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Journal articles on the topic "Beyblade Volume 09 Download"

1

Gomes, Silvia Janaina Silveira, and Nilma Margarida de Castro Crusoé. "Prática formativa no ensino superior na perspectiva da Fenomenologia Sociológica: narrativa de estudantes (Formative practice in higher education from perspective of Sociological Phenomenology: student narrative)." Revista Eletrônica de Educação 14 (March 3, 2020): 3446062. http://dx.doi.org/10.14244/198271993446.

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This article aims to present a research result on meanings of formative practice in the context of Institutional Program of Initiation to Teaching (PIBID). As a research method, adopted the sociological phenomenology that allowed, among other aspects, to understand the symbolic dimension of formative practice for each students. One of the principles of that method consists in the perspective that senses emerge from the relation with the other, bringing to surface the idea of intersubjectivity, thus configuring a phenomenology of social relations. In order to access the senses produced in the world of life, in encounter of consciousness with the world, in specific case of this research, in the context of formative practice, semistructured interview has been used with five undergraduate students invited to give a break in the flow of life for think about teacher training. The senses revealed in this study are close to the concern with student learning, having the teacher as the main driver of this process, as well as the student and his way of learning. There are also senses about difficulties that each student presents in application of knowledge and draws attention to the relation between knowledge and reality. Sense about the teacher-student relationship reveals concern with professional and human dimension as well as authority of teacher's knowledge in the classroom with students.Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar resultado de pesquisa sobre sentidos de prática formativa no contexto do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência (PIBID). Como método de pesquisa adotou-se a Fenomenologia Sociológica que permitiu, entre outros aspectos, compreender a dimensão simbólica da prática formativa para cada um dos estudantes. Um dos princípios desse método consiste na perspectiva de que os sentidos nascem da relação com o outro trazendo à tona a ideia de intersubjetividade configurando, assim, uma Fenomenologia das relações sociais. Para acessar os sentidos produzidos no mundo da vida, no encontro da consciência com o mundo, no caso especifico desta pesquisa, no contexto da prática formativa, foi utilizada a entrevista semiestruturada com cinco estudantes de licenciaturas diversas, convidados a suspender o fluxo da vida para pensar sobre sua formação docente. Os sentidos revelados neste estudo se aproximam na preocupação com a aprendizagem do estudante tendo o professor como principal condutor desse processo como, também, o estudante e seu modo de aprender. Aparecem, também, sentidos a respeito das dificuldades que cada aluno apresenta na aplicação do conhecimento e chama à atenção para a relação entre conhecimento e realidade. Sentidos sobre a relação professor-estudante revelam preocupação com a dimensão profissional e humana, bem como a autoridade do conhecimento do professor, em sala de aula, com os estudantes.ResumenEste artículo tiene como objetivo presentar resultados de investigación sobre sentidos de práctica formativa en el contexto del Programa Institucional de Beca de Iniciación a la Docencia (PIBID). Como método de investigación se adoptó si la fenomenología sociológica que permitió, entre otros aspectos, comprender la dimensión simbólica de la práctica formativa para cada uno de los estudiantes. Uno de los principios de este método consiste en la perspectiva de que los sentidos nacen de la relación con el otro trayendo a la superficie la idea de intersubjetividad, configurando así una fenomenología de las relaciones sociales. Para acceder a los sentidos producidos en el mundo de la vida, en el encuentro de la conciencia con el mundo, en el caso específico de esa investigación, en el contexto de la práctica formativa, se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada con cinco estudiantes de licenciaturas diversas, invitados a suspender el flujo de la vida para pensar en su formación docente. Los sentidos revelados en este estudio se aproximan a la preocupación por el aprendizaje del estudiante teniendo el profesor como principal conductor de ese proceso como, también, el estudiante y su modo de aprender. Aparecen, también, sentidos respecto a las dificultades que cada alumno presenta en la aplicación del conocimiento y llama la atención sobre la relación entre conocimiento y realidad. Los sentidos sobre la relación profesor-estudiante revelan preocupación por la dimensión profesional y humana así como la autoridad del conocimiento del profesor, en el aula, con los estudiantes.Palavras-chave: Ensino superior, Fenomenologia sociológica, Prática formativa.Keywords: Higher education, Sociological phenomenology, Formative practice.Palabras clave: Enseñanza superior, Fenomenología sociológica, Práctica formativa.ReferencesAMADO, J. Manual de investigação qualitativa em educação. Portugal: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2014.AMBROSETTI, N. B. et al. Contribuições do PIBID para a formação inicial de professores: o olhar dos estudantes. Educação em Perspectiva, Viçosa, v. 4, n. 1, p. 151-174, jan./jun. 2013. Disponível em http://www.seer.ufv.br/seer/educacaoemperspectiva/index.php/ppgeufv/article/viewFile/405/106 Acesso em 10/03/2017.ASSIS, A. S. de. Contribuições do PIBID para a valorização dos professores: o que dizem as teses e dissertações? 