Academic literature on the topic 'Beta-Reduction theory'

Ketogenic diet therapies (KDTs) are widely used treatments for epilepsy, but the factors influencing their responsiveness remain unknown. This study aimed to explore the predictors or associated factors for KDTs effectiveness by evaluating the subtle changes in brain functional connectivity (FC) before and after KDTs. Segments of interictal sleep electroencephalography (EEG) were acquired before and after six months of KDTs. Analyses of FC were based on network-based statistics and graph theory, with a focus on different frequency bands. Seventeen responders and 14 non-responders were enrolled. After six months of KDTs, the responders exhibited a significant functional connectivity strength decrease compared with the non-responders; reductions in global efficiency, clustering coefficient, and nodal strength in the beta frequency band for a consecutive range of weighted proportional thresholds were observed in the responders. The alteration of betweenness centrality was significantly and positively correlated with seizure reduction rate in alpha, beta, and theta frequency bands in weighted adjacency matrices with densities of 90%. We conclude that KDTs tended to modify minor-to-moderate-intensity brain connections; the reduction of global connectivity and the increment of betweenness centrality after six months of KDTs were associated with better KD effectiveness.

The theory of linear interaction between internal kink modes and fusionproduced high-energy alpha particles in a toroidal plasma is extended by including finite-banana-width corrections to the alpha dynamics. An important implication of the theory for the stability properties of kink modes is that the finite-banana-width effects increase the value of the poloidal alpha beta required to attain the stable domain of operation as well as that required to excite the high-frequency fishbone instability. Furthermore, these effects lead to a reduction in the instability growth rate in both the low- and high-frequency unstable regimes.

AbstractPure Type Systems are usually described in two different ways, one that uses an external notion of computation like beta-reduction, and one that relies on a typed judgment of equality, directly in the typing system. For a long time, the question was open to know whether both presentations described the same theory. A first step towards this equivalence has been made by Adams for a particular class ofPure Type Systems(PTS) called functional. Then, his result has been relaxed to all semi-full PTSs in previous work. In this paper, we finally give a positive answer to the general question, and prove that equivalence holds for any Pure Type System.

In this paper, isotropic random projections of d-sets in ℝ n are studied, where a d-set is a subset of a d-dimensional affine subspace which satisfies certain regularity conditions. The squared volume reduction induced by the projection of a d-set onto an isotropic random p-subspace is shown to be distributed as a product of independent beta-distributed random variables, for d ≤ p. One of the proofs of this result uses Wilks' lambda distribution from multivariate normal theory. The result is related to Cauchy's and Crofton's formulae in stochastic geometry. In particular, it can be used to give a new and quite simple proof of one of the classical Crofton intersection formulae.

AbstractIn this paper, we are concerned with unbounded solutions of the singularly perturbed forced pendulum equation in the presence of friction, namely $$\varepsilon ^2u_\varepsilon ^{{\prime}{\prime}} + \sin u_\varepsilon = \varepsilon ^2\alpha (t)u_\varepsilon + \varepsilon ^2\beta (t)u_\varepsilon ^{\prime} \quad {\rm in}\;(-L,L).{\rm }$$Using a limiting energy function, we describe the behaviour of the solutions as the parameter ε approaches zero. We also prove the existence of a family of solutions having a prescribed asymptotic profile and exhibiting a highly rotatory behaviour alternated with a highly oscillatory behaviour in some open subsets of the domain. The proof relies on a combination of the Nehari finite dimensional reduction with the topological degree theory.

In this paper, isotropic random projections of d-sets in ℝn are studied, where a d-set is a subset of a d-dimensional affine subspace which satisfies certain regularity conditions. The squared volume reduction induced by the projection of a d-set onto an isotropic random p-subspace is shown to be distributed as a product of independent beta-distributed random variables, for d ≤ p. One of the proofs of this result uses Wilks' lambda distribution from multivariate normal theory. The result is related to Cauchy's and Crofton's formulae in stochastic geometry. In particular, it can be used to give a new and quite simple proof of one of the classical Crofton intersection formulae.

