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Manothummetha, Kasama, Rongpong Reinprayoon, Pattama Torvorapanit, Navaporn Reinprayoon, Kitiya Ratanawongphaibul, Ariya Chindamporn, and Nitipong Permpalung. "279. Evaluation of β-d-Glucan Utilization in Thailand: Single Academic Center Experience." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.354.
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Abstract Background β-d-glucan (BG) detection was first available in Thailand in 2016 to aid diagnosis of invasive fungal infections (IFIs). Given a paucity of real-world experience of BG use in resource-limited countries, this study was conducted to describe appropriateness of BG testing and sequelae of BG results. Methods A retrospective study included all patients with at least 1 BG ordered at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand during March 2016 to December 2018. Descriptive statistics were used. Results 83 patients were tested by BG assay (Fungitell, Associates of Cape Cod, Inc.): 6 with hematopoietic stem cell transplant, 12 with solid-organ transplant, 20 with active cancer receiving chemotherapy, 34 receiving high dose steroids (≥20 mg/day of prednisone for ≥3 weeks) and 11 with other conditions. Seventy-three patients were tested under infectious disease (ID) service’s recommendations. There were 13 and 20 cases of proven and probable IFIs, respectively. Among 13 proven IFIs, there were 11 positive, 1 indeterminate and 1 negative (mucormycosis) BG results. Among 49 cases with positive BG results, 24 were determined to be false-positive results. Median turn-around time for BG results was 16 (IQR: 9–23) days. Due to high turn-around time, only 8 patients were started on antifungal agent(s) and 3 underwent bronchoscopy due to positive BG results. All proven IFI cases were started on antifungal treatment prior to BG availability. Conclusion Approximately 87% of BG use in Thailand was ordered in patients with risk factors for IFIs. This could be due to majority of BG test was recommended by ID specialist. Despite being used in right clinical context, 49% had false-positive BG results. Another barrier of BG use in Thailand was high turn-around time due to small numbers of BG ordered and relative high cost to run the assay. Therefore, the utility of BG for aiding diagnosis or management of fungal infection in our setting is limited. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Kumar, Gajendra, and Gajendra Pal Singh. "Alterations in Proteins and Amino Acids of the Cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans in Response to Different Inorganic Formulations." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 6, no. 3 (December 29, 2017): 932–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v6i3.6362.
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Anacystis nidulans is a small, rod-shaped, unicellular, colonial, obligatory phototrophic microalga isolated from Sambhar Lake, Jaipur (Rajasthan). To find out the best inorganic composition cultures were grown in five different defined inorganic medium such as Modified BG-11 medium (pH 7.31), BG-11 medium (7.1), CHU-10 (pH 7.65), Zarrouk’s medium (pH 10.2) and Kratz & Myer medium (pH 9.5) and kept at the temperature of 25 ± 2°C, illuminated with white fluorescent lamps at a light intensity of 2.5 Klux with 12:12 hours light/dark photoperiod in departmental laboratory. Protein content is determined by Bradford assay and qualitatively by SDS-PAGE. Protein expression levels were determined through densitometry. Highest protein and amino acid content were obtained in Modified BG-11 medium as compared to other medium. Two polypeptides of 54.3 and 56.2 kDa were uniquely observed, but the genotype of 35.8 kDa polypeptide was completely degraded under Modified BG-11 inorganic formulation. 35.8, 54.3, 56.2 and 61.8 kDa polypeptides were completely degraded in Zarrouk’s as well as Kratz and Myer medium. The expression of some polypeptides of 14.0, 34.1, 42.3, 45.9, 49.5 and 75.0 kDa were greatly reduced and expressed only 1mm level in Zarrouk’s and Kratz and Myer medium. Quantity of free amino acids maximum was in Modified BG-11 medium and minimum was in the Kratz and Myer Medium. Total 17amino acids were observed in the HPLC chromatogram. No detectable amount of asparagine, glutamine and tryptophan were found throughout the course of the algal life cycle
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Bakuradze, Malkhaz, and Mamuka Jibladze. "MoravaK-theory rings for the groupsG38, …,G41of order 32." Journal of K-Theory 13, no. 1 (December 6, 2013): 171–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/is013011009jkt245.
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AbstractB. Schuster [19] proved that themod2 MoravaK-theoryK(s)*(BG) is evenly generated for all groupsGof order 32. For the four groupsGof order 32 with the numbers 38, 39, 40 and 41 in the Hall-Senior list [11], the ringK(2)*(BG) has been shown to be generated as aK(2)*-module by transferred Euler classes. In this paper, we show this for arbitrarysand compute the ring structure ofK(s)*(BG). Namely, we show thatK(s)*(BG) is the quotient of a polynomial ring in 6 variables overK(s)*(pt) by an ideal for which we list explicit generators.
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Mashilo, Jacob, Hussein Shimelis, Alfred Odindo, and Beyene Amelework. "Genetic Diversity of South African Bottle Gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.] Landraces Revealed by Simple Sequence Repeat Markers." HortScience 51, no. 2 (February 2016): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.51.2.120.
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Bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.] landraces are widely grown in South Africa, and genetic diversity analysis is necessary to identify promising genotypes for breeding or systematic conservation. Sixty-seven diverse bottle gourd landraces were genotyped using 14 selected simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The number of alleles detected per marker ranged from 4 to 11, with a total of 86 putative alleles being amplified. Allele sizes ranged from 145 to 330 base pair (bp). Number of effective alleles (Ne) ranged from 1.58 to 6.14 with a mean of 3.10. Allelic richness varied from 3.00 to 8.90 with a mean of 5.23. Expected heterozygosity (He) values ranged from 0.37 to 0.84 with a mean of 0.65. The mean polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.57. Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity values ranged from 0.00 to 1.00, with a mean of 0.63. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 79%, 17%, and 4% of the variation in bottle gourd landraces was attributable to among landraces, within landraces, and between populations, respectively. The study established the existence of considerable genetic diversity among South African bottle gourd landraces. Unique landraces such as BG-4, BG-6, BG-8, BG-9, and BG-15 from cluster I; BG-55, BG-42, BG-57, and BG-58 from cluster II; BG-28, BG-23, BG-29, and BG-34 from cluster III were selected based on their highest dissimilarity index. These could be useful for bottle gourd breeding and systematic conservation.
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Friedman, H. S., D. M. Kokkinakis, J. Pluda, A. H. Friedman, I. Cokgor, M. M. Haglund, D. M. Ashley, et al. "Phase I trial of O6-benzylguanine for patients undergoing surgery for malignant glioma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 16, no. 11 (November 1998): 3570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1998.16.11.3570.
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PURPOSE The major mechanism of resistance to alkylnitrosourea therapy is the DNA repair protein O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), which removes chlorethylation or methylation damage from the O6-position of guanine. O6-benzylguanine (O6-BG) is an AGT substrate that inhibits AGT by suicide inactivation. We conducted a phase I trial to define the presurgical dose required for depletion of tumor AGT activity in patients with malignant glioma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients were to be treated 18 hours before craniotomy with intravenous doses that ranged between 40 and 100 mg/m2 given over 1 hour. Resected tumor was snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and AGT activity analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Up to 13 patients were treated at a specific dose of O6-BG, with a target end point of > or = 11 of 13 patients with undetectable tumor AGT levels (< 10 fmol/mg protein). RESULTS Thirty patients with malignant gliomas were enrolled, with 11 of 11 patients treated at 100 mg/m2 O6-BG demonstrating tumor AGT levels less than 10 fmol/mg protein. No toxicity was noted in any patient treated. CONCLUSION These results indicate that 100 mg/m2 of O6-BG can maintain tumor AGT levels less than 10 fmol/mg protein for at least 18 hours after treatment, a time interval in which bis(2-chloroethyl)nitrosourea (BCNU)-induced chloroethyl adducts are fully converted into interstrand cross-links. A 100-mg/m2 dose of O6-BG will be used in combination with BCNU in another phase I trial designed to determine the maximal-tolerated dose of BCNU.