38ª Reunião Nacional da ANPEd – 01 a 05 de outubro de 2017, UFMA – São Luís. Disponível em http://38reuniao.anped.org.br/sites/default/files/resources/programacao/trabalho_38anped_2017_GT08_1256.pdf Acesso em 18/11/2017.BRASIL. Decreto nº 7.219, de 24 de junho de 2010. Dispõe sobre o Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência – Pibid. Disponível em http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2010/Decreto/D7219.htm Acesso em 08/03/2017.BRASIL. Lei nº 11.502, de 11 de julho de 2007. Modifica as competências e a estrutura organizacional da fundação Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES, de que trata a Lei no 8.405, de 9 de janeiro de 1992; e altera as Leis nos 8.405, de 9 de janeiro de 1992, e 11.273, de 6 de fevereiro de 2006, que autoriza a concessão de bolsas de estudo e de pesquisa a participantes de programas de formação inicial e continuada de professores para a educação básica. Disponível em https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2007/Lei/L11502.htm Acesso em 08/03/2017.BRASIL. Portaria Normativa nº 38, de 12 de dezembro de 2007. Ministério da Educação. Dispõe sobre o Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência. Disponível em https://www.capes.gov.br/images/stories/download/legislacao/Portaria_Normativa_38_PIBID.pdf Acesso em 08/03/2017.CRUSOÉ, Nilma Margarida de Castro. Subprojeto de Pedagogia: A organização da prática pedagógica dos professores dos três (03) anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental de nove (09) anos: articulação e continuidade da trajetória escolar. In: BAHIA, Projeto Institucional Microrrede de ensino-aprendizagem-formação. PIBID/UESB, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, 2012.CRUSOÉ, Nilma Margarida de Castro. Prática Pedagógica interdisciplinar na escola fundamental: sentidos atribuídos pelas professoras. Curitiba, PR:CRV, 2014.FELÍCIO, H. M. dos S. O PIBID com “terceiro espaço” de formação inicial de professores. Rev. Diálogo Educ., Curitiba, V. 14. n. 42, p. 415-434, maio/ago. 2014. Disponível em http://www2.pucpr.br/reol/index.php/dialogo?dd99=pdf&dd1=12752 Acesso em 03/07/2017.FREIRE, P. Professora sim, tia não: cartas a quem ousa ensinar. São Paulo: Olho Dágua, 1997.FREIRE, P. Pedagogia da autonomia: saberes necessários à prática educativa. 36 ed. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 1996.GATTI, B.; BARRETTO, E. S. de S.; ANDRÉ, M. E. D. A. Políticas docentes no Brasil: um estado da arte. Brasília: UNESCO, 2011. Disponível em http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002121/212183POR.pdf Acesso em 10/03/2017.HUSSERL, Edmund. Investigações lógicas: segundo volume, parte I: investigações para a fenomenologia e a Teoria do conhecimento. Rio de Janeiro: Forense, 2015.HUSSERL, Edmund. Ideias para uma fenomenologia pura e para uma filosofia fenomenológica: introdução geral à fenomenologia pura. Aparecida, SP: Ideias & Letras, 2006. MEC/UFRGS. Projeto de cooperação técnica MEC e UFRGS para construção de orientações curriculares para a Educação Infantil. Brasília, 2009. Disponível em http://portal.mec.gov.br/dmdocuments/relat_seb_praticas_cotidianas.pdf Acesso em 24/01/2019.MINAYO, M. C. de S. O desafio do conhecimento: pesquisa qualitativa em saúde. 12 ed. São Paulo: Hucitec, 2010.PROJETO INSTITUCIONAL DE BOLSA DE INICIAÇÃO À DOCÊNCIA – PIBID. Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia – UESB. Microrrede de ensino-aprendizagem-formação. 2012. Disponível em http://www.uesb.br/links/2013/05/fapesb/projeto_institucional_2012.pdf Acesso em 04/03/2017.SAVIANI, D. Pedagogia histórico-crítica: primeiras aproximações. 11 ed. rev. Campinas, SP: Autores Associados, 2011. (Coleção Educação contemporânea).SAVIANI, D. Escola e democracia. 32 ed. Campinas, SP: Autores Associados, 1999. (Coleção Polêmicas do nosso tempo).SCHUTZ, A. Sobre fenomenologia e relações sociais. Edição e organização: Helmut T. R. Wagner. Tradução de Raquel Weiss. Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes, 2012.ZEICHNER, K. Repensando as conexões entre a formação na universidade e as experiências de campo na formação de professores em faculdades e universidades. Educação, Santa Maria, v. 35, n. 3, p. 479-504, set./dez. 2010. Disponível em https://periodicos.ufsm.br/reveducacao/article/view/2357/1424 Acesso em 20/05/2017.e3446062
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Pendrill, L. R., A. Allard, N. Fischer, P. M. Harris, J. Nguyen, and I. M. Smith. "Software to Maximize End-User Uptake of Conformity Assessment With Measurement Uncertainty, Including Bivariate Cases. The European EMPIR CASoft Project." NCSL International Measure 13, no. 1 (February 2021): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.1.6.

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Facilitating the uptake of established methodologies for risk-based decision-making in product conformity assessment taking into account measurement uncertainty by providing dedicated software is the aim of the European project EMPIR CASoft(2018–2020), involving the National Measurement Institutes from France, Sweden and the UK, and industrial partner Trescal (FR) as primary supporter. The freely available software helps end-users perform the required risk calculations in accordance with current practice and regulations and extends that current practice to include bivariate cases. The software is also aimed at supporting testing and calibration laboratories in the application of the latest version of the ISO/IEC 17025:2017 standard, which requires that“…the laboratory shall document the decision rule employed, taking into account the level of risk […] associated with the decision rule and apply the decision rule.” Initial experiences following launch of the new software in Spring 2020 are reported.
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VIEIRA, Eliana Sales. "REMEMORAR É PRECISO: ECOS DA ESCRAVIDÃO NOS POEMAS DE FÁTIMA TRINCHÃO." Trama 15, no. 36 (October 11, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.48075/rt.v15i36.22335.

