Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Beyrut'
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Kihtir, Ozturk Pelin. "Urban Transformation Of Ottoman Port Cities In The Nineteenth Century: Change From Ottoman Beirut To French Mandatory Beirut." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607699/index.pdf.
Full textSadeck, Salah el-dinn. "Beyrouth aprés la guerre civile et étrangère : analyse d'aménagement." Bordeaux 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR30036.
Full textThis research project deals with the repercussions of the war (1975- 1991) on beirut city. It describes and analyses the urban, social and economic mutations which occured at beirut during the years of war. This project comprises two main divisions. The first highlights the various changes in the infrastructure and the functions of beirut. The second describes and analyses the reconstraction of the city after 1991
Clerc-Huybrechts, Valérie. "Les principes d'action de l'urbanisme : le projet Elyssar face aux quartiers irréguliers de Beyrouth." Paris 8, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA082193.
Full textThrough the analysis of a large urban reconstruction project in Beirut, Elyssar, this PHD thesis examines underlying principles of urban planning when its political and technical actors conceptualise the regularisation of irregular settlements. In Lebanon, these are mostly situated in the southern suburbs of the capital where failings of urban planning and competing rights created the conditions under which they developed. Elaborated during a negotiation between Prime minister Hariri and the Shi'ite parties Amal and Hezbollah, the decisions, whether uncontested or resulting from compromises, depended on both the actors' strategies and their perceptions of the city. Three types of reasoning and their links to different value systems have been identified, all used by the actors irrespective of their position. This forms a framework within which the articulation of the perceptions and judgements informing the project decisions and the conditions under which they are implemented can be analysed
Brax, Marleine. "Aléa et microzonage sismiques à Beyrouth." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENU050.
Full textLebanon is one of the countries that have not suffered from large destructive earthquakes foralmost two centuries. It is however lying on the 1000 km long, left lateral Levant fault thatseparates the Arabic plate in the east from the African plate in the west. Its main branches inLebanon are the Yammouneh fault that crosses the country from south to north, the Serghayaand Rachaya faults in its Eastern part, the Roum and Mount Lebanon Thrust faults in itsWestern part. These faults have generated destructive earthquakes in the long known historyof the area. The largest events are: The July 551 earthquake on the Mount Lebanon Thrustfault, the May 1202 earthquake on the Yammouneh fault, the October 1759 on the Rachayafault and the November 1759 on the Serghaya fault. From all above, one can conclude thatLebanon is exposed to a significant seismic hazard. Assessing the local seismic hazard andrisk is therefore of primary importance for the whole country.The objective of the work undergone in this PhD is to take advantage of the latest advancesachieved worldwide to promote rather inexpensive, though reliable, seismic hazardassessment tools, to try to apply them in Lebanon starting with the big cities and specificallythe capital Beirut. These studies will help to understand the Lebanese seismic risk andsubsequently to start to elaborate seismic policies and codes that may help reducing this risk.A temporary seismological network consisting of 10 stations has been installed in Beirut anda part of its suburbs. Several tens of local and regional earthquakes could be recorded, andallowed to estimate the site response at selected sites in Beirut through the standard site toreference spectral ratio method ("SSR") on earthquakes, compared to the horizontal tovertical ratio ("H/V") calculated on earthquakes and on ambient noise. The same recordingscould also be used via the empirical Green Function’s technique ("EGF") to predict theseismic ground motion corresponding to a Mw7.5 on the Yammouneh fault. However, due tolimitations in near-field applications of the EGF technique, this prediction exercise wasperformed in two steps and with two complementary techniques: a weak event recording wasfirst used to simulate a Mw6.5 earthquake on the Yammouneh fault, while several, carefullyselected ground motion prediction equations (GMPE) were used to perform a comparativeprediction for the same earthquake. This EGF/GMPE comparison then allowed tuning theGMPE prediction of ground motion at various sites within Beirut for the target Mw7.5 event.The results were then extended in view of proposing a framework for a future microzonationviimap. A comprehensive campaign of ambient noise measurements was achieved for 615 sitesof Beirut municipality and close suburbs, the H/V processing of which allowed to derive arobust map of resonance frequency for the whole area. In addition, active and passive seismicmeasurements were conducted on different geological units near the 10 formerlyinstrumented sites, which provided quantitative estimates of the shallow S-wave velocitythrough the Rayleigh wave dispersion curves. These geophysical measurements permitted toprovide direct estimates of the shear waves velocity, which prove much more reliable thanthe highly scattered estimates derived from the compilation of the availablegeological/geotechnical parameters and the use of existing correlations equations betweenSPT N-value and S-wave velocity Vs
Kaloustian, Noushig. "L'ilot de chaleur urbaine à Beyrouth." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1141/document.
