaluated how these patterns are protected in conservation units. In the second one, I seek to understand how multiple predictors could be related with the variation in species composition, given the theoretical and empirical framework on the influence of such predictors upon anuran diversity. The results of the first chapter showed a clear spatial pattern in the variation of species composition divided in three main areas that are congruent with the geomorphological history of the region. Still, we showed that the actual network of protected areas include similar beta diversity patterns to unprotected areas. However, the representativeness of these conservation units defined as the covered area (~ 4000 km²) is very small (11.3%). The results of the second chapter demonstrated the relative importance of distinct predictors, including climate, geomorphological history and spatial scales, to explain the spatial variation of the anuran species composition. The beta diversity is mainly associated with spatial structure of geomorphological units. However, other processes are also important in structuring anuran communities, such as climatic gradients possibly related to the geomorphological structure and the presence of Serra do Mar range and also broad scale processes. Our results have practical implications related to the choice of potential areas to coastal plains conservation in southeastern Brazil. In order to conserve the beta diversity patterns and their related processes, associated to unequal representativeness defined by the size area of protected areas, mainly on the central portions of São Paulo state coast, we suggested these areas as priorities in the planning and implementing of new conservation units
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ecologia
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Adamski, Karien. "Generalised beta type II distributions - emanating from a sequential process." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40233.
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This study focuses on the development of a generalised multivariate beta type II distribution
as well as the noncentral and bimatrix counterparts with positive domain. These
models emanate from a sequential quality monitoring procedure with the normal and
multivariate normal distributions as the underlying process distributions. Three different
scenarios are considered, namely:
1. The variance is monitored from a normal process and the mean remains unchanged;
2. The above-mentioned scenario but the known mean also encounters a sustained
shift;
3. The covariance structure of a multivariate normal distribution is monitored with
the known mean vector unchanged.
The statistics originating from the above-mentioned scenarios considered are constructed
from different dependent chi-squared or Wishart ratios. Exact expressions are derived for
the probability density functions of these statistics. These new distributions contribute
to the statistical discipline in the sense that it can serve as alternatives to existing probability
models, and can be used in determining the performance of the quality monitoring
procedure.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Statistics
unrestricted
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Serrano, Atuesta Yuliett Marcela. "Patterns of distribution of tree species in the neotropical lowland rainforest biome." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31237.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis aims to explore distributional patterns of tree species in the neotropical lowland rain forest biome based on diversity analyses, dated phylogenies and species distribution models, using the family Sapotaceae as a case study. Sapotaceae is an abundant and diverse group in the neotropical lowland rain forest and its distributional patterns are representative of other tree clades in this biome. These characteristics make this family a good model to test ecological and biogeographic hypothesis in neotropical rain forests. An analysis of beta-diversity measured by the number of shared species was used as a test of biotic homogeneity of Morrone's (2001) widely used system of neotropical biogeographic units. Biotic homogeneity was generally low, and Morrone's (2001) biogeographic regionalisation was found not to coincide with the distributional patterns of Sapotaceae species. Divergence times of Sapotaceae species were estimated using a dated phylogeny based on DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) to explore the effects of Andean uplift, closure of the Isthmus of Panama and Pleistocene climatic changes on the evolutionary history of lowland rain forests in northern South America. The Andean uplift was found to have affected patterns of distribution by creating new habitats and altering hydrologic systems in northern South America, and in some cases by isolating lineages to the east and west of the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes. The closure of the Panama Isthmus and Pleistocene climatic changes do not seem to have strongly affected patterns of distribution or diversification in Sapotaceae. In general, the lack of congruent dates for many repeated biogeographic splits in the phylogeny (e.g., Amazon-Choco) suggests that idiosyncratic dispersal events have had a substantial effects on Sapotaceae's biogeography. Finally, species distribution models generated for Sapotaceae in the Neotropics were used to identify areas of high predicted species richness in Colombia. The highest diversity of Sapotaceae species was predicted for the inter-Andean valleys and northern Amazon. These results were compared to the current system of Protected Areas in this country, demonstrating that areas of high conservation value based on predicted species richness have a low coverage of Protected Areas. Such gaps highlight the potential need for new systems for the delimitation of basic units for conservation at national levels in Colombia.
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Dugan, Stephen George. "Hepatic distribution of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in trout: Effects of cortisol and temperature." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9691.
Full textAbstract:
Exposure of an organism to a stressor results in a primary stress response. A part of this response involves the release of the catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine, which exert their actions by binding to specific membrane binding sites or receptors termed adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors. Two adrenoceptor types exist on hepatic membranes, and their occupation results in significant changes in the biochemistry of the hepatocyte. The distribution of $\alpha\sb1$- and $\beta\sb2$-adrenoceptors on hepatic membranes is known to be species specific, and also seasonally dependent in cardiac tissue. This study tests the hypothesis that $\alpha$- and $\beta$-adrenoceptor distribution can be modified by cortisol and long term temperature acclimation. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were injected with slow release hydrogenated coconut oil implants alone (sham) or containing cortisol for 10-14 days to elevate plasma cortisol levels. Hepatic membranes were purified on discontinuous sucrose gradients and $\alpha$- and $\beta$-adrenoceptors were assayed from sham and cortisol injected trout as well as non-injected (naive) trout. No significant differences were found between any of the experimental groups for either the affinity $\rm(K\sb{d})$ or receptor number $\rm(B\sb{max})$ values of both receptor types. Cortisol treatment resulted in no change in either hepatic membrane phospholipid composition or plasma glucose, although plasma lactate decreased in cortisol injected fish. Adrenoceptor function was tested by examining glycogenolysis in isolated hepatocytes from sham and cortisol injected rainbow trout. Epinephrine significantly stimulated glucose release in sham injected trout only. This effect was blocked by both $\alpha$- and $\beta$-antagonists. In addition, studies on trout acclimated to 5 and 20$\sp\circ$C did not demonstrate different receptor characteristics. These studies do not support the hypothesis that rainbow trout exposed to cortisol alter properties of hepatic adrenoceptors.
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Cherradi, Nadia. "La 3(beta)-hydroxystéroide-déshydrogénase isomérase dans la cellule corticosurrénalienne : distribution subcellulaire et régulation." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10068.
Full textAbstract:
La 3beta-hydroxysteroide-deshydrogenase isomerase (o-hsd/i) est une enzyme membranaire qui catalyse une etape cle dans la biosynthese des steroides actifs tels que les mineralocorticoides, les glucocorticoides et les androgenes. L'enzyme a ete purifiee a partir de cortex surrenal bovin et sa distribution subcellulaire examinee. Dans les tissus steroidogeniques, elle est majoritairement associee au reticulum endoplasmique (microsomes) ; neanmoins, dans le cortex surrenal bovin, nous avons montre la presence d'une activite enzymatique substantielle dans les mitochondries. Les deux enzymes mitochondriale et microsomiale ont des proprietes catalytiques distinctes en ce qui concerne leur specificite de substrat et l'utilisation du cofacteur nad#+. L'examen de la repartition submitochondriale de la 3-hsd/i indique qu'elle est presente dans la membrane interne ainsi que dans les sites de contact intermembranaires, et met en evidence une co-localisation de la 3-hsd/i et du cytochrome p-450scc catalysant la premiere etape de la steroidogenese (transformation du cholesterol en pregnenolone). Les deux proteines forment un complexe moleculaire. Cette association a probablement une signification fonctionnelle puisqu'elle permet au cytochrome de fournir directement a la 3-hsd/i son substrat, la pregnenolone. L'etude de la regulation de l'activite 3-hsd/i mitochondriale et microsomiale par l'effecteur positif majeur du cortex surrenal, l'acth, et un inhibiteur des fonctions differenciees de ce tissu, le tgfbeta, montre que l'acth augmente la quantite et l'activite specifique de l'enzyme des deux compartiments subcellulaires tandis que le tgfbeta inhibe l'effet positif de l'acth. Au niveau submitochondrial, l'acth induit preferentiellement une augmentation de l'activite specifique de la 3-hsd/i dans les sites de contact intermembranaires ; le tgfbeta influence la repartition de l'activite enzymatique dans les membranes mitochondriales. Enfin, l'etude de la regulation de la 3-hsd/i dans un modele cellulaire steroidogenique tumoral, la lignee y1, a revele que deux isoformes de l'enzyme ayant un poids moleculaire apparent different sont presentes. Dans ces cellules, le tgfbeta diminue l'activite 3-hsd/i en correlation avec une diminution du niveau d'expression des messagers codant pour l'enzyme
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Lima, Francimário Alves de. "Distribuições de probabilidade no intervalo unitário." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45133/tde-09042018-154057/.