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O presente texto propõe-se a analisar a produção literária da escritora negra baiana Fátima Trinchão, como uma prática de (r)existência, com base nos estudos sobre feminismo negro a partir de uma leitura decolonial. Para compor tal reflexão, foram selecionados poemas da escritora que rememoram a escravidão, período no qual o corpo das mulheres negras foi destituído de mente (HOOKS, 1995), sendo sistematicamente violentado pelos senhores brancos. A partir dessa análise, pretende-se pensar como essa escrita (re)significa as memórias da escravidão, entendendo que esse ato de rememoração reveste-se, conforme aponta Márcia dos Santos (2007), de uma intencionalidade que, para além da perspectiva de “conhecer o passado”, delimita também ações e reações necessárias ao exercício político, marcando identidades e lutas.REFERÊNCIAS:ALBUQUERQUE, Wlamyra R. de; FRAGA FILHO, Walter. Uma história do negro no Brasil. Salvador: Centro de Estudos Afro-Orientais; Brasília: Fundação Cultural Palmares, 2006. Disponível em: https://www.geledes.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/uma-historia-do-negro-no-brasil.pdf. Acesso: 13 ago. 2018.BENJAMIN, Walter. Sobre o conceito da história. In: ______ Magia e técnica, arte e política: ensaios sobre literatura e história da cultura – Obras Escolhidas, Volume I. Trad. Paulo Sérgio Rouanet – 8. ed. – São Paulo: Brasiliense, 2012, p. 241-252.CARNEIRO, Sueli. Enegrecer o feminismo: a situação da mulher negra na América Latina a partir de uma perspectiva de gênero. In Ashoka Empreendimentos Sociais Takano Cidadania (Orgs.). Racismos contemporâneos. Rio de Janeiro: Takano Editora, 2003, p. 49-58. Disponível em: https://pt.scribd.com/document/322208263/Sueli-Carneiro-Enegrecer-o-Feminismo. Acesso em: 28 maio 2018.DAVIS, Ângela. O legado da escravatura: bases para uma nova natureza feminina. In: ________ Mulher, Raça e Classe. Tradução Livre. Plataforma Gueto, 2013. Disponível em: https://we.riseup.net/assets/165852/mulheres-rac3a7a-e-classe.pdf. Acesso em: 23 maio 2018.DELEUZE, Gilles. A literatura e a vida. In:______. Crítica e clínica. São Paulo: Editora 34, 2004. p. 11-16.EVARISTO, Conceição. Conceição Evaristo: minha escrita é contaminada pela condição de mulher negra. Nexo Jornal, São Paulo, 26 maio 2017. Entrevista concedida a Juliana Domingos de Lima. Disponível em: https://www.nexojornal.com.br/entrevista/2017/05/26/Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o-Evaristo-%E2%80%98minha-escrita-%C3%A9-contaminada-pela-condi%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-mulher-negra%E2%80%99. Acesso: 13 ago. 2018.EVARISTO, Conceição. Da grafia-desenho de minha mãe, um dos lugares de nascimento de minha escrita. In: ALEXANDRE, Marcos Antônio (org). Representações performáticas brasileiras: teorias, práticas e suas interfaces. Belo Horizonte: Mazza Edições, 2007, p 16-21. Disponível em: http://nossaescrevivencia.blogspot.com/2012/08/da-grafia-desenho-de-minha-mae-um-dos.html. Acesso: 13 ago. 2018.FIGUEIREDO, Eurídice. Mulheres ao espelho: autobiografia, ficção, autoficção. Rio de Janeiro: EdUERJ, 2013.FOUCAULT, Michel. Microfísica do poder. Trad. de Roberto Machado. 2a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 2015.GAGNEBIN, Jeanne Marie. Memória, história, testemunho. In: ______. Lembrar escrever esquecer. São Paulo: Ed. 34, 2006, p. 49-57. Disponível em: https://joaocamillopenna.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/gagnebin-jeanne-marie-lembrar-escrever-esquecer.pdf. Acesso: 25 maio. 2014.GOMES, Nilma Lino. Intelectuais Negros e Produção do Conhecimento: algumas reflexões sobre a realidade brasileira. In: SANTOS, Boaventura de Sousa; MENESES, Maria Paula. (Orgs.) Epistemologias do Sul. Coimbra: Edições Almedina. AS, 2009, p. 419-441. Disponível em: http://cvc.instituto-camoes.pt/conhecer/biblioteca-digital-camoes/pensamento-e-ciencia/2106-2106/file.html. Acesso em: 27 maio 2018.GONZALEZ, Lélia. Racismo e sexismo na cultura brasileira. In: Revista Ciências Sociais Hoje, Anpocs, 1984, p. 223-244. Disponível em: https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4130749/mod_resource/content/1/Gonzalez.Lelia%281983-original%29.Racismo%20e%20sexismo%20na%20cultura%20brasileira_1983.pdf. Acesso em: 28 maio 2018.HOOKS, bell. Mulheres negras: moldando a teoria feminista. In: Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política, nº16. Tradução de Roberto Cataldo Costa. Brasília, janeiro - abril de 2015, pp. 193-210. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbcpol/n16/0103-3352-rbcpol-16-00193.pdf. Acesso em: 23 maio 2018.HOUAISS, Antônio. Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa. Rio de Janeiro, Ed. Objetiva, 2001.KILOMBA, Grada. Descolonizando o conhecimento: uma palestra-performance de Grada Kilomba. 2016. Tradução: Jessica Oliveira. Disponível em: http://www.goethe.de/mmo/priv/15259710-STANDARD.pdf. Acesso em: 6 de jun de 2018.LE GOFF, Jacques. Memória. In: ______ História e memória. Tradução Bernardo Leitão et al. Campinas: EDUNICAMP, 1990, p. 423-483. (Coleção Repertórios) Disponível em: http://memorial.trt11.jus.br/wp-content/uploads/Hist%C3%B3ria-e-Mem%C3%B3ria.pdf. Acesso em: 20 maio 2014.LUZ, Marco Aurélio. Cultura negra e ideologia do recalque. 