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Journal articles on the topic 'Beta-Titanium wires'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Kyprianou, Chrystalla, Athina Chatzigianni, Nikolaos Daratsianos, and Christoph Bourauel. "Vertical and Orovestibular Forces Generated by Beta-Titanium and Stainless-Steel Rectangular Wires in Labial and Fully Customized Lingual Bracket Systems." Materials 14, no. 19 (2021): 5632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195632.

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This study aimed to investigate the force values exerted from rectangular wires when combined with conventional labial and fully customized lingual appliances under predefined, idealized activation. Fully customized lingual brackets of two brands Incognito™ (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) and WIN (DW Lingual Systems, Bad Essen, Germany) and labial brackets of another brand, discovery® MIM and discovery® smart systems (Dentaurum, Ispringen, Germany), were chosen. Stainless-steel and beta-titanium wires of 0.018” × 0.025” were examined. For IncognitoTM, 0.0182” × 0.025” beta-titanium wires were tested. Intrusion/extrusion and orovestibular movements were performed in a range of 0.2 mm, and the forces were recorded for each 0.1 mm of the movement. Mean values and standard deviations were calculated for all measurements, and ANOVA was performed for statistical analysis. Slight differences were observed between the forces generated from beta-titanium and stainless-steel wires. The same wire generated in some cases 5–53% higher forces with the lingual appliance due to the vertical orientation of the long walls during intrusion/extrusion and increased wire stiffness at the anterior region. Beta-titanium and stainless-steel 0.018” × 0.025” wires can generate similar force values during the final stages of the orthodontic therapy; thus, possibly only one of the two alloys could be used in each orthodontic wire sequence.

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Abbassy, MA, and AS Bakry. "The Effect of Fluoride on Beta-Titanium Orthodontic Wires` Surface Texture and Friction Resistance." International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Science (IJDOS) 2, no. 2 (2015): 47–52. https://doi.org/10.19070/2377- 8075-1500011.

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Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of fluoride application on the surface properties and frictional resistance of two types of orthodontic archwires. Materials and Methods: A total of sixty stainless-steel, and beta-titanium orthodontic archwires in-addition to fifty ceramic brackets were examined in-vitro and in-situ. The friction resistance of all wires with ceramic brackets before/after topical fluoride application were examined in-vitro and in-situ. Moreover, surface properties of the tested wires before/after fluoride application and before/after friction test were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Paired t-test and Dunnett t-test were used to compare frictional resistance of the stainless-steel wires to the beta titanium wires as-received, in-vitro and in-situ (p≤ 0.05). Results: Beta-titanium wires recorded significant high friction resistance when compared to stainless-steel wires. Fluoride application did not significantly affect the friction resistance of the tested wires. SEM observation revealed the roughness of as-received beta-titanium wires and the deterioration of its surface texture after fluoride application in-vitro and in-situ. Conclusion: Beta-titanium wires recorded high friction resistance when compared to stainlesssteel wires under the asreceived, in-vitro and in-situ conditions, moreover, fluoride application did not affect friction resistance of beta-titanium wires while it affected its surface properties.

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Kaur, Sharnjeet, Sudhir Munjal, Amanpreet S. Natt, Karan Maheshwari, Gagandeep Singh, and Amanjot Kaur Bajwa. "Effects of Different Sterilization Methods on Orthodontic Wires: An In Vitro Study." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 16, Suppl 1 (2024): S152—S155. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_432_23.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of common methods of sterilization on the tensile strength of Beta titanium, Stainless steel, Australian Stainless steel, Copper Nickel-Titanium, and Nickel-Titanium wires. It also aimed to evaluate the changes in tensile strength values caused by repeated cycles of sterilization. Materials and Methods: A sample of 225 orthodontic wires, i.e., beta-titanium, stainless steel, Australian stainless steel, copper nickel-titanium, and nickel-titanium wires, were collected from different manufacturers. These wires were divided into three groups, which consists of Groups 1, 2, and 3. Four methods of sterilization used in this study were as follows: (i) autoclave (250°F for 20 min), (ii) dry heat sterilization (375°F for 20 min), (iii) ethylene oxide sterilization (54°C for 4 hrs), and (iv) 2.45% acidic glutaraldehyde (10 hrs). Results: The results of this study showed that there was increase in tensile strength of beta-titanium and nickel-titanium wires using autoclave and dry heat sterilization. No statistically significant difference in tensile strength of stainless steel and Australian stainless steel archwires. The tensile strength of copper nickel-titanium wires decreased following 0, 1, and 5 cycles of sterilization. Conclusion: The lack of statistically significant differences established in the study of new and sterilized orthodontic archwires gives us reason to conclude that the orthodontic arch wires can be sterilized because the sterilizing processes do not affect their tensile strength and the orthodontists could thus ensure the maximum safety of their patients.

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Wong, E. K. F., D. W. Borland, and V. C. West. "Deformation of Orthodontic Archwires Over Time." Australasian Orthodontic Journal 13, no. 3 (1994): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoj-1994-0018.

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Abstract Most previous studies of archwire deformation over time (hereafter referred to as “time-dependent deformation of orthodontic wires”) have been conducted at a constant room temperature. In the clinical situation however, arch wires are exposed to 37°C as well as to periods of temperature increase when hot foods or fluids are ingested. The effects of the latter on time-dependent behaviour are largely unknown. Since the introduction of direct electric resistance heat treatment to superelastic nickel titanium wires, there have been no reports on its effect on time-dependent deformation. This study investigated the effects of repeated temperature increases (70°C) on stainless steel, nickel titanium and beta titanium wires. The wires were deflected by approximately 3 and 5 mm on two jigs for periods of 1 minute, 1,7,14 and 28 days. Permanent deformation was measured optically with a measuring microscope and the amount of time-dependent deformation was calculated. Beta titanium wires demonstrated the greatest amount of time-dependent deformation; followed by non-superelastic nickel titanium, stainless steel, and superelastic nickel titanium. Exposure to repeated temperature (70°C) increases and direct electric resistance heat treatment of superelastic nickel titanium did not affect time-dependent behaviour.

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Gurgel, Júlio A., Célia R. M. Pinzan-Vercelino, and John M. Powers. "Mechanical properties of beta-titanium wires." Angle Orthodontist 81, no. 3 (2011): 478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/070510-379.1.