In this paper we study the family of elliptic curves $E/{{\mathbb {Q}}}$, having good reduction at $2$ and $3$, and whose $j$-invariants are small. Within this set of elliptic curves, we consider the following two subfamilies: first, the set of elliptic curves $E$ such that the quotient $\Delta (E)/C(E)$ of the discriminant divided by the conductor is squarefree; and second, the set of elliptic curves $E$ such that the Szpiro quotient$\beta _E:=\log |\Delta (E)|/\log (C(E))$ is less than $7/4$. Both these families are conjectured to contain a positive proportion of elliptic curves, when ordered by conductor. Our main results determine asymptotics for both these families, when ordered by conductor. Moreover, we prove that the average size of the $2$-Selmer groups of elliptic curves in the first family, again when these curves are ordered by their conductors, is $3$. The key new ingredients necessary for the proofs are ‘uniformity estimates’, namely upper bounds on the number of elliptic curves with bounded height, whose discriminants are divisible by high powers of primes.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastative neurodegenerative disorder with complex etiology. AD is characterized by blood-brain barrier disruption, oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, neuro- inflammation, hypo-metabolism; it decreases in acetylcholine levels and a reduction of cerebral blood flow. It is also not solely the end-product of aberrantly processed, misfolded, and aggregated oligomeric amyloid- beta peptides but hyper phosphorylated Tau (tubulin binding protein) which formed senile plaque and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles respectively. However, despite the long-term and worldwide effort for a more effective therapy, the only available treatment is a symptomatic use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine. Then, many researchers focused their attention to modulate amyloid-beta peptides. These therapeutic approaches as well as those based on cholinergic or amyloid theory have not brought the desired benefits yet. Thus, the main features related with the Tau pathology found in AD are Tau phosphorylation and aggregation. Based on the biochemically diverse range of pathological Tau protein, a number of approaches have been proposed to develop new potential therapeutics like inhibition of Tau phosphorylation, proteolysis and aggregation; promotion of intra- and extracellular Tau clearance and stabilization of microtubules (MTs). Medicinal plants have been used in different systems of medicine and exhibited their powerful roles in the management and cure of memory disorders. This review paper discusses the potential of medicinal plant molecules to targeting Tau protein in Alzheimer’s disease therapy.
 

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of music therapy in reducing anxiety in hospitalized psychiatric patients. Methodology: The authors used a randomized clinical trial design and randomly allocated the 24 enrolled participants to the experimental or the control group. Patients in the experimental group received music therapy in a therapy room at a set time for 30 min each morning for 11 days. The authors administered the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and measured skin temperature and brain waves to determine anxiety level before, during, and after music therapy. Results: Experimental group participants had lower scores on the BAI than control participants, after the music therapy ( z = −2.0, p < .05) and at 1-week follow-up ( z = −2.2, p < .05), indicating that they were experiencing significantly less anxiety. The mean BAI anxiety score fell in the experimental group from 23.9 ( SD = 9.9) at baseline to 13.9 ( SD = 8.8), after music therapy, and 12.7. ( SD = 10.5) at follow-up. The experimental group demonstrated a significant elevation in the average alpha electroencephalographic (EEG) percentage (from 38.1% to 46.7%) and a reduction in the average beta EEG percentage (from 61.9% to 53.4%) after the music therapy. After adjusting for change in patient finger temperature on the first day, mean change in finger temperature did not differ significantly between the experimental and control groups. Conclusions: Music therapy can relieve anxiety in hospitalized psychiatric patients and help them achieve a state of relaxation.