3a ed. Salvador: EDUFBA; Rio de Janeiro: PALLAS, 2011.SANTIAGO, Ana Rita. Vozes literárias de escritoras negras. Cruz das Almas/BA: UFRB, 2012. Disponível em: https://www1.ufrb.edu.br/editora/component/phocadownload/category/2-e-books?download=19:vozes-literarias-de-escritoras-negras. Acesso em: 27 maio 2018.SANTOS, Márcia Pereira dos. História e memória: desafios de uma relação teórica. In: OPSIS – Revista do Núcleo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa e Estudos culturais, v.7, n.9, 2007, p. 81-97. Disponível em: http://www.revistas.ufg.br/index.php/Opsis/article/viewFile/9331/6423. Acesso em: 25 maio. 2014.SILVA, Ana Rita Santiago da. Literatura de autoria feminina negra: (des)silenciamentos e ressignificações. Vertentes Interfaces I: Estudos Literários e Comparados. Fólio – Revista de Letras, Vitória da Conquista, v. 2, n. 1 p. 20-37, jan./jun. 2010. Disponível em: http://periodicos.uesb.br/index.php/folio/article/viewFile/38/276. Acesso em: 28 abr. 2018.SILVA, Ana Rita Santiago da. O tear de memórias na poética de escritoras negras baianas. In: LEÃO, Allison; CAVALHEIRO, Juciane RIOS, Otávio. Colóquio Nacional Poéticas do Imaginário da Cátedra Amazonense de Estudos Literários: literatura, história, memória. Manaus, AM: UEA Edições, 2009, p. 22-36. Disponível em: http://www.pos.uea.edu.br/data/area/download/download/51-1.pdf. Acesso em: 23 maio 2018.SILVA, Tomaz Tadeu da. A produção social da identidade e da diferença. In: ______ (org.); HALL, Stuart; WOODWARD, Kathryn. Identidade e diferença: a perspectiva dos estudos culturais. 13. ed. Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes, 2013, p. 73-102.TRINCHÃO, Fátima. Ecos do passado. Disponível em: http://www.fatimatrinchao.net/. Acesso em: 23 maio 2018.TRINCHÃO, Fátima. Mulheres negras mulheres. Disponível em: http://www.fatimatrinchao.net/. Acesso em: 23 maio 2018.TRINCHÃO, Fátima. O canto da chibata. Disponível em: http://www.fatimatrinchao.net/. Acesso em: 23 maio 2018.TRINCHÃO, Fátima. Saudades da terra. Disponível em: http://www.fatimatrinchao.net/. Acesso em: 23 maio 2018.ENVIADO EM 09-06-19 | ACEITO EM 26-06-19
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Araújo, Osmar Hélio Alves. "O estágio como práxis, a pedagogia e a didática: que relação é essa? (The internship as praxis, pedagogy and didactics: what does this relationship consist in?)." Revista Eletrônica de Educação 12, no. 3 (October 24, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.14244/198271993096.

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The focus of this study is the problematization of the supervised internship as praxis and its relationship with Pedagogy and Didactics, as well as its secondation in the Pedagogical Residence Program in the contemporary Brazilian social-political context. This study theoretically assumes that the internship as praxis, reflection and experimentation of planning, teaching and evaluation practices in the basic education network is a subsidy for the professional development and pedagogical training of undergraduate students. In particular, we emphasize that internships are praxis because this is a pedagogical process, a teaching instrument and a seizure of the teaching profession, comprising the principle of knowledge production from a critical reading of reality, and subsidized, above all, by Pedagogy and Didactics.ResumoO foco deste estudo é a problematização do estágio supervisionado como práxis, sua relação com a Pedagogia e a Didática, e sua secundarização no Programa de Residência Pedagógica no contexto social-político brasileiro contemporâneo. Neste trabalho, teoricamente, parte-se do pressuposto que o estágio como práxis, reflexão e experimentação de práticas de planejamento, de ensino e avaliação nas redes de ensino básico, é subsídio para o desenvolvimento profissional e a formação pedagógica dos estudantes dos cursos de licenciatura. Enfatizamos, em particular, que o estágio é práxis porque é um processo pedagógico; instrumento de ensino e de apreensão da profissão docente tendo como princípio a produção do conhecimento a partir da leitura crítica da realidade, e subsidiado, sobretudo, pela Pedagogia e a Didática.ResumenEl enfoque de este estudio es la problematización de las prácticas docentes supervisadas como praxis, su relación con la Pedagogía y la Didáctica y su secundarización en el Programa de Residencia Pedagógica en el contexto social-político brasilero contemporáneo. En este trabajo, teóricamente, se parte de la presuposición de que las prácticas docentes actúan como praxis, reflexión y experimentación de prácticas de planeamiento, de enseñanza y de evaluación en las redes de enseñanza básica, son fundamentales para el desarrollo profesional y la formación pedagógica de los estudiantes de las carreras de licenciatura. Enfatizamos, en particular, que las prácticas son praxis porque son un proceso pedagógico; instrumento de enseñanza y de aprehensión de la profesión docente teniendo como principio la producción del conocimiento a partir de la lectura crítica de la realidad, y subsidiadas, especialmente, por la Pedagogía y la Didáctica.Palavras-chave: Estágio, Práxis, Pedagogia e didática, Formação docente. Keywords: Internship, Práxis, Pedagogy and Didactics, Teacher training.Palabras-clave: Prácticas docentes, Praxis, Pedagogía y didáctica, Formación docente.ReferencesANDRÉ, Eliza Dalmazo Afonso de; ALMEIDA, Patrícia Cristina Albieri de. A profissionalidade do professor formador das licenciaturas. Rev. educ. PUC-Camp., Campinas, 22(2):203-219, maio/ago., 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.24220/2318-0870v22n2a3640. Acesso em: 21 set. 2018.ANDRÉ, Marli; CALIL, Ana Maria Gimenes Corrêa; MARTINS, Francine de Paulo; PEREIRA, Marli Amélia Lucas. O papel do outro na constituição da profissionalidade de professoras iniciantes. Revista Eletrônica de Educação, v.11, n.2, p. 505-520, jun./ago. 2017. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.14244/198271992231. Acesso em: 21 ago. 2018.ANFOPE, Associação Nacional pela Formação dos Profissionais da Educação. Manifesto contra a medida provisória N. 746/2016. Disponível em: http://www.anfope.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Manifesto-Anfope-MP-746-12.10.2016R.pdf. Acesso em: 01 Out. 2018.ANPED - Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Educação. A política de formação de professores no Brasil de 2018: uma análise dos Editais CAPES de Residência Pedagógica e PIBID e a reafirmação da resolução CNE/CP 02/2015. Rio de Janeiro – RJ, ANPED, 2018. Disponível em: http://www.anped.org.br/news/em-audiencia-no-cne-anped-e-entidades-de-pesquisa-repudiam-submissao-de-formacao-de-professores. Acesso em: 04 ago. 2018.ARAÚJO, Osmar Hélio Alves; RIBEIRO, Luís Távora Furtado. 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Collins, Steve. "Amen to That." M/C Journal 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2638.

