Journal articles on the topic 'Betel palm'

A new species of betel nut palm, Areca jokowi, is described and illustrated here. This is the third species of Areca to have been described recently from New Guinea that is closely related to the widespread, economically important species A. catechu, the cultivated betel nut palm. A discussion of its morphological characters, distribution, ecology, habitat, uses and conservation status is provided, as well as a new identification key for western New Guinean Areca.

This research used a mixed-methods approach to focus on the properties and satisfaction assessment of effectiveness for palm fibers in the Khonsan Sub-District community group in Chaiyaphum province with a total of 113 people. In addition, the study used a 5-point rating scale which had a Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient value at the level of 0.97, in addition to two-way ANOVA. The study presented testing results by ordering from coconuts, palms, betel nuts, and tans with the fiber tensile ratings of 67.45 N, 57.19 N, 56.75 N, 52.49 N, and fiber tensile ratings of 6.80%, 7.30%, 7.12%, and 6.25%, respectively. In this case, the betel nut fibers and tan fibers showed durability to wet washing and the dry period as the most common way. Thus, the satisfaction assessment of tan fibers was at the most satisfactory level, (Mean=4.49, S.D. =0.57), followed by the coconut fibers at the excellent level, (Mean = 4.47, S.D. =0.56) and the betel nut fibers at the moderate level, (Mean=3.35, S.D. =0.71). Levene’s test showed that p was equal to 0.00, indicating that the factors of type and properties of palm fibers were at a varied level with statistical significance. Similarly, the fiber characteristics and properties of palm fibers for each type had an F value equal to 11.45 and Sig. equal to 0.00. In addition, it was found that there was at least one pair different from other pairs, such as coconut fibers and tan fibers. Consequently, the research with community participation showed that it appeared to confirm the balance between the effectiveness of materials, labor skills, human labor, and the stabilization of life. As a result, it affected the satisfaction at the excellent level for people in the development communities (Mean=4.10, S.D. =0.78). Received: 12 January 2021 / Accepted: 24 March 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021

Betel nut palm plant is one of the many benefits and efficacy, especially seeds. Areca nuts are widely used as the main raw material in the process of making drugs, cosmetics, slimming, snacks, sweets, and coffee. Betel nut processing into betel nut is still constrained by the tool is still modest, are still using wood beams repose knife to split betel nut into two parts. To overcome these problems needed betel nut splitter machine with a capacity of 250 kg / h. This engine design is expected to help farmers during the process of betel nut processing into dried betel nut. The working principle of betel nut splitter machine originated from an electric motor that produces rotation is forwarded to the reducer and to the cutting blade associated with two gears. Betel nut is inserted through the insertion funnel towards the rotor has 4 channels / trench, and rotor spinning and crashing betel nut rotating blades reversed so the rotor besidesbetel nut split into two parts. Shaft rotation speed at the eye-piece and carrier rotor shaft is 9.32 rpm, the rotation speed is obtained from the ratio gearbox and pulley on the engine splitter ratio. With the machine is expected to help farmers to cultivate betel nut, so the work is lighter, faster and may prevent accidents. Shaft rotation speed at the eye-piece and carrier rotor shaft is 9.32 rpm, the rotation speed is obtained from the ratio gearbox and pulley on the engine splitter ratio. With the machine is expected to help farmers to cultivate betel nut, so the work is lighter, faster and may prevent accidents. Shaft rotation speed at the eye-piece and carrier rotor shaft is 9.32 rpm, the rotation speed is obtained from the ratio gearbox and pulley on the engine splitter ratio. With the machine is expected to help farmers to cultivate betel nut, so the work is lighter, faster and may prevent accidents.

AbstractBackgroundChewing betel-nuts (Areca catechu) is carcinogenic but the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver cirrhosis (LC) is little considered. Worldwide 600 million people chew betel, including emigrants from palm-growing countries.ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the relationships and dose–response effects of betel chewing on LC and HCC risks, since habit cessation could reduce the increased risks of HCC and LC found in such communities.SubjectsScreening 60 326 subjects aged 30–79 years in a population-based study in Taiwan identified LC in 588 and HCC in 131 subjects. Demographic features, hepatitis B/C infections, other risk factors and betel chewing were noted. Multiple Cox regression models were used to assess independent relationships, interactions and synergisms between age, betel chewing and hepatitis B/C.ResultsBetel chewing increased LC and HCC risk 4·25-fold (95 % CI 2·9, 6·2) in current chewers and 1·89-fold (95 % CI 1·13, 3·16) in ex-chewers v. never-chewers, with dose effects for quantity, duration and cumulative exposure in chewers. Subjects without hepatitis B/C infections had 5·0-fold (95 % CI 2·87, 9·03) increased risk of LC/HCC v. never-chewers, and betel chewing had an additive synergistic effect on hepatitis B/C-related risks. Risk reduction with betel habit cessation could exceed that expected from immunization programmes for hepatitis B and C.ConclusionIncreased risks of cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer were found in betel chewers free of hepatitis B/C infection, and these risks were synergistically additive to those of hepatitis B/C infections. Estimated risk reduction from effective anti-betel chewing programmes would be sizeable.

A new species of betel nut palm, Areca unipa, is described and illustrated here for the first time. This is the second species of Areca from New Guinea that is closely related to the widespread, cultivated species A. catechu. A discussion of its morphological characters, distribution, ecology, habitat, uses and conservation status is provided.

Current published records indicate that the red palm mite (RPM), Raoiella indica Hirst, has a much broader host range in the New World than in the Old World. Therefore, a series of studies were carried out in Kerala, India in 2009 and 2010 to elucidate the presence or absence of R. indica colonies on hosts in addition to coconut Cocos nucifera L., and betel-nut palm, Areca catechu L., the only previously reported host plants in India. We evaluated the following: RPM numbers on coconut and Musa spp. grown in Kerala; the presence of RPM on coconut and bananas grown as a mixed crop; and the possible presence of RPM on palms and other selected plant species mostly grown as ornamentals or reported to be hosts of the RPM in the NewWorld. Results showed that RPM was found in extremely low numbers on Musa spp., never clearly colonizing those plants. The pygmy date palm, Phoenix roebelenii O´Brien, was found to be an additional breeding host in Kerala, as multi-generational colonies were found on a plant of this species. Possible reasons for observed differences in RPM host ranges between the Old World and the New World are discussed.