Full textAbstract:
A distribuição beta é a mais frequentemente utilizada para a modelagem de dados contínuos observados no intervalo unitário, como taxas e proporções. Embora seja flexível, admitindo formas variadas, tais como J, J invertido, U e unimodal, não é adequada em todas as situações práticas. Nesta dissertação fazemos uma revisão sobre distribuições contínuas no intervalo unitário englobando as distribuições beta, Kumaraswamy, simplex, gama unitária e beta retangular. Também abordamos uma ampla classe de distribuições obtida por transformações (Smithson e Merkle, 2013). Em particular, focamos em duas subclasses, uma apresentada e estudada por Lemonte e Bazán (2015), que chamaremos de classe de distribuições logito, e outra que chamaremos de classe de distribuições logito skew. Todas as distribuições consideradas são aplicadas a conjuntos de dados do Banco Mundial.The beta distribution is the most frequently used for modeling continuous data observed in the unit interval, such as rates and proportions. Although flexible, assuming varied forms, such as J, inverted J, U and unimodal, it is not suitable in all practical situations. In this dissertation we make a review on continuous distributions in the unit interval encompassing the beta, Kumaraswamy, simplex, unit gamma and rectangular beta distributions. We also address a wide class of distributions obtained by transformations (Smithson and Merkle, 2013). In particular, we focus on two subclasses, one presented and studied by Lemonte and Bazán (2015), which we will call the logit class of distributions, and another that we will call the logit class of skew distributions. All distributions considered are applied to World Bank data sets.
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Shannon, Carlie. "A case study in applying generalized linear mixed models to proportion data from poultry feeding experiments." Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15519.
Full textAbstract:
Master of ScienceDepartment of Statistics
Leigh Murray
This case study was motivated by the need for effective statistical analysis for a series of poultry feeding experiments conducted in 2006 by Kansas State University researchers in the department of Animal Science. Some of these experiments involved an automated auger feed line system commonly used in commercial broiler houses and continuous, proportion response data. Two of the feed line experiments are considered in this case study to determine if a statistical model using a non-normal response offers a better fit for this data than a model utilizing a normal approximation. The two experiments involve fixed as well as multiple random effects. In this case study, the data from these experiments is analyzed using a linear mixed model and Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM’s) with the SAS Glimmix procedure. Comparisons are made between a linear mixed model and GLMM’s using the beta and binomial responses. Since the response data is not count data a quasi-binomial approximation to the binomial is used to convert continuous proportions to the ratio of successes over total number of trials, N, for a variety of possible N values. Results from these analyses are compared on the basis of point estimates, confidence intervals and confidence interval widths, as well as p-values for tests of fixed effects. The investigation concludes that a GLMM may offer a better fit than models using a normal approximation for this data when sample sizes are small or response values are close to zero. This investigation discovers that these same instances can cause GLMM’s utilizing the beta response to behave poorly in the Glimmix procedure because lack of convergence issues prevent the obtainment of valid results. In such a case, a GLMM using a quasi-binomial response distribution with a high value of N can offer a reasonable and well behaved alternative to the beta distribution.
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Abdel-Hafez, Ahmad J. "Reputation model based on rating data and application in recommender systems." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/93808/1/Ahmad_Abdel-Hafez_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis introduced two novel reputation models to generate accurate item reputation scores using ratings data and the statistics of the dataset. It also presented an innovative method that incorporates reputation awareness in recommender systems by employing voting system methods to produce more accurate top-N item recommendations. Additionally, this thesis introduced a personalisation method for generating reputation scores based on users' interests, where a single item can have different reputation scores for different users. The personalised reputation scores are then used in the proposed reputation-aware recommender systems to enhance the recommendation quality.
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Staskevičiūtė, Simona. "Atsitiktinių dydžių sandaugų tikimybiniai skirstiniai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130617_182710-60131.
Full textAbstract:
Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojami matematinės statistikos tikimybiniai skirstiniai. Darbo tikslas – atlikti nepriklausomų beta atsitiktinių dydžių sandaugos pasiskirstymo analizę. Ši tematika aktuali sudėtingų sistemų patikimumo analizės teorijoje. Darbe aprašyta neaprėžtai dalių tikimybinių skirstinių teorija, kuri naudojama atsitiktinių dydžių sumos pasiskirstymui tirti, ir M-dalių tikimybių pasiskirstymo modelių teorija, naudojama nepriklausomų atsitiktinių dydžių sandaugos pasiskirstymo analizei atlikti. Baigiamajame darbe suformuluotos dvi teoremos, nusakančios, kuriais atvejais daugindami baigtinį skaičių nepriklausomų beta atsitiktinių dydžių su skirtingomis parametrų reikšmėmis gauname beta atsitiktinį dydį, kurio parametrai išreikšti per dauginamųjų parametrus. Šios teoremos įrodytos, kuomet dauginame du nepriklausomus beta atsitiktinius dydžius. Taip pat darbe suformuluota ir įrodyta teorema, nurodanti beta atsitiktinio dydžio logaritmo charakteringosios funkcijos analitinę išraišką.The mathematical statistics probability distributions are analyzed in this master thesis. The main purpose is to carry out the analysis of independent beta random variables products distribution. This theme is relevant to the reliability analysis of complex systems theory. The theoretics of unlimited divisible probability distributions is described in this master thesis. Following theory is useful to investigate the sums of independent random variables. The theoretics of M-divisible probability distributions is also described in this master thesis. It is useful to investigate the product of independent random variables. Two theorems about the product of finite number of independent beta random variables are formulated in this master thesis. Following theorems tells us, that product is beta random variable again, and its parameters expressions are related with multiplicands parameters. Theorems are proved when we are multiplying two independent beta random variables. Another theorem that is about characteristic function of beta random variable logarithm is formulated and proved in this master thesis.
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MAMELI, VALENTINA. "Two generalizations of the skew-normal distribution and two variants of McCarthy's theorem." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266181.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis is structured into two main parts. The first and major part is concerned with the skew-normal distribution, introduced by Azzalini (1985) [6], while the second one is connected with the scoring rules. In part one the problem of finding confidence intervals for the skewness parameter of the skew-normal distribution is addressed. Two new five-parameter continuous distributions which generalize the skew-normal distribution as well as some other well-known distributions are proposed and studied. Some mathematical properties of both distributions are derived. Part two is focused on the extension of the theorem of characterization of scoring rules, due to McCarthy (1956) ([16] of part 2), in two directions: for countable infinite sample spaces, but with bounded score and for finite sample spaces, but with unbounded score.