Cette thèse porte sur les propriétés opérationnelles de deux extensions quantitatives du λ-calcul pur : le λ-calcul algébrique et le λ-calcul probabiliste.Dans la première partie, nous étudions la théorie de la β-réduction dans le λ-calcul algébrique. Ce calcul permet la formation de combinaisons linéaires finies de λ-termes. Bien que le système obtenu jouisse de la propriété de Church-Rosser, la relation de réduction devient triviale en présence de coefficients négatifs, ce qui la rend impropre à définir une notion de forme normale. Nous proposons une solution qui permet la définition d'une relation d'équivalence sur les termes, partielle mais cohérente. Nous introduisons une variante de la β-réduction, restreinte aux termes canoniques, dont nous montrons qu'elle caractérise en partie la notion de forme normale précédemment établie, démontrant au passage un théorème de factorisation.Dans la seconde partie, nous étudions la bisimulation et l'équivalence contextuelle dans un λ-calcul muni d'un choix probabliste. Nous donnons une technique pour établir que la bisimilarité applicative probabiliste est une congruence. Bien que notre méthode soit adaptée de celle de Howe, certains points techniques sont assez différents, et s'appuient sur des propriétés non triviales de « désintrication » sur les ensembles de nombres réels. Nous démontrons finalement que, bien que la bisimilarité soit en général strictement plus fine que l'équivalence contextuelle, elles coïncident sur les λ-termes purs. L'égalité correspondante est celle induite par les arbres de Lévy-Longo, généralement considérés comme l'équivalence extensionnelle la plus fine pour les λ-termes en évaluation paresseuse<br>In this thesis we deal with the operational behaviours of two quantitative extensions of pure λ-calculus, namely the algebraic λ-calculus and the probabilistic λ-calculus.In the first part, we study the β-reduction theory of the algebraic λ-calculus, a calculus allowing formal finite linear combinations of λ-terms to be expressed. Although the system enjoys the Church-Rosser property, reduction collapses in presence of negative coefficients. We exhibit a solution to the consequent loss of the notion of (unique) normal form, allowing the definition of a partial, but consistent, term equivalence. We then introduce a variant of β-reduction defined on canonical terms only, which we show partially characterises the previously established notion of normal form. In the process, we prove a factorisation theorem.In the second part, we study bisimulation and context equivalence in a λ-calculus endowed with a probabilistic choice. We show a technique for proving congruence of probabilistic applicative bisimilarity. While the technique follows Howe's method, some of the technicalities are quite different, relying on non-trivial "disentangling" properties for sets of real numbers. Finally we show that, while bisimilarity is in general strictly finer than context equivalence, coincidence between the two relations is achieved on pure λ-terms. The resulting equality is that induced by Lévy-Longo trees, generally accepted as the finest extensional equivalence on pure λ-terms under a lazy regime

Based on empirical observations regarding the low prevalence of diabetes mellitus in population drinking regularly camel milk, camel scientists have investigated and assessed the effect of regular camel milk consumption on glycaemic status of diabetic patients and animal models. All the experiments' results concluded to the reduction of blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin. The hypothesis of high quantity of natural insulin in camel milk was proposed, but the quantities reported in the literature could not explain by itself the beneficial effect of camel milk consumption. It is stated that the lack of coagulum formation of camel milk the stomach was supposed to act as an effective vehicle (under internal nanoparticles) to take the milk insulin unchanged throughout the digestive tract and absorbed in the intestine. Other proteins in higher concentrations in camel milk than in other milk could interact with insulin receptor and contribute by their antioxidant and inti-inflammatory effect to regeneration of beta-cells in pancreas.