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Modak, S., B. H. Kushner, K. Kramer, A. Vickers, and N. Cheung. "Phase I study of the combination of anti-GD2 antibody 3F8 and barley-derived (1→3,1→4)-β-D-glucan for patients with resistant neuroblastoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 9566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.9566.
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9566 Background: Beta glucans are complex, naturally occurring polysaccharides that prime leucocyte dectin and CR3 receptors. Based on our preclinical observations that oral barley-derived (1→3,1→4)-β-D-Glucan (BG) synergizes with the murine anti-GD2 antibody 3F8 against neuroblastoma (NB) (Clin Cancer Res 8:1217), we conducted a phase I study to determine the safety of the combination of BG and 3F8 in patients with resistant NB. Methods: Heavily pre-treated patients with recurrent or refractory advanced stage NB were treated with 3F8/BG. Each cycle consisted of intravenous (IV) 3F8 at a fixed dose of 10 mg/m2/day ×10 days, plus oral BG dose escalated from 10 to 80 mg/kg/day ×10 days in 4 cohorts of 6 patients each. Patients without human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) could be re-treated up to a total of 4 cycles. Results: Twenty-three patients with stage 4 and one with stage 3 NB (M:F = 11:13; median age 8 (range 2–19) years completed 47 cycles of therapy with 3F8/BG. 8 patients had progressive disease (PD) while 16 had stable refractory NB (SD) at enrollment. All patients completed at least one cycle of therapy and were evaluated for toxicity and response. Maximum tolerated dose for BG was not reached. Two patients developed dose-limiting toxicities (DLT). Both had grade 4 thrombocytopenia after completing one cycle of treatment: one at BG dose of 20mg/kg/day and the other at 40 mg/kg/day. Both cases responded to therapy with a short course of ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura) therapy; one subsequently developed chronic ITP. There were no other >grade 2 toxicities related to 3F8/BG therapy. 14, 4, 2 and 6 patients completed 1, 2, 3 and 4 cycles respectively. Reasons for withdrawal in patients who did not complete 4 cycles were PD in 10, persistently elevated HAMA in 6 and DLT in 2. Overall 11 patients had SD and 13 PD. 14/23 patients with positive MIBG scans prior to therapy demonstrated improvement after one cycle. Responses did not correlate with BG dose received. 7 patients, all with residual disease survive at a median of 40 (range 24–45) months post-treatment. Conclusions: 3F8/BG is well tolerated and shows activity against resistant NB. Further clinical investigation of this novel combination is warranted. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Torjman, Marc C., Michael E. Goldberg, Jeffrey J. Littman, Robert A. Hirsh, and Richard P. Dellinger. "Pilot Evaluation of a Prototype Critical Care Blood Glucose Monitor in Normal Volunteers." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 3, no. 6 (November 2009): 1233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/193229680900300602.
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Background: Availability of a highly accurate in-hospital automated blood glucose (BG) monitor could facilitate implementation of intensive insulin therapy protocols through effective titration of insulin therapy, improved BG control, and avoidance of hypoglycemia. We evaluated a functional prototype BG monitor designed to perform frequent automated blood sampling for glucose monitoring. Methods: Sixteen healthy adult volunteer subjects had intravenous catheter insertions in a forearm or hand vein and were studied for 8 hours. The prototype monitor consisted of an autosampling unit with a precise computer-controlled reversible syringe pump and a glucose analytical section. BG was referenced against a Yellow Springs Instrument (YSI) laboratory analyzer. Sampling errors for automated blood draws were assessed by calculating the percent of failed draws, and BG data were analyzed using the Bland and Altman technique. Results: Out of 498 total sample draws, unsuccessful draws were categorized as follow: 11 (2.2%) were due to autosampler technical problems, 21 (4.2%) were due to catheter-related failures, and 37 (7.4%) were BG meter errors confirmed by a glucometer-generated error code. Blood draw difficulties or failures related to the catheter site (e.g., catheter occlusion or vein collapse) occurred in 6/15 (40%) subjects. Mean BG bias versus YSI was 0.20 ± 12.6 mg/dl, and mean absolute relative difference was 10.4%. Conclusions: Automated phlebotomy can be performed in healthy subjects using this prototype BG monitor. The BG measurement technology had suboptimal accuracy based on a YSI reference. A more accurate BG point-of-care testing meter and strip technology have been incorporated into the future version of this monitor. Development of such a monitor could alleviate the burden of frequent BG testing and reduce the risk of hypoglycemia in patients on insulin therapy.
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Ubaldini, ALM, RC Pascotto, F. Sato, VO Soares, ED Zanotto, and ML Baesso. "Effects of Bioactive Agents on Dentin Mineralization Kinetics After Dentin Bleaching." Operative Dentistry 45, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/18-272-l.
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SUMMARY Objectives: This study evaluated effects of Bioglass 45S5 (BG) and Biosilicate (BS) remineralization on the chemical composition and bond strength of control dentin (CD) and bleached dentin (BD) surfaces. Methods and Materials: Dentin bleaching treatment was performed using the walking bleaching technique with 0.01 g of sodium perborate and 0.5 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide for 14 days. Remineralization treatment was carried out by rubbing a remineralization solution (0.015 g of BG or BS diluted in 1.35 mL of distilled water) on the etched dentin surface for 30 seconds. Micro-Raman spectroscopy (MRS) was used to quantitatively analyze the mineral matrix ratios of CD and BD (n=5) after remineralization treatment with BG and BS over 15 days of incubation in artificial saliva. The CD and BD discs (n=10) with and without remineralization treatment with BG and BS were restored using a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system (Optibond S, Kerr) and five layers of 1-mm-thick composite resin (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE). The restored dentin discs were sectioned into nine bonded beams with cross-sectional areas of approximately 0.9 mm2 and tested for microtensile bond strength (μTBS). The dentin surface of one fractured beam per tooth was submitted to MRS to characterize the physicochemical composition (n=10) at the interface. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and the Tukey-Kramer post hoc test (p<0.005). Results: MRS bioactive analyses revealed that both BG and BS promoted increased mineral matrix ratios in the CD and BD. Significantly higher μTBS values were found after CD treatment with BG (CD: 57 MPa±11; CD-BG: 78 MPa±15) and when BG and BS were applied to the BD (BD: 42 MPa±5; BD-BG: 71 MPa±14; BD-BS: 64 MPa±11) (p<0.005). The MRS analysis of the fractured dentin beam showed that the remineralization treatment significantly increased the dentin relative mineral concentration and promoted the appearance of new interface peaks, indicating a chemical interaction (p<0.005). Conclusion: Remineralization of BD is an effective therapy to restore damage caused by dentin bleaching and acid conditioning. This approach not only increases dentin mineral compounds but also improves dentin's ability to interact chemically with the adhesive system.
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Gerrard, Robert. "Book review: BSRIA BG 11/2010 Commissioning Job BookBSRIA BG 11/2010 Commissioning Job Book HawkinsGlenn. BSRIA, Bracknell, UK, 2010, ISBN 978-0-86022-697-0, £50·00, 95 pp." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Management, Procurement and Law 165, no. 4 (November 2012): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/mpal.11.00034.