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Luo, Shihua. "Bayesian Estimation of Small Proportions Using Binomial Group Test." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/744.
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Group testing has long been considered as a safe and sensible relative to one-at-a-time testing in applications where the prevalence rate p is small. In this thesis, we applied Bayes approach to estimate p using Beta-type prior distribution. First, we showed two Bayes estimators of p from prior on p derived from two different loss functions. Second, we presented two more Bayes estimators of p from prior on π according to two loss functions. We also displayed credible and HPD interval for p. In addition, we did intensive numerical studies. All results showed that the Bayes estimator was preferred over the usual maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for small p. We also presented the optimal β for different p, m, and k.
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López, Claudia Fernanda Navarette. "Distribuição de probabilidade e dimensionamento amostral para tamanho de partícula em gramíneas forrageiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11134/tde-10022009-081538/.
Full textAbstract:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a distribuição de probabilidade da variável tamanho de partícula em gramíneas forrageiras e fazer um dimensionamento amostral. Para isto foi realizada uma analise exploratória dos dados obtidos de um experimento planejado em blocos casualizados, a cada sub-amostra do conjunto de dados foram ajustadas as distribuições normal, gama, beta e Weibull. Foram realizados os testes de aderência não paramétricos de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefos, Cramer-von Mises e Anderson-Darling para avaliar o ajuste as distribuições. A estimativa do valor do logaritmo da função de máxima verossimilhança e indicativo da distribuição que melhor descreveu o conjunto de dados, assim como os critérios de informação de Akaike (AIC) e de informação bayesiano (BIC). Foram feitas simulações a partir dos parâmetros obtidos e feitos os testes não paramétricos para avaliar o ajuste com diferentes tamanhos de amostras. Encontrou-se que os dados n~ao seguem a distribuição normal, pois há assimetria nos histogramas melhor descritos pelas distribuições beta e Weibull. Os testes mostraram que as distribuições gama, beta e Weibull ajustam-se melhor aos dados porem pelo maior valor do logaritmo da função de verossimilhança, assim como pelos valores AIC e BIC, o melhor ajuste foi dado pela distribuição Weibull. As simulações mostraram que com os tamanhos n de 2 e 4 com 10 repetições cada, as distribuições gama e Weibull apresentaram bom ajuste aos dados, a proporção que o n cresce a distribuição dos dados tende a normalidade. O dimensionamento dado pela Amostra Aleatória Simples (ASA), mostrou que o tamanho 6 de amostra e suficiente, para descrever a distribuição de probabilidade do tamanho de partícula em gramíneas forrageirasThe purpose of this study was to identify the probability distribution of variable particle size in forages grasses and to do a sample dimension. For this was carried out an exploratory analysis of the data obtained from the experiment planned in randomized blocks. Each sample of the overall data was adjusted to Normal, Gama, Beta and Weibull distributions. Tests of adhesion not parametric of Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefos, Cramer-von Mises and Anderson-Darling were conducted to indicate the adjustment at the distributions. The estimate of the value of the logarithm of function of maximum likelihood is indicative of distribution that better describes the data set, as well as information criteria of Akaike (AIC) and Bayesian information (BIC). Simulations from parameters obtained were made and tests not parametric to assess the t with dierent sizes of samples were made too. It was found that data are not normal, because have asymmetry in the histograms, better described by Beta and Weibull distributions. Tests showed that Gamma, Beta and Weibull distributions, have a ts better for the data; for the highest value in the logarithm of the likelihood function as well as smaller AIC and BIC, best t was forWeibull distribution. Simulations showed that with 2 and 4 sizes (n), with 10 repeat each one, the Gama and Weibull distributions showed good t to data, as the proportion in which n grows, distribution of data tends to normality. Dimensioning by simple random sample (ASA), showed that 6 is a sucient sample size to describe probability distribution for particle size in forage grasses.
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Ramires, Thiago Gentil. "A distribuição beta semi-normal generalizada geométrica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11134/tde-22082013-154605/.
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Com o avanço tecnológico aprimorado, diferentes comportamentos do tempo de vida vem sendo estudados, e com isso é necessário a criação de novos modelos, muitas vezes mais complexos, para melhor ajuste e inferência sobre a população em estudo. A distribuição beta semi-normal generalizada é útil para modelagem de tempos de vida, e com isso propomos neste trabalho uma distribuição mais ampla chamada distribuição beta semi-normal generalizada geométrica, cuja função de risco pode assumir as formas crescente, decrescente, forma de banheira ou modal. A função densidade da nova distribuição é escrita como uma combinação linear da função densidade da distribuição beta semi-normal generalizada, sendo assim, algumas importantes propriedades da nova distribuição foram obtidas, como: momentos, assimetria, curtose, função geradora de momentos, desvios médios, função quantíl e curvas de Lorenz e de Bonferroni. Para a estimação dos parâmetros, é utilizado o método de máxima verossimilhança. Também foi proposto no trabalho, o novo modelo de regressão baseado na distribuição beta semi-normal generalizada geométrica, os quais podem ser muito úteis em análise de dados reais por serem mais flexíveis.Due to the technological improved advances, different behaviors of the lifetime has been studied and for this reason, it is necessary to create new statistical models, many times more complex, for the better fit and inferences about the population under study. The beta generalized half-normal distribution is useful for modeling lifetime data, and in this sense, we propose, in this work, a wider distribution called the geometric beta generalized half-normal distribution in which the hazard function takes the forms increasing, decreasing, bathtub and unimodal. The density function of the new distribution can be written as a linear combination of the beta generalized half-normal densities, and thereby, some properties of the new distribution can be obtained such as the moments, skewness, kurtosis, moment generating function, mean deviations, quantile function and Lorenz and Bonferroni curves. For the estimation of the parameters, we use the maximum likelihood method considering the presence of censored data. We also propose a new regression model based on the geometric beta generalized half-normal distribution, which can be very useful in the analysis of real data due to their flexibility.
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Martinez, Raydonal Ospina. "Modelos de regressão beta inflacionados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45133/tde-19102009-145726/.