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Chang, Ju-Han, David W. Berzins, Jessica E. Pruszynski, and Richard W. Ballard. "The effect of water storage on the bending properties of esthetic, fiber-reinforced composite orthodontic archwires." Angle Orthodontist 84, no. 3 (2013): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/061213-443.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To study the effect of water storage on the bending properties of fiber-reinforced composite archwires and compare it to nickel-titanium (NiTi), stainless steel (SS), and beta-titanium archwires. Materials and Methods: Align A, B, and C and TorQ A and B composite wires from BioMers Products, 0.014-, 0.016, and 0.018-inch, and 0.019 × 0.025-inch NiTi, 0.016-inch SS, and 0.019 × 0.025-inch beta-titanium archwires were tested (n = 10/type/size/condition). A 20-mm segment was cut from each end of the archwire; one end was then stored in water at 37°C for 30 days, while the other was stored dry. The segments were tested using three-point bending to a maximum deflection of 3.1 mm with force monitored during loading (activation) and unloading (deactivation). Statistical analysis was completed via two-way analysis of variance with wire and condition (dry and water-stored) as factors. Results: In terms of stiffness and force delivery during activation, in general: beta-titanium was &gt; TorQ B &gt; TorQ A &gt; 0.019 × 0.025-inch NiTi and 0.016-inch SS &gt; Align C &gt; 0.018-inch NiTi &gt; Align B &gt; 0.016-inch NiTi &gt; Align A &gt; 0.014-inch NiTi. Water exposure was detrimental to the larger translucent wires (Align B and C, TorQ A and B) because they were more likely to craze during bending, resulting in decreased forces applied at a given deflection. Align A and the alloy wires were not significantly (P &gt; .05) affected by water storage. Overall, the alloy wires possessed more consistent force values compared to the composite wires. Conclusion: Environmental conditions are more likely to affect fiber-reinforced composite archwires compared to alloy wires.

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Pratomo, Harris Gadih, Endah Mardiati, Eky Soeria Soemantri, and Ida Ayu Evangelina. "Deflection test on different orthodontic wire materials sized 0.016 x 0.022 inches." Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia 4, no. 3 (2019): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/majkedgiind.31236.

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The development of technology in orthodontic field produces some orthodontic wires that have different deflection abilities. Loading force is the force needed to place an orthodontic wire in bracket slot (activation). Unloading force is the force produced by an orthodontic wire to move tooth (deactivation). Deflection test with three-point bending technique is a technique that is often used to determine the magnitude of the activation and deactivation force of orthodontic wire. Stainless steel (SS), nickel titanium (NiTi), copper nickel titanium (CuNiTi), and beta titanium (TMA), are the types of frequently used wires. This study aimed to compare loading and unloading force on the deflection test of SS, NiTi, CuNiTi, and TMA orthodontic wires sized 0.016 x 0.022 inch on the load-deflection graph. This is a laboratoryexperimental research on a total of 16 pieces of SS, NiTi, CuNiTi, and TMA orthodontic wires sized 0.016 x 0.022 inches. The group was divided based on the type of material. The deflection test was performed using a universal testing machine with a press speed of 5 mm/minute. Loading and unloading forces were recorded on deflections of 0.5; 1; and1.5 mm. Statistical tests of differences among groups were carried out by ANOVA analysis (p-value ≤ 0.05) and post-hoc analysis with T-test. There were significant differences in the loading and unloading forces recorded on deflections of 0.5; 1; and 1.5 mm; except for deflections of 0.5 mm of the SS and nickel-titanium wires. The wire deflection force fromthe lowest to the highest was CuNiTi wire, nickel-titanium wire, TMA wire, and stainless-steel wire.

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Qazi, Mohd Darain Ashraf, Chaudhry Vivek, Singhai Abhideep, Gaur Nitesh, Babu Benet, and Dube Priyank. "Effect of Saliva on Orthodontic Arch wires using Scanning Electron Microscope: An In-Vitro Study." PJSR 14, no. 1 (2021): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8214751.

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To determine and compare the surface morphological changes in the stainless steel, and titanium-based alloys such as TMA, and CuNiTi in saliva solution. Each sample is made up of a 60 mm long wire engaged in 6 brackets welded on 0.18×0.006 inches molar band strip and tied with ligature wire, Six such samples (Two each)from three different types of three kind of wires i.e. TMA (Titanium-Molybdenum alloy or , SS (Stainless Steel), and CuNiTi (Copper-Nikil- β Titanium) Titanium) were immersed in saliva solution The sample was divided into interbracket and intrabracket area. Each sample was divided into six parts each contains interbracket and intrabracket area. The corrosion of arch wires will be detected using SEM after a period of 12 weeks of incubation in artificial saliva. The inter bracket corrosion rate was significantly less as compared to the intra bracket corrosion for all materials in saliva. There was significant increase in corrosion rate in Stainless Steel as compared to TMA and CuNiTi wires. There was significantly less corrosion was found in CuNiTi wires. There was significant increase in corrosion in saliva. The highest corrosion was seen in stainless steel followed by TMA and minimum by CuNiTi wires.

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Wilson, D. F., and A. J. Goldberg. "Alternative beta-titanium alloys for orthodontic wires." Dental Materials 3, no. 6 (1987): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0109-5641(87)80071-4.

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Nelson, Kenneth R., Charles J. Burstone, and A. Jon Goldberg. "Optimal welding of beta titanium orthodontic wires." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 92, no. 3 (1987): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(87)90414-8.

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Martins, Renato Parsekian, Sergei Godeiro Fernandes Rabelo Caldas, Alexandre Antonio Ribeiro, Luís Geraldo Vaz, Roberto Hideo Shimizu, and Lídia Parsekian Martins. "Differences in the force system delivered by different beta-titanium wires in elaborate designs." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 20, no. 6 (2015): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.20.6.089-096.oar.

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Abstract Objective: Evaluation of the force system produced by four brands of b-Ti wires bent into an elaborate design. Methods: A total of 40 T-loop springs (TLS) hand-bent from 0.017 x 0.025-in b-Ti were randomly divided into four groups according to wire brand: TMATM(G1), BETA FLEXYTM (G2), BETA III WIRETM (G3) and BETA CNATM (G4). Forces and moments were recorded by a moment transducer, coupled to a digital extensometer indicator adapted to a testing machine, every 0.5 mm of deactivation from 5 mm of the initial activation. The moment-to-force (MF) ratio, the overlapping of the vertical extensions of the TLSs and the load-deflection (LD) ratio were also calculated. To complement the results, the Young's module (YM) of each wire was determined by the slope of the load-deflection graph of a tensile test. The surface chemical composition was also evaluated by an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Results: All groups, except for G2, produced similar force levels initially. G3 produced the highest LD rates and G1 and G4 had similar amounts of overlap of the vertical extensions of the TLSs in "neutral position". G1 and G3 delivered the highest levels of moments, and G2 and G3 produced the highest MF ratios. b-Ti wires from G3 produced the highest YM and all groups showed similar composition, except for G2. Conclusion: The four beta-titanium wires analyzed produced different force systems when used in a more elaborate design due to the fact that each wire responds differently to bends.

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Silvia-Izabella, Pop, Păcurar Mariana, Bratu Dana Cristina, Pop Rv, and Chibelean Manuela. "Clinicians' Choices in Selecting Orthodontic Archwires." Acta Medica Marisiensis 59, no. 4 (2013): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amma-2013-0050.