The prescription of antihypertensive drugs to achieve the recommended target blood pressures remains the main step of the management of hypertensive patients. Today, there is strong evidence from randomized controlled trials that antihypertensive drug classes proposed to treat hypertension are superior to placebo in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. In terms of cardiovascular protection, differences between drug classes exist but they are relatively modest. Indeed, the reduction of blood pressure per se remains the prominent mechanism whereby antihypertensive drugs provide cerebral, cardiac, renal, and vascular benefits. According to more recent guidelines, three drug classes are recommended as first-line therapy: blockers of the renin–angiotensin system, diuretics, and calcium antagonists. The use of beta blockers has been restricted to the treatment of hypertension associated with cardiac co-morbidities such as post-myocardial infarction or coronary heart disease. Many studies have demonstrated that drug classes can be combined successfully and nowadays, it is strongly recommended to use single pill combinations containing two or three antihypertensive drugs. This simplifies the treatment regimen, increases the efficacy, and promotes the long-term adherence and persistence, this latter being the major challenge of drug therapy for hypertension.

The prescription of antihypertensive drugs to achieve the recommended target blood pressures remains the main step of the management of hypertensive patients. Today, there is strong evidence from randomized controlled trials that antihypertensive drug classes proposed to treat hypertension are superior to placebo in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. In terms of cardiovascular protection, differences between drug classes exist but they are relatively modest. Indeed, the reduction of blood pressure per se remains the prominent mechanism whereby antihypertensive drugs provide cerebral, cardiac, renal, and vascular benefits. According to more recent guidelines, three drug classes are recommended as first-line therapy: blockers of the renin–angiotensin system, diuretics, and calcium antagonists. The use of beta blockers has been restricted to the treatment of hypertension associated with cardiac co-morbidities such as post-myocardial infarction or coronary heart disease. Many studies have demonstrated that drug classes can be combined successfully and nowadays, it is strongly recommended to use single pill combinations containing two or three antihypertensive drugs. This simplifies the treatment regimen, increases the efficacy, and promotes the long-term adherence and persistence, this latter being the major challenge of drug therapy for hypertension.

The article highlights research, dedicated to the study of the peculiarities of justification of the projects in the emerging space debris market in the age of New Space. It has been proved that human-induced debris in orbital space has reached catastrophic proportions, which requires making immediate changes for sustainable development of space activity. The research objective resides in the development of theoretical and methodological foundations, scientific and methodological approaches, and a practical toolkit for justifying projects in the emerging space debris market. The methodological platform of the research included the Stakeholder concept as an eco-system of interrelated groups. One built the BCG matrix of growth of the “Access to outer space” sector of the global market of space products and services. Also, there were distinguished four groups of space services for this segment using two factors – “the share of the types of space services” and “the relative share of the service market.” During the research, the authors developed a matrix for analysis of the project stakeholders in the emerging space debris market. It has been identified that there are three groups of stakeholders by the factors’ levels “Influence – Interest”: partners – alpha-stakeholders ( -stakeholders), consultants and support – beta-stakeholders ( -stakeholders). A situational model for the choice of a negotiating strategy for the development of projects in the space debris management market has been developed based on the methodological approach of “decision tree” to determine a rational negotiating strategy for reduction of destructive behaviour and avoidance of organizational conflicts among residential stakeholders. It was proposed to determine the general efficiency of the projects in the emerging space debris market based on the methodology by M. Farrell: as production of technical effectiveness and allocative (distributional) efficiency. All components of general efficiency were analyzed by the authors who also provided analytical calculation formulae: technical, economic, social, and ecological. A method of determining expenditures for a project on emerging space debris on the assumption of an alternative cost of projects and determining the stage of the project’s life cycle has been proposed. Making decisions on the project development requires structural analysis of expenditures of operating activity by the life cycle stages. To do that, the operating activity costs should be structures in the following way: preproduction costs; production costs; off-production costs; postproduction costs. The following main parameters used for making managerial decisions during project development were considered: profitability, the cost of deferred decisions, and deviation from costs. It was discovered that project development is carried out in the risk and uncertainty conditions. The authors formed a system for assessing risks, related to financing of the projects on recycling of space debris, which grounds on risks classification (technical, financial, procedural), which enabled the possibility to develop risk management strategies. The risk groups were analyzed following the requirements of stakeholders.