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Nos últimos anos têm sido desenvolvidos modelos de regressão beta, que têm uma variedade de aplicações práticas como, por exemplo, a modelagem de taxas, razões ou proporções. No entanto, é comum que dados na forma de proporções apresentem zeros e/ou uns, o que não permite admitir que os dados provêm de uma distribuição contínua. Nesta tese, são propostas, distribuições de mistura entre uma distribuição beta e uma distribuição de Bernoulli, degenerada em zero e degenerada em um para modelar dados observados nos intervalos [0, 1], [0, 1) e (0, 1], respectivamente. As distribuições propostas são inflacionadas no sentido de que a massa de probabilidade em zero e/ou um excede o que é permitido pela distribuição beta. Propriedades dessas distribuições são estudadas, métodos de estimação por máxima verossimilhança e momentos condicionais são comparados. Aplicações a vários conjuntos de dados reais são examinadas. Desenvolvemos também modelos de regressão beta inflacionados assumindo que a distribuição da variável resposta é beta inflacionada. Estudamos estimação por máxima verossimilhança. Derivamos expressões em forma fechada para o vetor escore, a matriz de informação de Fisher e sua inversa. Discutimos estimação intervalar para diferentes quantidades populacionais (parâmetros de regressão, parâmetro de precisão) e testes de hipóteses assintóticos. Derivamos expressões para o viés de segunda ordem dos estimadores de máxima verossimilhança dos parâmetros, possibilitando a obtenção de estimadores corrigidos que são mais precisos que os não corrigidos em amostras finitas. Finalmente, desenvolvemos técnicas de diagnóstico para os modelos de regressão beta inflacionados, sendo adotado o método de influência local baseado na curvatura normal conforme. Ilustramos a teoria desenvolvida em um conjuntos de dados reais.The last years have seen new developments in the theory of beta regression models, which are useful for modelling random variables that assume values in the standard unit interval such as proportions, rates and fractions. In many situations, the dependent variable contains zeros and/or ones. In such cases, continuous distributions are not suitable for modeling this kind of data. In this thesis we propose mixed continuous-discrete distributions to model data observed on the intervals [0, 1],[0, 1) and (0, 1]. The proposed distributions are inflated beta distributions in the sense that the probability mass at 0 and/or 1 exceeds what is expected for the beta distribution. Properties of the inflated beta distributions are given. Estimation based on maximum likelihood and conditional moments is discussed and compared. Empirical applications using real data set are provided. Further, we develop inflated beta regression models in which the underlying assumption is that the response follows an inflated beta law. Estimation is performed by maximum likelihood. We provide closed-form expressions for the score function, Fishers information matrix and its inverse. Interval estimation for different population quantities (such as regression parameters, precision parameter, mean response) is discussed and tests of hypotheses on the regression parameters can be performed using asymptotic tests. We also derive the second order biases of the maximum likelihood estimators and use them to define bias-adjusted estimators. The numerical results show that bias reduction can be effective in finite samples. We also develop a set of diagnostic techniques that can be employed to identify departures from the postulated model and influential observations. To that end, we adopt the local influence approach based in the conformal normal curvature. Finally, we consider empirical examples to illustrate the theory developed.
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Hammon, Harald. "Distribution and density of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor : binding sites in the bovine mammary gland /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1993. http://www.stub.unibe.ch/html/haupt/datenbanken/diss/bestell.html.
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Berglund, Filip. "Asymptotics of beta-Hermite Ensembles." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Matematisk statistik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-171096.
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In this thesis we present results about some eigenvalue statistics of the beta-Hermite ensembles, both in the classical cases corresponding to beta = 1, 2, 4, that is the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble (consisting of real symmetric matrices), the Gaussian unitary ensemble (consisting of complex Hermitian matrices) and the Gaussian symplectic ensembles (consisting of quaternionic self-dual matrices) respectively. We also look at the less explored general beta-Hermite ensembles (consisting of real tridiagonal symmetric matrices). Specifically we look at the empirical distribution function and two different scalings of the largest eigenvalue. The results we present relating to these statistics are the convergence of the empirical distribution function to the semicircle law, the convergence of the scaled largest eigenvalue to the Tracy-Widom distributions, and with a different scaling, the convergence of the largest eigenvalue to 1. We also use simulations to illustrate these results. For the Gaussian unitary ensemble, we present an expression for its level density. To aid in understanding the Gaussian symplectic ensemble we present properties of the eigenvalues of quaternionic matrices. Finally, we prove a theorem about the symmetry of the order statistic of the eigenvalues of the beta-Hermite ensembles.I denna kandidatuppsats presenterar vi resultat om några olika egenvärdens-statistikor från beta-Hermite ensemblerna, först i de klassiska fallen då beta = 1, 2, 4, det vill säga den gaussiska ortogonala ensemblen (bestående av reella symmetriska matriser), den gaussiska unitära ensemblen (bestående av komplexa hermitiska matriser) och den gaussiska symplektiska ensemblen (bestående av kvaternioniska själv-duala matriser). Vi tittar även på de mindre undersökta generella beta-Hermite ensemblerna (bestående av reella symmetriska tridiagonala matriser). Specifikt tittar vi på den empiriska fördelningsfunktionen och två olika normeringar av det största egenvärdet. De resultat vi presenterar för dessa statistikor är den empiriska fördelningsfunktionens konvergens mot halvcirkel-fördelningen, det normerade största egenvärdets konvergens mot Tracy-Widom fördelningen, och, med en annan normering, största egenvärdets konvergens mot 1. Vi illustrerar även dessa resultat med hjälp av simuleringar. För den gaussiska unitära ensemblen presenterar vi ett uttryck för dess nivåtäthet. För att underlätta förståelsen av den gaussiska symplektiska ensemblen presenterar vi egenskaper hos egenvärdena av kvaternioniska matriser. Slutligen bevisar vi en sats om symmetrin hos ordningsstatistikan av egenvärdena av beta-Hermite ensemblerna.
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Basalamah, Doaa. "Statistical Inference for a New Class of Skew t Distribution and Its Related Properties." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1496762068499547.
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Pescim, Rodrigo Rossetto. "A distribuição beta generalizada semi-normal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11134/tde-25022010-103042/.
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Uma nova família de distribuições denominada distribuição beta generalizada semi-normal, que inclui algumas distribuições importantes como casos especiais, tais como as distribuições semi-normal e generalizada semi-normal (Cooray e Ananda, 2008), é proposta neste trabalho. Para essa nova família de distribuições, foi realizado o estudo da função densidade probabilidade, função de distribuição acumulada e da função de taxa de falha (ou risco), que não dependeram de funções matemáticas complicadas. Obteve-se uma expressão formal para os momentos, função geradora de momentos, função densidade da distribuição de estatística de ordem, desvios médios, entropia, contabilidade e para as curvas de Bonferroni e Lorenz. Examinaram-se os estimadores de máxima verossimilhança dos parâmetros e deduziu- se a matriz de informação esperada. Neste trabalho é proposto, também, um modelo de regressão utilizando a distribuição beta generalizada semi-normal. A utilidade dessa nova distribuição é ilustrada através de dois conjuntos de dados, mostrando que ela é mais flexível na análise de dados de tempo de vida do que outras distribuições existentes na literatura.A new family of distributions so-called beta generalized half-normal distribution, which includes some important distributions as special cases, such as the half-normal and generalized half-normal (Cooray and Ananda, 2008) distributions, is proposed in this work. For this new family of distributions, we studied the probability density function, cumulative distribution function and failure rate function (or hazard function), which did not depend on complicated mathematical functions. We obtained a formal expression for the moments, moment generating function, density function of order statistics distribution, mean deviation, entropy, reliability and Bonferroni and Lorenz curves. We examined maximum likelihood estimation of parameters and provided the information matrix. This work also proposed a regression model using the beta generalized half-normal distribution. The usefulness of the new distribution is illustrated through two data sets by showing that it is quite °exible in analyzing lifetime data instead other distributions in the literature.
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Curtis, Rachael E. "Distribution of Cellular Interferon Beta (IFN-β) in Murine Fibroblast Cell Lines Upon Infection of HSV-1." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1323805692.
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Arifoglu, Muge. "Effects Of Bioreactor Operation Parameters On Intracellular Reaction Rate Distribution In Beta-lactamase Production By Bacillus Species." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12605231/index.pdf.