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Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the choices made by clinicians in selecting archwires during the initial, intermediate and final stages of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Methods: We carried out a questionnaire-based study at the Orthodontics and Pedodontics Clinic Târgu Mureș, between March 2012 and September 2012. The questionnaires consisted of two parts: the first included questions related to the dimension, alloy used in fabrication, section (round or rectangular) and manufacturer of the archwires used by the orthodontists in their orthodontic practice, the second part was concerned with their personal opinion about the physical properties and disadvantages of the archwires. Results: From a total number of 90 distributed questionnaires, 62 were returned. The majority of clinicians are using stainless steel (SS) and nickel-titanium alloy (NiTi) wires in their fixed orthodontic treatments, very few are using beta-titanium (Beta Ti), copper nickel-titanium (Co- NiTi) and esthetic archwires. The preferred dimension seem to be 0.022 inches in the appliance system. Regarding the wire dimensions, 0.014, 0.016 inch wires are mostly used from the round section group and 0.016 × 0.022 inch, 0.017 × 0.025 inch from the rectangular ones. Conclusions: There is a general lack of agreement between the clinicians surveyed regarding the properties of an ideal archwire and the disadvantages of the used wires. The most frequently used alloys seemed to be the SS and NiTi

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Mohamed, Helmi Saleh, Abdultawab Mohamed, and Naseef Hussien. "Evaluation of the Inter-Premolar Width Changes in the Mandible using Three Different Commercial Arch Wires: A Prospective Clinical Study." International Multispeciality Journal of Health 6, no. 12 (2020): 01–08. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4400162.

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Abstract— Objective: The aims of this study is to evaluate the inter-premolar width changes in the mandible using three different commercial orthodontic arch wires. Subjects and methods: Thirty patients including both males and females have been allocated in this study. Three orthodontic wires including NiTi, copper NiTi, and Beta-Titanium wires had been used. A special observational technique including CBCT had been used to make an evaluation for the inter-premolar width before and after the aligning stage. Results: The results showed a highly significant increase in post-treatment inter premolar width in CNA and NITI groups; compared to Cu NITI group; with highly significant statistical difference (p < 0.01 respectively). Conclusion: The present study showed that there is a high significant increase in the inter-premolar width in the mandible, when comparing the wires in the groups (NiTi, CNA, and copper niti). Also, the gender of the patient does not seem to have an impact of the gender on post-treatment efficacy of each wire.

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Pop, Silvia Izabella, Mircea Dudescu, Violeta Valentina Merie, Mariana Pacurar, and Cristina Dana Bratu. "EVALUATION OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY OF AS-RECEIVED, IMMERSED AND AS-RETRIEVED ORTHODONTIC ARCHWIRES." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 90, no. 3 (2017): 313–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-729.

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Background and aims. This experimental study mainly aims at comparing the most important mechanical properties of the new orthodontic archwires, those immersed in fluorinated solution, the as-retrieved ones and the intra-oral used ones.Methods. A total of 270 arch wires were tested, using tensile testing and three-point bending tests. The tested archwires were made of Stainless Steel, Nickel Titanium, Beta-Titanium and physiognomic covered Nickel Titanium. The tested archwires were subjected to three types of treatments: immersion into fluorinated solution, immersion into carbonated drinks and intra-oral use.Results. The immersion caused variations of the activation and deactivation forces of all arch wires. The most affected arch wires, in terms of bending characteristics, were the intra-oral used ones.Conclusions. The alteration of mechanical properties of the orthodontic arch wires by their immersion into fluorinated solutions and soft drinks could not be statistically demonstrated.

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Chunduri, Raghunandan, SRK Reddy, and Jaineel Parekh. "Welding Characteristics of Variable Cross Section Beta Titanium Wires." Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society 46 (January 2011): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10021-1005.

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MURAKAMI, Takashi, Masahiro IIJIMA, Takeshi MUGURUMA, Fumiaki YANO, Isao KAWASHIMA, and Itaru MIZOGUCHI. "High-cycle fatigue behavior of beta-titanium orthodontic wires." Dental Materials Journal 34, no. 2 (2015): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2014-012.

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Singh, Vinit, Swati Acharya, Satyabrata Patnaik, and Smruti Bhusan Nanda. "Comparative Evaluation of Frictional forces between different Archwire-bracket Combinations." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 4, no. 1 (2014): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v4i1.11307.

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Introduction: During sliding mechanics, frictional resistance is an important counterforce to orthodontic tooth movement; whichmust be controlled to allow application of light continuous forces.Objective: To investigate static and kinetic frictional resistance between three orthodontic brackets: ceramic, self-ligating, andstainless steel, and three 0.019×0.025” archwires: stainless steel, nickel-titanium, titanium-molybdenum.Materials & Method: The in vitro study compared the effects of stainless steel, nickel-titanium, and beta-titanium archwires onfrictional forces of three orthodontic bracket systems: ceramic, self-ligating, and stainless steel brackets. All brackets had 0.022”slots, and the wires were 0.019×0.025”. Friction was evaluated in a simulated half-arch fixed appliance on a testing machine. Thestatic and kinetic friction data were analyzed with 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Duncan multiple rangetest.Result: Self-ligating (Damon) brackets generated significantly lower static and kinetic frictional forces than stainless steel (Gemini)and ceramic brackets (Clarity). Among the archwire materials, Beta-titanium showed the maximum amount of frictional forceand stainless steel archwires had the lowest frictional force.Conclusion: The static and kinetic frictional force for stainless steel bracket was lowest in every combination of wire.

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Shintcovsk, Ricardo Lima, Roberto Soares da Silva Júnior, Larry White, Lidia Parsekian Martins, and Renato Parsekian Martins. "Evaluation of the load system produced by a single intrusion bend in a maxillary lateral incisor bracket with different alloys." Angle Orthodontist 88, no. 5 (2018): 611–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/081717-556.1.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate if a 0.5-mm vertical bend applied on an incisor bracket produces movements in other planes and if different wires influence these effects. Materials and Methods: An acrylic model of a treated patient with brackets passively bonded was attached to an Orthodontic Force Tester, and a load cell was attached to the left lateral incisor. Thirty 0.019 × 0.025-inch archwires were divided into three groups according to their alloy: SS (stainless steel), B-Ti (beta-titanium), and MF (beta-titanium wire coated with nickel-titanium). Step-bends of 0.5 mm high were placed on the lateral incisor bracket using a universal plier, and the forces and moments in three dimensions were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test. Results: SS produced a larger force (3.4 N) than the B-Ti (1.41 N) and the MF (0.53 N; P &lt; .001). Lingual forces were produced by the SS (0.82 N) and B-Ti (0.31 N) groups, while in the MF group, the force was insignificant. SS produced a mesial force of 0.24 N, while the B-Ti force was insignificant and MF produced 0.09 N. Groups produced different crown-distal tipping moments (SS = 31.48 N-mm, B-Ti = 11.7 N-mm, and MF = 4.55 N-mm) and different crown-buccal tipping moments. SS produced larger moments (3.63 N-mm) than B-Ti (1.02 N-mm) and MF (0.36 N-mm) wires. A mesial-out rotational moment was observed in all groups (SS = 7.17 N-mm, B-Ti = 3.46 N-mm, and MF = 0.86 N-mm). Conclusions: A 0.5-mm intrusion bend produced lingual and mesial side effects. In addition to the distal and buccal crown-tipping moments, there was a mesial-out moment. Compared with SS, B-Ti and MF wires produced lower forces. These more flexible wires showed side effects with lesser intensity.

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Iijima, Masahiro, William A. Brantley, Isao Kawashima, et al. "Microstructures of beta-titanium orthodontic wires joined by infrared brazing." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 79B, no. 1 (2006): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30523.