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Demircik, Filiz, Valeria Kirsch, Sanja Ramljak, Mario Vogg, Anke H. Pfützner, and Andreas Pfützner. "Laboratory Evaluation of Linearity, Repeatability, and Hematocrit Interference With an Internet-Enabled Blood Glucose Meter." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 13, no. 3 (April 11, 2019): 514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296819841357.
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Background: In recent clinical trials, use of the MyGlucoHealth blood glucose meter (BGM) and electronic diary was associated with an unusual reporting pattern of glycemic data and hypoglycemic events. Therefore, the performance of representative BGMs used by the patients was investigated to assess repeatability, linearity, and hematocrit interference in accordance with regulatory guidelines. Method: Ten devices and 6 strip lots were selected using standard randomization and repeatability procedures. Venous heparinized blood was drawn from healthy subjects, immediately aliquoted and adjusted to 5 target blood glucose (BG) ranges for the repeatability and 11 BG concentrations for the linearity tests. For the hematocrit interference test, each sample within 5 target BG ranges was split into 5 aliquots and adjusted to hematocrit levels across the acceptance range. YSI 2300 STAT Plus was used as the laboratory reference method in all experiments. Results: Measurement repeatability or precision was acceptable across the target BG ranges for all devices and strip lots with coefficient of variation (CV) between 3.4-9.7% (mean: 5.7%). Linearity was shown by a correlation coefficient of .991; however, a positive bias was seen for BG <100 mg/dL (86% measurements did not meet ISO15197:2015 acceptance criteria). Significant hematocrit interference (up to 20%) was observed for BG >100 mg/dL (ISO15197:2015 acceptance criteria: ±10%), while the results were acceptable for BG <100 mg/dL. Conclusions: The BGM met repeatability requirements but demonstrated a significant measurement bias in the low BG range. In addition, it failed the ISO15197:2015 criteria for hematocrit interference.
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Nakanishi, Keisuke, Tadashi Namisaki, Tsuyoshi Mashitani, Kosuke Kaji, Kuniaki Ozaki, Soichiro Saikawa, Shinya Sato, et al. "Late-Evening Snack with Branched-Chain Amino Acid-Enriched Nutrients Does Not Always Inhibit Overt Diabetes in Patients with Cirrhosis: A Pilot Study." Nutrients 11, no. 9 (September 7, 2019): 2140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11092140.
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Cirrhosis patients often have abnormal glucose metabolism. We investigated the effects of a late-evening snack (LES) with branched-chain amino acid-enriched nutrients (BCAA-EN) on glucose metabolism in cirrhosis patients. LES with BCAA-EN was administered for 1 week in 13 patients with cirrhosis and hypoalbuminemia. Blood glucose (BG) levels were measured every 15 min. The patients were divided into two groups based on BG levels: group 1 (G1, n = 11): nocturnal BG levels <200 mg/dL and group 2 (G2, n = 2): nocturnal BG levels ≥200 mg/dL. G1 had nocturnal BG levels <200 mg/dL, whereas G2 had nocturnal BG levels ≥200 mg/dL. The average BG levels did not significantly change after BCAA-EN administration in G1 (before 91.9 ± 29.0 mg/dL; after 89.0 ± 24.3 mg/dl). However, the average BG levels significantly increased after BCAA-EN administration in G2 (before 153.6 ± 43.3 mg/dL; after 200.9 ± 59.7 mg/dL) (p < 0.01). The glycated albumin level (16.6 ± 0.9% vs. 16.2 ± 2.1%), fasting immunoreactive insulin (F-IRI) level (53.9 ± 34.0 μU/mL vs. 16.5 ± 11.0 μU/mL), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) score (17.85 ± 10.58 vs. 4.02 ± 2.59) were significantly higher in G2 than in G1 (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.01, respectively). The quantitative insulin sensitivity check indices (0.32 ± 0.03 vs. 0.27 ± 0.02) were significantly higher in G1 than in G2 (p < 0.01). One patient in G2 was obese and had type 2 diabetes. The other patient was obese and had a high HOMA-IR score and F-IRI level. A LES with BCAA-EN does not inhibit overt diabetes in most cirrhosis patients. However, close attention should be paid to fluctuations in BG levels in cirrhosis patients who present with obesity and severe insulin resistance.
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Engsbro, Anne Line, Sara Najat, Karin Meinike Jørgensen, Jørgen A. L. Kurtzhals, and Maiken Cavling Arendrup. "Diagnostic accuracy of the 1,3-β-D-glucan test for pneumocystis pneumonia in a tertiary university hospital in Denmark: A retrospective study." Medical Mycology 57, no. 6 (December 11, 2018): 710–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myy129.
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Abstract 1,3-β-D-glucan (BG), a cell-wall component of most fungi including Pneumocystis (PC), is recommended by international guidelines for screening for pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in hematologic patients. We retrospectively validated the BG test in our tertiary university hospital. Forty-five patients (median age 53 years, 33% female) tested for PC by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or immunoflourescence (IF)-microscopy with a stored blood sample within ±5 days of the PC test were tested by the Fungitell (cutoff <60 and >80 pg/ml). Cases had symptoms and radiology compatible with PCP and positive IF-microscopy (proven PCP, n = 8) or positive PCR (probable PCP, n = 10). Controls had no compatible symptoms/radiology and negative tests for PC on conventional testing (no PCP, n = 24), or positive PCR/IF-microscopy (colonized, n = 3). Median BG-levels were 1108 pg/ml (proven PCP), 612 pg/ml (probable PCP), 29 pg/ml (colonized), and 48 pg/ml (controls, P < 0.001). Compared to the PCP case/control classification, the BG test showed sensitivities of 83–89% and specificities of 64–74%, positive likelihood ratio (LR) of 3.2 and negative LR of 0.23 at recommended cutoff and moderate agreement between tests. Optimal cutoff was ≥73 pg/ml. In PCR-positive cases, the agreement between the BG test and IF-microscopy was 78–89% with fair/moderate agreement. Elevated BG levels were seen in controls with probable invasive fungal infections (n = 4), hemodialysis, bacterial infections and/or betalactams. To conclude, 11% of patients with PCP would be missed if the BG test had been used for diagnosing PCP. Specificity was moderate. Among PCR-positive patients, the BG test identified more cases than IF-microscopy. BG testing is potentially helpful but sensitivity is insufficient to exclude PCP.
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Ahsan, Muhammad Zahir. "A comprehensive report of the National Coordinated Varietal Trial (NCVT) of Cotton conducted during 2019-20 in National Cotton Varietal Testing Program." International Journal of Cotton Research and Technology 2, no. 1 (October 8, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33865/ijcrt.002.01.0353.
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One hundred and two cotton cultivars, developed by the different scientists were grouped in four sets and tested at six locations in Punjab, four locations in Sindh, three locations in Balochistan and one location in KPK to test the adaptability of seed cotton yield. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of Bt toxin of these cultivars were conducted at four designated labs. The results revealed highly significant differences among the cultivars for seed cotton yield per hectare. In Set-A top performance cultivar is Saim-102 (2519kgha-1) followed by the Tahafuz 12 (2350kgha-1), in set-B Rustram-11 (2655kgha-1) and BF-1 (2288kgha-1) perform best as compared to the other cultivars. In Set–C cultivar, NIAB-1011 (2604kgha-1) and GH-Uhad (2531kgha-1) out yield the all other cultivars and in Set-D cultivar, Bt-CIM-775 (2588kgha-1) and Sahara-Klean-5 (2508kgha-1) surpass the yield from other candidate cultivars. Overall top varieties in Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and National level were Rustam-11 (2484kgha-1), Sahara-Klean-5 (2714kgha-1), Diamon-2 (3742kgha-1), GH-Hamaliya (2594kgha-1), Rustam-11 (2655kgha-1),The average trait purity for BG-I (Cry1Ac) was 25 to 100%, for BG-II (Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab) none of the variety observed positive and for BG-III (Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab and RR) trait purity was 57 to 100%.