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In this study, the effects of oxygen transfer (OT) on beta-lactamase production and on intracellular reaction rates were investigated with Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 2597. In order to clarify the oxygen transfer effects on the production of beta-lactamase, firstly a glucose based defined medium was designed and using this medium, the effects of bioreactor operation parameters, i.e., pH and temperature, on beta-lactamase activity and cell formation were investigated in laboratory scale batch-bioreactors using shake bioreactors having V=33 ml working volumes. Among the investigated bioprocess conditions, the highest beta-lactamase activity was obtained as A=115 U cm-3, in the medium with 7.0 kg m-3 glucose, 7.1 kg m-3 (NH4)2HPO4 and the salt solution, at pH0=7.5, T=37C, N=200 min-1. At the optimum conditions found in laboratory scale the effects of OT on cell generation, substrate consumption, product (beta-lactamase) and by-products formations were investigated at three different air inlet (Q0/ VR = 0.2, 0.5 and 1 vvm) and at three agitation rates (N=250, 500, 750 min-1) in V = 3.0 dm3 batch bioreactors consisting of temperature, pH, foam, stirring rate and dissolved oxygen controls. Along with the fermentation, cell, substrate and by-product concentrations, beta-lactamase activity, yield coefficients, specific rates,
oxygen uptake rates and the liquid phase mass transfer coefficient values were determined. The highest beta-lactamase activity was obtained at 0.5 vvm 500 min-1 and at 0.2 vvm 500 min-1 conditions as ca. A=90 U cm-3 while the highest cell concentration was obtained as Cx=0.67 kg m-3 at 0.5 vvm 750 min-1 and at 0.2 vvm 750 min-1 conditions. KLa, increased with the increase in the agitation and aeration rates and its values varied between 0.007-0.044 s-1 and oxygen uptake rate varied between 0.4-1.6 mol m-3 s-1. Finally, the influence of OT conditions on the intracellular reaction rates was investigated using metabolic flux analysis to evaluate the effects of oxygen on the metabolism.
Keywords: beta-lactamase, production, Bacillus, oxygen transfer, metabolic flux analysis
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Kahve, A. "Biophysical and biochemical effects and distribution of fatty acids in pancreatic beta cells and microvascular endothelial cells." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/36684.
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The incidences of obesity and type 2 diabetes and their complications are increasing globally. The presence of elevated circulating free fatty acids has been associated with the initial dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells and microvascular endothelial cells followed later by their demise. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the mechanisms by which demise occurs, and how it may be prevented. Palmitate, a saturated fatty acid, caused cell death in both INS-1 beta cells and HCMec/D3 microvascular cells, whereas the unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid did not cause cell death, and also protected against palmitate-induced toxicity. Etomoxir, the mitochondrial CPT1 inhibitor did not rescue INS-1 or HCMec/D3 cells from palmitate-induced toxicity suggesting that palmitate-induced toxicity does not occur via entry into the mitochondria. Cells were exposed to 2-bromopalmitate, a non-metabolisable fatty acid used to reduce the pool of cytoplasmic CoA, to determine whether palmitate-induced toxicity might be mediated by its ability to be activated. Pre-incubation with 2-bromopalmitate in INS-1 cells significantly prevented palmitate-induced cell death. These data suggest that the activation of palmitate with CoA might mediate cell death. Cell cycle analysis found that neither oleic acid nor palmitate caused an increase or decrease in cell proliferation in both INS-1 and HCMec/D3 cells. The data suggest that the mechanism of oleic acid-induced cytoprotection might not be via a pro-proliferative mechanism. INS-1 cells were imaged using spontaneous Raman microspectroscopy after 24-hour exposure to esterified and non-esterified fatty acids. Uni- and multi-variate analysis and spectral decomposition were carried out using a methodology optimised and validated which is presented in this thesis. The aim was to quantify changes, if any, in lipid disposition: distribution, intensity (as a measure of concentration) and composition after exogenous exposure to these fatty acids. Exposure to 0.125 mM palmitate showed a significant decrease in the percentage of lipid within the cells and a corresponding increase in the intensity of this lipid. This suggests that palmitate, alone, might be shuttled into lipid droplets. This was not observed when the cells were exposed to oleic acid, whereby an increase in the intensity of lipid was observed even though no significant change was observed in the percentage of lipid within the cells. When palmitate and oleic acid were combined, the composition of the lipid droplets changed such that the levels of palmitate decreased and the levels of oleic acid increased. These data suggest that oleic acid does not shuttle palmitate into lipid droplets. These data do not support the hypothesis that oleic acid protects against palmitate-induced cytotoxicity by shuttling palmitate into lipid droplets. The methyl esters of palmitate and oleic acid were employed to determine whether they would affect lipid disposition. No change in lipid distribution or intensity was observed when the cells were exposed to these fatty acids, validating the requirement for the free carboxyl oxygen for the covalent binding to glycerol for the formation of lipid droplets. These data also suggest that INS-1 cells cannot de-esterify esterified fatty acids.
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Forslind, Fanni. "The Effect of Immigration on Income Distribution : A Comparative Study of Ordinary Least Squares and Beta Regression." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-433098.
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The purpose of this study is to estimate the relationship between income inequality and immigration in Sweden. To do so, data from the data base Kolada with observations from all 290 municipalities in Sweden is used. As a proxy for income distribution the Gini coefficient is used and as a proxy for immigration the share of foreign born of working age is used. The model also controls for income tax, education level and unemployment level. The dependent variable the Gini coefficient is bounded by a unit interval and it is therefore not possible to simply run a linear regression. Such a model could potentially predict outside the interval. To properly estimate the relationship two approaches are made. Firstly a model is estimated with Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) after the dependent variable is transformed on to the real line through log-odds. Then a model is estimated using beta regression. The study concludes that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between income inequality and immigration in Sweden. The OLS estimated model shows that a 1 unit increase in immigration, on average increases the log-odds of 0.28336 units, ceteris paribus. Beta regression provides perhaps more intuitive results. If immigration increases with 1% the income inequality increases with on average 0.1046%, ceteris paribus. Because of the easier interpretation, among other things, beta regression is determined to be a better estimation method in this study.
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Loots, Mattheus Theodor. "The development of the quaternion normal distribution." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25903.
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In this dissertation an overview on the real representation of quaternions in distribution theory is given. The density functions of the p-variate and matrix-variate quaternion normal distributions are derived from first principles, while that of the quaternion Wishart distribution is derived from the real associated Wishart distribution via the characteristic function. Applications of this theory in hypothesis testing is presented, and the density function of Wilks's statistic is derived for quaternion Wishart matrices.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Statistics
unrestricted
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BRITO, Rejane dos Santos. "Estudo de expansões assintóticas, avaliação numérica de momentos das distribuições beta generalizadas, aplicações em modelos de regressão e análise discriminante." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2009. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5251.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
We make a review about Edgeworth, Lugannani-Rice, Daniels and Cordeiro-Ferrari asymptotic approximations. We use the Cordeiro-Ferrari asymptotic approximation to approximate the gamma distribution G(m;f ) by the exponential distribution with mean a. In a further application, based on the statistical proposed by them, we approximate the t-Student distribution with n degrees of freedom using the normal standard distribution. Moreover, we realize a study about the functionalities of the beta generalized distributions. We obtain moments of the generalized beta distributions using the Lauricella and Kampé de Fériet generalized functions. Beyond this, we propose a new generalized beta distribution called beta power. Finally, we realize some applications in regression models by logistic regression and further more using discriminant analysis.