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Abstract:
In 1956, John Cage predicted that “in the future, records will be made from records” (Duffel, 202). Certainly, musical creativity has always involved a certain amount of appropriation and adaptation of previous works. For example, Vivaldi appropriated and adapted the “Cum sancto spiritu” fugue of Ruggieri’s Gloria (Burnett, 4; Forbes, 261). If stuck for a guitar solo on stage, Keith Richards admits that he’ll adapt Buddy Holly for his own purposes (Street, 135). Similarly, Nirvana adapted the opening riff from Killing Jokes’ “Eighties” for their song “Come as You Are”. Musical “quotation” is actively encouraged in jazz, and contemporary hip-hop would not exist if the genre’s pioneers and progenitors had not plundered and adapted existing recorded music. Sampling technologies, however, have taken musical adaptation a step further and realised Cage’s prediction. Hardware and software samplers have developed to the stage where any piece of audio can be appropriated and adapted to suit the creative impulses of the sampling musician (or samplist). The practice of sampling challenges established notions of creativity, with whole albums created with no original musical input as most would understand it—literally “records made from records.” Sample-based music is premised on adapting audio plundered from the cultural environment. This paper explores the ways in which technology is used to adapt previous recordings into new ones, and how musicians themselves have adapted to the potentials of digital technology for exploring alternative approaches to musical creativity. Sampling is frequently defined as “the process of converting an analog signal to a digital format.” While this definition remains true, it does not acknowledge the prevalence of digital media. The “analogue to digital” method of sampling requires a microphone or instrument to be recorded directly into a sampler. Digital media, however, simplifies the process. For example, a samplist can download a video from YouTube and rip the audio track for editing, slicing, and manipulation, all using software within the noiseless digital environment of the computer. Perhaps it is more prudent to describe sampling simply as the process of capturing sound. Regardless of the process, once a sound is loaded into a sampler (hardware or software) it can be replayed using a MIDI keyboard, trigger pad or sequencer. Use of the sampled sound, however, need not be a faithful rendition or clone of the original. At the most basic level of manipulation, the duration and pitch of sounds can be altered. The digital processes that are implemented into the Roland VariOS Phrase Sampler allow samplists to eliminate the pitch or melodic quality of a sampled phrase. The phrase can then be melodically redefined as the samplist sees fit: adapted to a new tempo, key signature, and context or genre. Similarly, software such as Propellerhead’s ReCycle slices drum beats into individual hits for use with a loop sampler such as Reason’s Dr Rex module. Once loaded into Dr Rex, the individual original drum sounds can be used to program a new beat divorced from the syncopation of the original drum beat. Further, the individual slices can be subjected to pitch, envelope (a component that shapes the volume of the sound over time) and filter (a component that emphasises and suppresses certain frequencies) control, thus an existing drum beat can easily be adapted to play a new rhythm at any tempo. For example, this rhythm was created from slicing up and rearranging Clyde Stubblefield’s classic break from James Brown’s “Funky Drummer”. Sonic adaptation of digital information is not necessarily confined to the auditory realm. An audio editor such as Sony’s Sound Forge is able to open any file format as raw audio. For example, a Word document or a Flash file could be opened with the data interpreted as audio. Admittedly, the majority of results obtained are harsh white noise, but there is scope for serendipitous anomalies such as a glitchy beat that can be extracted and further manipulated by audio software. Audiopaint is an additive synthesis application created by Nicolas Fournel for converting digital images into audio. Each pixel position and colour is translated into information designating frequency (pitch), amplitude (volume) and pan position in the stereo image. The user can determine which one of the three RGB channels corresponds to either of the stereo channels. Further, the oscillator for the wave form can be either the default sine wave or an existing audio file such as a drum loop can be used. The oscillator shapes the end result, responding to the dynamics of the sine wave or the audio file. Although Audiopaint labours under the same caveat as with the use of raw audio, the software can produce some interesting results. Both approaches to sound generation present results that challenge distinctions between “musical sound” and “noise”. Sampling is also a cultural practice, a relatively recent form of adaptation extending out of a time honoured creative aesthetic that borrows, quotes and appropriates from existing works to create new ones. Different fields