Metal and concrete wastes in the decommissioning of nuclear facilities are classified according to their radioactivity level after decontamination. Radioactive waste below the clearance level (e.g., 0.4Bq.g−1 for Co-60 in Japan) can be disposed of as general industrial waste or recycled. Metal wastes mainly originate from equipment in buildings, except for the metal bars in reinforced concrete. Since contaminated equipment must be decontaminated after dismantling, the main target of measurement would be fragments of equipment, of various shapes, numbers and sizes. In order to transport such metallic fragments out of controlled areas, a surface contamination survey must be performed to confirm that the contamination level is below the legal standard level (e.g., 4Bq.cm−2 for beta or gamma emitters in Japan) in addition to satisfying the clearance level. Taking account of social reliance on recycled metal after inspection of the clearance level and the surface contamination level, it is important to remove the possibility of overlooking contamination above these levels in the recycled metal. The measurement of beta rays is suitable for determining surface contamination on metal because almost none of the beta particles from inside the metal can be detected and the detected radiation can be mostly limited to that from the surface. This is the reason why a survey meter for measuring surface contamination has a detector with a higher sensitivity for beta particles than for gamma rays. Considering the characteristics of the survey meter, it may be difficult to measure the contamination level of the surface of a metal fragment, particularly when the surface is not flat. Moreover, in the case of internal contamination of a small metal pipe, measurement is impossible. The permeability of gamma rays is much greater than that of beta particles. Therefore, gamma rays can be detected even from internal contamination in metal. For gamma ray measurement, accurate and easy calibration of the actual radioactivity level and count rate obtained using a measurement instrument is important. If gamma ray measurement can confirm that the radioactivity level is less than about 400Bq, both the clearance level and the surface contamination level could be inspected simultaneously. In addition, the great amount of labor needed for manual inspection using a survey meter could be saved, and there will be no possibility of missing hot spots of radioactivity due to human error. In this study, a new technique for precise and automatic measurement of gamma emitters in metal waste has been developed using 3D noncontact shape measurement and Monte-Carlo calculation techniques to objectively confirm that the specific radioactivity level of metal waste satisfies the clearance level and furthermore, that the surface contamination level of the metal waste is below the legal standard level. The technique can yield a calibration factor for every measurement target automatically and realizes automatic correction for the reduction of the background count rate in gamma measurements due to the self-shielding effect of the measurement target. A practical monitor (Clearance Automatic Laser Inspection System, CLALIS) has been developed. The accuracy of the automatic calibration and correction of background reduction of the practical monitor has been clarified using mock metal wastes of various shapes, numbers and sizes. It was found that the values measured using the present monitor and the actual radioactivity level agreed within +/−20%, and the corrected and actual background reductions agreed within +/−2%. The detection limit of the present monitor was estimated as being 100Bq for Co-60, taking into consideration the calibration error and correction error of the reduction of the background count rate. The monitor accomplished precise measurements with a 100sec (30sec for gamma ray measurement, 30sec for background measurement) process time per inspection. This indicates that approximately 5 tons of metal waste can be measured per day (1,000 tons per year) in 20kg batches at that process speed.

We have determined the main pharmacokinetic parameters of dermatan sulfate (DS), a catalyst of IIa-heparin cofactor II (HC II) interaction which presents antithrombotic properties in the rabbit. DS (Pharmuka, France) was conjugated with SHPP and iodinated using the chloramine T method. The labelled derivative had the same MW distribution and biological activities than.the native one. Rabbits were injected by 5 ucies of 125I-DS (0.6 ug) and increasing doses of unlabelled DS. Serial blood samples were collected to measure cpm disappearance and, in some cases, residual biological activity was determined (ex vivo quantitation of IIa- 125I-HC II complexes). The cpm curves were broken into 3 exponentials : alpha, beta and gamma. The beta exponential was closely superimposable to the curves of biological activity disappearance. The main pharmacokinetic parameters are indicated in the Table (mean ± SD) : there was a slight (non-significant) tendency to the half life (Tl/2) prolongation and to the reduction of both the clearance (cl) and the volume of distribution (Vd). Thus after IV injection, the pharmacokinetics of DS mimics that of LMW-heparin in the rabbit : Tl/2 is in the same order of magnitude and independent of the dose delivered. These results are promising for the future development of this compound as an antithrombotic agent.