Full textThe urban heat island (UHI) is one of the more commonly documented phenomena of climate change. It is related to higher urban temperatures in the city centers as compared to the surrounding rural or suburban areas and can lead to unpleasant effects on urban dwellers not least of all on air quality, energy consumption levels, human health, and even mortality rates. In Beirut, the capital city of Lebanon, the literature clearly points to a lack of research on this topic. In addition, there is no evidence that there is a systematic transfer of urban climatic knowledge between concerned stakeholders like urban planning and environmental authorities which is cause for concern given the ever-increasing worldwide attention being given to climate change adaptation and mitigation measures and sustainable city developments. The objective of this research is to therefore investigate the intensity of UHI in Beirut, to identify most suitable measures to alleviate the effects of UHI from a technical perspective, to assess the implications on urban planning processes and to accordingly find opportunities for planning and design practices in Beirut. Beirut is a coastal city that sits on a peninsula that extends westward into the Mediterranean Sea. It covers a surface area of about 20 square kilometers, has a population of approximately 500,000 inhabitants, with a very high population density of about 21,000 inhabitants / km2.The UHI in Beirut was investigated using the Town Energy Balance (TEB) urban surface exchange modeling scheme developed by Météo France (Masson, 2000). TEB is included in the SURFEX land-surface modeling system. SURFEX means “surface externalisée” and it is a code that represents the energy exchange processes that occur between the atmosphere and the urban surfaces. Simulations were accordingly run across Beirut using TEB for 1 day during the winter season on 1 January, from 00:00 UTC (equivalent to 2:00AM local standard time) to 23:00 UTC, and 1 day during the summer season on 1 July from 00:00 UTC to 23:00 UTC with one hour time steps or one hour output results. During the summer significant variations of up to 6oC were found for canyon temperatures whereas areas characterized by dense urban fabrics had higher temperatures typically due to the larger fraction of man-made as opposed to natural surfaces and due to the lower albedo values (generally 0.2). During the winter, temperature variations were not as significant, differing by up to 1oC between aforementioned areas across Beirut. Therefore areas with high garden fractions were found to play an important cooling effect in the simulations for Beirut. In addition, a significant variation in cooling energy usage was found during the summer across Beirut where simulations showed energy demands as low as 50 W/m2 in areas characterized by higher garden fractions whereas simulations were much higher, up to 800 W/m2, in areas with dense urban fabrics. In the summer heating energy demands were also significant ranging from as low as 20-300 W/m2 across Beirut. Six scenarios were also run on TEB which showed that increasing the albedo of roofs and the fraction of gardens had the most noteworthy cooling effects. This research found that there are opportunities for improvement of the Urban Planning Law and the Building Code of Lebanon for better consideration of the urban microclimatic issues and recommended emphasis on urban greening strategies and cool roofing strategies. this thesis contributed to a better understanding of the urban environment of the city of Beirut and the respective urban parameters that have the most significant impact on reducing some of the impacts of the urban heat island phenomenon. In doing so, this research has paved the way for further work on reducing the UHI effect in Beirut, with the ultimate aim of creating a comfortable and safe environment for its residents, and future generations
Waked, Antoine. "Caractérisation des aérosols organiques à Beyrouth, Liban." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00765845.
Full textGholam-Khoury, Amale. "Mutations urbaines à Beyrouth : le quartier d'Achrafieh." Paris 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA010568.
Full textThis research project deals with the repercussions of the lebanese war (1975-1990) on Achrafieh area, which is a part of beirut city. It describes and analyses in detail the urban, social, demographic and economic mutations which occured at achrafieh during the years of war. This project comprises three main divisions. The first shows the data concerning the environment before the war begining. The second highlights the various changes in the infrastructure and the functions of achrafieh. The thrid gives the repercussions of the war on the size and the dynamism of the local population as well as the arrival of displaced population. The conclusion outlines sole scenarios on the future of this part of Beirut and leads think that the changes in the functions of Achrafieh permit to it to play the role of a bridge between the eastern and western zones of the great Beirut
Hocek, Anne-Rose. "Territoires et religions en contacts : la colonie romaine de Berytus, de sa fondation au IIIe siècle de notre ère." Paris, EPHE, 2012. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01552363.
Full textThe Roman colony Berytus, founded by Augustus under the name Colonia Augusta Felix Berytus, took over from a city of the Phoenician coast. This colonial founding, however, was also accompanied by an in-deph modification of the civic territory, which from then on crossed Mount Lebanon. A consequence of this extension was the integration of the heliopolis sanctuary into the public religion of the new colony. Added to the traditional cohabitation between the indigenous population and the colons, in a colony in which Roman veterans were also settled, was the unprecedented coming into contact of the Greco-Phoenician wolrd and the Beqaa valley. My topic bears on these mixed contacts, both human and territorial, by privileging the religious lens. The religions that came into contact here stemmed from different traditions, including those of the colons from Rome and Italy, whose descendents were always more or less 'connected' to the metropole, that of the Hellenized coastal populations who inherited cultural traits specific to phoenician space, and that of the populations of the interior who were at the crossraods of influences. I privilege three places of contact. First, the administrative center, in which the colonial authorities elaborated a new civic ideology; then, the extra-urban sanctuary of Deir el-Qaala, which was the place of a new cohabitation; and lastly, the religious landscape of Beqaa, which revolved around the great sanctuary of Heliopolis. In particular, the aim is to analyze the Heliopolitan cult in its colonial context, both juridical and territorial, and to revisit the question of the 'Heliopolitan triad' as viewed from Berytus
Balhawan, Hélène. "Beyrouth et les enjeux de sa reconstruction : le cas des quartiers du centre-ville et de Hamra." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL12010.