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Weingart, Jon, Stuart A. Grossman, Kathryn A. Carson, Joy D. Fisher, Shannon M. Delaney, Mark L. Rosenblum, Alessandro Olivi, Kevin Judy, Stephen B. Tatter, and M. Eileen Dolan. "Phase I Trial of Polifeprosan 20 With Carmustine Implant Plus Continuous Infusion of Intravenous O6-Benzylguanine in Adults With Recurrent Malignant Glioma: New Approaches to Brain Tumor Therapy CNS Consortium Trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 4 (February 1, 2007): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.06.6290.
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Purpose This phase I trial was designed to (1) establish the dose of O6-benzylguanine (O6-BG) administered intravenously as a continuous infusion that suppresses O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) levels in brain tumors, (2) evaluate the safety of extending continuous-infusion O6-BG at the optimal dose with intracranially implanted carmustine wafers, and (3) measure the pharmacokinetics of O6-BG and its metabolite. Patients and Methods The first patient cohort (group A) received 120 mg/m2 of O6-BG over 1 hour followed by a continuous infusion for 2 days at escalating doses presurgery. Tumor samples were evaluated for AGT levels. The continuous-infusion dose that resulted in undetectable AGT levels in 11 or more of 14 patients was used in the second patient cohort. Group B received the optimal dose of O6-BG for 2, 4, 7, or 14 days after surgical implantation of the carmustine wafers. The study end point was dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Results Thirty-eight patients were accrued. In group A, 12 of 13 patients had AGT activity levels of less than 10 fmol/mg protein with a continuous-infusion O6-BG dose of 30 mg/m2/d. Group B patients were enrolled onto 2-, 4-, 7-, and 14-day continuous-infusion cohorts. One DLT of grade 3 elevation in ALT was seen. Other non-DLTs included ataxia and headache. For up to 14 days, steady-state levels of O6-BG were 0.1 to 0.4 μmol/L, and levels for O6-benzyl-8-oxoguanine were 0.7 to 1.3 μmol/L. Conclusion Systemically administered O6-BG can be coadministered with intracranially implanted carmustine wafers, without added toxicity. Future trials are required to determine if the inhibition of tumor AGT levels results in increased efficacy.
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Charidimou, Andreas, Gregoire Boulouis, Marco Pasi, Eitan Auriel, Ellis S. van Etten, Kellen Haley, Alison Ayres, et al. "MRI-visible perivascular spaces in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and hypertensive arteriopathy." Neurology 88, no. 12 (February 22, 2017): 1157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000003746.
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Objective:To assess MRI-visible enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) burden and different topographical patterns (in the centrum semiovale [CSO] and basal ganglia [BG]) in 2 common microangiopathies: cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and hypertensive arteriopathy (HA).Methods:Consecutive patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) from a prospective MRI cohort were included. Small vessel disease MRI markers, including cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), cortical superficial siderosis (cSS), and white matter hyperintensities (WMH), were rated. CSO-EPVS/BG-EPVS were assessed on a validated 4-point visual rating scale (0 = no EPVS, 1 = <10, 2 = 11–20, 3 = 21–40, and 4 = >40 EPVS). We tested associations of predefined high-degree (score >2) CSO-EPVS and BG-EPVS with other MRI markers in multivariable logistic regression. We subsequently evaluated associations with CSO-EPVS predominance (i.e., CSO-EPVS > BG-EPVS) and BG-EPVS predominance pattern (i.e., BG-EPVS > CSO-EPVS) in adjusted multinomial logistic regression (reference group, BG-EPVS = CSO-EPVS).Results:We included 315 patients with CAA-ICH and 137 with HA-ICH. High-degree CSO-EPVS prevalence was greater in CAA-related ICH vs HA-related ICH (43.8% vs 17.5%, p < 0.001). In multivariable logistic regression, high-degree CSO-EPVS was associated with lobar CMB (odds ratio [OR] 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10–1.61, p = 0.003) and cSS (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.30–3.32, p = 0.002). Deep CMBs (OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.75–4.64, p < 0.0001) and higher WMH volume (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.04, p = 0.010) were predictors of high-degree BG-EPVS. A CSO-EPVS–predominant pattern was more common in CAA-ICH than in HA-ICH (75.9% vs 39.4%, respectively, p < 0.0001). CSO-PVS predominance was associated with lobar CMB burden and cSS, while BG-EPVS predominance was associated with HA-ICH and WMH volumes.Conclusions:Different patterns of MRI-visible EPVS provide insights into the dominant underlying microangiopathy type in patients with spontaneous ICH.
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HAYAWI, Mohammed Kareem, Mohanad Mousa KAREEM, and Luma Majeed AHMED. "SYNTHESIS OF SPINEL Mn3O4 AND SPINEL Mn3O4/ZrO2 NANOCOMPOSITES AND USING THEM IN PHOTO-CATALYTIC DECOLORIZATION OF Fe(II)-( 4,5- DIAZAFLUOREN-9-ONE 11) COMPLEX." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 34 (March 20, 2020): 689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n34.2020.713_p34_pgs_689_699.pdf.
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The spinel structure Mn3O4 and the spinel Mn3O4/ZrO2 nano-composites particles were synthesized successfully as photocatalysts by employing the co-precipitation process and ultrasonic technique, respectively. The morphology of the top mention prepared photocatalysts was distinguished using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technology and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and indicated that the mean crystal sizes and particle sizes for all studied samples were nanometric. In addition, the optical properties of the obtained photocatalysts were investigated using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer with Labsphere diffuse reflectance accessory to measure the bandgaps of them. Based on the Tauc equation, the bandgaps (Bg) for the studied photocatalysts were determined. The bandgaps are indirect for all samples, and it is increased in values for the nanocomposites with the increasing the ratio of ZrO2. So, the sequence of bandgaps values is: Bg spinel Mn3O4 Bg Comp.1 Bg Comp.2 Bg Comp.3 Bg ZrO2, and equal to 2.21 eV 3.15 eV 4.51 eV 4.26 eV 5.29 eV. The research revealed that the spinel Mn3O4 and the spinel Mn3O4 ZrO2 nano-composites particles were quasispherical and spherical particles respectively. Moreover, the incorporation of spinel Mn3O4 particle with ZrO2 particle was successfully carried out that was proved by XRD and AFM analyses. This work discovered that the photocatalytic reaction response via employing Fe(II)-(4,5-Diazafluoren-9-one 11) complex as model material under UV-A lamp with the use of the studied photocatalysts. The primary photo experiments for these photocatalysts found that the decolorization of Fe(II)-(4,5-Diazafluoren-9-one 11) complex is not active without addition of H2O2, that attitude is due to the very high stability of these complex with having an octahedral structure, which was proved with using mole ratio method. Whereas, after the addition of H2O2 to the aqueous solution of these complex, the activity with using the spinel Mn3O4 ZrO2 nanocomposite 3 was found to be the double active than that using the spinel Mn3O4 alone, and the sequence of phootdecolorization efficiency (E%) is being: E% composite 3 E% composite 2 E% composite 1 E% spinel Mn3O4.