Inicialmente, realiza-se uma revisão literária sobre as expansões assintóticas de Daniels, Edgeworth, Lugannani-Rice e Cordeiro-Ferrari. Mediante uso da expansão de Cordeiro- Ferrari, torna-se possível realizar um estudo correspondente a aproximação da distribuição gama G(m;f ) em função da distribuição exponencial com média a. E, ainda, numa outra aplicação, faz-se a aproximação da distribuição t-Student com n graus de liberdade em função da distribuição normal padrão. Além disso, apresenta-se um estudo correspondente às funcionalidades das distribuições beta generalizadas e, ainda, a obtenção dos momentos das distribuições beta generalizadas mediante as funções de Lauricella e generalizada de Kampé de Fériet. Propõe-se, ainda, a generalização da distribuição power como sendo uma nova distribuição beta generalizada. Por fim, realizam-se algumas aplicações em modelos de regressão, mediante regressão logística, bem como em modelos de análise discriminante.
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SOUZA, Glaucia Tadu de. "Nova generalização para a classe Beta-G de distribuições de probabilidade." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2016. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5125.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
We propose a new generator of continuous distributions with three extra parameters called the Beta ( (1 − G), (1 − )G + ), which generalizes the Beta-G class. Some special cases are presented. The new density function can be expressed as a difference of linear combinations of exponentiated densities based on the same baseline distribution. Various structural properties of the new class, which hold for any baseline model, are derived including explicit expressions for the moments of order n, the moment generating function, the characteristic function, central moments of order n, the general coefficient, the mean deviations, residual life function, reverse life function and order statistics. We discuss estimation of the model parameters by maximum likelihood and provide an application to a real data set.
Propusemos um novo gerador de distribuições contínuas com três parâmetros adicionais chamado Beta ( (1−G), (1− )G+ ), que generaliza a classe Beta-G. Alguns casos especiais são apresentados. A nova função densidade pode ser expressa como uma diferença de combinações lineares de densidades exponencializadas através da mesma distribuição-base. Várias propriedades estruturais da nova classe, as quais valem para qualquer distribuiçãobase são derivadas, incluindo expressões explicitas para os momentos de ordem n, função geradora de momentos, função característica, momentos centrais de ordem n, coeficiente geral, desvios médios, função de vida residual, função de vida reversa e estatísticas de ordem. Discutimos a estimação dos parâmetros do modelo através do método de máxima verossimilhança e fornecemos uma aplicação a um conjunto de dados reais.
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Barros, Otávio Akira de. "Estimação dos parâmetros da distribuição beta bivariada: aplicações em severidade de doenças em plantas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11134/tde-03022016-151710/.
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A distribuição beta é apropriada para analisar dados de variáveis medidas no intervalo (0, 1), como taxas e proporções, como por exemplo a proporção de severidade de doenças em plantas. Portanto, dados que são pares observações de taxas e proporções, naturalmente pensa-se numa distribuição beta bivariada com suporte (0, 1)2. O objetivo deste trabalho constitui-se em encontrar a melhor distribuição beta bivariada na literatura para este caso e, além disso, tentar encontrar estimadores para seus parâmetros, a fim de verificar se esta distribuição escolhida se ajusta bem aos dados. Foi criada uma metodologia para a estimação dos parâmetros, utilizando aquela distribuição que consideramos a mais adequada. Posteriormente foram feitas simulações para avaliar a qualidade desses estimadores e, por fim, foram utilizados três bancos de dados com a finalidade de exemplificar esta metodologia.Beta distribution is suitable for analyzing variable data measured in the range (0, 1), as rates and proportions, such as the proportion of disease severity in plants. Therefore, data that are paired observations rates and proportions naturally thinks in a bivariate distribution beta supported (0, 1)2. The objective of this work is on finding the best beta bivariate distribution in the literature for this case and, furthermore, try to find estimators for its parameters in order to verify that this chosen distribution fits the data well. A methodology was created for the estimation of parameters using that distribution we consider the most appropriate. Later simulations were performed to evaluate the quality of these estimators and, finally, we use three databases in order to illustrate this methodology.
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Holásková, Ida. "I. Distribution of transforming growth factor beta 1, TGF receptor II and decorin in the sheep uterus shortly after breeding." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5373.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2007.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 144 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-144).
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Silva, Ana Roberta dos Santos 1989. "Modelos de regressão beta retangular heteroscedásticos aumentados em zeros e uns." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/306787.
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Orientador: Caio Lucidius Naberezny AzevedoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Computação Científica
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Resumo: Neste trabalho desenvolvemos a distribuição beta retangular aumentada em zero e um, bem como um correspondente modelo de regressão beta retangular aumentado em zero e um para analisar dados limitados-aumentados (representados por variáveis aleatórias mistas com suporte limitado), que apresentam valores discrepantes. Desenvolvemos ferramentas de inferência sob as abordagens bayesiana e frequentista. No que diz respeito à inferência bayesiana, devido à impossibilidade de obtenção analítica das posteriores de interesse, utilizou-se algoritmos MCMC. Com relação à estimação frequentista, utilizamos o algoritmo EM. Desenvolvemos técnicas de análise de resíduos, utilizando o resíduo quantil aleatorizado, tanto sob o enfoque frequentista quanto bayesiano. Desenvolvemos, também, medidas de influência, somente sob o enfoque bayesiano, utilizando a medida de Kullback Leibler. Além disso, adaptamos métodos de checagem preditiva à posteriori existentes na literatura, ao nosso modelo, utilizando medidas de discrepância apropriadas. Para a comparação de modelos, utilizamos os critérios usuais na literatura, como AIC, BIC e DIC. Realizamos diversos estudos de simulação, considerando algumas situações de interesse prático, com o intuito de comparar as estimativas bayesianas com as frequentistas, bem como avaliar o comportamento das ferramentas de diagnóstico desenvolvidas. Um conjunto de dados da área psicométrica foi analisado para ilustrar o potencial do ferramental desenvolvido
Abstract: In this work we developed the zero-one augmented rectangular beta distribution, as well as a correspondent zero-one augmented rectangular beta regression model to analyze limited-augmented data (represented by mixed random variables with limited support), which present outliers. We develop inference tools under the Bayesian and frequentist approaches. Regarding to the Bayesian inference, due the impossibility of obtaining analytically the posterior distributions of interest, we used MCMC algorithms. Concerning the frequentist estimation, we use the EM algorithm. We develop techniques of residual analysis, by using the randomized quantile residuals, under both frequentist and Bayesian approaches. We also developed influence measures, only under the Bayesian approach, by using the measure of Kullback Leibler. In addition, we adapt methods of posterior predictive checking available in the literature, to our model, using appropriate discrepancy measures. For model selection, we use the criteria commonly employed in the literature, such as AIC, BIC and DIC. We performed several simulation studies, considering some situations of practical interest, in order to compare the Bayesian and frequentist estimates, as well as to evaluate the behavior of the developed diagnostic tools. A psychometric real data set was analyzed to illustrate the performance of the developed tools
Mestrado
Estatistica
Mestra em Estatística
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Hamza, Marwa. "Caractérisations des familles exponentielles naturelles cubiques : étude des lois Beta généralisées et de certaines lois de Kummer." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0036/document.