Human platelets express the membrane glycoprotein (GP) heterodimer GPIIb-IIIa, which functions as an activation-dependent fibronectin (Fn) receptor. We have immunopurified the components of an activation-independent Fn receptor (FR) from human platelets employing a well-characterized rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against the beta chain of the chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) FR (anti-band 3). This antibody crossreacts with antigen(s) expressed on both chicken thrombocytes and human platelets and inhibits the binding of both normal and thrombasthenic platelets (lacking GPIIb-IIIa) to Fn-coated surfaces in the absence of platelet activation.A monoclonal antibody directed against GPIIb-IIIa (AP2) partially inhibits the adhesion of normal platelets to Fn, but the combination of AP2 and anti-band 3 results in a level of inhibition greater than that obtained with either antibody alone. Thus, the presence of the FR alone is sufficient for the observed normal to enhanced binding of thrombasthenic platelets to Fn, whereas adhesion of normal platelets involves the synergistic action of the FR and GPIIb-IIIa. The adhesion of platelets to Fn mediated by the FR is inhibited by the tetrapeptide RGDS.Immunopurified FR appears to be a complex of two proteins: an alpha chain with an apparent molecular weight of 155/130 KD (nonreduced/reduced) and a beta chain with an apparent molecular weight of 125/147 KD. The alpha chain is composed of two subunits, dissociated by reduction, with electrophoretic mobilities identical to platelet glycoproteins previously designated lea and IcB. The beta chain comigrates with that platelet glycoprotein known as GPIIa. In an immunoblot assay, anti-band 3 binds to GPIIa but not to GPIc. The fact that anti-band 3 iramunoprecipitates both GP therefore suggests that they exist in a complex.Our findings establish GPIc-IIa as yet another platelet glycoprotein receptor complex and pave the way for future studies of the relative role of GPIIb-IIIa and GPIc-IIa in the adhesion of platelets to physiologic surfaces.

The interaction of secondary flow with the main passage flow results in entropy generation; this accounts for considerable losses in turbomachines. Low aspect ratio blades in an axial turbine lead to a high degree of secondary flow losses. A particular interest is the reduction in secondary flow strength at the turbine casing, which adversely affects the turbine performance. This paper presents a selective review of effective techniques for improving the performance of axial turbines by turbine end wall modifications. This encompasses the use of axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric end wall contouring and the use of fences. Specific attention is given to non-axisymmetric end walls and to their effect on secondary flow losses. A baseline three-dimensional steady RANS k-ω SST model, with axisymmetric walls, is validated against experimental measurements from the Institute of Jet Propulsion and Turbomachinery at the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Germany, with comparative solutions generated by ANSYS Fluent and OpenFOAM. The predicted performance of the stator passage with an axisymmetric casing is compared with that from using a contoured casing with a groove designed using the Beta distribution function for guiding the groove shape. The prediction of a reduced total pressure loss coefficient with the application of the contoured casing supports the groove design approach based on the natural path of the secondary flow features. This work also provided an automated workflow process, linking surface definition in MATLAB, meshing in ICEM CFD, and flow solving and post-processing OpenFOAM. This has generated a casing contouring design tool with a good portability to industry, to design and optimize new turbine blade passages.