Introduction: Elderly generally experience a decreased in the level of oral hygiene, number of teeth, mucosal sensitivity of the oral cavity and xerostomia. Xerostomia can cause halitosis. One of halitosis therapy is by using herbal mouthwash (betel leaf). Betel leaf has an antibacterial, antioxidant and antifungal ability. The purpose of this study was to provide information on the benefits of herbal mouthwash on decreasing halitosis score in elderly. Methods: This was a clinical experimental research with cross sectional approach. Spearman correlation test was used to determine the effect of herbal mouthwash on decreasing halitosis scores. The numbers of subject were 30 and obtained by quota sampling. Data collection was done by measuring initial and final halitosis score after rinsing with herbal mouthwash, using Tanita breath checker. Tanita breath checker is an innovative palm-sized monitor that can detect and measure the presence of volatile sulfur compound (VSC) by displaying 6 levels of halitosis. Results: The result showed a decrease in halitosis score before and after rinsing with herbal mouthwash (betel leaf). A significant decrease in the halitosis score is indicated by the p=0,000 obtained from the results of the Spearman correlation test. There was a significant decrease in the halitosis score after rinsing with herbal mouthwash. Conclusion: The present study showed that the decrease in halitosis score is due to the betel leaf containing essential oils. The main component of essential oils consists of phenols and their derivative compounds, namely kavikol. Thus, betel leaf was able to fight gram-positive and gram-negative bactera, so that it can be used to treat halitosis in elderly.

Every society having different local wisdom, including in the use of trees, lands, forest, lake and river. The village society Siberakun process palm tree with utilize water nira to produced into palm sugar. This research aims to know the forms of local wisdom Siberakun in the use of palm tree and environmental aspects and to know economic value of palm sugar craftman.This research is a qualitative research by using case study method, Data were collected by observation, documentation and interview with key informants are palm craftmans. Research results are as follows : The form of laocal wisdom society in making use of palm tree is : 1). A craftman used traditional instrument and can be update so can not caused negative impact for the environment like the stairs from wood, fuel use wood, mold sugar made of board, and packing palm sugar using banana leaf, 2). People have local knowledge in determining when a palm sugar paste ready to printed, 3). Waste resulting from firewood can be used to ash rub and fertilizer, 4). People have local knowledge for make fragrant palm sugar is squeeze the leaves or young mangosteen bark mixed lime betel which is an ingredient organic that does not contain a hazardous chemicals, 5). existencepalm trees the river to disproved abrasion and erosion. The palm tree reserving biological resources civet as cause the growth of palm tree naturally. The obtacles in process nira into palm sugar are difficult to processing or clean up the trees and other job more promising such as tapping rubber and rubber plantation business.

In goats, we tested the sensory value of meat in the goat after oral treatment with palm kernel meal (PK), katuk leaf powder (KL) and betel nut powder (BN), separately and in combination. This study were used 8 Boerka goats that allocated among four groups of 2: the Control group was given distilled water; PK only was given to Group P1; a combination of all three was administered to Group PK-KL-BN, and a combination of KL and BN was administered to Group KL-BN. All treatments were administered orally for 35 consecutive days. animals were weighed before treatment (Day 0) and on Day 40 (5 days after the end of treatment). On day of 40, the animals were slaughtered using halal standard. Then, sample of meat was taken from bicep femoris of right leg of each animals for sensory evaluation, which comprised of tenderness, colour, aroma, taste, and juiciness. A number of 30 panelist were involved in the evaluation. The results showed that the meat were tender in the group of PK-KL-BN and KL-BN (the hedonic scale of 2, tender). Then, for the other parameters were not different between groups. In conclusion, the administration of combination of palm kernel meal, katuk leaf powder and betel nut powder, can improve the tendernes of meat in goats.

Yellow leaf disease (YLD) is an economically important disease affecting betel palm in several countries, the cause of which remains unclear despite associations with putative agents, including phytoplasmas. In this study, we screened the potential casual agents associated with YLD in Hainan, China using next-generation sequencing and revealed the association of areca palm velarivirus 1 (APV1) with the YLD-affected palm. The complete genome of the APV1-WNY isolate was determined to be 17,546 nucleotides in length, approximately 1.5 kb longer than the previously reported APV1_HN genome. Transmission electron microscopy showed that APV1 particles are flexuous and filamentous, a typical morphology of species in the Closteroviridae family. Comparison of symptomatic and symptomless tree populations showed a strong association between APV1 and YLD. APV1 was detected in Pseudococcus sp. mealybugs sampled from YLD-affected trees in many locations, suggesting that mealybugs are a potential transmission vector for APV1. Although further studies are needed to confirm a causal relationship, these results provide timely information for the prevention and management of YLD associated with APV1.

