Academic literature on the topic 'Betel palm'

A new species of betel nut palm, Areca jokowi, is described and illustrated here. This is the third species of Areca to have been described recently from New Guinea that is closely related to the widespread, economically important species A. catechu, the cultivated betel nut palm. A discussion of its morphological characters, distribution, ecology, habitat, uses and conservation status is provided, as well as a new identification key for western New Guinean Areca.

This research used a mixed-methods approach to focus on the properties and satisfaction assessment of effectiveness for palm fibers in the Khonsan Sub-District community group in Chaiyaphum province with a total of 113 people. In addition, the study used a 5-point rating scale which had a Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient value at the level of 0.97, in addition to two-way ANOVA. The study presented testing results by ordering from coconuts, palms, betel nuts, and tans with the fiber tensile ratings of 67.45 N, 57.19 N, 56.75 N, 52.49 N, and fiber tensile ratings of 6.80%, 7.30%, 7.12%, and 6.25%, respectively. In this case, the betel nut fibers and tan fibers showed durability to wet washing and the dry period as the most common way. Thus, the satisfaction assessment of tan fibers was at the most satisfactory level, (Mean=4.49, S.D. =0.57), followed by the coconut fibers at the excellent level, (Mean = 4.47, S.D. =0.56) and the betel nut fibers at the moderate level, (Mean=3.35, S.D. =0.71). Levene’s test showed that p was equal to 0.00, indicating that the factors of type and properties of palm fibers were at a varied level with statistical significance. Similarly, the fiber characteristics and properties of palm fibers for each type had an F value equal to 11.45 and Sig. equal to 0.00. In addition, it was found that there was at least one pair different from other pairs, such as coconut fibers and tan fibers. Consequently, the research with community participation showed that it appeared to confirm the balance between the effectiveness of materials, labor skills, human labor, and the stabilization of life. As a result, it affected the satisfaction at the excellent level for people in the development communities (Mean=4.10, S.D. =0.78). Received: 12 January 2021 / Accepted: 24 March 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021

Betel nut palm plant is one of the many benefits and efficacy, especially seeds. Areca nuts are widely used as the main raw material in the process of making drugs, cosmetics, slimming, snacks, sweets, and coffee. Betel nut processing into betel nut is still constrained by the tool is still modest, are still using wood beams repose knife to split betel nut into two parts. To overcome these problems needed betel nut splitter machine with a capacity of 250 kg / h. This engine design is expected to help farmers during the process of betel nut processing into dried betel nut. The working principle of betel nut splitter machine originated from an electric motor that produces rotation is forwarded to the reducer and to the cutting blade associated with two gears. Betel nut is inserted through the insertion funnel towards the rotor has 4 channels / trench, and rotor spinning and crashing betel nut rotating blades reversed so the rotor besidesbetel nut split into two parts. Shaft rotation speed at the eye-piece and carrier rotor shaft is 9.32 rpm, the rotation speed is obtained from the ratio gearbox and pulley on the engine splitter ratio. With the machine is expected to help farmers to cultivate betel nut, so the work is lighter, faster and may prevent accidents. Shaft rotation speed at the eye-piece and carrier rotor shaft is 9.32 rpm, the rotation speed is obtained from the ratio gearbox and pulley on the engine splitter ratio. With the machine is expected to help farmers to cultivate betel nut, so the work is lighter, faster and may prevent accidents. Shaft rotation speed at the eye-piece and carrier rotor shaft is 9.32 rpm, the rotation speed is obtained from the ratio gearbox and pulley on the engine splitter ratio. With the machine is expected to help farmers to cultivate betel nut, so the work is lighter, faster and may prevent accidents.

AbstractBackgroundChewing betel-nuts (Areca catechu) is carcinogenic but the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver cirrhosis (LC) is little considered. Worldwide 600 million people chew betel, including emigrants from palm-growing countries.ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the relationships and dose–response effects of betel chewing on LC and HCC risks, since habit cessation could reduce the increased risks of HCC and LC found in such communities.SubjectsScreening 60 326 subjects aged 30–79 years in a population-based study in Taiwan identified LC in 588 and HCC in 131 subjects. Demographic features, hepatitis B/C infections, other risk factors and betel chewing were noted. Multiple Cox regression models were used to assess independent relationships, interactions and synergisms between age, betel chewing and hepatitis B/C.ResultsBetel chewing increased LC and HCC risk 4·25-fold (95 % CI 2·9, 6·2) in current chewers and 1·89-fold (95 % CI 1·13, 3·16) in ex-chewers v. never-chewers, with dose effects for quantity, duration and cumulative exposure in chewers. Subjects without hepatitis B/C infections had 5·0-fold (95 % CI 2·87, 9·03) increased risk of LC/HCC v. never-chewers, and betel chewing had an additive synergistic effect on hepatitis B/C-related risks. Risk reduction with betel habit cessation could exceed that expected from immunization programmes for hepatitis B and C.ConclusionIncreased risks of cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer were found in betel chewers free of hepatitis B/C infection, and these risks were synergistically additive to those of hepatitis B/C infections. Estimated risk reduction from effective anti-betel chewing programmes would be sizeable.