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Phipps, R. H., J. D. Sutton, and B. A. Jones. "Forage mixtures for dairy cows: the effect on dry-matter intake and milk production of incorporating either fermented or urea-treated whole-crop wheat, brewers' grains, fodder beet or maize silage into diets based on grass silage." Animal Science 61, no. 3 (December 1995): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800014053.
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AbstractOne hundred and two multiparous Holstein/Friesian dairy coivs were used to examine the effect on food intake and milk production of replacing 330 g/kg dry matter (DM) of first-cut perennial ryegrass silage (GS) with either fermented (FW) or urea (40 g/kg DM) treated (UW) whole-crop wheat, brewers' grains (BG), fodder beet (FB) or maize silage (MS). A forage mixture containing GS and 750 g/kg DM of maize silage (MSH) was also offered. Dietary crude protein (CP) concentrations were equalized by offering all cows 6 kg DM per day of an appropriate concentrate supplement. DM intake and milk yield of cows offered GS (15·3, 23·0 kg/day) were increased (F < 0·01) by the inclusion of BG (16·3, 26·7 kg/day), FB (17·6, 25·9 kg/day), MS (16·6, 26·4 kg/day) and MSH (18·5, 27·6 kg/day). BG, FB and MS all produced similar increases in milk yield. Although the inclusion of FW and UW increased (F < 0·05) DM intake, milk yield was not significantly affected. The differences between the highest and lowest milk fat concentration, produced by FB (42·9 g/kg) and BG (40·1 g/kg) respectively, and the highest and lowest milk protein concentration produced by FB (32·1 g/kg) and GS (29·9 g/kg) respectively, were statistically significant (F < 0·001). Milk fat and protein yields of cows offered GS (0·97, 0·71 kg/day) were increased (F < 0·01) by BG (1·07, 0·82 kg/day), FB (1·11, 0·83 kg/day), MS (1·11, 0·83 kg/day) and MSH (1·12, 0·88 kg/day). Intermediate values were recorded for FW (1·01, 0·72 kg/day) or UW (1·00, 0·73 kg/day). Results show that farmers should consider replacing a major part of the grass silage component with an alternative forage or forage substitute.
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Sadhu, Archana R., Ivan Alexander Serrano, Jiaqiong Xu, Tariq Nisar, Jessica Lucier, Anjani R. Pandya, and Bhargavi Patham. "Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: Results of an Emergent Pilot Study." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 14, no. 6 (October 16, 2020): 1065–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296820964264.
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Background: Amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has emerged as an alternative for inpatient point-of-care blood glucose (POC-BG) monitoring. We performed a feasibility pilot study using CGM in critically ill patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: Single-center, retrospective study of glucose monitoring in critically ill patients with COVID-19 on insulin therapy using Medtronic Guardian Connect and Dexcom G6 CGM systems. Primary outcomes were feasibility and accuracy for trending POC-BG. Secondary outcomes included reliability and nurse acceptance. Sensor glucose (SG) was used for trends between POC-BG with nursing guidance to reduce POC-BG frequency from one to two hours to four hours when the SG was in the target range. Mean absolute relative difference (MARD), Clarke error grids analysis (EGA), and Bland-Altman (B&A) plots were calculated for accuracy of paired SG and POC-BG measurements. Results: CGM devices were placed on 11 patients: Medtronic ( n = 6) and Dexcom G6 ( n = 5). Both systems were feasible and reliable with good nurse acceptance. To determine accuracy, 437 paired SG and POC-BG readings were analyzed. For Medtronic, the MARD was 13.1% with 100% of readings in zones A and B on Clarke EGA. For Dexcom, MARD was 11.1% with 98% of readings in zones A and B. B&A plots had a mean bias of −17.76 mg/dL (Medtronic) and −1.94 mg/dL (Dexcom), with wide 95% limits of agreement. Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, CGM is feasible in critically ill patients and has acceptable accuracy to identify trends and guide intermittent blood glucose monitoring with insulin therapy.
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Jacka, Michael J., Clinton J. Torok-Both, and Sean M. Bagshaw. "Blood Glucose Control Among Critically Ill Patients with Brain Injury." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 36, no. 4 (July 2009): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100007757.
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Objective:To evaluate the incidence of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia and blood glucose (BG) variability in brain-injured patients and their association with clinical outcomes.Methods:Retrospective cohort study of brain-injured patients admitted to an 11- bed neurosciences intensive care unit (ICU) from January 1 to December 31, 2003.Results:We included 606 patients. Mean age was 52.3 years, 60.6% were male, 11.9% had diabetes mellitus, and 64% were post-operative. Seventy-five (12.4%) received intensive insulin therapy (IIT) for a median (IQR) 72 (24-154) hours. Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia occurred in 4.6% (96.4% receiving IIT) and 9.6% (77.6% receiving IIT). Median number of episodes per patient was 3 (75% with ≥2) and 4 (81% with ≥2) for hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Variable glycemic control occurred in 3.8% (100% receiving IIT) with median number of 13 episodes per patient. In-hospital mortality was 16.7%, median (IQR) ICU and hospital lengths of stay were 2 (1-5) and 8 (3-19) days. Hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia and BG variability showed non-significant but consistent associations with hospital mortality and prolonged lengths of ICU and hospital stay. The rate of recurrence of episodes showed stronger and significant associations with outcome, in particular for BG variability and hyperglycemia.Conclusions:Hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia and BG variability are relatively common in brain-injured patients and are associated with IIT. An increased frequency of episodes, in particular for BG variability and hyperglycemia, was associated with greater risk of both hospital death and prolonged duration of stay.
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Bhushan, B. "Production and characterization of a thermostable chitinase from a new alkalophilic Bacillus sp. BG-11." Journal of Applied Microbiology 88, no. 5 (May 2000): 800–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01016.x.
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Naparstek, E., J. Pierce, D. Metcalf, R. Shadduck, J. Ihle, A. Leder, MA Sakakeeny, K. Wagner, J. Falco, and TJ FitzGerald. "Induction of growth alterations in factor-dependent hematopoietic progenitor cell lines by cocultivation with irradiated bone marrow stromal cell lines." Blood 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 1395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v67.5.1395.1395.
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Abstract We studied the production of hemopoietins by x-irradiated plateau-phase cultures of cloned marrow stromal cell lines derived from C3H/HeJ marrow, termed D2XRII and clone 11. The production of CSF in agar overlay of control or 10,000 rad irradiated stromal cultures was quantitated by induction of colonies in: overlaid fresh marrow, IL-3- dependent cell line 32D cl 3, or GM-CSF/IL-3-dependent cell lines FDCP- 1 or bg/bg cl 1. Conditioned media were tested for CSF by bioassay using fresh marrow cells, for M-CSF (CSF-1) by RIA, and for IL-3 and GM- CSF by microwell proliferation assay with 32D cl 3 and FDCP-1 cells, respectively. X-irradiation to doses that decreased CSF-1 to 40% of control levels (greater than 5,000 rad) resulted in a 30-fold increase in growth of FDCP-1 or bg/bg cl 1 cells in liquid co-culture or agar culture overlay with no detectable growth of 32D cl 3. The frequency of subculture of nonautocrine, factor independent (FI) variant clonal lines of FDCP-1 or bg/bg cl 1 cells was increased over 1000-fold by 15 weeks cocultivation with irradiated stromal cell cultures. FI subclonal lines formed tumors in syngeneic mice and contained no detectable poly A messenger RNA for GM-CSF or IL-3, and no elevation in c-myc, c-abl, c- src, or erb-B onc gene-specific messenger RNA compared to parent factor- dependent lines. These data indicate that x-irradiated plateau phase marrow stromal cells produce increased levels of cell contact-mediated biologically active hemopoietin(s) other than M-CSF, GM-CSF, or IL-3 and induce nonautocrine factor-independent malignant cell lines in vitro.