Full textIn recent decades, city centres around the world have been undergoing urban transformations such as renovations or reconstructions. Beirut is one of the capital cities which have seen the rebuilding of their centres, after a civil war. The interest of researching urban transformations is not only to realize that a territory is a space of creation, management, and even conflict resolution, but also to understand how peace can be restored in a formerly divided city. The Downtown of Beirut and the district of Hamra were questioned to determine the processes at work in the evolution of the city, like gentrification and “elitization”, and to reveal the underlying issues. The reconstruction of central areas is a way to establish a new order after a civil war, and the moment when various strategies of demographic, symbolic, social and spatial reorganization of the territory are devised. Thus, the districts are now at the centre of new conflicting tensions - strategies of placements and displacements of population, and many strategies of appropriation and resistance of public and residential areas by local actors. Conflicts are no longer religious but have become political and social, in particular since R. Hariri’s death (2005), which redefined the country’s political scene. This PhD thus focuses on the duality between urban strategy and territorial re-appropriation in the new Downtown and Hamra districts of Beirut. The study of urban transformations is an excellent revelation of territorial, symbolic, social and political conflicts, which are currently taking place in Beirut
Adada, Aurore. "Réseaux socioculturels et économiques à Beyrouth Ottoman (1843-1909) à travers les Waqfs." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX10047.
Full textCharafeddine, Wafa. "La banlieue sud de Beyrouth : structure urbaine et économique." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040353.
Full textThe civil war of 1975 in Lebanon and the formation of a demarcation line dividing the greater Beirut urban space have caused important urban changes and have set specific rules of development in each of the two parts of greater Beirut. In the southern suburb, the subject of the study, these urban changes and demographic redistributions appear through three characteristics problems: 1- lack of appropriate urban structures and the severe urban administration problems due to the absence of the local authorities and the arbitrary intervention of the government. 2- the illegal construction which has largely increased due to the war. 3- the establishment of a large number of informal activities. Thus, our study about the southern suburb shall handle both the urban and economical structures
Salamon, Joseph. "Les espaces publics à Beyrouth entre spécificités locales et modernisation : une ville en projet à la recherche d'un nouveau référentiel." Lyon 2, 2004. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2004/salamon_j.
Full textVerdeil, Eric. "Une ville et ses urbanistes : Beyrouth en reconstruction." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00003919.
Full textLa première partie décrit les chantiers de l'après-guerre au Liban : celui du centre-ville est exceptionnel par la place prise par le Premier ministre R. Hariri dans son élaboration et sa mise en œuvre, comme par le débat qu'il suscite et qui met en évidence d'autres conceptions de la reconstruction. Les autres chantiers de la période illustrent que les priorités du gouvernement ne suivent pas exactement les plans proposés par les urbanistes de la reconstruction.
Le deuxième partie analyse la convergence autour des politiques d'aménagement spatial qui caractérisait le mandat du président Fouad Chehab. Ses conseillers étrangers introduisirent des normes d'action exigeantes qui forment le socle des références d'une génération d'urbanistes, exerçant sous forme libérale ou dans l'administration libanaise. Leur influence se fait sentir jusqu'à l'époque de la reconstruction.
La troisième partie envisage la transformation de ces normes et des pratiques d'action urbanistiques à travers la guerre, où l'on observe une mutation de la commande politique, des bouleversements sociaux et une transformation des conditions d'exercice professionnel. Le centre-ville, la banlieue sud-ouest et les remblais du littoral nord constituent trois études de cas où se combinent différemment cultures professionnelles des urbanistes et nouvelles modalités des politiques urbaines à l'occasion du renouvellement du personnel politique, qu'illustrent les carrières croisées du. président A. Gemayel et du promoteur R. Hariri.
Khlat, Myriam. "Les Mariages consanguins à Beyrouth structure et conséquences." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37598766v.
Full textSrage, Nader Walter Henriette. "Etude sociolinguistique du parler arabe de Moussaytbé (Beyrouth) /." Beyrouth : Département des publications de l'Université libanaise, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37684548c.
Full textSrage, Nader. "Etude sociolinguistique du parler arabe de Moussaytbe (Beyrouth)." Beyrouth : Publications de l'Université libanaise, 1997. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/41212603.html.
Full textFeghali, Pascale. "Exploration filmique de Sanayeh, un quartier de Beyrouth." Paris 10, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA100143.
Full textThe thesis aims at the discovery the Arts and Crafts quarter of Beirut, Sanayeh, through the production and analysis of a series of documentary films. Sanayeh is an old district to which, since the seventies, new affluent buildings have been adjoined. Although located in the immediate center of the city, the quarter still maintains a traditional facet. The inhabitants of the neighborhood are mostly Muslim Sunnite. The research has been conducted in accordance with the intended method of discovery through the lenses of a camera. This film exploration resulted in the production of seventeen documentaries. The social life of the quarter, whether in the context of daily life or in the framework of religious and secular festivities, has been highlighted throughout. The chosen lay activities illustrate the different occupations of the quarter’s inhabitants, its shopkeepers and its craftsmen. The space covered in the film exploration of Sanayeh extends the actual perimeter of the quarter. The existence of a public garden provides the quarter with an exposure to the city as a whole. Moreover, family ties function as important springboards through which the quarter maintains relations with its far reaching exterior. The neighborhood’s inhabitants are mostly Muslim Sunnite. Thus, the two main celebrations of the religious calendar are ‘id Al-Fitr and ‘id A-Aldha. Those rituals enhance the bonds within and between the groups that attend. Appropriation and maintenance of social practices is upheld by family networks with the added help of religious figures. The activities documented shed a light on a way of life in Beirut together with its personal, religious and social idiosyncrasies
Salame, Thérèse. "Sources d’émission du carbone organique gazeux à Beyrouth." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10108/document.