In May 2009, a severe bacterial disease of arecanut (Areca catechu L.) with an incidence of 100% was observed in a plantation of about 8,400 plants in Wenchang City, Hainan Province, China (19°47.171′ N, 110°54.335′ E). Symptoms consisted of small circular to elongated brown lesions, ranging from 1 to 105 mm in length and 1 to 21 mm in width, surrounded by yellow halos. White colonies, without fluorescent or diffusible pigments, were consistently recovered on King's B Medium plates from lesions surface-sterilized in 70% ethyl alcohol for 1 min. All isolates were gram-negative and each had a single, polar, sheathed flagellum. Isolates were identified as a Burkholderia sp. based on physiological and biochemical tests: oxidase and catalase positive, negative for arginine dihydrolase, gelatin hydrolysis and starch hydrolysis, and negative for acid production from levan (1,3). Sequences (approx. 1,400 bp each) of the 16S rRNA gene amplified from four isolates using primer pair 27F/1492R (2) (GenBank Accession Nos. JX415481, JX415479, JX415482, and JX415483) shared 99% sequence identity with that of Burkholderia andropogonis strain 6369 (DQ786951). Representative isolates Y11 (China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center No. CGMCC 1.12337), Y30 (CGMCC 1.12338), W15, and W20 were compared with B. andropogonis strain NCPPB No. 1012 and all caused a hypersensitive reaction on leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. Isolate pathogenicity was tested twice with a total of three replications per isolate. Two young leaves each of 2-year-old arecanut plants were infiltrated with a bacterial suspension of 108 CFU/ml, then covered individually with plastic bags for 48 h, and incubated at 100% relative humidity with 16 h of daylight at 25°C by day and 8 h of darkness at 20°C by night. After 7 days, small water-soaked spots with yellow halos were observed and 60 days after inoculation, lesions developed similar to those caused by B. andropogonis in the field. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by reisolating bacteria from typical lesions on inoculated plants. These bacteria were identical to inoculated strains in colony morphology and sequences of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. andropogonis infection on betel in Hainan Province, mainland China. This disease was first reported in Taiwan, a province of China. Conditions of high humidity and high temperature support disease outbreaks and infection can result in severe economic losses. In 2012, this disease also appeared on a number of plantations located in other counties. As betel is, economically, the second most important crop in Hainan Province, measures should be required to control this disease, especially in typhoon seasons. References: (1) S. H. Hseu et al. Plant Pathol. Bull. 16:131, 2007. (2) D. J. Lane. In: E. Stackebrandt, et al. Nucleic acid techniques in bacterial systematics. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom, pp. 115-175, 1991. (3) X. Li and S. H. De Boer. Plant Dis. 89:1132. 2005.

Contamination of mold in feed and Ingridients of feed is important because pathogenic and toxigenic mold will contaminate and cause mycotic and mycotoxicosis on livestock especially cattle. Information regarding the data is required in an attempt to controll of mold contaminant. Base on the previous study piper betel leaf (Piper betle) showed high activity as antimold. The aim of this study were to obtain data of mold contamination in cattle feed and ingredients of feed from the provinces of Banten, Lampung, Jakarta and West Java, and to test piper betel as an antimold herbal from traditional medicinal plants originated from Indonesia. Isolation and identification of fungi were conducted on the flour, glycerides, onggok, corn, peanut, coconut, coffee, concentrates, lamtoro, pineapple, rice, grass, palm, cassava, tofu lees, fish meal, bone meal from the provinces of Banten, Lampung, Jakarta and West Java. Isolation was done by plating the samples on agar medium, The mold have grown on media was identified. Feed that has been mixed with the extracts and powders plus mold inoculum was incubated. After 3=7 days incubation, colony forming unit (CFU) of the mixtures were counted. The results showed that the majority of feed contaminated with mold, but still below the threshold. The mold contamination in wheat flour, corn, concentrates and tofu lees exceeds from the threshold. Aspergillus sp, A. amstelodami, A. clavatus, A. Candidus, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. glaucus, A. niger, Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp., Fusarium sp., Hyphomycetes sp., Mycelia sterilata, Mucor sp., Paecilomyces sp., Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus sp. Penicillium sp were most commonly found in the feed as much as 2.56 x 107 CFU. At a concentration of 10%. in vitro test showed that the piper betel leaf in powder form is more effective than extract form to inhibit the growth of A.flavus The conclusion of this study was flour, corn, concentrates and tofu lees contaminated by molds. Penicillium sp and 17 species of mold were the most frequently found compared to other fungi. Powders the best form of the piper betel as antimold. ABSTRAK Cemaran kapang pada pakan dan bahan penyusunnya adalah penting sebab kapang yang tergolong patogenik dan toksigenik dapat mencemari dan menyebabkan mikosis dan mikotoksikosis pada ternak sapi. Informasi mengenai kapang pencemar diperlukan dalam usaha pengendaliannya. Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya diketahui daun sirih (Piper betle) mempunyai aktivitas antikapang yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh data cemaran kapang pada pakan ternak sapi dan bahan penyusunnya dari propinsi Banten, Lampung, DKI Jakarta, dan Jawa Barat, serta menguji sirih sebagai obat herbal antikapang yang telah terpilih dari tanaman obat tradisional asli Indonesia. Isolasi dan identifikasi kapang telah dilakukan pada tepung, gliserida, onggok, jagung, kacang, kelapa, kopi, konsentrat, lamtoro, nenas, beras, rumput, sawit, singkong, ampas tahu, tepung ikan, tepung tulang dari provinsi Banten, Lampung, DKI Jakarta, dan Jawa Barat. Isolasi dilakukan dengan membiakkan sampel pada media agar, Kapang yang sudah tumbuh pada media diidentifikasi. Pakan yang telah dicampur dengan ektrak dan serbuk ditambahkan inokulum kapang, kemudian diinkubasi. Setelah 3-7 hari diinkubasi, dihitung colony forming unit (CFU) yang berkembang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar pakan tercemar kapang, tetapi levelnya masih berada di bawah batas ambang. Cemaran kapang pada tepung, jagung, konsentrat, dan ampas tahu melebihi batas ambang. Kapang-kapang tersebut adalah Aspergillus sp, A. amstelodami, A. clavatus, A. candidus, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. glaucus, A. niger, Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp., Fusarium sp., Hyphomycetes sp., Miselia sterilata, Mucor sp., Paecilomyces sp., Penicillium sp., dan Rhizopus sp. Kapang Penicillium sp adalah yang paling banyak ditemukan pada pakan yakni sebanyak 2,56.107 CFU. Uji in vitro menunjukkan bahwa daun sirih dalam bentuk serbuk lebih efektif dibandingkan bentuk ekstrak untuk menghambat pertumbuhan A. flavus pada konsentrasi 10%. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah tepung, jagung, konsentrat dan ampas tahu tercemar oleh kapang. Ditemukan 17 jenis kapang pencemar pakan dan kapang Penicillium sp yang paling banyak jumlahnya. Antikapang sirih yang terbaik adalah dalam bentuk serbuk.