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Iijima, Masahiro, William A. Brantley, Naoki Baba, et al. "Micro-XRD study of beta–titanium wires and infrared soldered joints." Dental Materials 23, no. 9 (2007): 1051–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2006.06.054.

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Wang, Jiang Bo, Zai Yan Shang, Zhi Shan Yuan, et al. "Study on the Mechanical Property and Microstructure of Surgical Implanted Ti-6Al-7Nb Titanium Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 945–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.945.

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Ti-6Al-7Nb titanium alloy is attractive to medical device industry for orthopedic applications, such as total hip replacement systems, fracture fixation plates, intermedullary rods and nails, spinal devices, screws, and wires. Substituting Niobium for Vanadium as the beta stabilizing element, Ti-6Al-7Nb titanium alloy shows higher biocompatability than Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. The present research is designed to investigate the influence of annealling temper on the mechanical properties and microstructures of Ti-6Al-7Nb titanium alloy, by optical microscopic (OM) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM), and tensile test. The results show that the microstructures after recrystalization heat treatment comprise a mount of equiaxed α grains in the matrix of equiaxed β phase with α (hcp)/ β (bcc) platelets. The microstructures with partial recrystalization α phase possess better mechanical properties which conform to the ASTM F 1295 standard and ISO 5832-11 standard. Compared with Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy and CP titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-7Nb titanium alloy is suitable to be used as implanted biomaterial devices to replace ill-functioning or missing tissues or organs.

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Akahori, Toshikazu, Mitsuo Niinomi, Hiroyuki Toda, Konosuke Yamauchi, Hisao Fukui, and Michiharu Ogawa. "Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior of .BETA.-Type Titanium Alloy(TNTZ) Drawn Wires." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 69, no. 7 (2005): 530–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.69.530.

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Nagesh, Shweta, Nagarajshetty Praveen, and Reddy Sumitra. "Comparison of frictional resistance between four types of brackets in combination with stainless steel and beta-titanium archwires." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 10 (December 31, 2020): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/apos_43_2019.

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Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the frictional resistance generated by four different types of brackets in combination with stainless steel (SS) and titanium molybdenum alloy (TMA) archwires. Materials and Methods: Maxillary premolar brackets were used in this study. These brackets were divided into eight groups comprising seven samples each. Of the eight groups, four groups were combined with SS and four groups were combined with TMA archwires. The testing was done in the presence of human saliva. The static frictional resistance was calculated for each group. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests were done to compare the friction generated by each group. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the friction generated by the monocrystalline brackets and the other bracket groups (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in static friction generated between self-ligating and conventionally ligated brackets. There was a statistically significant difference between the frictional resistance produced by SS and TMA wires (P = 0.02) with regard to monocrystalline ceramic brackets only. Conclusion: Monocrystalline ceramic brackets (Radiance) were found to generate the highest frictional resistance during sliding mechanics when compared to other brackets in combination with both SS and TMA wires. Self-ligating brackets did not show a statistically significant reduction in friction when compared to conventional ligation. There was a statistically significant difference between SS and TMA wires when used with monocrystalline brackets.

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Yonezawa, Satoshi, Takayuki Narushima, Kyosuke Ueda, Hisamichi Kimura, Chiaki Ouchi, and Yasutaka Iguchi. "Fatigue Behaviors of Ultra Fine Wires of β-Type and α-Type Titanium Alloys." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 50, no. 7 (2009): 1713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.mf200920.

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Laheurte, P., A. Eberhardt, M. Philippe, and L. Deblock. "Improvement of pseudoelasticity and ductility of Beta III titanium alloy--application to orthodontic wires." European Journal of Orthodontics 29, no. 1 (2006): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjl038.

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Castro, Saúl M., Maria J. Ponces, Jorge D. Lopes, Mário Vasconcelos, and Maria C. F. Pollmann. "Orthodontic wires and its corrosion—The specific case of stainless steel and beta-titanium." Journal of Dental Sciences 10, no. 1 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2014.07.002.

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Krishnan, Vinod, K. K. Ravikumar, K. Sukumaran, and K. Jyothindra Kumar. "In vitro evaluation of physical vapor deposition coated beta titanium orthodontic archwires." Angle Orthodontist 82, no. 1 (2011): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/040811-251.1.

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Abstract Objective: To determine in vitro the frictional properties, surface morphology, and load deflection rate with looped designs of two newly developed titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN) and tungsten carbide/carbon (WC/C) physical vapor deposition (PVD) coated beta titanium orthodontic archwires coated with PVD. Materials and Methods: Frictional properties with Tidy's protocol, surface evaluation before and after friction testing with the help of scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), and load deflection rate with different orthodontic loops on Instron universal testing machine were evaluated. Results: The results clearly indicate reduced frictional properties for WC/C coated archwires when compared with uncoated and TiAlN coated archwires. There were no significant surface alterations upon ESEM evaluation of friction tested archwires. Low load deflection rate was exhibited by both coated archwires, the difference in load deflection rate between the coated and uncoated archwires was statistically significant. Conclusion: WC/C coated wires can be recommended for even sliding mechanics due to reduced frictional properties, better surface characteristics, and low load deflection rate compared with TiAlN coated and uncoated archwires.

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Abood, Akhlas Zeid, Siti Noor Fazliah Mohd Noor, Fatanah Mohamad Suhaimi, Fakhri Abid Ali Hussein Al-Fatlawi, and Noor Ayuni Ahmad Shafiai. "Understanding the Effects of Sterilisation Methods on Orthodontic Archwires Properties: A Review." Archives of Orofacial Sciences 19, no. 2 (2024): 79–95. https://doi.org/10.21315/aos2024.1902.rv02.

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Sterilisation is the removal of all microorganisms, vegetative or spore-forming, from an article, surface or medium that can be accomplished through steam autoclaving, dry heat and cold solution following strict guidelines for efficient archwire sterilisation. Orthodontic archwire sterilisation is a concern because patients are often exposed to contaminated dental products. Thus, new and used arch wires will not show significant differences in terms of properties while in usage. This article presents a review of the sterilisation methods effects on the characteristics and properties of several types of orthodontic archwires including stainless steel (SS), nickel-titanium (NiTi), copper NiTi, beta titanium (β-Ti), heat-activated NiTi and titanium molybdenum (TiMb). Available records in “all databases” of Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Elsevier were searched, and other studies were manually searched using keywords, retrieved and compiled. Studies related to sterilisation of orthodontic archwires such as archwire type, sterilisation method, characterisation techniques and mechanical properties were summarised based on articles published from 1st July 2015 to 29th February 2024, and it is shown that the characteristics of orthodontic archwires may be affected by sterilisation techniques. Heat sterilisation can change the load-deflection properties of some wires, while the chemical composition and surface structures of archwires are unchanged. After sterilisation, the number of nickel ions released from the archwires does not increase significantly. The findings support the idea that archwire sterilisation procedures are an effective infection control treatment and facilitate the mechanical characterisation of orthodontic archwires.