Full textThe atmospheric pollution related to the VOC still maintains a great interest since these species contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone, peroxyacetylnitrate and secondary organic aerosols resulting in negative impacts on human health, climate and on the environment. In order to apply efficient control strategies, there is a need to identify the VOC emission sources, to determine their speciation and their contribution to VOC ambient levels. To date, there is a paucity of data regarding the VOC in the Middle East region (MEA) due to a lack of ground-based measurements leading to insufficient evaluation of air pollution in this region. In this work, we report the results of the first study regarding VOC in Lebanon, a developing country in the MEA region. The study is based on two intensive field measurement campaigns within the frame of the Emission and Chemistry of Organic Carbon in the East Mediterranean, Beirut (ECOCEM-Beirut) project conducted during summer 2011 and winter 2012 at a sub-urban site. Over 70 VOC from C2 to C16 have then been measured. First, we provide insights on the factors controlling VOC distribution. Then, VOC source profiles were determined with field measurements close to the main potential emitters. Finally, we identified the VOC factors, based on the sources profiles established previously, and quantified their relative contribution according to the season, by implementing the source receptor model PMF. The major sources were traffic-related emissions (combustion and gasoline evaporation) in winter and in summer. The modeled results showed an agreement with the local emission inventory regarding the load of the on-road mobile source
El-Amine, Farida. "Les thèmes social, sexuel et religieux dans l'éducation morale de la famille libanaise : enquête comparée sur les communautés musulmane et chrétienne de Beyrouth." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05H065.
Full textThe aim of the study is to identify the principal traits of the moral education in the lebanese family and its effects on the children's personality. A projective test and questionnaire on a sample of 354 christian and muslim children show that the moral education is conservative, traditional, and authoritative. Though positively adaptive with his family atmosphere, a lebanese child is affectively dependent on his parents, mainly on his mother. The secterian community has high influence while the socio-eceonomic and educational levels have low influence
Baalbaky, Najwa. "Le nouveau Beyrouth, contribution à l'étude de la centralité urbaine." Paris 10, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA100150.
Full textSaliba, Robert. "Paysage colonial et éclectisme provincial : la formation du Beyrouth résidentiel." Paris 8, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA082394.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to analyze and interpret the formation and transformation of Beirut’s residential townscapes under the impact of capital industrialism between the 19th and the early decades of the 20th century. Eclecticism epitomizes the spirit of this transitional period with its inherent dualisms between empiricism and rationalism, craftsmanship and industrialization, tradition and modernity, while feeding on historical revivalisms and colonial exchange. Beirut went through two periods of modernization, as a provincial center of the Ottoman Empire between 1840 and 1920, and as the capital of a new nation-state between the two world wars under the French Mandate. The first period witnessed the formation of a new type of suburban housing which is a synthesis between local know-how and imported materials from Europe. The second period generated the urban apartment building which integrated stylistic pluralism and western technical innovations. To investigate the dynamics of this evolution, the thesis develops first the key-themes of endogenous eclecticism referring to a transitional process in line with historical and cultural continuity; and exogenous eclecticism or the abrupt and imposed passage between tradition and modernity. Emphasis is on the modes of assimilation of these two phenomena in their respective cultural context, both on the aesthetic level (ch. 1 and 2) and the technical level (ch. 3 and 4). The second section of the thesis explores the manifestations of eclecticism through the analysis of the evolving residential townscapes taking into consideration their underlying urban structures (ch. 5), their modes of expression (ch. 7, 8, and 9), and the mutations of the central hall plan itself which constitutes the permanent morphological feature extending through the whole period of study (ch. 10 and 11)
El, Masri-Hashem Maha. "Vaisselles, récipients et autres objets en céramique du chantier de la Zone des Eglises à Beyrouth (BEY 004)." Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR20052.
Full textThe thesis is about the archaeological exploitation of the reconstruction of Beirut after the Lebanese war. The Site BEY OO4, in the city center, confided to a team from the Lebanese University of which the author made part, permitted the discovery of important ceramic material covering a chronological area of several centuries. .
Bilani, Ziad. "Beyrouth et son centre-ville dans l'espace proche-oriental." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375960444.
Full textBrones, Sophie. "Beyrouth et ses ruines (1990-2010). Une approche anthropologique." Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100163.
Full textIn a context of chronic political instability, the destruction and reconstruction cycles which affect Beirut reveal the economic dynamism of the real estate sector, the weakness of the Lebanese State in the regulation of private interests, as well as the lack of consensus concerning the definition of the architectural and urban heritage. Twenty years after the end of the civil war (1975-1990), the city's ruins are markers of memory and symbolize conflicts of values and temporalities. These ruins refer to the events that make and undo the city, and constitute a pertinent axis for the analysis of the social construction of heritage. This work explores various levels of heritage appropriation starting with the transmission of properties within the family to the creation of shared heritages that seek to establish collective identity frameworks. The first part of the thesis analyses the inhabitants' relationship to the monuments through various axis such as history and photography, and proposes an explanation of local categories of turâth and âthar that refer to heritage. In the second part of this thesis, I present the heritage institutions that are active today in Beirut’s city centre and in its neighbouring districts. They serve as venues of identification for the main actors of the heritage policy and process. The analysis of their discourses and practises show how the heritage processes reflect the defence of a symbolic or cultural capital. In the third part, I analyse their discourses and practices and I discuss the new ways of heritage practices that followed the assassination of Rafic Hariri (2005), and in particular with the example of the Beirut’s memory museum project
Khlat, Myriam. "Les mariages consanguins à Beyrouth : structure et conséquences biologiques." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO10055.