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Naparstek, E., J. Pierce, D. Metcalf, R. Shadduck, J. Ihle, A. Leder, MA Sakakeeny, K. Wagner, J. Falco, and TJ FitzGerald. "Induction of growth alterations in factor-dependent hematopoietic progenitor cell lines by cocultivation with irradiated bone marrow stromal cell lines." Blood 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 1395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v67.5.1395.bloodjournal6751395.
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We studied the production of hemopoietins by x-irradiated plateau-phase cultures of cloned marrow stromal cell lines derived from C3H/HeJ marrow, termed D2XRII and clone 11. The production of CSF in agar overlay of control or 10,000 rad irradiated stromal cultures was quantitated by induction of colonies in: overlaid fresh marrow, IL-3- dependent cell line 32D cl 3, or GM-CSF/IL-3-dependent cell lines FDCP- 1 or bg/bg cl 1. Conditioned media were tested for CSF by bioassay using fresh marrow cells, for M-CSF (CSF-1) by RIA, and for IL-3 and GM- CSF by microwell proliferation assay with 32D cl 3 and FDCP-1 cells, respectively. X-irradiation to doses that decreased CSF-1 to 40% of control levels (greater than 5,000 rad) resulted in a 30-fold increase in growth of FDCP-1 or bg/bg cl 1 cells in liquid co-culture or agar culture overlay with no detectable growth of 32D cl 3. The frequency of subculture of nonautocrine, factor independent (FI) variant clonal lines of FDCP-1 or bg/bg cl 1 cells was increased over 1000-fold by 15 weeks cocultivation with irradiated stromal cell cultures. FI subclonal lines formed tumors in syngeneic mice and contained no detectable poly A messenger RNA for GM-CSF or IL-3, and no elevation in c-myc, c-abl, c- src, or erb-B onc gene-specific messenger RNA compared to parent factor- dependent lines. These data indicate that x-irradiated plateau phase marrow stromal cells produce increased levels of cell contact-mediated biologically active hemopoietin(s) other than M-CSF, GM-CSF, or IL-3 and induce nonautocrine factor-independent malignant cell lines in vitro.
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Jain, Sudha, Emma Adams, and Alyson Lee. "A survey of Irish psychiatric trainees attitudes to balint groups." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.691.
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Aims1. To compare the experience of psychiatric trainees in Ireland of online Balint Groups (BG) in contrast to face to face groups.2. To assess the general attitudes of trainees to BG using the Psychological Medical Inventory (PMI) (Ireton and Sherman, 1988) scale.MethodAn online survey comprising two sections: 1. A questionnaire exploring participants experience, effectiveness and obstacles to attending the two formats of BG with a free text box response. 2. General attitude of trainees towards BG using PMI scale.An online cross-sectional survey using Survey Monkey. An invitation to participate in the survey was emailed to all trainees by the College of Psychiatrists in Ireland. All data were anonymised, and all data processing was conducted in line with GDPR. Statistical analysis was undertaken using Microsoft Excel. Thematic analysis was applied to the free-text box responses.Result16.49% (64/388) responded to the survey. Responses were uniform across all stages of training. 97% of respondents attended BG; 72% attended both formats, 25% attended only face-to-face and 3% online only. 65% of respondents preferred face to face compared to 18% online, whilst 11% stated no preference.On thematic analysis, trainees asserted a preference for face-to-face, describing better group cohesion, feeling safer to share, increased ease of interpreting non-verbal communication, and that conversation was more fluid. They described greater ease of engagement with the group/facilitator and preferred direct social interaction with peers.Conversely, most trainees acknowledged that online groups were convenient to attend, less time consuming & mitigated COVID risk associated with face-to-face meetings. Common themes against the use of online groups were: less psychotherapeutic in nature, technical issues, silences, unable to see participants faces and as though speaking “into the void”.Regarding trainees' attitudes to attending BG, most of the trainees found BG had been beneficial in developing more interest and confidence in dealing with the psychological aspects of patient care. Trainees agreed that skills improved in developing an excellent doctor-patient relationship, recognising patients under stress/ in distress, systemically obtaining psychological information and making treatment decisions based upon psychological needs and psychotherapeutic engagement. They agreed that they could better understand the influence of doctors' emotions on the doctor-patient relationship.ConclusionThis survey showed that most trainees find BG beneficial in developing better doctor-patient relationships, preferring face-to-face rather than online BG. However, they found online more convenient. A blended learning approach could provide trainees with the benefits of both formats of BG.
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Adami, Chiara, Robert Shane Hayes, Rick F. Sanchez, and Paolo Monticelli. "Effect of Insulin and Fasting Regimen on Blood Glucose Concentrations of Diabetic Dogs During Phacoemulsification." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 56, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6884.
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ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare four protocols for preanesthetic insulin administration and fasting time with respect to the variation of intraoperative blood glucose (BG) concentrations versus preanesthetic values (baseline). The patient records of dogs undergoing cataract surgery were included. Data on anesthetic protocols, comorbidities, and intraoperative complications (hyper- and hypoglycemia, hypotension, hypothermia, and bradycardia) were analyzed. The insulin/fasting protocols included (A) 12 hr fasting and half insulin dose, (B) 6 hr fasting and half insulin dose, (C) 12 hr fasting and full insulin dose, and (D) 12 hr fasting and no insulin. Forty-eight dogs were included (14 in A, 10 in B, 13 in C, and 11 in D). Protocol D resulted in a significant increase of intraoperative BG concentrations compared with baseline (P = .001), whereas in the remaining groups, the baseline BG did not differ from intraoperative values. There were no statistically significant associations between the treatment group and the occurrence of intraoperative complications or the presence of diagnosed comorbidities. In conclusion, different insulin and fasting regimen protocols may be used for diabetic patients with no apparent benefit or risk from one protocol versus another. The use of insulin before surgery results in lesser increase of BG intraoperatively as compared with preanesthetic values. However, whether this should be interpreted as better perioperative control of glycemia remains debatable.
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Parelman, Mardi A., David H. Storms, Catherine P. Kirschke, Liping Huang, and Susan J. Zunino. "Dietary strawberry powder reduces blood glucose concentrations in obese and lean C57BL/6 mice, and selectively lowers plasma C-reactive protein in lean mice." British Journal of Nutrition 108, no. 10 (February 1, 2012): 1789–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512000037.