Litter had an important function in a forest. The nutrients were derived from the litter is useful to improve the soil. The purposes of the research to determine the production of the litter, the analyse plants species and stands density, the correlation between litter production and stands density, the correlation between litter production and the number of plant species at research and educational block of Wan Abdul Rachman Great Forest Park. The research was conducted on October--December 2011 by using partition-line method. The litter was taken on a plot 1m x 1m in size systematically. The plants species found in the research area were avocado, palm, bisoro, cocoa, dadap, duku, durian, rubber, hazelnut, coffea, jackfruit, petai, betel nuts, rambutan, rosewood, and gnetum gnemon. The density of stands in research area dominated by cocoa trees. Based on the correlation analysis, forest stand density known influence the litter production. The high forest stand density increases litter production, whereas the correlation among litter production and the number of plant species is less influential, because not every plant able to fall out the leave easily. Key words : forest stands, litter, research and educational block

Many tropical forest landscapes are now complex mosaics of intact forests, recovering forests, tree crops, agroforestry, pasture, and crops. The small patch size of each land cover type contributes to making them difficult to separate using satellite remote sensing data. We used Sentinel-2 data to conduct supervised classifications covering seven classes, including oil palm, rubber, and betel nut plantations in Southern Myanmar, based on an extensive training dataset derived from expert interpretation of WorldView-3 and UAV data. We used a Random Forest classifier with all 13 Sentinel-2 bands, as well as vegetation and texture indices, over an area of 13,330 ha. The median overall accuracy of 1000 iterations was >95% (95.5%–96.0%) against independent test data, even though the tree crop classes appear visually very similar at a 20 m resolution. We conclude that the Sentinel-2 data, which are freely available with very frequent (five day) revisits, are able to differentiate these similar tree crop types. We suspect that this is due to the large number of spectral bands in Sentinel-2 data, indicating great potential for the wider application of Sentinel-2 data for the classification of small land parcels without needing to resort to object-based classification of higher resolution data.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Presently, urban agriculture (UA) is an important part of the urban ecosystem and a key factor that can help in the urban environmental management. Therefore, this paper studies a spatial-temporal analysis of UA areas and types in Municipality of Nakhonratchasima City (MNC), Thailand. This UA types referred land use classification system of Land Development Department (LDD). Google Earth images acquired in the years of 2007, 2011, 2015 and 2018 were used to examine UA change with segmentation-based classification method in QGIS to classify Google Earth images into thematic maps. Moreover, this study showed different spatiotemporal change patterns, composition and rates in the study area and indicates the importance of analyzing UA change. Therefore, the results of this classification consisted of eleven classes – abandoned paddy field, rice paddy, abandoned field crop, mixed field crop, cassava, betel palm, mixed orchard, coconut, rose apple, truck crop, and fish farm. Truck crop had the greatest cover in study area while floricultural covered the minimal space over periods of study. The UA change analysis over time for entire study areas provides an overall picture of change trends. Furthermore, the UA change at census sector scale gives new insights on how human-induced activities (e.g., built-up areas and roads) affect UA change patterns and rates. This research indicates the necessity to implement change detection for better understanding the UA change patterns and rates.</p>

ABSTRACT The vertebrate-fossil record in the Karoo Basin has served as the accepted model for how terrestrial ecosystems responded to the end-Permian extinction event. A database of several hundred specimens, placed into generalized stratigraphies, has formed the basis of a step-wise extinction scenario interpreted by other workers as spanning the upper Daptocephalus (=Dicynodon) to Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zones (AZ). Seventy-three percent of specimens used to construct the published model originate from three farms in the Free State: Bethel, Heldenmoed, and Donald 207 (Fairydale). The current contribution empirically tests: (1) the stratigraphic resolution of the vertebrate record on these farms; (2) whether a sharp boundary exists that delimits the vertebrate assemblage zones in these classic localities; and (3) if the Lystrosaurus AZ is of early Triassic age. We have used a multi-disciplinary approach, combining lithostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, vertebrate biostratigraphy, and palynology, to test these long-held assumptions. Previously reported vertebrate-collection sites have been physically placed into a litho- and magnetostratigraphic framework on the Bethel and Heldenmoed farms. The reported assemblage-zone boundary is used as the datum against which the stratigraphic position of vertebrates is compared and a preliminary magnetostratigraphy constructed. We find specimens of the Daptocephalus AZ originate in the Lystrosaurus AZ (as currently defined) and vice versa, and discrepancies between reported and field-checked stratigraphic positions below or above the assemblage-zone boundary often exceed 30 m. Hence, the utility of the data set in defining a sharp or abrupt biozone boundary is questionable. We further demonstrate the presence of a stratigraphically thick reverse polarity magnetozone that encompasses the reported assemblage-zone boundary, implying that these rocks are not correlative with the end-Permian event, which is reported to lie in a normal polarity chron. A latest Permian age is supported by palynological data from the Lystrosaurus AZ on the Donald 207 (Fairydale) farm, with equivalence to Australian (APP602) and Eastern Cape Province assemblages. We conclude that the turnover from the Daptocephalus to Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zones is more protracted than envisioned, it is not coincident with the end-Permian event as recognized in the marine realm, and little evidence exists in support of a three-phased extinction model based on vertebrate assemblages in the Karoo Basin.

In tradition, one underactuated robotic finger with two or three joints always utilizes only one actuator for self-adaptive grasp, which results in quite weak grasping force because there is only one motor and the motor is so small in size so that it can be embedded into the phalange of the robot finger or the palm of the robot hand. Aiming to overcome the weakness, this paper proposed a novel robotic finger with redundant driving, called RD finger, which can produce sufficient grasping force through increasing a redundant motor and keep original characteristic of self-adaptive grasp. A special single direction transmission mechanism is designed in the finger to make two motors seem like one motor and prevent interference between the first motor and the second motor. The grasping process of the RD finger is close to traditional underactuated finger but there is up to double grasping force. One kind of the RD finger is designed in detail with coupling and self-adaptive grasping mode, which is composed of two motors, bevel gears, a pulley-belt transmission, a single direction transmission and a spring. In addition, the RD finger is compact, easy to control, low in energy consumption, is able to provide wide range of grasping force, and is therefore suitable for humanoid hands.