Full textBendahmane, Hanane. "Analyse euphonique et stylistique du poème "Beyrouth", Mahmoud Darwich." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05H050.
Full textThe music of verse is a hackneyed notion. Most of the time this concept is tackled only as part of rythmic studies which elude the organisation of the set of consonants and vowels withen a verse which can constitute a coherent whole. Even these rythmic studies always remain theoretical. That is why the first part of the present study is devoted to rythmic analysis and aims at showing the rythmic structure of the contemporary poem from an analysis of each kind of rythm: metric, strers and timber. These analyses the way to a euphonic system which constitutes the second part of the present study. The euphonic cut-out of each level (linear, serial, combinative and vertical) for each verse of the poem shows the fundamental role of sounds in poetic text. The technical study of both the rythmic and euphonic structures disclases stylistic processes which ted us to make an analysis of the stylistic consequences of rythm and euphony. The thrid part shows the functioning of both structures in the message and brings out the "surmessage" after having identified the "surcodes"
Bilani, Ziad. "Beyrouth et son centre ville dans l'espace proche oriental." Paris 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA010511.
Full textMoukalled, Hassan. "La population beyrouthine entre deux guerres et deux paix (coexistence et changements interconfessionnels 1970-2008)." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010529.
Full textFatté, Davie May. "La millat grecque-orthodoxe de Beyrouth, 1800-1940 : structuration interne et rapport à la cité." Paris 4, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA040349.
Full textThis thesis reconstitutes the ottoman millat system through research on the archives of the greek-orthodox community of beirut. It apprehends the constituting elements of the millat : individuals, families, professions, living standards and residential areas. Far more important was the analysis of the organizing structure, the majlis al millat. The internal structure and the various insitutions of the millat were identified, its functions understood. Four phases were identified. The first one covers the 1860s and corresponds to the edits of the tanzimat which required the installation of a lay administration. The second phase is a period of internal re-adjustment and development. In 1888, when the wilayat of beirut was created, the community was headed by a powerful economic elite which reinforced its networks and consolidated its power. The french mandate period was one of decline characterized by deep social transformations, a weak elite, a lack of concern which lead to the marginalization of the community in the city and in the new lebanese state
Gébran, Eliane. "L'agglomération de Beyrouth face à la guerre : étude des transformations de deux quartiers Ramlet el Baida et Raouche entre 1975 et 1987." Paris 10, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA100084.
Full textKhlat, Myriam. "Les Mariages consanguins à Beyrouth : traditions matrimoniales et santé publique /." Paris : Institut national d'études démographiques : [diff.] Presses universitaires de France, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35035305f.
Full textNakhle, Myriam. "Impact de la pollution atmosphérique sur la santé à Beyrouth." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066581.
Full textInternational studies show that air pollution has adverse effects on health. In Lebanon, air pollutants exceed the limits recommended by WHO and laws barely exist. This thesis attempts to study the effects of exposure to air pollutants on respiratory, cardiovascular and skin diseases in Beirut using the methodology of time series analysis.To estimate the health effects of air pollution in Beirut, we mainly used data from emergency registers of seven hospitals as well as data from the air quality monitoring network in Beirut for a period of eighteen months. Regression analysis taking into consideration pollution and health indicators and other confounding factors allowed us to demonstrate a significant relationship between admissions for respiratory, cardiovascular and skin diseases and the increased levels of air pollutants. The analysis conducted in children and elderly groups apart have shown that there is a significant relationship, same day, between emergency admissions for respiratory causes and the increase in particles concentrations of 10μg.m-3. However, this significant association exists in adults group but for a delay of six to seven days. The relationship between increasing levels of air pollution and emergency admissions for cardiovascular causes was barely significant. Beside strong association was found between air pollutants and emergency admissions for skin diseases. In conclusion, our results proved the effect of air pollution on health in Beirut especially among vulnerable groups (children and elderly groups) and stressed the need to conduct additional studies on this subject
Stephan, Joumana. "Complexité urbaine : langage et outils, le cas de Horch Beyrouth." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLD007/document.
Full textPerceived as a complex adaptive system, public space could be examined through the means of complexity. In this thesis, we discuss the case of an urban park, Horch Beirut, aiming to showcase the contributions of the complexity approach to urban studies, both epistemological and methodological ones. Horsh Beirut makes up to 70% of green spaces in Beirut, but has been mostly closed to the public since the end of the Lebanese civil war in 1990. Surrounded by three culturally heterogeneous neighborhoods, the triangular park embodies both urban multiplicity and exclusion. The complexity approach not only offers a transdiciplinary scientific lexicon but also interdisciplinary modeling tools. To showcase these tools, we apply Systemic Triangulation for the urban diagnosis of Horch Beirut. This tool acknowledges the inscription of complex problems in structural, functional and dynamic continuums, establishing the relationships between them, and projecting interactions between the system and its environment. We also propose the Soft Systems Methodology tool for an interactive governance based on non-linear representations of urban reality. The complexity approach has provided us some new insights. First, addressing cities, and urban entities like Horsh Beirut, as complex systems could diverge our perception of fragmented linear solutions towards adaptive evolutionary processes. Secondly, chaos is not to be feared. In fact, by being on the edge of chaos complex systems adapt and co-evolve, consequently creativity is catalyzed and change emerges. Finally, and most importantly, a public space should not be designed, but encouraged to emerge. It would be better to induce its self-organization than to try to control it. Thus, a change of attitude is necessary: the role of urban actors, architects and urban planners, should be reoriented towards seeking the underlying dynamics of an urban system, establishing its emerging properties, and subsequently, determining and inducing its synergistic opportunities
Sakr, Samar. "Brises thermiques et risque de pollution dans la région de Beyrouth." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3137.