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Verstrynge, Astrid, Jan Van Humbeeck, and Guy Willems. "In-vitro evaluation of the material characteristics of stainless steel and beta-titanium orthodontic wires." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 130, no. 4 (2006): 460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.12.030.

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Gaiani, Silvia, Marica Gozzi, Elisa Ferrari, et al. "Influence of Different Filler Metals on the Mechanical and Microstructural Characteristics of Arc-Welded Joints Made of Dissimilar Titanium Alloys." Metals 13, no. 8 (2023): 1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13081482.

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In the motorsport industry, the choice of material for manufacturing the heat resistant components often falls on titanium alloys. In most cases, the production flow for this kind of part involves CNC machining and subsequent assembly by welding process, to other parts obtained by cold plastic forming and possibly made using different titanium alloys. Hence, the alloying element-content in the joint area can be extremely heterogeneous and variable point-by-point. To investigate this topic further, dissimilar welding of the alpha/beta alloy Ti6Al4V and of the oxidation-resistant alpha alloy KS-Ti 1.2 ASN-EX was made by GTAW technology and using different filler metals. Chemical and mechanical properties of the welds were investigated by XRD, SEM-EDS, microhardness maps, and tensile and bending tests. Results show that, despite the different alloying elements present in the two filler wires investigated, static properties of the welds are similar. Results also show that the local V/Al content ratio affects the microhardness as it is responsible for the creation of supersaturated alpha phases during the cooling of the weld beads.

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Schmeidl, Krzysztof, Joanna Janiszewska-Olszowska, and Katarzyna Grocholewicz. "Clinical Features and Physical Properties of Gummetal Orthodontic Wire in Comparison with Dissimilar Archwires: A Critical Review." BioMed Research International 2021 (January 28, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6611979.

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Objective. Gummetal is a novel multifunctional alloy which possesses distinctive properties with the potential to refine and amend the efficacy of orthodontic treatment. The objective of this critical literature review was to investigate scientific evidence concerning the mechanical and clinical features of this recently manufactured beta-titanium orthodontic wire. Materials and Methods. Electronic databases: PubMed, PMC, Google Scholar, Ovid, and Cochrane Library were searched. Studies investigating the properties of Gummetal orthodontic wire including in vitro and clinical studies were selected, validity was assessed, and data was extracted. The risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias Tool 2.0 in a randomized clinical trial. Results and Discussion. Among 322 papers, 13 papers were selected and divided into two groups: prospective double-blinded randomized clinical trial and in vitro studies. Conclusions. The results of this review should be interpreted with caution because of the heterogeneity of the studies. Only single clinical trial paper was found in the literature. The studies reported different characteristics obtained by various methods; thus, it was difficult to objectively compare the results. Low bending strength, low fatigue limit, and high resilience have been confirmed. Gummetal provides lower force than Nitinol and TMA but higher than Supercable wire. Plastic deformation of Gummetal questions its superelasticity. Friction of Gummetal wire is comparable to SS and CoCr wires. Because of its nontoxic chemical composition, Gummetal might be useful in the initial phase of orthodontic treatment for patients suffering from nickel allergy. Further studies are necessary to assess the usefulness of Gummetal in the clinical practice.

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Lee, Youngran, Dong-Yul Lee, and Yoon-Ji R. Kim. "Dimensional accuracy of ceramic self-ligating brackets and estimates of theoretical torsional play." Angle Orthodontist 86, no. 5 (2016): 804–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/092415-647.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To ascertain the dimensional accuracies of some commonly used ceramic self-ligation brackets and the amount of torsional play in various bracket–archwire combinations. Materials and Methods: Four types of 0.022-inch slot ceramic self-ligating brackets (upper right central incisor), three types of 0.018-inch ceramic self-ligating brackets (upper right central incisor), and three types of rectangular archwires (0.016 × 0.022-inch beta-titanium [TMA] (Ormco, Orange, Calif), 0.016 × 0.022-inch stainless steel [SS] (Ortho Technology, Tampa, Fla), and 0.019 × 0.025-inch SS (Ortho Technology)) were measured using a stereomicroscope to determine slot widths and wire cross-sectional dimensions. The mean acquired dimensions of the brackets and wires were applied to an equation devised by Meling to estimate torsional play angle (γ). Results: In all bracket systems, the slot tops were significantly wider than the slot bases (P &lt; .001), yielding a divergent slot profile. Clarity-SLs (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) showed the greatest divergence among the 0.022-inch brackets, and Clippy-Cs (Tomy, Futaba, Fukushima, Japan) among the 0.018-inch brackets. The Damon Clear (Ormco) bracket had the smallest dimensional error (0.542%), whereas the 0.022-inch Empower Clear (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, Wis) bracket had the largest (3.585%). Conclusions: The largest amount of theoretical play is observed using the Empower Clear (American Orthodontics) 0.022-inch bracket combined with the 0.016 × 0.022-inch TMA wire (Ormco), whereas the least amount occurs using the 0.018 Clippy-C (Tomy) combined with 0.016 × 0.022-inch SS wire (Ortho Technology).

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Obaidi, Hussain, and Anas Al-Mukhtar. "The Frictional Coefficient Comparison Between Stainless Steel And Beta– Titanium Arch wires Ligatured to the Stainless Steel Bracket Via Different Ligatures." Al-Rafidain Dental Journal 8, no. 1 (2008): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/rden.2008.9050.

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Mohammed, Azhar, Crystal Runa Soans, Shivananda S., Yatishkumar S. Joshi, Junaid Junaid, and Surapaneni Tarakaram. "Influence of pH Level and Type of Archwire on the Time Bound Release of Nickel Ions from Orthodontic Appliances - An In Vitro Study." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 29 (2021): 2162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/442.

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BACKGROUND Orthodontic metallic appliances in the oral cavity are constantly in contact with biological fluids or tissues thereby releasing particulate masses. They can be common causes of contact allergies and should be considered as a critical issue in determining properties of biomaterials. Nickel ions in various forms and compounds have been known to cause carcinogenic, mutagenic, cytotoxic and allergenic reactions. Pattern of metal ions released from different stainless steel orthodontic appliances in vitro could provide valuable information to consider their application in clinical scenarios. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate metal ions released under different ph levels, immersion period time and using different archwire orthodontic appliances. METHODS Orthodontic appliances were constructed consisting of five brackets from central incisor to the second premolar, a buccal tube welded molar band and an archwire that were used as samples. Total of twelve appliances were constructed; using stainless steel, Ni - Ti, and Thermal Ni - Ti wires (N = 4 each). Half of these samples were immersed in artificial saliva at pH 3.5 and the other half were immersed in artificial saliva at pH 6.75. The samples were stored in an incubator at a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius. Saliva samples from these bottles were collected at the end of 1, 7, 14 and 28 days and subjected to spectrophotometric analysis for estimation of nickel content. RESULTS Nickel release was maximum during the first week of immersion from orthodontic appliances comprising of Ni - Ti wires compared to Stainless steel and thermal Ni - Ti. A gradual decline in the nickel release was observed in the subsequent weeks. Ion release was increased by 30 times in the acidic pH medium, as compared to neutral pH conditions. CONCLUSIONS There is a definite release of nickel ions from orthodontic appliances when exposed to oral environment; however, the amounts are much lower than the daily dietary intake and don’t pose risk of toxicity. Care should be taken in patients with nickel hypersensitivity and wires such as beta - titanium or epoxy coated wires can be substituted. As there is an increase in ion release under acidic conditions the patients need to maintain hygienic oral environment thereby limiting corrosion of appliances. KEY WORDS NitiAlloy, Archwires, pH, Hypersensitivity