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Cette thèse contient deux parties différentes. Dans la première partie, nous nous sommes intéressés aux familles exponentielles naturelles cubiques dont la fonction variance est un polynôme de degré inférieur ou égal à 3. Nous donnons trois caractérisations de ces familles en se basant sur une approche Bayesienne. L’une de ces caractérisations repose sur le fait que la fonction cumulante vérifie une équation différentielle. La deuxième partie de notre travail est consacrée aux conséquences de la propriété d’indépendance de type « Matsumoto-Yor » qui a été développée par Koudou et Vallois. Cette propriété fait intervenir la famille de lois de Kummer de type 2 et les lois Beta généralisées. En se basant sur la méthode de conditionnement et sur la méthode de rejet, nous donnons des réalisations presque sûre de ces distributions de probabilités. D’autre part, nous caractérisons la famille de lois de Kummer de type 2 (resp. les lois Beta généralisées) par une équation algébrique impliquant des lois gamma (resp. les lois Beta)This thesis has two different parts. In the first part we are interested in the real cubic natural exponential families such that their variance function is a polynomial of degree less than or equal to 3. We give three characterizations of such families using a Bayesian approach. One of these characterizations is based on a differential equation verified by the cumulant function. In a second part we study in depth the independence property of the type “Matsumoto-Yor” that was developed by Koudou and Vallois. This property involves the Kummer distribution of type 2 and the generalized beta ones. Using the conditioning and the rejection method, we give almost sure realization of these distributions. We characterize the family of Kummer distribution of type 2 with an algebraic equation involving the gamma ones. We proceed similarly with the generalized beta distributions
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Carrijo, Tiago Fernandes. "Estudo da termitofauna (Insecta, Isoptera) da região do alto Rio Madeira, Rondônia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-17122013-093224/.
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Estudo da termitofauna (Insecta, Isoptera) da região do alto Rio Madeira, Rondônia. Na região conhecida como alto Rio Madeira, no município de Porto Velho, Rondônia, estão sendo criadas as Usinas Hidrelétricas (UHEs) de Santo Antônio e Jirau. As construções das represas das UHEs estão inundando grandes porções de floresta ao longo das duas margens do rio Madeira. Desta forma o conhecimento da biota local, especialmente de sua distribuição no espaço, é extremamente importante, ainda mais porque o alinhamento dos rios Amazonas-Madeira-Mamoré separa a região Neotropical em duas áreas de endemismo para diversos grupos de animais. Essa tese tem por objetivo apresentar os resultados gerais obtidos ao longo de três anos de monitoramento de cupins nas áreas de influência da UHE de Jirau e dois anos nas áreas de influência da UHE de Santo Antônio, assim como desenvolver um estudo de comunidades e análise da distribuição espacial dos cupins presentes nas áreas de influência da UHE de Jirau (Capítulo 1). Outro objetivo é o estudo da estrutura genética das populações de Heterotermes tenuis (Rhinotermitidae) ao longo das áreas de influência das duas UHEs, visando investigar a existência de fluxo gênico entre as populações de cada margem do Rio Madeira (Capítulo 2). Foram amostrados doze módulos, sete na margem esquerda do rio e cinco na margem direita. Cada um era compostos por transectos de 3 ou 4 km e parcelas perpendiculares a cada 1km, e as amostragens foram realizadas em subparcelas de 5x2m dentro das parcelas. Durante um total de 20 campanhas foram investigadas 1121 subparcelas, totalizando 7875 amostras de cupins e pelo menos 169 espécies. Esse é provavelmente o trabalho com maior esforço amostral já empregado e também o que registrou o maior número de espécies de cupins até hoje. Para o estudo de comunidades, foram aleatorizadas 20 subparcelas nos seis módulos da UHE de Jirau, sendo cinco subparcelas dentro das parcelas marcadas nas seguintes distâncias em relação à margem do rio: P1 - 50 m, P2 - 1 km, P3 - 2 km e P4 - 3 km. A composição de cupins não está relacionada com o lado do rio. O estimador que mais se aproximou do provável número real de espécies foi o Jackknife 2. Como resultado das análises de diversidade beta utilizando a composição de espécies de cupins houve um agrupamento dos módulos com o mesmo tipo de solo, sugerindo que algumas espécies de cupins estejam distribuídas de acordo com esta variável. Em relação à distância para o rio, a parcela mais próxima do rio foi a mais singular, tanto em relação à composição de espécies quanto à riqueza e abundância, sendo que existem espécies restritas à P1 e outras praticamente ausentes nessas parcelas. Das dez variáveis ambientais analisadas, a riqueza de cupins se mostrou correlacionada com a altitude, concentração de argila e silte no solo e estratificação vegetal entre 1 e 5 m. Para o estudo da estrutura genética das populações de H. tenuis foram utilizadas 84 sequências dessa espécie dos 12 módulos de monitoramento, seis de colônias do Cerrado e três do GenBank (de Manaus, Guiana Francesa, e Equador), além de uma de H. longiceps como grupo externo. Nas análises iniciais, foi encontrada uma forte estruturação genética entre as sequências: todas as análises filogenéticas (máxima parcimônia, máxima verossimilhança e inferência bayesiana), assim como a rede de haplótipos, formaram dois grupos consistentes, mas sem qualquer relação espacial. A partir disso, passou-se a trabalhar com a hipótese de que há duas espécies crípticas (chamadas Ht. A e Ht. B). Desta forma, todas as análises para testar se o Rio Madeira funcionava como barreira biogeográfica foram testadas separadamente para cada uma das supostas duas espécies crípticas, entretanto, não foi constatada qualquer influência do rio como barreira ao fluxo gênico entre as populações de cada margem.The Santo Antônio and Jirau hydroelectrics plants (HP) are being built in the Madeira River region, in Porto Velho, RO, Brazil. The HPs will flood large portions of native forest, and thus knowledge of the local biota and its distribution in space is extremely important for the formulation of management plans for creation of protected areas. This region in particular is unique, since the alignment of Amazonas-Madeira-Mamoré Rivers divides the Neotropical region into two areas of endemism for a diversity of taxa. The main objective of this thesis was to monitor termites for three years in areas near the Jirau HP and two years in areas near the Santo Antônio HP. As well as conduct a community level study and analyze the spatial distributions of termites from the areas influenced by Jirau HP (Chapter 1); and investigate the population genetic structure of Heterotermes tenuis (Rhinotermitidae), for the two areas influenced by the HPs, to test whether there is genetic flow between the populations on either bank of the Madeira River (Chapter 2). Twelve modules were marked, seven on the left bank of the river and five on the right bank. Each module was composed of 3 or 4 km transects and perpendicular parcels every 1 km. The sampling was conducted in sub parcels of 5 x 2 m inside each main parcels. During 20 expeditions, 1121 subparcels were investigated and a total of 7875 samples were collected and identified to 169 species. This study incorporates greater sampling effort than already employed by other published studies to date and also registered the highest number of termites species of any similar study. For the community study, 20 subparcels were randomized in the six modules of the Jirau HP, with five subparcels marked in relation to distance from the river margin (P1 - 50 m, P2 - 1 km, P3 - 2 km, and P4 - 3 km). The termite species composition was not related to side of the river bank. The richness estimator Jackknife 2 was the best estimator of the real number of species diversity. The beta diversity analysis with termite species composition clustered for modules with the same soil type, suggesting that some termite species may be distributed according to the soil type. Parcels closest to the river were the most unique, both in terms of termite species composition and abundance patterns, with some species restricted to the P1 and others absent. Of the ten environmental variables measured, termite species richness was correlated with altitude, clay and silt concentration in the soil, and vegetation stratification between 1 and 5 m, among. For the study of the genetic structure of Heterotermes tenuis, 84 sequences of this species were used from the 12 monitoring modules, six from colonies from the Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna), three from GeneBank (from Manaus, French Guiana and Ecuador), and one of H. longiceps as outgroup. In the initial analysis, relatively strong genetic structure within the samples was found: all phylogenetic analysis (maximum parsimony and likelihood, and Bayesian inference), and haplotype networks, consistently clustered two groups of haplotypes, but without any spatial relationships. Thus was assumed that there were two cryptic species (here called Ht. A and Ht. B), and all the analysis to test whether the Madeira River was a biogeographic barrier were conducted separately for each putative species. However, it was not possible to detect any influence of the river to genetic flow between the populations from either side of the river.