of production, as well as different commentators, variously use terms such as “co-creative media”, “cumulative authorship”, and “derivative works” with regard to creations that to one extent or another utilise existing works in the production of new ones (Coombe; Morris; Woodmansee). The extent of the sampling may range from subtle influence to dominating significance within the new work, but the constant principle remains: an existing work is appropriated and adapted to fit the needs of the secondary creator. Proponents of what may be broadly referred to as the “free culture” movement argue that creativity and innovation inherently relies on the appropriation and adaptation of existing works (for example, see Lessig, Future of Ideas; Lessig, Free Culture; McLeod, Freedom of Expression; Vaidhyanathan). For example, Gwen Stefani’s 2004 release “Rich Girl” is based on Louchie Lou and Michie One’s 1994 single of the same title. Lou and One’s “Rich Girl”, in turn, is a reggae dance hall adaptation of “If I Were a Rich Man” from Fiddler on the Roof. Stefani’s “na na na” vocal riff shares the same melody as the “Ya ha deedle deedle, bubba bubba deedle deedle dum” riff from Fiddler on the Roof. Samantha Mumba adapted David Bowie’s “Ashes to Ashes” for her second single “Body II Body”. Similarly, Richard X adapted Tubeway Army’s “Are ‘Friends’ Electric?’ and Adina Howard’s “Freak Like Me” for a career saving single for Sugababes. Digital technologies enable and even promote the adaptation of existing works (Morris). The ease of appropriating and manipulating digital audio files has given rise to a form of music known variously as mash-up, bootleg, or bastard pop. Mash-ups are the most recent stage in a history of musical appropriation and they epitomise the sampling aesthetic. Typically produced in bedroom computer-based studios, mash-up artists use software such as Acid or Cool Edit Pro to cut up digital music files and reassemble the fragments to create new songs, arbitrarily adding self-composed parts if desired. Comprised almost exclusively from sections of captured music, mash-ups have been referred to as “fictional pop music” because they conjure up scenarios where, for example, Destiny’s Child jams in a Seattle garage with Nirvana or the Spice Girls perform with Nine Inch Nails (Petridis). Once the initial humour of the novelty has passed, the results can be deeply alluring. Mash-ups extract the distinctive characteristics of songs and place them in new, innovative contexts. As Dale Lawrence writes: “the vocals are often taken from largely reviled or ignored sources—cornball acts like Aguilera or Destiny’s Child—and recast in wildly unlikely contexts … where against all odds, they actually work”. Similarly, Crawford argues that “part of the art is to combine the greatest possible aesthetic dissonance with the maximum musical harmony. The pleasure for listeners is in discovering unlikely artistic complementarities and revisiting their musical memories in mutated forms” (36). Sometimes the adaptation works in the favour of the sampled artist: George Clinton claims that because of sampling he is more popular now than in 1976—“the sampling made us big again” (Green). The creative aspect of mash-ups is unlike that usually associated with musical composition and has more in common with DJing. In an effort to further clarify this aspect, we may regard DJ mixes as “mash-ups on the fly.” When Grandmaster Flash recorded his quilt-pop masterpiece, “Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel,” it was recorded while he performed live, demonstrating his precision and skill with turntables. Modern audio editing software facilitates the capture and storage of sound, allowing mash-up artists to manipulate sounds bytes outside of “real-time” and the live performance parameters within which Flash worked. Thus, the creative element is not the traditional arrangement of chords and parts, but rather “audio contexts”. If, as Riley pessimistically suggests, “there are no new chords to be played, there are no new song structures to be developed, there are no new stories to be told, and there are no new themes to explore,” then perhaps it is understandable that artists have searched for new forms of musical creativity. The notes and chords of mash-ups are segments of existing works sequenced together to produce inter-layered contexts rather than purely tonal patterns. The merit of mash-up culture lies in its function of deconstructing the boundaries of genre and providing new musical possibilities. The process of mashing-up genres functions to critique contemporary music culture by “pointing a finger at how stifled and obvious the current musical landscape has become. … Suddenly rap doesn’t have to be set to predictable funk beats, pop/R&B ballads don’t have to come wrapped in cheese, garage melodies don’t have to recycle the Ramones” (Lawrence). According to Theodor Adorno, the Frankfurt School critic, popular music (of his time) was irretrievably simplistic and constructed from easily interchangeable, modular components (McLeod, “Confessions”, 86). A standardised and repetitive approach to musical composition fosters a mode of consumption dubbed by Adorno “quotation listening” and characterised by passive acceptance of, and obsession with, a song’s riffs (44-5). As noted by Em McAvan, Adorno’s analysis elevates the producer over the consumer, portraying a culture industry controlling a passive audience through standardised products (McAvan). The characteristics that Adorno observed in the popular music of his time are classic traits of contemporary popular music. Mash-up artists, however, are not representative of Adorno’s producers for a passive audience, instead opting to wrest creative control from composers and the recording industry