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Aras, Isil, and Ali V. Tuncer. "Comparison of anterior and posterior mini-implant-assisted maxillary incisor intrusion: Root resorption and treatment efficiency." Angle Orthodontist 86, no. 5 (2016): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/085015-571.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To compare, through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), the root resorption and treatment efficiency of two different mini-implant-assisted modalities in intruding the maxillary incisors. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two adults who had deep bite and elongated maxillary incisors were randomly allocated to two groups: anterior mini-implant group (AMG) and posterior mini-implant group (PMG). In the AMG, approximately 40 g of force was applied per side with elastic chains from mini-implants placed between the lateral incisors and canines and in the PMG, with beta-titanium wires from mini-implants placed between the second premolars and first molars. This study was conducted on CBCT scans taken before intrusion and after 4 months of intrusion. Data were analyzed by means of a paired t-test, independent t-test, and Pearson’s correlation test. Results: One patient was excluded from the AMG due to mini-implant loosening. While the incisors showed a significant reduction in length and volume, this amount was greater in the AMG, especially in the central incisors (P &lt; .05). Together with the mean intrusion rates of 0.62 and 0.39 mm/mo in the AMG and PMG respectively, the center of resistance of the incisors showed distal movement with labial tipping; these changes were greater in the PMG (P &lt; .001). Volumetric root resorption was correlated with the amount of intrusion (P &lt; .05). Conclusions: Intrusion anchoring from posterior mini-implants is preferred in cases of upright incisors, as the use of such mechanics directs the roots into the spongiosa where they undergo less root resorption and more labial tipping.

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Lubis, Hilda Fitria, and Hanifa Natarisya. "Changes in the corrosion rate and microstructure of beta titanium wire using kiwi peel extract." Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) 56, no. 2 (2023): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/j.djmkg.v56.i2.p122-126.

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Background: Beta titanium orthodontic wire is known to have good corrosion resistance but is weak in acidic environments, which advance the corrosion rate. One natural inhibitor that can be used to decrease corrosion is kiwi peel extract, which has a high antioxidant level. Purpose: This study aims to examine the ability of the extract to decrease the corrosion rate and microstructural changes of beta titanium at an acidic pH (pH 5). Methods: The samples used were beta titanium with a diameter of 0.016 x 0.022 in and a length of 6 cm. A total of 28 samples (n=28) were divided into four groups—a control group immersed in pH 5 artificial saliva and three treatment groups immersed in kiwi peel extract at concentrations of 400, 500, and 600 ppm (n=7), respectively. The samples were immersed for seven days at 37oC in an incubator. The corrosion rate was tested using the weight-loss method and microstructure change was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: One-way ANOVA showed that there are significant differences in corrosion rates between beta titanium immersed in artificial saliva and beta titanium immersed in kiwi peel extract with p=0.01 (p<0.05). SEM analysis results showed that the group with the least surface changes was the one immersed in 400 ppm of kiwi peel extract. Conclusion: Weight-loss and SEM methods show similar results. Kiwi peel extract proved to decrease the corrosion rate and changes in the microstructure of the wire most effectively at a concentration of 400 ppm.

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Kassab, Elisa J., and José Ponciano Gomes. "Assessment of nickel titanium and beta titanium corrosion resistance behavior in fluoride and chloride environments." Angle Orthodontist 83, no. 5 (2013): 864–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/091712-740.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the influence of fluoride concentration on the corrosion behavior of nickel titanium (NiTi) superelastic wire and to compare the corrosion resistance of NiTi with that of beta titanium alloy in physiological solution with and without addition of fluoride. Materials and Methods: NiTi corrosion resistance was investigated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and anodic polarization in sodium chloride (NaCl 0.15 M) with and without addition of 0.02 M sodium fluoride (NaF), and the results were compared with those associated with beta titanium. The influence of fluoride concentration on NiTi corrosion behavior was assessed in NaCl (0.15 M) with and without 0.02, 0.04, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.12 M NaF solution. Galvanic corrosion between NiTi and beta titanium were investigated. All samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Results: Polarization resistance decreased when NaF concentration was increased, and, depending on NaF concentration, NiTi can suffer localized or generalized corrosion. In NaCl solution with 0.02 M NaF, NiTi suffer localized corrosion, while beta titanium alloys remained passive. Current values near zero were observed by galvanic coupling of NiTi and beta titanium. Conclusions: There is a decrease in NiTi corrosion resistance in the presence of fluoride. The corrosion behavior of NiTi alloy depends on fluoride concentration. When 0.02 and 0.04 M of NaF were added to the NaCl solution, NiTi presented localized corrosion. When NaF concentration increased to 0.05, 0.07, and 0.12 M, the alloy presented general corrosion. NiTi corrosion resistance behavior is lower than that of beta titanium. Galvanic coupling of these alloys does not increase corrosion rates.

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YU, JIAN-HONG, HENG-LI HUANG, LI-CHUN WU, et al. "FRICTION OF STAINLESS STEEL, NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOY, AND BETA-TITANIUM ALLOY ARCHWIRES IN TWO COMMONLY USED ORTHODONTIC BRACKETS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 11, no. 04 (2011): 917–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519411004149.

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In orthodontic treatment, the efficiency of tooth movement is affected by the frictional force between the archwire and bracket slot. This study evaluated the static and kinetic frictional forces produced in different combinations of orthodontic archwires and brackets. Three types of archwires [stainless steel, nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy, and beta-titanium (TMA) alloy] and two types of brackets (stainless steel and self-ligating) were tested. Both static and kinetic frictional forces of each archwire–bracket combination were measured 25 times using a custom-designed apparatus. The surface topography and hardness of the archwires were also evaluated. All data were statistically analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test. The experiments indicated that the static frictional force was significantly higher than the kinetic frictional force in all archwire–bracket combinations not involving TMA wire. TMA wire had the highest friction, followed by NiTi wire, and then stainless steel wire when using the stainless steel bracket. However, there was no difference between NiTi and stainless steel archwires when using the self-ligating bracket. For TMA wire, the friction was higher when using the stainless steel bracket than when using the self-ligating bracket. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that stainless steel wire exhibited the smoothest surface topography. The hardness decreased in the order of stainless steel wire > TMA wire > NiTi wire. This study demonstrates that the frictional forces of brackets are influenced by different combinations of bracket and archwire. The reported data will be useful to orthodontists.

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Gupta, Nitin Kumar, Nalin Somani, Chander Prakash, et al. "Revealing the WEDM Process Parameters for the Machining of Pure and Heat-Treated Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) Alloy." Materials 14, no. 9 (2021): 2292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092292.