Full textSituated on the East the Mediterranean Sea, the region of Beirut is subjected to the sea and land breezes in summer. In the presence of these circulations, the atmospheric pollution becomes complex because of the interrelations between the phenomena occurring at several scalar levels. We used existing documents in our study and existing data (in the service department of meteorology of the airport of Beirut) and of our own base of data acquired during previous campaigns of measures.The theoretical bases of these types of circulation and the geographical diversity of our environment were the object of the first part. The second part presents the approach adopted to account the relation between the atmosphere, the breezes, the pollution and the environment. The third part analyzes the favorable conditions for the appearance of the breezes on synoptic and regional scales. And the fourth part treats the variability in space and in time of the breezes in relation of the topography and the land-use as well as their incidences on the pollutants concentrations and transportation on micro local scale
Mazaeff, Chantal. "Une jeunesse populaire à Beyrouth : la communauté et sa mémoire comme réponse à l'imprédictibilité." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0119.
Full textTo open up to the world at Aïn al-Remmaneh, a popular suburb of Beirut shaped by a civil inter-community war, but most importantly an intra-community war. This gives a specific temporality to the socialization process that every adolescent experiences at the beginning of his or her adult life. Young people of Christian confession remain subject to community instruction involving four major socialization influences: families; confessional schools; churches and political movements. The two main Christian political movements, the Free Patriotic Movement and the Lebanese Forces, lean on this district's history of war to justify their continued dominance. Within this context of tension and the forming of religious identities, we can observe the ongoing socialization process in order to understand bow relationships to other are defined, especially when the other is Muslim and a neighbour or a stranger. Social links appear registered in a logical distinction that transcends culture into community power structures. Beyond this micro-dimension, an overview of the social and historical evolution of Lebanon shows bow identity, set in the process of socialization, intrigues the Lebanese State despite remaining incomplete. Finally, we shall see how the collective memory remains registered in the community logic, and subject to a conflict between the entrepreneurs of these groups memory, in a space where the State did not know how to invest, leaving them to an open field, opponent to a historical and reflexive opus of the Lebanese society
Fischfisch, Antoine. "Formes urbaines et architecturales de Beyrouth depuis 1876 : évolutions et logiques de production : approche méthodologique." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040249.
Full textSinno, Chadia. "Un "urbanisme" né de la guerre : à travers l'évolution des structures commerciales de Beyrouth, 1975-1989." Paris 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA010614.
Full textSince the beginning of the war, 15 years ago, beirut has undergone major transformations in its urban structures. Despite the important destructions that devastated it, this city of death is also a source of life, it has imprinted on beirut's tissue, a new organization of its urban space as well as new structures that have contributed to its survival : a new town-planning that we shall call war "town-planning"
Calabrese, Erminia. "Militer au Hezbollah dans la Banlieue Sud de Beyrouth (2004-2011)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401343.
Full textLe Hezbollah libanais irrite, intrigue et fascine. Du parti des mustada’afin (sans pouvoir) des régions rurales et urbaines de la Bekaa et du Sud Liban a celui des négligés de la banlieue sud, toujours dans les limites de la communauté chiite, aujourd’hui le Hezbollah joue un rôle centrale au sein du système politique libanais et même au niveau régional. En s’appuyant sur l’identité confessionnelle et la valorisant pour structurer une société dite « de la résistance », le Hezbollah est aujourd’hui, avec le mouvement Amal, un des principaux représentants de la communauté chiite libanaise. Retraçant les histoires des femmes et des hommes qui, à un certain moment de leur vie, ont décidé de s’engager au Hezbollah, cette thèse porte sur la militance dans ce parti dans la banlieue sud de Beyrouth. Elle interroge les formes plurielles de cet engagement et ses spécificités à travers une analyse des trajectoires militantes. En appréhendant le parti à partir de ses militants et adhérents, cette thèse vise à comprendre comment, plutôt que pourquoi, se fait l’engagement au Hezbollah et, plus généralement, comment le système politique libanais rend-il compte des mobilisations politiques. L’essentiel de la production scientifique sur le Hezbollah a principalement été consacrée, jusqu'à maintenant à l’histoire évènementielle du parti, à sa place dans le système politique libanais, à sa « libanisation » et à son poids croissant sur les scènes nationale, régionale et internationale. Ces approches, les plus souvent macrosociologiques, nous renseignent peu sur les militants et la militance partisane. Ce travail se propose de donner un nouvel éclairage sur le Hezbollah en déplaçant la focale sur ceux qui font la base du parti : les militant. Cette recherche se base sur un travail de terrain effectué dans la banlieue sud de Beyrouth entre 2005 et 2011, avec des entretiens qualitatives