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The purpose of the present study was to test the anti-inflammatory and blood glucose (BG)-regulating capacity of strawberries in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. A total of thirty-six male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups (nine mice per group). Mice were fed a low-fat diet (LF, 13 % fat), the LF supplemented with 2·6 % freeze-dried strawberry powder (LFSB), a high-fat diet (HF, 44 % fat) or the HF supplemented with 2·6 % strawberry powder (HFSB). Blood samples were collected to measure BG, inflammation and systemic markers for endocrine function of pancreas and adipose tissue. Splenocytes were harvested at the end of the study and activated with either anti-cluster of differentiation (CD) 3/anti-CD28 antibodies or lipopolysaccharide to test immune responsiveness. The HF increased non-fasted BG, insulin, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, leptin, resistin and plasminogen activator protein-1 (P < 0·05). High dietary fat decreased IL-4 production from activated splenocytes (P < 0·05). BG concentrations were lower in the mice supplemented with SB (10·64 mmol/l) compared to the non-supplemented mice (11·37 mmol/l;P = 0·0022). BG values were approximately 6·5 % lower in the supplemented mice. Additionally, SB lowered plasma C-reactive protein in the LFSB group compared to the other three groups (P < 0·05). The dietary intake of SB approximated one human serving of strawberries. These results, although modest, support a promising role for dietary strawberries in reducing the risks associated with obesity and diabetes, and regulating the levels of inflammatory markers in non-obese individuals.
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Eigenmann, U., R. Bruckmaier, U. Bleul, and E. Gaebler. "Schicksal frühzeitig post partum auftretender Ovarialzysten ohne und nach Behandlung mit PRID/PGF oder PRID/PGF+eCG." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe G: Großtiere / Nutztiere 43, no. 06 (2015): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15653/tpg-150249.
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Zusammenfassung Ziel der Arbeit war, sonographisch das Schicksal frühzeitig post partum auftretender Ovarialzysten (OZ) ohne und nach Behandlung mit einer Progesteron abgebenden Vaginalspirale (PRID), mit oder ohne zusätzliche Applikation von equinem Choriongonadotropin (eCG), zu vergleichen. Material und Methode: 33 Milchkühe, die 20–30 Tage post partum eine OZ aufwiesen, wurden den Behandlungsgruppen (BG) PRID/PGF oder PRID/PGF+eCG oder einer Kontrollgruppe (KG) zugeteilt (n = 11/Gruppe). Die Kontrolltiere blieben im 20-tä gigen Versuchszeitraum unbehandelt. Am Tag der Diagnose (Tag 0) wurde den Tieren der BG eine PRID eingesetzt und bei deren Entfernung (Tag 10) PGF2α appliziert. In der BG PRID/PGF+eCG wurde am Tag 7 zusätzlich eCG appliziert. An Tag 0, 7, 10, 13 und 20 wurden die Ovarien sonographisch untersucht und Progesteron (P4) sowie Östradiol-17β (E2) im Plasma bestimmt. Dies erfolgte bei der KG nur an Tag 0, 10 und 20. Ergebnisse: An Tag 0 wurden bei allen Kühen sonographisch Follikelthekazysten festgestellt, von denen sich in der KG sechs in Follikelluteinzysten umwandelten. Der Zystendurchmesser blieb in der KG unverändert, während er sich in den BG bis Tag 20 verringerte (p < 0,01). Bei allen Tieren der BG kam es zur Ovulation und Anbildung mindestens eines Corpus luteum (CL), in der KG nur bei zwei Tieren (p < 0,05). Im Vergleich zu erstmals am Tag 10 dominanten Follikeln entstanden aus bereits am Tag 7 dominanten Follikeln mehr CL mit Hohlraum (p < 0,05). Die Durchmesser der Follikel, aus denen sich CL mit Hohlraum entwickelten, waren an Tag 10 größer (p < 0,01). Am Tag 0 betrug die mittlere P4-Konzentration in allen Gruppen 1 ng/ml. Sie stieg in den BG nach Einsetzen der PRID und fiel nach deren Entfernung unter 1 ng/ml ab (p < 0,05). Schlussfolgerung: Die alleinige Behandlung mit PRID führte zu einer Heilungsrate von 100%, sodass sich der zusätzliche Nutzen von eCG nicht kritisch überprüfen ließ. CL mit Hohlraum entstehen häufiger aus größeren und älteren dominanten Follikeln.
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Singh, J., P. C. Agrawal, M. V. K. Apparao, R. K. Manchanda, P. Vivekananda Rao, and M. B. K. Sarma. "Study of Pulsations in the Nova-like Variable KR Aur and the Intermediate Polar BG CMi." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 9, no. 2 (1991): 279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000024139.
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AbstractFast photometric observations of a nova-like variable KR Aurigae and the intermediate polar BG CMi (3A0729+103) were made in the B and U bands during 1984–89 to study pulsations in them. The light curves of KR Aur show large amplitude quasi-periodic pulsations with periods in the range 500–800s which can be ascribed to inhomogeneities in the accretion disc. The light curves of the X-ray emitting intermediate polar BG CMi show variable amplitude pulsations with 913s period. From the times of maxima of the pulsations obtained from observations over the period 1984–1989, the pulsation period is derived to be 0.010572966 ± 8 days and the spin-up rate to be (−5.7 ± 0.5) × 10−11 ss−1. The spin-up rate is consistent with the pulsating source being a white dwarf and not a neutron star.
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Elsner, Prof Dr med Peter, and Dr med Dr med univ Michal Gina. "11. Berufsdermatologisches Symposium Falkenstein: Innovationen in der Berufsdermatologie – 6. April 2019, BG Klinik für Berufskrankheiten Falkenstein GmbH." Dermatologie in Beruf und Umwelt 67, no. 01 (January 1, 2019): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/dbx00345.
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Santos, Valdilene Maria dos, Kleber Renan de Souza Santos, Luciana Retz de Carvalho, and Célia Leite Sant'Anna. "Efeitos dos surfactantes aniônicos LAS e LESS no desenvolvimento e na morfologia da cianobactéria Planktothrix agardhii CCIBt3125." Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology 19, no. 1 (March 5, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/bjast.v19n1.p1-5.
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<p>Os surfactantes aniônicos Linear Alquilbenzeno Sulfonato (LAS) e Lauril Éter Sulfato de Sódio (LESS) estão entre as principais substâncias utilizadas nas formulações de detergentes comerciais, e são lançados em redes de esgoto poluindo rios e mananciais, habitados por milhares de microorganismos, entre os quais estão as cianobactérias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos dos surfactantes LAS e LESS sobre o crescimento da linhagem cianobacteriana <em>Planktothrix agardhii</em> CCIBt3125. O experimento teve a duração de 16 dias sendo a contagem dos tricomas feita a cada dois dias, em câmara de Fuchs Rosenthal. O meio BG-11 foi utilizado como controle e os seguintes tratamentos foram testados (<em>n</em> = 3): BG-11+4% de LAS (concentração 4,13 mM) e BG-11+4% de LESS (concentração 5,32 mM), mantidos em temperatura de 23ºC±1, fotoperíodo 14/10 luz/escuro e irradiância 40-50 µmol fótons m<sup>-2</sup>.s<sup>-1</sup>. Na condição controle, a cepa apresentou crescimento exponencial do segundo ao décimo dia e taxa de crescimento de 0,17 (µ dia<sup>-1</sup>) enquanto que, comparativamente, os surfactantes promoveram uma resposta inibitória no desenvolvimento da biomassa: no décimo dia foi observada redução da densidade dos tricomas de 69% no tratamento com LAS e de 70% no tratamento com LESS; no décimo sexto dia houve redução de 88% (LAS) e de 90% (LESS), não havendo diferença significativa entre os dois tratamentos. Segundo a literatura, nossos resultados são os primeiros a mostrar esses efeitos sobre a espécie <em>P. </em><em>agardhii</em> e estão em concordância com as informações já existentes sobre a ação inibitória de surfactantes no crescimento de outras espécies de cianobactérias; além disso, também mostram a necessidade de maior controle na destinação de efluentes contendo detergentes, devido aos seus efeitos negativos sobre a biota aquática.</p>
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Arruda, Domenico Sales Rocha, Marcos Weber do Canto, Clóves Cabreira Jobim, and Paulo César de Faccio Carvalho. "Métodos de avaliação de massa de forragem em pastagens de capim-estrela submetidas a intensidades de pastejo." Ciência Rural 41, no. 11 (October 28, 2011): 2004–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782011005000141.