and adapt existing songs in pursuit of their own creative impulses. Although mash-up productions may consciously or unconsciously criticise the current state of popular music, they necessarily exist in creative symbiosis with the commercial genres: “if pop songs weren’t simple and formulaic, it would be much harder for mashup bedroom auteurs to do their job” (McLeod, “Confessions”, 86). Arguably, when creating mash-ups, some individuals are expressing their dissatisfaction with the stagnation of the pop industry and are instead working to create music that they as consumers wish to hear. Sample-based music—as an exercise in adaptation—encourages a Foucauldian questioning of the composer’s authority over their musical texts. Recorded music is typically a passive medium in which the consumer receives the music in its original, unaltered form. DJ Dangermouse (Brian Burton) breached this pact to create his Grey Album, which is a mash-up of an a cappella version of Jay-Z’s Black Album and the Beatles’ eponymous album (also known as the White Album). Dangermouse says that “every kick, snare, and chord is taken from the Beatles White Album and is in their original recording somewhere.” In deconstructing the Beatles’ songs, Dangermouse turned the recordings into a palette for creating his own new work, adapting audio fragments to suit his creative impulses. As Joanna Demers writes, “refashioning these sounds and reorganising them into new sonic phrases and sentences, he creates acoustic mosaics that in most instances are still traceable to the Beatles source, yet are unmistakeably distinct from it” (139-40). Dangermouse’s approach is symptomatic of what Schütze refers to as remix culture: an open challenge to a culture predicated on exclusive ownership, authorship, and controlled distribution … . Against ownership it upholds an ethic of creative borrowing and sharing. Against the original it holds out an open process of recombination and creative transformation. It equally calls into question the categories, rifts and borders between high and low cultures, pop and elitist art practices, as well as blurring lines between artistic disciplines. Using just a laptop, an audio editor and a calculator, Gregg Gillis, a.k.a. Girl Talk, created the Night Ripper album using samples from 167 artists (Dombale). Although all the songs on Night Ripper are blatantly sampled-based, Gillis sees his creations as “original things” (Dombale). The adaptation of sampled fragments culled from the Top 40 is part of Gillis’ creative process: “It’s not about who created this source originally, it’s about recontextualising—creating new music. … I’ve always tried to make my own songs” (Dombale). Gillis states that his music has no political message, but is a reflection of his enthusiasm for pop music: “It’s a celebration of everything Top 40, that’s the point” (Dombale). Gillis’ “celebratory” exercises in creativity echo those of various fan-fiction authors who celebrate the characters and worlds that constitute popular culture. Adaptation through sampling is not always centred solely on music. Sydney-based Tom Compagnoni, a.k.a. Wax Audio, adapted a variety of sound bytes from politicians and media personalities including George W. Bush, Alexander Downer, Alan Jones, Ray Hadley, and John Howard in the creation of his Mediacracy E.P.. In one particular instance, Compagnoni used a myriad of samples culled from various media appearances by George W. Bush to recreate the vocals for John Lennon’s Imagine. Created in early 2005, the track, which features speeded-up instrumental samples from a karaoke version of Lennon’s original, is an immediate irony fuelled comment on the invasion of Iraq. The rationale underpinning the song is further emphasised when “Imagine This” reprises into “Let’s Give Peace a Chance” interspersed with short vocal fragments of “Come Together”. Compagnoni justifies his adaptations by presenting appropriated media sound bytes that deliberately set out to demonstrate the way information is manipulated to present any particular point of view. Playing the media like an instrument, Wax Audio juxtaposes found sounds in a way that forces the listener to confront the bias, contradiction and sensationalism inherent in their daily intake of media information. … Oh yeah—and it’s bloody funny hearing George W Bush sing “Imagine”. Notwithstanding the humorous quality of the songs, Mediacracy represents a creative outlet for Compagnoni’s political opinions that is emphasised by the adaptation of Lennon’s song. Through his adaptation, Compagnoni revitalises Lennon’s sentiments about the Vietnam War and superimposes them onto the US policy on Iraq. An interesting aspect of sampled-based music is the re-occurrence of particular samples across various productions, which demonstrates that the same fragment can be adapted for a plethora of musical contexts. For example, Clyde Stubblefield’s “Funky Drummer” break is reputed to be the most sampled break in the world. The break from 1960s soul/funk band the Winstons’ “Amen Brother” (the B-side to their 1969 release “Color Him Father”), however, is another candidate for the title of “most sampled break”. The “Amen break” was revived with the advent of the sampler. Having featured heavily in early hip-hop records such as “Words of Wisdom” by Third Base and “Straight Out of Compton” by NWA, the break “appears quite adaptable to a range of music genres and tastes” (Harrison, 9m 46s). Beginning in the early 1990s, adaptations of this break became a constant of jungle music as sampling technology developed to facilitate more complex operations (Harrison, 5m 52s). The break features on Shy FX’s “Original Nutta”, L Double & Younghead’s “New Style”, Squarepusher’s “Big Acid”, and a cover version of Led Zepplin’s “Whole Lotta