AbstrakPenelitian ini dilatar belakangi sebagai upaya untuk mengurangi dampak negative akibat penggunaan zat warna sintetis. Salah satu tanaman yang dapat dijadikan zat pewarna alam yang ramah lingkungan yaitu tanaman puring. Hasil pewarnaan dengan mordan asam kandis menghasilkan warna Warm Brown, Value cukup terang dan kerataan pada kategori rata, dengan mordan garam menghasilkan warna Pale Cyan, Value cukup gelap dan kerataan pada kategori cukup rata, dengan mordan jeruk nipis menghasilkan warna Warm Brown, Value cukup terang dan kerataan pada kategori cukup rata, dengan mordan kapursirihmenghasilkan100% warna Pale Yellow, Value sangat terang dan kerataan pada kategori kurang rata dan hasil dengan mordan tawas menghasilkan warna Clam Shell Pink dengan Value cukup terang dan kerataan pada kategori sangat rata, Hasil uji Friedman K-Related Sample diperoleh untuk gelap terang warna (Value) adalah 0,000 < 0,05, maka Hₒ ditolak, artinya terdapat pengaruh gelap terang warna yang signifikan dan hasil untuk kerataanwarna, data yang diperoleh adalah 0,000 < 0,05 maka Hₒ ditolak, artinya terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan pada pencelupan ekstrak daun puring (Codiaeum Variegatum) menggunakan mordan asam kandis (Garcinia xanthochymus), garam (Nacl), jeruk nipis (citrus Aurantifolia), kapur sirih (calcium hidroksida) dan tawas pada bahan katun.Kata Kunci: pengaruh, mordan, daun puring.AbstractThis research is motivated as an effort to reduce the negative effects caused by the use of synthetic dyes. One of the plants that can be used as natural coloring agents which is environmentally friendly is croton plant. The results of staining with mordan candis acid produce Warm Brown color, Value is quite bright and flatness in the flat category, with mordan salt producing Pale Cyan color, Value is quite dark and flatness in the category is quite flat, with mordan lime produces Warm Brown color, Value is quite bright and evenness in the category is quite flat, with mordan whiting producing Pale Yellow color, Value is very bright and evenness in the uneven category and results with mordan alum produce color Clam Shell Pink with a light enough value and flatness in the very flat category, the Friedman K-Related Sample test results obtained for light dark colors (Value) is 0,000 <0.05, then Hₒ is rejected, meaning that there is a significant effect of dark light colors and results for color flatness, the data obtained is 0,000 <0.05 then Hₒ is rejected, meaning that there is a significant influence on the dyeing of croton leaf extract (CodiaeumVariegatum) m use mordan candis acid (Garcinia xanthochymus), salt (Nacl), lime (citrus Acurantifolia), betel lime (calcium hydroxide) and alum in cotton.Keywords: influence, mordant, croton..

Androgens stimulate many hair follicles to alter hair colour and size via the hair growth cycle; in androgenetic alopecia tiny, pale hairs gradually replace large, pigmented ones. Since stem cell factor (SCF) is important in embryonic melanocyte migration and maintaining adult rodent pigmentation, we investigated SCF/c-Kit signalling in human hair follicles to determine whether this was altered in androgenetic alopecia. Quantitative immunohistochemistry detected three melanocyte-lineage markers and c-Kit in four focus areas: the epidermis, infundibulum, hair bulb (where pigment is formed) and mid-follicle outer root sheath (ORS). Colocalisation confirmed melanocyte c-Kit expression; cultured follicular melanocytes also exhibited c-Kit. Few ORS cells expressed differentiated melanocyte markers or c-Kit, but NKI/beteb antibody, which also recognises early melanocyte-lineage antigens, identified fourfold more cells, confirmed by colocalisation. Occasional similar bulbar cells were seen. Melanocyte distribution, concentration and c-Kit expression were unaltered in balding follicles. Androgenetic alopecia cultured dermal papilla cells secreted less SCF, measured by ELISA, than normal cells. This identifies three types of melanocyte-lineage cells in human follicles. The c-Kit expression by dendritic, pigmenting, bulbar melanocytes and rounded, differentiated, non-pigmenting ORS melanocytes implicate SCF in maintaining pigmentation and migration into regenerating hair bulbs. Less differentiated, c-Kit-independent cells in the mid-follicle ORS stem cell niche and occasionally in the bulb, presumably a local reserve for long scalp hair growth, implicate other factors in activating stem cells. Androgens appear to reduce alopecia hair colour by inhibiting dermal papilla SCF production, impeding bulbar melanocyte pigmentation. These results may facilitate new treatments for hair colour changes in hirsutism, alopecia or greying.

Tel Abu Antiq is located in an area that has borders with three governorates, which are Bebel from Altaleea Side, Alnajaf Alashraf nearby Alhurriya sub district and Alqadisiya Al mhannawiya sub district. It is around 50 km away to the south of the historic city of Babel. It is located western to the archeological city of Mard 15km away nearly. . The location is famous of agriculture like the date palms and rice in particular. The hill is penetrated by drainage 20m wide known as Al haffar or the Eastern Drainage. The Drainage located to the west of it is called Alqawsi. It was dug to dry up the marshes waters in 1994. The highest point in the hill reaches 20m above sea level. The lands surrounding the hill were plain, fertile and suitable for agriculture. Many decades ago the lands were immersed by waters of Ibn Najim Marsh; one of Alshamiya and Almishkhab marshes. This immersion led to disapearance of its features. It was forgotten by the Archeological inspectors who surveyed the agricultural lands within the farms especially those were subject to settlement of the land rights in the thirties of the last century. The state organization for archeology and heritage marked in their records and maps at that time two archeological hills connected by an old irrigation canal, they are at close distance from Abu Antiq hill. The 1st is known as (Zghaitan), it is to the south west of Abu Antiq. The second is known as (Jeghaiman) to the North West. Total area of both hills with Abu Antiq is 9 square kilometers. They all make mostly a settlement. The surface areas of Zghaitan hill indicates that it belongs to the aancient babylonic era.