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Ti-6Al-4V is an alloy that has a high strength-to-weight ratio. It is known as an alpha-beta titanium alloy with excellent corrosion resistance. This alloy has a wide range of applications, e.g., in the aerospace and biomedical industries. Examples of alpha stabilizers are aluminum, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, which are added to titanium. Examples of beta stabilizers are titanium–iron, titanium–chromium, and titanium–manganese. Despite the exceptional properties, the processing of this titanium alloy is challenging when using conventional methods as it is quite a hard and tough material. Nonconventional methods are required to create intricate and complex geometries, which are difficult with the traditional methods. The present study focused on machining Ti-6Al-4V using wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) and conducting numerous experiments to establish the machining parameters. The optimal setting of the machining parameters was predicted using a multiresponse optimization technique. Experiments were planned using the response surface methodology (RSM) technique and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance and contribution of the input parameters to changes in the output characteristics (cutting speed and surface roughness). The cutting speed obtained during the processing of the annealed titanium alloy using WEDM was quite large as compared to the cutting speed obtained in the case of processing the pure, quenched, and hardened titanium alloys using WEDM. The maximum cutting speed obtained while processing the annealed titanium alloy was 1.75 mm/min.

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Thiesen, Guilherme, Marcus Vinicius Neiva Nunes do Rego, Luciane Macedo de Menezes, and Roberto Hideo Shimizu. "Force systems yielded by different designs of T-loop." Australasian Orthodontic Journal 21, no. 2 (2005): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoj-2005-0012.

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Abstract Objectives: To determine the mechanical characteristics of beta-titanium T-loops with and without helices, with 0 and 180 degree gable bends and constructed from 0.017 inch x 0.025 inch and 0.019 inch x 0.025 inch wire. Methods: Forty beta-titanium T-loops were centrally positioned in a universal testing machine. The horizontal force and the moment/force ratios during activation were recorded at 1 mm intervals, up to a maximum of 7 mm. The data were analysed with analysis of variance complemented by the Tukey test for multiple comparisons. Results: The results demonstrated that the transverse section of the wire had the greatest effect on the horizontal force produced by the loops. Significantly lower levels of horizontal force were obtained with loops made with the smaller 0.017 inch x 0.025 inch wire. Loops with gable bends yielded high moment/force ratios, whereas loops without gable bends had low moment/force ratios. In general, T-loops with helices yielded lower magnitudes of horizontal force and moment/force ratios than plain T-loops. Conclusions: The horizontal forces and moment/force ratios generated by plain T-loops with 180 degree gable bends yielded more adequate force systems. Incorporation of helices in the design of T-loops seems to be unnecessary.

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Nam, Sung Sik, Jeong Su Kim, and Sang Don Mun. "Magnetic Abrasive Finishing of Beta-Titanium Wire Using Multiple Transfer Movement Method." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (2020): 6729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196729.

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Titanium is often used in various important applications in transportation and the healthcare industry. The goal of this study was to determine the optimum processing of magnetic abrasives in beta-titanium wire, which is often used in frames for eyeglasses because of its excellent elasticity among titanium alloys. To check the performance of the magnetic abrasive finishing process, the surface roughness (Ra) was measured when the specimen was machined at various rotational speeds (700, 1500, and 2000 rpm) in the presence of diamond paste of various particle sizes (0.5, 1, and 3 μm). We concluded that the surface roughness (Ra) was the best at 2000 rpm, 1 μm particle size, and 300 s processing time, and the surface roughness of β-titanium improved from 0.32 to 0.05 μm. In addition, the optimal conditions were used to test the influence of the finishing gap, and it was found that the processing power was superior at a gap of 3 mm than at 5 mm when processing was conducted for 300 s.

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Jadhav, Bhagyashree S., Ravindranath V. Krishnan, Vivek J. Patni, Girish R. Karandikar, Anita G. Karandikar, and Swapnil D. Pardeshi. "Comparative Evaluation of the Force and Load Deflection Rate for Different Loop Springs with Varying Designs, Wire Dimensions, and Materials: A Finite Element Method Study." Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society 53, no. 3 (2019): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301574219859529.

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Objective: To evaluate and compare the force and load deflection rate generated by differing unit displacement through 1 to 4 mm of springs that vary in design (Double Delta Closing Loop, Double Vertical T Crossed Closing Loop, Double Vertical Helical Closing Loop and Ricketts Maxillary Retractor), constituting wire materials (stainless steel and beta titanium), and wire dimensions (0.017" × 0.025" and 0.019" × 0.025"). Materials and methods: Computer-assisted design (CAD) model of the said loop springs was created and converted to the finite element method (FEM). The boundary conditions assigned were restraining anterior segment of the loops in all the 3 axes and displacement of the posterior segment progressively only along the x-axis in increments of 1, 2, 3, and 4 mm. Force and load deflection rate were calculated for each incremental displacement. Results: For all loop designs, force and load deflection rate increased with incremental displacement. Loop springs of beta titanium and 0.017" × 0.025" dimension showed lesser force and load deflection rate than those of stainless steel and 0.019" × 0.025", respectively. Ricketts Maxillary Retractor showed the least force and load deflection rate. Comparable force and load deflection values were found for 0.017" × 0.025" Double Vertical T Crossed Loop and 0.019" × 0.025" Double Vertical Helical Closing Loop. Conclusions: Variations in wire dimensions, materials, and designs have a profound effect on force and load deflection rate of the different loop springs studied.

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Volodymyr, Korzhyk, Khaskin Vladyslav, Ganushchak Oleg, et al. "Features of structure formation when surfacing steel (iron) on titanium with plasma sprayed coatings in the technology of obtaining butt joint of bimetallic plates titanium – steel." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 2, no. 12 (122) (2023): 6–16. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2023.275510.

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The object of this study is structural formation during the surfacing of steel (iron) on titanium with plasma-sprayed coatings to obtain a butt connection of titanium-steel bimetallic plates. The task to be solved was to devise a technology for applying a barrier layer between titanium and steel to obtain a defect-free butt joint of the edges of bimetallic sheets of carbon steel, clad with a layer of titanium, under conditions of arc or plasma surfacing of carbon steel on titanium. The application of the barrier layer was carried out by plasma spraying of steel wire or iron powder. In this case, a coating with a thickness of 150...750 μm was applied on Grade2 titanium, on which 1–2 mm thick layers of materials similar to the sprayed ones were deposited by arc and plasma deposition. It was established that during spraying with subsequent surfacing of steel wire or iron powder, the main technological factors for eliminating cracks in the resulting compound are the thickness of the sprayed coating and the amount of linear surfacing energy. The thickness of the sprayed coating was selected (at least 400...600 microns) followed by plasma surfacing of ER70S-6 steel wire with a diameter of 1.0 mm or CNPC-Fe200 iron powder with unit energy up to ~200...250 J/mm. A defect-free transition layer from titanium to steel was obtained. It is a continuous layer with a thickness of 50–60 microns, consisting of intermetalides FeTi and FeTi2, as well as a β-phase titanium with an enhanced iron content, which retains certain ductility without cracks and other defects. With the help of the devised approach for connecting titanium-steel bimetallic edges, it is planned to manufacture seam bimetallic pipes for main pipelines to transport oil and gas raw materials extracted from wells.