Highly selective removal of Cesium and Strontium is critical for waste treatment and environmental remediation. Cesium-137 is a beta-gamma emitter and Strontium-90 is a beta emitter with respective half-lives of 30 and 29 years. Both elements are present at many nuclear sites. Cesium and Strontium can be found in wastewaters at Washington State’s Hanford Site, as well as in wastestreams of many Magnox reactor sites. Cesium and Strontium are found in the Reactor Coolant System of light water reactors at nuclear power plants. Both elements are also found in spent nuclear fuel and in high-level waste (HLW) at DOE sites. Cesium and Strontium are further major contributors to the activity and the heat load. Therefore, technologies to extract Cesium and Strontium are critical for environmental remediation waste treatment and dose minimization. Radionuclides such as Cesium-137 and Strontium-90 are key drivers of liquid waste classification at light water reactors and within the DOE tank farm complexes. The treatment, storage, and disposal of these wastes represents a major cost for nuclear power plant operators, and comprises one of the most challenging technology-driven projects for the DOE Environmental Management (EM) program. Extraction technologies to remove Cesium and Strontium have been an active field of research. Four notable extraction technologies have been developed so far for HLW: solvent extraction, prussian blue, crystalline silicotitanate (CST) and organic ion-exchangers (e.g., resorcinol formaldehyde and SuperLig). The use of one technology over another depends on the specific application. For example, the waste treatment plant (WTP) at Hanford is planning on using a highly-selective organic ion-exchange resin to remove Cesium and Strontium. Such organic ion-exchangers use molecular recognition to selectively bind to Cesium and Strontium. However, these organic ion-exchangers are synthesized using multi-step organic synthesis. The associated cost to synthesize organic ion-exchangers is prohibitive and seriously limits the scope of applications for organic ion-exchangers. Further issues include resin swelling, potential hydrogen generation and precluding final disposal by vitrification without further issues. An alternative to these issues of organic ion-exchangers is emerging. Inorganic ion-exchangers offer a superior chemical, thermal and radiation stability which is simply not achievable with organic compounds. They can be used to remove both Cesium as well as Strontium with a high level of selectivity under a broad pH range. Inorganic ion-exchangers can operate at acidic pH where protons inhibit ion exchange in alternative technologies such as CST. They can also be used at high pH which is typically found in conditions present in many nuclear waste types. For example, inorganic ion-exchangers have shown significant Strontium uptake from pH 1.9 to 14. In contrast to organic ion-exchangers, inorganic ion-exchangers are not synthesized via complex multi-step organic synthesis. Therefore, inorganic ion-exchangers are substantially more cost-effective when compared to organic ion-exchangers as well as CST. Selective removal of specified isotopes through ion exchange is a common and proven treatment method for liquid waste, yet various aspects of existing technologies leave room for improvement with respect to both cost and effectiveness. We demonstrate a novel class of inorganic ion-exchangers for the selective removal of cesium and strontium (with future work planned for uranium removal), the first of a growing family of patent-pending, potentially elutable, and paramagnetic ion-exchange materials [1]. These highly selective inorganic ion-exchangers display strong chemical, thermal and radiation stability, and can be readily synthesized from low-cost materials, making them a promising alternative to organic ion-exchange resins and crystalline silicotitanate (CST). By nature, these inorganic media lend themselves more readily to volume reduction (VR) by vitrification without the issues faced with organic resins. In fact, with a simple melting of the KMS-1 media at 650–670 deg. C (i.e., well below the volatilization temperature of Cs, Sr, Mn, Fe, Sb, etc.), a VR of 4:1 was achieved. With true pyrolysis at higher temperatures or by vitrification, this VR would be much higher. The introduction of this new family of highly specific ion-exchange agents has potential to both reduce the cost of waste processing, and enable improved waste-classification management in both nuclear power plants (for the separation of Class A from B/C wastes) and DOE tank farms [for the separation of low level waste (LLW) from high level waste (HLW)]. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time a novel inorganic ion-exchanger for the selective removal of Cesium and Strontium. These inorganic ion-exchangers are chemical, thermal and radiation stable. These inorganic ion-exchangers can be synthesized in a cost-effective way which makes them significantly more effective than organic ion-exchange resin and CST. Finally, new thermal options are afforded for their final volume reduction, storage and disposal.