A new species of betel nut palm, Areca unipa, is described and illustrated here for the first time. This is the second species of Areca from New Guinea that is closely related to the widespread, cultivated species A. catechu. A discussion of its morphological characters, distribution, ecology, habitat, uses and conservation status is provided.

Current published records indicate that the red palm mite (RPM), Raoiella indica Hirst, has a much broader host range in the New World than in the Old World. Therefore, a series of studies were carried out in Kerala, India in 2009 and 2010 to elucidate the presence or absence of R. indica colonies on hosts in addition to coconut Cocos nucifera L., and betel-nut palm, Areca catechu L., the only previously reported host plants in India. We evaluated the following: RPM numbers on coconut and Musa spp. grown in Kerala; the presence of RPM on coconut and bananas grown as a mixed crop; and the possible presence of RPM on palms and other selected plant species mostly grown as ornamentals or reported to be hosts of the RPM in the NewWorld. Results showed that RPM was found in extremely low numbers on Musa spp., never clearly colonizing those plants. The pygmy date palm, Phoenix roebelenii O´Brien, was found to be an additional breeding host in Kerala, as multi-generational colonies were found on a plant of this species. Possible reasons for observed differences in RPM host ranges between the Old World and the New World are discussed.

Introduction: Elderly generally experience a decreased in the level of oral hygiene, number of teeth, mucosal sensitivity of the oral cavity and xerostomia. Xerostomia can cause halitosis. One of halitosis therapy is by using herbal mouthwash (betel leaf). Betel leaf has an antibacterial, antioxidant and antifungal ability. The purpose of this study was to provide information on the benefits of herbal mouthwash on decreasing halitosis score in elderly. Methods: This was a clinical experimental research with cross sectional approach. Spearman correlation test was used to determine the effect of herbal mouthwash on decreasing halitosis scores. The numbers of subject were 30 and obtained by quota sampling. Data collection was done by measuring initial and final halitosis score after rinsing with herbal mouthwash, using Tanita breath checker. Tanita breath checker is an innovative palm-sized monitor that can detect and measure the presence of volatile sulfur compound (VSC) by displaying 6 levels of halitosis. Results: The result showed a decrease in halitosis score before and after rinsing with herbal mouthwash (betel leaf). A significant decrease in the halitosis score is indicated by the p=0,000 obtained from the results of the Spearman correlation test. There was a significant decrease in the halitosis score after rinsing with herbal mouthwash. Conclusion: The present study showed that the decrease in halitosis score is due to the betel leaf containing essential oils. The main component of essential oils consists of phenols and their derivative compounds, namely kavikol. Thus, betel leaf was able to fight gram-positive and gram-negative bactera, so that it can be used to treat halitosis in elderly.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
林產科學暨家具工程學系研究所
99
The main objective of this study was to use the fast growth and plenty of fiber from betel palm and apply the wasted stem of betel palm on hillside for pulp and paper making purpose. During the pulping of different positions of betel palm stem, higher the chemical change, which would result in lower pulp yield. The chemical dosage of the soda pulping (AP) is 18%, which would result in lower pulp yield is 34.42%. Among the different positions of the betel palm stem, the middle position has the best screened yield; and the top position has the lowest screened yield. Anthraquinone (AQ) can effectively improve the delignification effect of NaOH. Results reveal the higher the addition of AQ, the lower the screened yield, and the higher the screened yield, the lower the K number (No.). The concentration of alkaline solution was 22% and liquid ratio was 6:1 in the Soda pulp pulping, results showed the paper has the best folding strength and tensile index. Tear strength has no significant difference under any condition in pulping process. Overall, the pulp yield of chemical pulping from betel palm stem was low (only 34.43% of AP) in this study, which is not suitable as a paper-making raw materials, so it should be considered for other purposes.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
森林學系
84
The purpose of this research is to investigate the soil moisture variation for the Betel Palm farm located on sloped land .The research site is situated at Chi-Chi Town of Nan-Tou County. The resistance values observed by the soil moisture sensors can react to variations of soil moisture by transforming to the digital types of gravimetric water content and equivalent depth. The study contains the infiltration site test and long-term observations of soil moisture variation. At the beginning the infiltration test used 6 soil moisture sensors buried in the soil and 8 sensors were buried later. Observations of the total 14 sensors help us to realize the influence upon hydrologic budget of Betel Palm farm on sloped land. The result could be summarized to the: 1.Soil moisture being abundant during the height of convective precipitation , but became in short supply in the last phase of the rain season. 2.Largest variation which occurred from the top soil to a depth of 30 cm because of large pore size. 3.Horizontal seapage velocity was much faster than vertical current velocity according to the infiltration test in the Betel Palm farm of sloped land. 4.Increase of soil moisture which was greatly influenced by the water gradient.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