Yellow leaf disease (YLD) is the most destructive disease of betel palm (Areca catechu). A strong association between YLD and areca palm velarivirus 1 (APV1) has been observed. However, the causal relationship between APV1 and disease, and the transmission mode, require further investigation. This work showed that APV1 was transmitted by both Ferrisia virgata and Pseudococcus cryptus mealybugs, and caused YLD symptoms in betel palm seedlings; therefore, we demonstrate that APV1 is a causal agent of YLD. APV1 was detected in the stylets, foreguts, midguts, and hindguts of the vectors via both immunocapture RT-PCR and immunofluorescence assays. APV1 was not transmitted transovarially from viruliferous female F. virgata to their progeny. In summary, the transmission of APV1 by F. virgata may occur in a non-circulative, semi-persistent manner. This study fills important gaps in our knowledge of velarivirus transmission, which is critical for developing YLD management practices.

Abstract Betel nut is the fruit of Areca palm, growing in Papua New Guinea. Mixed with limestone and stick mustard, arecoline and guvacoline, which are present in betel nut, are hydrolyzed into arecaidine and guvacine, respectively. As part of the study on dietary habits of Papuans residents, our laboratory was asked to analyze the four alkaloids in hair to document long-term exposure. Hair samples were collected from 19 adult subjects (males = 11; females = 8), by some of the authors, and were sent to the laboratory for analysis. The four alkaloids have very similar chemical structures. In order to accurately identify the drugs, two methods were developed. First, the compounds were identified using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Then, they were quantified by an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. After decontamination with dichloromethane, hair samples were cut into very small segments and 20 mg were incubated in methanol for 2 h 30 min in an ultrasound bath. After cooling, the methanol was evaporated to dryness in presence of 20-μL octanol to prevent volatilization. Nicotine-d4 was used as an internal standard. Linearity was observed for concentrations ranging from the limit of quantification to 20 ng/mg for arecoline, arecaidine, guvacine and guvacoline. Measured concentrations were in the range 60 pg/mg to 18 ng/mg for arecoline (n = 19), 14 pg/mg to 2.5 ng/mg for guvacoline (n = 11), 63 pg/mg to 3.8 ng/mg for arecaidine (n = 11) and 100 pg/mg to 3.2 ng/mg for guvacine (n = 6). There was no correlation between concentrations of arecoline and arecaidine (ratio from 0.01 to 0.18) and guvacoline and guvacine (ratio from 0.06 to 3.50). However, the identification of these substances in hair is a good marker of consumption of betel nut and allows us to document a local practice that remains difficult to evaluate just by questioning.

Abstract. Barchia MF, Sulistyo B, Hindarto KS, Suhartoyo H. 2020. Assessment of Air Bengkulu (Indonesia) watershed based on agroecosystem landscape quality and sustainable land use plan. Biodiversitas 21: 5422-5430. This study purposes to assess agro-ecosystem landscape based on land quality values and current land use and assess agro-ecosystem matrices with agricultural conservation practices in Air Bengkulu Watershed conducted from August to December 2019. Spatial analysis used some map and Landsat 8 OLI satellite imagery and ArcGIS version 10.1. The analysis depicted spatial distribution of soil and land quality, land uses, agricultural landscape matrices, and sustainable agro-ecosystems. The assessments revealed soil quality covered Air Bengkulu Watershed categorized moderate 33.1% to good 14.4% suitable for sustainable agroecosystems while in marginal quality 38.9% mostly lying on the upstream. This unique landscape formed a land quality prone to degradation because of intensive agriculture for oil palm covering 60% and coffee plantation about 17%. Actually, only about 61.1% of the Air Bengkulu Watershed is categorized as moderate to good quality matrix of sustainable agroecosystems. Improper agricultural cultivation with monoculture system without implemented conservation practices drove landscape filled with degradation landscapes. With sustainable agro-ecosystem scenarios implementing physical conservation terraces and restored with multi-purposes tree species such as candlenut, kapok tree, betel nut, durian, good quality of the landscape matrix of 82% Air Bengkulu Watershed.