et des conversations auprès de plus de cent militants et cadres du parti. Selon cette approche le Hezbollah ne se réduit pas a son conseil exécutif principale et a son expression officielle mais il est aussi l’ensemble de ses militants qui, s’ils ne s’opposent pas à la direction du parti, représentent bien plus profondément la réalité du Hezbollah. Ce changement de perspective explique que je procéderai a l’analyse de la « société partisane » pour remonter progressivement vers la direction du parti, ce qui permettra d’interroger l’investissement dans le parti et le travail social d’ajustement auquel ce parti a du procéder afin de s’adapter aux exigences et aux règles de fonctionnement du milieu ou il s’est installé. L’hypothèse que j’avance dans ce travail est que la force mobilisatrice du Hezbollah se trouve ailleurs que dans son discours et ses décisions politiques, et dans les mécanismes institutionnels auxquels il participe. Le Hezbollah fonctionne comme une « société parallèle » régie a l’intérieur par des rapports de pouvoir et de sociabilités très solides : des pratiques de mobilisations qui concernent aussi bien l’éducation et le scoutisme que les services sociaux, la vie culturelle, la gestion, la planification urbaine et la lutte armée. Cette recherche s’inscrit de manière globale au croisement de la sociologie de l’engagement et de celle des mobilisations. Il s’agit de comprendre comment s’effectuent les investissements dans le Hezbollah? Quels sont les facteurs de socialisation politique qui signent l’entrée dans l’espace partisan? Comment, plutôt que pourquoi, des individus s’engagent dans le parti? Comment l’organisation partisane conçoit -t-elle l’engagement, et comment en revanche ce modèle du « bon militant » diffusé par le parti est-il adopté a son tour sur le terrain? L’étude de l’engagement avec ses formes plurielles impliquerait aussi une remise en cause de l’analyse d’un parti politique comme un tout homogène, mais comme un corps politique continuellement façonné dans son interaction avec son environnement Ce travail se propose aussi de déconstruire l’image qui associe souvent de manière systématique l’expérience vécue comme membres de la communauté chiite à une adhésion au Hezbollah. Pour ne pas en rester à cette idée d’un processus mécanique d’adhésion de la communauté chiite au Hezbollah, c’est le travail concret de mobilisation politique que je cherche à explorer, en évaluant son efficacité (c’est-à-dire aussi son inefficacité) dans des contextes sociaux particuliers. L’engagement au Hezbollah reste un choix politique qui trouve en effet en partie sa source dans l’institution partisane et dans les pratiques qu’elle promeut.
Keilo, Jack. "Le Centre et le Nom, lectures dans la toponymie de Beyrouth." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL067.
Full textI narrate toponymy of Beirut, considered as a revelator and a marker of the Lebanese body politic, constructed in Beirut since 1920. This memoir begins by reflecting on the rapports between the centre politic (capital city or seat of government), its founding principles, and toponymy : the toponyme is the ultimate insertion of the political in everyday’s banality. Beiruti toponymy writes the Grand-Liban (1920), the Lebanese Constitution (1926), on the city’s maps. Also it inscribes political confessionalism, resulting of the Lebanese National Pact (1943) and its sacred symbols, thus a confirmed presence of « East » and « West » and a Lebanese national narrative partially re-invented and presented as a « continuum ». It also presents signs of a visible continuity of the local elite. We put the Beiruti example in perspective with those of Damascus and of Dubai : the Damascene one is « re-written » by the Baath rule since 1963 and presents a toponymic rupture with the Syrian pre-baathist past but a confirmed presence of pan-Arabism; the Dubaian one is invented in order to give a historical depth to the map of Dubai and a commercial dimension to its place names. Study of toponyms, in parallel with that of founding principles of the centre, can inform political systems, their ideological background, and their urban policy
Frangié, Dina. "Beyrouth hellénistique : du port de l'époque perse à la colonie augustéenne." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010562.
Full textGhorayeb, Marlène. "La transformation des structures urbaines de Beyrouth pendant le mandat français." Paris 8, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA081852.
Full textMakdessi, Yara. "Santé de la population en temps de guerre : Beyrouth, 1975-1990." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05H028.
Full textThe research study examines health conditions of population that is confronted to the context of violence. The city of Beirut was selected as a research field consisering that, from 1975 to 1990, its inhabitants endured sixteen years of war that took all forms of warfare (bombardment, street fights, ambuscaded snipers and terrorist attacks). Such violent acts have shaken the foundations of the society, led to the disorganisation of urban areas and to a crisis situation at multiple levels : political, economical and social. (. . . )
Skog, Lindsay Ann. "Beyul Khumbu: Sherpa Constructions of a Sacred Landscape." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2183.
Full textHachem, Boutheina. "L'apprentissage de l'efficacité par un marché émergent : le cas de la Bourse de Beyrouth." Paris 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA020046.
Full textMoukarzel, Pierre. "La ville de Beyrouth et son commerce avec les villes marchandes européennes à l'époque Mamelouke (1291-1516)." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT5016.