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Zander, Esther [Verfasser]. "Distribution and genetic composition of carbapenem-resistance determinants in clinical Acinetobacter isolates - focus on carbapenem-hydrolysing beta-lactamases / Esther Zander." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077289332/34.
Full text
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Correia, Leandro Tavares. "Modelos de regressão estáticos e dinâmicos para taxas ou proporções: uma abordagem bayesiana." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45133/tde-27082015-224138/.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de dados com resposta em intervalos limitados, mais especificamente no intervalo [0,1], como no caso de taxas e proporções. Em diversos casos práticos esta estrutura de dados apresenta uma quantidade não negligenciável de valores extremos (0 e 1) e que modelos usuais não são adequados para sua análise. Para esta situação propomos, por meio de um enfoque Bayesiano, modelos de regressão beta inflacionado de zeros e uns (BIZU) e modelos de regressão Tobit duplamente censurado adaptados nesse intervalo. Técnicas de diagnóstico e qualidade do ajuste também são discutidas. Apresentamos a análise desta estrutura de dados no contexto de série de tempo por meio da abordagem Bayesiana de modelos dinâmicos. Estudos de comportamento e previsão de séries de tempo foram explorados utilizando técnicas de Monte Carlo sequencial, conhecidas como filtro de partículas. Particularidades e competitividade entre as duas classes de modelos também foram discutidas.This paper presents a study focused on observations in a limited interval , more specifically in [0,1] , such as rate and proportion data. In many practical cases this data structure has a considerable amount of extreme values (0 and 1) and usual classical models are not suitable for this type of data set. We propose two class of regression models to deal with this context: beta inflated of zeros and ones (BIZU) models and Tobit doubly censored models adapted in this interval. Fit quality and diagnostic techniques are also discussed. Time series of proportions are also developed through Bayesian dynamic models. Forecasting and behavioral analysis were explored using sequential Monte Carlo techniques, known as particle filters. Particularities and competitiveness between the two classes of models were also discussed as well.
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Gibbs, Ebrima. "Evolution of the anti-interferon beta (IFNβ) antibody response in multiple sclerosis patients : IgG subclass distribution, affinity maturation and clinical correlates." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5281.
Full textAbstract:
Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system, is
characterized by demyelination, axonal damage, and inflammatory lesions in the white
matter. Symptoms include neurological deficits, relapses and progressive disability. Three
recombinant interferon beta (IFNβ) products and glatiramer acetate are licensed for
treatment. They have been shown to reduce the frequency and severity of relapses and slow
disease progression in about 30% of treated patients. Long-term administration of IFNβ can
result in the development of anti- (IFNβ) antibodies. Binding antibodies (BAbs) bind (IFNβ) and
neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) prevent interaction with its receptor, reducing IFNβ
bioavailability and clinical efficacy.
The detection and characterization of anti-IFNβ antibodies does not adhere to any
internationally recommended standards. A comprehensive strategy is required to elucidate
the antibody properties that play a role in the immune response against IFNβ. To this extent,
our objectives were: first, to investigate the IgG subclass-specificities of BAbs over time;
second, to ascertain the affinity maturation pattern of BAbs and NAbs; and third, to
investigate the effects of NAbs on clinical efficacy.
We used an enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure relative distribution of
IgG subclass-specific BAbs and found that subclasses not only change over time, but their
distribution varies between subcutaneous (SC) IFNβ-la and SC IFNβ-lb. We also found that
NAb+ patients tend to have higher levels of IgG4 subclass-specific BAbs than NAb- patients.
To investigate the affinity maturation of anti-IFNβ antibodies, we utilized BiacoreTM, a
biosensor device based on the optical phenomenon of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR).
Our results indicate that relative antibody affinities, as reflected by antibody dissociation
rates, improve over time in NAb+ patients. Furthermore, we found a close parallel between
antibody affinity and NAb levels.
Our investigation showed that the effects of NAbs on clinical efficacy are delayed, with an
increase in relapse rates being more evident in NAb+ patients than in NAb- patients at year 3
(IFNβ-1b), and at year 3 and 4 (IFNβ-la).
We conclude that there is a need for a quantitative and qualitative framework for monitoring
anti-IFNβ antibodies that could prove valuable for better management of IFNβ-treated MS
patients.
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Alam, Tariq Rizvi. "Modeling and Design of Betavoltaic Batteries." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/89648.
Full textAbstract:
The betavoltaic battery is a type of micro nuclear battery that harvests beta emitting radioactive decay energy using semiconductors. The literature results suggest that a better model is needed to design a betavoltaic battery. This dissertation creates a comprehensive model that includes all of the important factors that impact betavoltaic battery output and efficiency.
Recent advancements in micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) necessitate an onboard miniaturized power source. As these devices are highly functional, longevity of the power source is also preferred. Betavoltaic batteries are a very promising power source that can fulfill these requirements. They can be miniaturized to the size of a human hair. On the other hand, miniaturization of chemical batteries is restricted by low energy density. That is why betavoltaics are a viable option as a power source for sophisticated MEMS devices. They can also be used for implantable medical devices such as pacemakers; for remote applications such as spacecraft, undersea exploration, polar regions, mountains; military equipment; for sensor networks for environmental monitoring; and for sensors embedded in bridges due to their high energy density and long lifetime (up to 100 years).
A betavoltaic battery simulation model was developed using Monte Carlo particle transport codes such as MCNP and PENELOPE whereas many researchers used simple empirical equations. These particle transport codes consider the comprehensive physics theory for electron transport in materials. They are used to estimate the energy deposition and the penetration depth of beta particles in the semiconductors. A full energy spectrum was used in the model to take into account the actual radioactive decay energy of the beta particles. These results were compared to the traditional betavoltaic battery design method of estimating energy deposition and penetration depth using monoenergetic beta average energy. Significant differences in results were observed that have a major impact on betavoltaic battery design. Furthermore, the angular distribution of the beta particles was incorporated in the model in order to take into account the effect of isotropic emission of beta decay. The backscattering of beta particles and loss of energy with angular dependence were analyzed. Then, the drift-diffusion semiconductor model was applied in order to estimate the power outputs for the battery, whereas many researchers used the simple collection probability model neglecting many design parameters. The results showed that an optimum junction depth can maximize the power output. The short circuit current and open circuit voltage of the battery varied with the semiconductor junction depth, angular distribution, and different activities. However, the analysis showed that the analytical results overpredicted the experimental results when self-absorption was not considered. Therefore, the percentage of self-absorption and the source thickness were estimated using a radioisotope source model. It was then validated with the thickness calculated from the specific activity of the radioisotope. As a result, the battery model was improved significantly. Furthermore, different tritiated metal sources were analyzed and the beta fluxes were compared. The optimum source thicknesses were designed to increase the source efficiencies. Both narrow and wide band gap semiconductors for beryllium tritide were analyzed.PHD