I spent more than two years in Bangladesh and lived through several incarnations—as a volunteer for aid organisations, an expatriate socialite, a bidesi (foreigner) trying to live sodesi (locally)—before becoming an ethnographer and, simultaneously, a lover and fighter of my adopted country. During the winter of my second lifetime I was sexually assaulted and at the beginning of my third lifetime, I recounted the experience at an academic conference in Dhaka. Smitten by the possibility that personal revelation could overcome cross-cultural barriers, I read A Night Out to compel others to sympathise and share, perhaps even loosen the somewhat restricted discussion of sexual intimidation in Bangladesh. Yet the response to A Night Out was quiet, absorbed by the static of courtesy, and taught me that disclosure alone cannot transcend differences to reach a space of mutual understanding. Later, when I posted A Night Out online, I observed the continued and changing capacity of revelation to evoke responses from people across genders and cultures. This article argues that the impact of revelation, although difficult to quantify, is never static and depends significantly on context: first, by describing autoethnography, a way of writing about other cultures that connects the "autobiographical and personal to the cultural, social and political" (Ellis xix), in the "Before" section to give background to A Night Out; secondly, the "After" section considers the various responses to the story and discusses it as "both a process and a product" of cultural research (xix). Before A Night Out Switching lives between Australia and Bangladesh has shown me the value of cultural research that deconstructs traditional conceptions of the "Western" and "Eastern" worlds. In terms of the representations of women, those in the East are too often prescribed the characteristics of ignorance, poverty, illiteracy, domesticity, maternity, and victimization, while the Western woman is depicted as modern, educated, in control of her body and sexuality (Gandhi 86). As a researcher, ultimately, of the life stories of Bangladeshi women, I sought to decrease the misconceptions surrounding those who were, like me, never only "West" or "East", influenced but never solely defined by their culture. Autoethnography is a method of cultural research that makes connections between "individual experience and social processes" in ways that emphasise the essential falsity of cultural categories (Sparkes 217). To transcend these boundaries of people, place and time, autoethnographers make use of narrative, believing it to be "the best way to understand the human experience" because it is "the way humans understand their own lives" (Richardson 218). As a writer, I likewise believe that narrative provides a way to make sense of or negotiate one's place in relation to any space or group of people. In particular, telling personal stories "bears fruit" of "reaching out to others," provoking their own stories and emotional responses, thereby becoming an effective cultural research method (Four Arrows 106). I remember my admiration for the Bangladeshi writer Shabnam Nadiya, who in Woman Alone describes her isolating experiences of sexual molestation as a girl and, later, the realisation via the writing of Taslima Nasrin that "it happened everywhere, everyday ... to anyone" (2008). For Nadiya, self-reflexivity created a "bridge" between the interior practise of reading and the exterior "everyday lived life" of communal experience and identity (2008). While connections on such an intimate scale may be difficult or unwelcome, making them is significant as "the process of revolution itself" (Ware 239). Inspired by Nadiya to write a piece with enough emotional power to reach over the public space of the conference room, my revelation concerned one of my own experiences as a woman in Bangladesh. A Night Out I was never afraid of my city at night. The time I liked Dhaka best was when the day wore down to dusk and the sky looked like it had been brushed clean. When I lived near Dhanmondi Lake I would walk through the drab hues of the surrounding park with its concrete paths and dusty trees that stretched their reflections across the pond-green water. The park was always crowded with raucous wallahs (vendors) and power walking women in bright dresses, yet even so I was the focus of attention, haunted by exclamations of "Koto lomba!" (How tall!) until my shadows became longer than myself in the quartzy light, and I was not so noticeable. When I moved to the Newmarket area I would spend the twilight hours sitting barefoot on my balcony in a voluminous housedress, watching Dhaka's night stage. Children played games on the rooftop of the lower apartment block opposite, women unhooked lines of fresh laundry and groups of friends would chat or play guitar. Even when the evening azan growled from the megaphones of nearby mosques there was activity on the street below, figures moving under the marigold glare of the sodium streetlights or, in winter, stretching nets across the street for badminton matches. Rickshawallahs rang their bells to the call of the crows and there was always an obnoxious motorist laying into his car horn. I felt more a part of my neighbourhood at this distance than when I became, eight floors down, the all-too-visible spectacle of the only foreigner in the district. The flat, my only source of solitude in Dhaka, was in a peaceful building set at the end of a road that turned three corners before coming to a blind halt. Walking its length day and night to reach the main thoroughfare, I got to know the road well. A few old bungalows remained, with comfortably decaying verandas behind wrought-ironwork and the shade of banana trees. Past the first corner the road became an entry for Dhaka College and the high school opposite; houses gave way to walls papered with adverts, a cluster of municipal bins surrounded by litter and wooden shacks that served cha (tea) and fried snacks. I was on friendly terms with the grey-haired wallah who stalked the area daily with his vegetable cart and one betel-chewing woman who sorted the neighbourhood rubbish. Once I neared the college attention from the chawallahs and students became more harassing than friendly, but I continued to walk to and from my house and most of the time, I walked alone. When solitude turns oppressive, the solution is to open all windows and doors and let air and friends in. One evening I invited Mia and Farad, both journalists and wine-drinkers, who arrived before sunset and stayed almost til midnight. We all knew the later it became the harder it would be for Mia to reach her home across the city. A call to one of the less dodgy cab companies proved us right—there were no taxis available in the area. It would be better, said Farad, to walk to the main road and hail a cab from there. Reluctant to end the evening at the elevator, I locked my door and joined my friends on the walk out to Mipur Road, which even at midnight stirred with the occasional activity of tradesmen and drivers. After a few attempts, Farad flagged down a cab, negotiated a fare and recorded the driver's number. It was part of the safety training Mia and I had imbibed as foreigners over the years. Other examples included "Never buy spices from the sacks at the market" and "Never wear gold necklaces while riding rickshaws." "I should catch my bus," Farad announced after Mia's departure. "But you've left your books in my house," I replied. "I thought you were coming back to get them." Farad was incredibly sexy with his brooding face and shaggy black beard and I had hoped more time would reveal reciprocal interest. From one writer to another it was not a suggestive line, but I was too shy to be more explicit with my male friends in Bangladesh, who treated me as one of the boys and silenced me sometimes with their unexpectedly conservative views of women. Farad considered my comment. "I'll collect them later, or we can meet at the university in a few days. Do you need to catch a rickshaw to your door?" "I don't have any taka on me," I said, "and it's not far." I was, after all, in my own street, not being chauffeured home by a bleary-eyed driver. "Thanks for coming! Abar dekha hobe (see you again)." "Goodnight," Farad replied and as he turned to leave I saw him grin into his beard, amused by my tipsy pronunciation. Fatigue dropped heavily on my shoulders as I strolled back down the road. My flat, with its small clean bed and softly purring ceiling fans, seemed far away at the end of the alley. It was very quiet, as quiet as home when I used to walk through the city to the train station after late night shifts on the suicide hotline. The dim light in the street exposed its emptiness. The stalls along the road had shut hours earlier and the only movement came from a middle-aged man taking his exercise, swinging his arms widely from side to side as he strode home. As I turned the first corner of the alley, another man approached me from behind. I glanced at him, probably because he had glanced at me. "Are you OK?" he