Full textDuring the Mamluk era, Beirut occupied an important trading place in Syria. A net of trading exchanges was established with the cities of the Syrian coast, but also with Damascus, Egypt, Cyprus and Europe on the other Mediterranean shore. During this period, Beirut was an active harbour of the mamluk sultanate, widely open to the Mediterranean trade, competed with and even overtook the harbour of Alexandria, the main mamluk harbour. The European merchants, Venetians, Genoeses, Catalans, Florentines, Provincials, Anconitans, Ragusans frequented Beirut and settled there for trade. Beirut was one of the main syrian harbours for loading spices and products coming from the far east. From the beginning of the XVth century, because the politic, economic and military conditions in Syria, the European merchant cities turned their business towards Alexandria. Their relations with Beirut were not interrupted but the volume of their trading exchanges became limited and reduced
Buchakjian, Gregory. "Habitats abandonnés de Beyrouth. Guerres et mutations de l’espace urbain : 1860-2015." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040080.
Full textIn a rapidly changing Beirut, neglected dwellings are places in abeyance, condemned to disappear as a result of land speculation. Our research aims at examining the transformations that these obsolete architectures undergo. The study, carried on site (nearly 750 buildings have been identified), based on archives, testimonies and oral history, also re-examines artistic endeavours and the way artists have viewed the city, which is particularly important considering that its trigger has been a photographic project undertaken by the author. Three chapters are devoted to belligerent activities. The first, on the “Battle of the hotels”, addresses contested space; the second explores the demarcation line and the third examines the military barracks, prisons, and torture centres. The fourth covers informal dwellings, squatted buildings and other reappropriations. It observes the background of entangled features stemming from migration flows that were triggered by the violence of war, or rather wars
Doueik, Tahsine. "La Bourse de Beyrouth de 1920 à 1982 : la marche vers l'efficience." Thesis, Orléans, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ORLE0514.
Full textThe history of the Beirut Stock Exchange does not differ from that of other nations'. Founded in 1920, this institutiondistinguishes itself from other international stock exchanges through a unique phenomenon. It awaited 34 years to be endowedwith special regulations.The most traditional function of the stock market is to collect savings to contribute towards financing growth. It holds anessential role of liquidity on long-term investments.My research study must build itself on the history of the Beirut Stock Exchange, going back to its birth in 1920 and followingthe steps it has overcome through its evolution so far.It shall be developed through four principal axes:§ A series of studies and research (qualitative and quantitative) pertaining to companies listed since 1920, with chartsand statistics based on stock information (courses and activities) as well as their temporal evolution and theircontribution to the development of the Economy.§ The creation of two general stock indexes: the monthly index and the annual index.§ The study of the microstructure of the Lebanese Stock Market and its nature through the various analyzed periods.§ A thorough analysis of the problems confronting the development of the Stock Exchange at the administrative,structural and conceptual levels.The problematic of this research study are the use of theoretical and technical tools of modern finance to understand thephenomena linked to financial history.The objective is to provide insight into some typical examples in the history of the Beirut Stock Exchange resulting from theattempt of application relative to its contribution in the Lebanese economy.The role of the Beirut Stock Exchange in financing the local economy remains negligible. Since its birth in 1920, the BeirutStock Exchange has never succeeded in holding the role it may have been expected to play in the Lebanese Economy.Is this another reflection of a lack of confidence in the country or an unsuitability between the strong family structures in mostbusinesses and the resulting opening of the capital? Nonetheless, the structural efforts undertaken since the founding of thisinstitution have yet to be rewarded
Gallery, de La Tremblaye Nadine. "Les mécanismes d'intégration de la diaspora arménienne : Alfortville, Marseille, Los Angeles, Beyrouth." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998IEPP0010.
Full textThe Armenian diaspora, comprising roughly 3. 400. 000 persons spread throughout ex-USSR territories, the Middle-East and various Western Countries, constitutes an abundant source of research. We favoured a study of integration mechanisms of the three most numerically important communities, established in France, United States and Lebanon. We isolated, in our work, the essential characteristics of the Armenian diaspora. Today the diaspora can no longer be considered as one but rather as an aggregate of communities, different in their composition and their perception of armenity. For the members of the diaspora, the notion of identity, of belonging, and the fidelity to the collective memory is a process depending on one's origin, generation and original culture. However, all the members, by varied strategies, take an active part in the socio-political process of their host country in order to be acknowledged as a proper ethnic entity. As to the speech of the elites, it maintains the collective memory and attempts to slow down the assimilation process in the host countries. To what extent does a successful integration lead the members of the diaspora toward assimilation and has this process passed today a point of no return ?
Kanaan, Abi Fares Souraya. "Le commerce de Beyrouth (1920-1939) d'après les archives françaises et libanaises." Paris 4, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040100.
Full textMelki, Sandrine. "Être femme à Beyrouth : perspectives spatiales dans quatre quartiers de la ville." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL154.
Full textIn our research, we study a specific entry of disparities and social evolutions - one related to gender - in its effect on urban spatial dynamics in Lebanon. Our work is based on a case study of four different neighborhoods in Greater Beirut (Hamra, Sassine, Bourj Hammoud, Zalqa), while focusing on the role of women as users or producers in their experience of space and their implication in urban matter. Currently, radical changes in urban and social gender roles have affected space, in face of a previously stagnant reality. Despite these changes, inhabitants continue to live in an inherited model of urban planning, adapted to the old roles, but also in a social structure largely dominated by patriarchy. The approach of such subject is relatively new on a world scale, but especially for an Arab country like Lebanon