熱帶農業研究所
87
The red palm mite, Raoiella indica, is known to infest, besides coconut and betel nut palms, date palm and other palms. It is usually found along the mid-rib on the underside of a palm leaf. The mite inflicted considerable damage to plants by sucking up plant sap, turning leaves to yellow or dark brown, and causing a premature leaf drop. Results of the study of the acarian fauna on coconut and betel nut palms in Taiwan indicated that there was a total of 15 mite species, injurious and beneficial. Of these species, the red palm mite was the most prevalent with the widest distribution. The life cycle of this mite was divided into five different stages; namely, egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult. When reared at 25, 30, 35°C in a growth chamber at RH 75±5% and 12L:12D with two different rearing methods, the petri dish method (containing either a section of mature coconut or betel nut leaf) and the modified closed-cell rearing method (containing either a portion of a leaf of coconut or betel nut seedling), the developmental time for each stage and the sum of the developmental time decreased with the increase of temperature. The sum of the developmental time of a male was the longest at 34.48 ± 3.71 days when it was reared with the petri dish method containing a coconut leaf at 25°C and the shortest was at 20 ± 3.51 days when it was reared with petri dish method containing a betel nut leaf at 35°C. For a female, the longest sum of the developmental time was at 45 ± 7.07 days when it was reared with petri dish method containing a betel nut leaf at 25°C and the shortest was at 29 ± 1.00 days when it was reared with the petri dish method containing a coconut leaf at 35°C. The developmental time and the sum of the developmental time for the male and female were not significantly different when they were reared with the modified closed-cell method. The lack of significant difference may be attributed to the fact that there were only two temperatures used for making the comparison. The longevity of the mite decreased with the increase of the temperature when it was reared with the petri dish method. The longevity of a male was the longest at 14 ± 17 days when it was reared at 25°C with the modified closed-cell method containing a coconut seedling leaf and the shortest was at 2.33 ± 1.53 days when it was reared at 35°C with the petri dish method containing a coconut leaf. The longevity of a female was the longest at 22.00 ± 7.78 days when it was reared at 30°C with the modified closed-cell method containing a coconut seedling leaf and the shortest was at 6.33 ± 4.04 days when it was reared at 35°C with the petri dish method containing a coconut leaf. The number of eggs laid by a female was relatively low at all temperatures. The number was the largest at 11.00 ± 1.41 eggs when it was reared at 30°C with the modified closed-cell method containing a coconut seedling leaf and the least was at 2.60 ± 1.71 eggs when it was reared at room temperature with the petri dish method containing a betel nut leaf. Based on the coefficients of the linear regressions under different temperatures, the mite with a lower developmental zero had a higher thermal unit accumulation. The mite underwent both bi-parent and uni-parent reproductions; the former resulted in exclusively female progenies and the latter resulted in only male progenies. When comparing the success rates for a mite to develop from egg to adult at different temperatures with different rearing methods, the success rate was the highest when it was reared at 25°C with the modified closed-cell method. Its averaged hypothetical number was 3.77, which means the rearing nearly reached the deutonymph stage. The rate was the lowest when it was reared at 35°C with the petri dish method containing a betel nut leaf. Its averaged hypothetical number was 2.10, which means the rearing reached the larval stage. Since the petri dish method required several changes of fresh leaves during the course of the study and had high rates of drowning and escaping, the rearing method was switched to the modified closed-cell method, which significantly improved the rates of success in rearing the mite from egg to adult. The population dynamics of the mite in the field were influenced by climatic factors, such as humidity, total day length and the population density of the previous sampling. The population density of the mite was negatively correlated with the humidity (P<0.05) and positively correlated with the total day length and the population density of the previous sampling (P<0.01). Based on the population density of the mite, its distribution in the field was determined to be in clusters as the ratio of S2/m was greater than 1, the slope of the linear regression was greater than 1 and its intercept was smaller than 1. The preferences of the mites to coconut and betel nut palm and to the directions of the location of the two hosts in an orchard were investigated. The results indicated that the mite preferred coconut to betel nut as the mite density was significantly higher on the coconut than on the betel nut (P<0.05). The mite, however, showed no significant preference in the directions of the location of the host plants (P>0.05).