asked. "Fine." "What is your country?" "Look," I said, unaccountably feeling my heart rate increase, "I'm sorry, but I don't want to talk now." "No problem, no problem," he assured me, spreading his hands and smiling, displaying two charming rows of teeth. "Relax. You're very nice." My instinct was to smile back. We walked past the waste piles that had been emptied from the bins, ready for sorting. The woman I exchanged greetings with worked here on most days and instructed me on how to wear my orna (scarf) when it wasn't placed correctly over my chest. I wondered now where she slept at night. Calculating the closeness of my friend seemed less like idle speculation when the man who was walking beside me stepped directly into my path. He was tall and lean and wore a dark blue shirt. His face gleamed, as if he had been sweating during the day and had not washed off the residue. It occurred to me to twist past him and walk faster, maybe even run. I considered how fast and how far I could go in my thongs and wondered if I should kick them off, and then start to run. "No problem," the man repeated, holding out his hands again, placing them tightly behind my neck. He pulled me towards the wall as he forced me back by moving closer. Instant wetness struck me as I felt the concrete—my pelvic floor had made the first start of surprise. The strong hands moved quickly from my neck to my breasts. "I just want to…" said the man, squeezing both breasts like he was selecting fruit. He added, "You're very nice." I was wearing the only remotely attractive bra I owned, purchased from the supermarket on Dhanmondi 27. The cups, moulded from black synthetic lace, made my chest stick out in jaunty cones like a 1950s sex-bomb and the underwire dug into my chest. Clothes can be armour, yet in this case had depleted my self-preservation. I stood quite still, thinking only of what might happen next. I was against a wall in an alleyway at midnight, with no-one around except the man who was groping me. Finally I reacted, though it was not the reaction I would have guessed at my most objective self. Cowgirls get the blues, rough beasts slouch to be born and six foot one kick-boxing world travelling feminists scream like frightened cats with the shock of even minor violation. And certain men, I learned on my night out, chuckle at the distress they cause and then run away. After A Night Out The personal and public impacts of A Night Out proved to be cumulative over time and throughout retellings. When I read the piece at the Dhaka conference I was set to unleash the "transformative and efficacious potential" that autoethnography legendarily contains (Spry 712), though if my revelation achieved anything close to such a transformation, it was unclear. A female academic who had been chatting with me before my presentation, left the room directly after it. The students, mainly female undergraduates, had no questions to ask about any aspect of my paper. Whatever reactions my audience felt, if any, were not discussed. After my presentation, the male convenor privately expressed his regret over my experience and related more horrific examples. Sexual harassment of women is prevalent in Bangladesh yet so too is the culture of blaming the victim and denying the crime (cf. Lodhi; Mudditt; Nadiya), an attitude reflected through the use of the term "Eve Teasing," which assigns the provocative role to the woman and normalises the aggressive or sexual actions of the perpetrator (Kabeer 149). The response of this liberal and thoughtful man to my revelation was the only one that was articulated. By this measurement, A Night Out had failed to make the desired impact. One of the greatest reasons for this was the tension between the personal motivation behind my revelation and the public impact I had optimistically expected. A Night Out omits the reactions of my community immediately after my assault, when I was chastised for walking alone at such at late hour and for failing to defend myself, particularly given my size. In my street, gossip spread that I had not been groped but mugged, a less lecherous so perhaps more acceptable offense. I read A Night Out partly to gain some retrospective acknowledgement of my experience and in my determination I defied the complexities of a conservative country…[in which] women do not live alone, do not have male friends, do not travel by themselves or smoke cigarettes publicly and most definitely [...] do not talk or write about sexual topics. In Dhaka these things matter and 'decent women' are supposed to play by the rules. (Deen 35) Although I observed this conservatism to varying degrees in Bangladesh, I know that when women play outside the rules, negotiating cultural norms becomes a process of "alliance and conflict" that requires sensitivity to practise (Akhter 22)—a sensitivity that is difficult to grasp. The career of Bangladeshi writer Taslima Nasrin illustrates this: credited with opening doors of feminist discussion "that had been shuttered by genteel conservatism, by niceness, by ignorance and denial" (Nadiya), Nasrin diminished this effect and alienated her audience through subsequent "shock tactics and sensationalism" (Deen 56). Although my revelation had also alienated my audience, it was not the impact I had hoped for. While Linda Park-Fuller celebrates autoethnographic performance as a "transgressive act—a revealing of what has been kept hidden, a speaking of what has been silenced" (26), the conference experience made me realise the significance of cultural context to the impact of revelation. I considered recasting A Night Out in a setting that was more intimate than academic, to an audience prepared for the content and united by achieving a specific outcome, where responses could be given privately if desired. I would also have to shift my role from defiant storyteller to one who welcomed all types of feedback. By posting A Night Out online as a Facebook note, I not only fulfilled the requirements above but made the story accessible to a large audience of men and women of diverse cultural backgrounds, including Bangladeshi. The written replies I received were easier to decipher than the faces after the conference presentation. Among the responses, some from people I did not know at all, many conveyed their appreciation for the description of Bangladesh. Others commented on the risk I took in walking down the road at night and suggested ways I could defend myself in future. I was told I was tough to write the account and was invited to share more of my experiences. One friend in Bangladesh shared my note with others and wrote to describe the reaction of a female friend of his who was "terribly shocked" by what I had written about my breasts, more than my attraction to Farad or the sexual assault itself. This anonymous respondent's "pure cultural shock", which my conference audience may also have felt, was better communicated through the Facebook retelling of A Night Out, although I am unable to interpret the silence of the other Bangladeshi women I sent the note to. While the responses I received indicated my revelation had made some impact in its online context, I could not help being especially touched when a male friend wrote, "And as a Bangladeshi I feel sorry for [your trouble]." It is one matter to write up a personal experience and another to have it make a public impact. As my first reading of A Night Out shows, autoethnographic revelation contains the potential to alienate as well as to create sympathy with an audience. Combined with the second, more private and accessible, distribution of A Night Out, this "Before" and "After" analysis shows the evolution of the revelation's impact on my audience as well as myself, over time and within different cultural contexts, in the academic, social and online arenas. Although my experience confirms the impact autoethnography can make as a form of cultural research, it can only be strengthened by continued attempts to seek a balance between the projections and inflections of culture, self and audience. It is not only in the telling but in the re-telling that personal revelations will gather and continue to give impact, which is why I now present A Night Out to a new audience in a new context and await your new responses. References Akhter, Farida. Seeds of Movements: On Women's Issues In Bangladesh. Dhaka: Narigrantha Prabartana, 2007. Deen, Hanifa. Broken Bangles. New Delhi: Penguin, 1998. Ellis, Carolyn. The Ethnographic I: A Methodological Novel about Autoethnography. Walnut Creek: AltaMira P, 2004. Four Arrows. The Authentic Dissertation: Alternate Ways of Knowing, Research, and Representation. London: Routledge, 2008. Gandhi, Leela. Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction. St Leonards: Allen and Unwin, 1998. Kabeer, Naila. 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Walnut Creek: AltaMira, 2002. 209–32. Spry, Tami. "Performing Autoethnography: An Embodied Methodological Praxis." Qualitative Inquiry 7.6 (2001): 706–32. Ware, Vron. Beyond the Pale: White Women, Racism and History. London: Verso, 1992.