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Kaneko, Kazuyuki, Ken’ichi Yokoyama, Keiji Moriyama, Kenzo Asaoka, Jun’ichi Sakai, and Michihiko Nagumo. "Delayed fracture of beta titanium orthodontic wire in fluoride aqueous solutions." Biomaterials 24, no. 12 (2003): 2113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9612(02)00642-7.

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Mahajan, Sushil B., Sagar A. Mapare, Ram Mundada, Arjun Karra, Vijay Yannawar, and Kanchan Wadekar. "Comparison of Friction Produced at Backet-Wire Interface in Monocrystalline Ceramic Brackets of 8 Different Brands: An In Vitro Study." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 16, Suppl 1 (2024): S356—S358. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_572_23.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: The esthetic during the various orthodontic treatments has led to the invention of the brackets. When different ceramic brackets and archwires are used, the different frictional forces may result in the different outputs. Hence, in the present study, we evaluated and compared the frictional resistance between eight standard monocrystalline ceramic bracket models and each of the archwires of four different alloys. Materials and Methods: Frictional force was tested using Instron testing machine, in vitro, for eight types of monocrystalline ceramic bracket, and four types of archwires beta-titanium, NiTi, copper-nickel-titanium, and stainless steel statistical analysis were done using various tools, and significance value of <0.05 was considered. Results: Ormco and AO (Radiance) monocrystalline ceramic brackets created lesser frictional resistance than other monocrystalline ceramic brackets. Stainless steel archwire generates lesser static friction. Beta-titanium archwire created higher static friction. A 0.017 × 0.025 inch stainless steel archwire generates lesser static friction to 0.019 × 0.025 inch TMA. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Ormco and AO (Radiance) monocrystalline ceramic brackets, with stainless steel archwires and of size 0.017 × 0.025 inch, can generate better forces when used for the orthodontic tooth movements.

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Kusy, R. P., and A. M. Stush. "Geometric and material parameters of a nickel-titanium and a beta titanium orthodontic arch wire alloy." Dental Materials 3, no. 4 (1987): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0109-5641(87)80035-0.

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Volodymyr, Korzhyk, Khaskin Vladyslav, Grynyuk Andrii, et al. "Comparing features in metallurgical interaction when applying different techniques of arc and plasma surfacing of steel wire on titanium." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 12(112) (2021): 6–17. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.238634.

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This paper reports a study into the regularities of interphase interaction, features in the formation of intermetallic phases (IMPs), and defects when surfacing steel on titanium in four ways: P-MAG, CMT, plasma surfacing by an indirect arc with conductive wire, and PAW. A general tendency has been established in the IMP occurrence when surfacing steel on titanium by all the considered methods. It was determined that the plasma surfacing technique involving an indirect arc with conductive wire is less critical as regards the IMP formation. That makes it possible to obtain an intermetallic layer of the minimum thickness (25...54 μm) in combination with the best quality in the formation of surfaced metal beads. Further minimization of the size of this layer is complicated by a critical decrease in the heat input into the metal, which gives rise to the capability of the surfaced metal to be collected in separate droplets. The formation of TiFe2, TiFe, and the α-Fe phase enriched with titanium in different percentage compositions has been observed in the transition zone of steel surfacing on titanium under different techniques and modes of surfacing. The study has shown the possibility of formation, in addition to the phases of TiFe2 and TiFe, the Ti2Fe phase at low heat input. The technique of plasma surfacing by an indirect arc with conductive wire minimizes the thermal effect on the base metal. When it is used at the border of the transition of the layer of steel surfaced on titanium, the phase composition and structure of the layers in some cases approach the composition and structure of the transition zone of the original bimetallic sheet "titanium-steel" manufactured by rolling. A layer up to 5 μm thick is formed from the β phase with an iron concentration of 44.65 % by weight and an intermetallic layer up to 0.2...0.4 μm thick, close in composition to the TiFe phase. The next step in minimizing the IMP formation might involve the introduction of a barrier layer between titanium and steel.

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Caldas, Sergei Godeiro Fernandes Rabelo, Renato Parsekian Martins, Marcela Emílio de Araújo, Marília Regalado Galvão, Roberto Soares da Silva Júnior, and Lídia Parsekian Martins. "Stability of beta-titanium T-loop springs preactivated by gradual curvature." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 22, no. 6 (2017): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.22.6.061-067.oar.

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ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate changes in the force system of T-Loop Springs (TLS) preactivated by curvature, due to stress relaxation. Methods: Ninety TLSs measuring 6 x 10 mm, produced out with 0.017 x 0.025-in TMA® wire and preactived by gradual curvature, were randomly distributed into nine groups according to time point of evaluation. Group 1 was tested immediately after spring preactivation and stress relief, by trial activation. The other eight groups were tested after 24, 48 and 72 hours, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks, respectively. Using a moment transducer coupled to a digital extensometer indicator adapted to a universal testing machine, the amount of horizontal force, moment and moment-to-force ratios were recorded at every 0.5 mm of deactivation from 5 mm of the initial activation, in an interbracket distance of 23 mm. Results: The horizontal forces decreased gradually among the groups (p< 0.001) and the moments showed a significant and slow decrease over time among the groups (p< 0.001). All groups produced similar M/F ratios (p= 0.532), with no influence of time. Conclusions: The TLSs preactivated by curvature suffered a gradual deformation over time, which affected the force system, specifically the moments, which affected the horizontal forces produced.

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Karandikar, Girish Ramchandra, Azeem Sajjad Patel, VK Ravindranath, and Anil S. Malik. "Comparative Assessment of Efficacy of Four Different Designs of Retraction Loops made of Beta Titanium Archwire: A Finite Element Study." Journal of Contemporary Dentistry 4, no. 1 (2014): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10031-1060.

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ABSTRACT Objective To compare the forces, moments and moment/ force (M/F) ratio and load deflection rate of T-loop, keyhole loop, teardrop loop and mushroom loop with the finite element method (FEM). Materials and Methods FEM was used to compare 3D models of closing loops in rectangular (0.017 × 0.025 inch) beta titanium wire. The T-loop, mushroom loop, keyhole loop and teardrop loop were 7 mm in height. The forces, the moments and the M/F ratios at each tooth node were recorded with an activation of 2 mm. Results The highest force and moments was produced by the keyhole loop and the lowest force was produced by the mushroom loop. Conclusion All the four retraction loops exerted the greatest force levels at the molar node. The maximum value for M/F ratio is seen at the central incisor followed by lateral incisor, molar and canine node. The keyhole loop demonstrated the least load deflection rate making it the most efficient design. How to cite this article Patel AS, Ravindranath VK, Karandikar GR, Malik AS. Comparative Assessment of Efficacy of Four Different Designs of Retraction Loops made of Beta Titanium Archwire: A Finite Element Study. J Contemp Dent 2014;4(1): 6-9.

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Cai, Song, Jeremy E. Schaffer, Yang Ren, and Mark R. Daymond. "Discovery of a 〈2 1 0〉-fiber texture in medical-grade metastable beta titanium wire." Acta Materialia 87 (April 2015): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.12.035.

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