Love” by Jane’s Addiction front man Perry Farrell. This is to name but a few tracks that have adapted the break. Wikipedia offers a list of songs employing an adaptation of the “Amen break”. This list, however, falls short of the “hundreds of tracks” argued for by Nate Harrison, who notes that “an entire subculture based on this one drum loop … six seconds from 1969” has developed (8m 45s). The “Amen break” is so ubiquitous that, much like the twelve bar blues structure, it has become a foundational element of an entire genre and has been adapted to satisfy a plethora of creative impulses. The sheer prevalence of the “Amen break” simultaneously illustrates the creative nature of music adaptation as well as the potentials for adaptation stemming from digital technology such as the sampler. The cut-up and rearrangement aspect of creative sampling technology at once suggests the original but also something new and different. Sampling in general, and the phenomenon of the “Amen break” in particular, ensures the longevity of the original sources; sampled-based music exhibits characteristics acquired from the source materials, yet the illegitimate offspring are not their parents. Sampling as a technology for creatively adapting existing forms of audio has encouraged alternative approaches to musical composition. Further, it has given rise to a new breed of musician that has adapted to technologies of adaptation. Mash-up artists and samplists demonstrate that recorded music is not simply a fixed or read-only product but one that can be freed from the composer’s original arrangement to be adapted and reconfigured. Many mash-up artists such as Gregg Gillis are not trained musicians, but their ears are honed from enthusiastic consumption of music. Individuals such as DJ Dangermouse, Gregg Gillis and Tom Compagnoni appropriate, reshape and re-present the surrounding soundscape to suit diverse creative urges, thereby adapting the passive medium of recorded sound into an active production tool. References Adorno, Theodor. “On the Fetish Character in Music and the Regression of Listening.” The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture. Ed. J. Bernstein. London, New York: Routledge, 1991. Burnett, Henry. “Ruggieri and Vivaldi: Two Venetian Gloria Settings.” American Choral Review 30 (1988): 3. Compagnoni, Tom. “Wax Audio: Mediacracy.” Wax Audio. 2005. 2 Apr. 2007 http://www.waxaudio.com.au/downloads/mediacracy>. Coombe, Rosemary. The Cultural Life of Intellectual Properties. Durham, London: Duke University Press, 1998. Demers, Joanna. Steal This Music: How Intellectual Property Law Affects Musical Creativity. Athens, London: University of Georgia Press, 2006. Dombale, Ryan. “Interview: Girl Talk.” Pitchfork. 2006. 9 Jan. 2007 http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/feature/37785/Interview_Interview_Girl_Talk>. Duffel, Daniel. Making Music with Samples. San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2005. Forbes, Anne-Marie. “A Venetian Festal Gloria: Antonio Lotti’s Gloria in D Major.” Music Research: New Directions for a New Century. Eds. M. Ewans, R. Halton, and J. Phillips. London: Cambridge Scholars Press, 2004. Green, Robert. “George Clinton: Ambassador from the Mothership.” Synthesis. Undated. 15 Sep. 2005 http://www.synthesis.net/music/story.php?type=story&id=70>. Harrison, Nate. “Can I Get an Amen?” Nate Harrison. 2004. 8 Jan. 2007 http://www.nkhstudio.com>. Lawrence, Dale. “On Mashups.” Nuvo. 2002. 8 Jan. 2007 http://www.nuvo.net/articles/article_292/>. Lessig, Lawrence. The Future of Ideas. New York: Random House, 2001. ———. Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity. New York: The Penguin Press, 2004. McAvan, Em. “Boulevard of Broken Songs: Mash-Ups as Textual Re-Appropriation of Popular Music Culture.” M/C Journal 9.6 (2006) 3 Apr. 2007 http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0612/02-mcavan.php>. McLeod, Kembrew. “Confessions of an Intellectual (Property): Danger Mouse, Mickey Mouse, Sonny Bono, and My Long and Winding Path as a Copyright Activist-Academic.” Popular Music & Society 28.79. ———. Freedom of Expression: Overzealous Copyright Bozos and Other Enemies of Creativity. United States: Doubleday Books. Morris, Sue. “Co-Creative Media: Online Multiplayer Computer Game Culture.” Scan 1.1 (2004). 8 Jan. 2007 http://scan.net.au/scan/journal/display_article.php?recordID=16>. Petridis, Alexis. “Pop Will Eat Itself.” The Guardian UK. March 2003. 8 Jan. 2007 http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/critic/feature/0,1169,922797,00.html>. Riley. “Pop Will Eat Itself—Or Will It?”. The Truth Unknown (archived at Archive.org). 2003. 9 Jan. 2007 http://web.archive.org/web/20030624154252 /www.thetruthunknown.com/viewnews.asp?articleid=79>. Schütze, Bernard. “Samples from the Heap: Notes on Recycling the Detritus of a Remixed Culture”. Horizon Zero 2003. 8 Jan. 2007 http://www.horizonzero.ca/textsite/remix.php?tlang=0&is=8&file=5>. Vaidhyanathan, Siva. Copyrights and Copywrongs: The Rise of Intellectual Property and How It Threatens Creativity. New York, London: New York University Press, 2003. Woodmansee, Martha. “On the Author Effect: Recovering Collectivity.” The Construction of Authorship: Textual Appropriation in Law and Literature. Eds. M. Woodmansee, P. Jaszi and P. Durham; London: Duke University Press, 1994. 15. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Collins, Steve. "Amen to That: Sampling and Adapting the Past." M/C Journal 10.2 (2007). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0705/09-collins.php>. APA Style Collins, S. (May 2007) "Amen to That: Sampling and Adapting the Past," M/C Journal, 10(2). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0705/09-collins.php>.
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