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O experimento foi conduzido para comparar a eficiência dos métodos do disco medidor de forragem (DMF), o bastão graduado (BG), a régua e o medidor de capacitância (MC), utilizados em estimativas da massa de forragem (MF) em pastagens. Os instrumentos foram empregados em pastagens de capim-estrela (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis) usadas sob condições de pastejo contínuo, taxa de lotação variável e em diferentes alturas do pasto. O delineamento foi o inteiramente ao acaso com duas repetições e os tratamentos foram quatro alturas do pasto: 5, 10, 15 e 20cm. A altura do pasto nos piquetes foi mantida por ajustes da taxa de lotação, usando-se novilhas da raça Nelore (Bos indicus). As avaliações nos pastos foram realizadas em períodos mensais, de 7/11/2007 a 26/4/2008. A efetividade de cada método para quantificar a MF foi avaliada por equação de regressão. O MC não apresentou resultados consistentes. Os valores obtidos de coeficiente de determinação para avaliação da MF foram baixos e inferiores a 0,63 com o BG, DMF e com a régua. Medições de MF em pastos de capim-estrela sob pastejo contínuo podem ser realizadas preferivelmente com o DMF, ou com o BG e a régua.
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Stevens, David A., Yonglong Zhang, Malcolm A. Finkelman, Demosthenes Pappagianis, Karl V. Clemons, and Marife Martinez. "Cerebrospinal Fluid (1,3)-Beta-d-Glucan Testing Is Useful in Diagnosis of Coccidioidal Meningitis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54, no. 11 (August 24, 2016): 2707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01224-16.
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Diagnosing coccidioidal meningitis (CM) can be problematic owing to its infrequency and/or a delay in the positivity of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture or CSF antibody, particularly if the primary coccidioidal infection is unrecognized. We tested 37 CSF specimens, 26 from patients with confirmed CM and 11 from patients with suspected microbial meningitis without fungal diagnosis, for (1,3)-beta-glucan (BG). BG in CM CSF specimens ranged from 18 to 3,300 pg/ml and in controls ranged from <3.9 to 103 pg/ml. Diagnostic performance was determined using a 31-pg/ml cutoff (the bottom of the serum range according to the directions for the commercial kit, although further serial dilutions of the standard indicated linearity to 3.9). Sensitivity was 96%, specificity was 82%, positive and negative predictive values were 93% and 90%, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.937. Fifteen of 15 samples of >103 pg/ml were CM. The one false-negative specimen was from a patient with a pseudosyrinx, without inflammatory evidence of meningitis activity. Serial samples from some patients were positive at ≤8 years, indicating no loss of positivity with chronicity. Samples stored frozen since 2000 included those with 2 of the 3 highest values, indicating that fresh samples not required. A previous study indicated serum sensitivities of 53% in acute, 50% in resolved, and 83% in disseminated and meningeal coccidioidomycosis. Three studies of other fungal meningitides ranged from 86 to 1,524 pg/ml CSF, with 37 controls of <4 to 115 pg/ml CSF. CSF BG analysis had good diagnostic performance in CM. CSF BG testing can be useful in CM, and a commercial kit is available. It will be of interest to correlate this with course, treatment, outcome, inflammation, and antigen. The only mycoses with common central nervous system (CNS) involvement are cryptococcal and coccidioidal, so CSF BG screening can be useful in meningitis diagnosis.
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Stilgenbauer, Stephan, Franck Morschhauser, Clemens-Martin Wendtner, Guillaume Cartron, Michael Hallek, Barbara Eichhorst, Mark F. Kozloff, et al. "Safety and Efficacy of Venetoclax (VEN) in Combination with Bendamustine (B) Plus Rituximab (R) or Obinutuzumab (G) in Patients (pts) with Previously Untreated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Results from a Phase Ib Study (GO28440)." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 1859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-118362.
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Abstract Introduction Anti-apoptotic protein BCL2 is overexpressed in hematologic malignancies such as CLL. BCL2 inhibitor VEN has shown profound efficacy when combined with B and anti-CD20 antibodies G and R, all of which are established components of CLL therapy. Pre-clinical and early clinical data in R/R CLL suggest addition of VEN to BR or BG may improve efficacy. Here we present data from a Phase Ib study of VEN in combination with BR/BG evaluated for first line (1L) CLL patients (pts). Methods This single-arm, open-label study had dose-finding (3 + 3 design) and subsequent safety-expansion stages. 1L CLL pts with ECOG PS ≤1, adequate marrow and organ function, who were in need of treatment, were first enrolled to BR-VEN, then safety data were reviewed before initiation of the BG-VEN cohort and expansions. In dose finding, 2 dosing schedules were assessed: a) Cycle 1: VEN ramp up introduced before BR/BG or b) Cycle 1: BR/BG loading dose introduced before VEN ramp up, with 1 schedule to be chosen for expansion. Pts were to receive 6 (28-day) cycles of BR/BG-VEN followed by 6 mo of VEN single agent for an overall treatment duration of 1 yr. VEN single agent could be extended upon request of the treating physician if pts were bone marrow (BM) minimal residual disease (MRD) positive and/or had partial response. Objectives were maximum tolerated dose of BR/BG-VEN, safety/tolerability of the combinations and efficacy, including undetectable MRD (<1 CLL cell/104 leukocytes) rate by 5-color flow cytometry. Disease response was assessed by investigators per iwCLL 2008. Pooled data from dose finding and safety expansion for each combination are presented. Results During dose finding, no dose-limiting toxicities were observed; schedule b (BR/BG before VEN) and VEN 400mg were recommended for safety expansion. As of June 1 2018, 50 pts were enrolled overall (baseline characteristics in Table 1): 49 pts received ≥1 dose of any study drug (27 BR-VEN, 22 BG-VEN), and 45 (26 BR-VEN, 19 BG-VEN) were evaluable for efficacy. 41% pts (11/27 BR-VEN, 9/22 BG-VEN) completed 6 combination cycles. Median B cycles: 5 (1-6) in both cohorts. Median VEN duration: 371 days (4-1082) BR-VEN, 336 days (11-543) BG-VEN. 8 pts in each cohort had VEN beyond planned 1 yr (14 still on VEN, 2 stopped as of cut-off date). Median time on study: 26 mo (3-43) BR-VEN and 18 mo (1-33) BG-VEN. VEN dose reductions/interruptions occurred in 82% pts (22/27 BR-VEN, 18/22 BG-VEN). 14 pts (8 BR-VEN, 6 BG-VEN) discontinued VEN due to AEs. All pts experienced ≥1 AE. Most common Gr 3-4 AEs: neutropenia (85% BR-VEN, 55% BG-VEN) and thrombocytopenia (37% BR-VEN, 50% BG-VEN; Table 2). No clinical tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) was observed; laboratory TLS was seen in 1 pt with BG before any VEN was given. 1 fatal AE occurred (hemorrhagic transformation after stroke in BR-VEN cohort, onset on Day 82). Infections (all-Gr/Gr 3-4) were observed in 70/0% with BR-VEN and 73/27% with BG-VEN. All pts responded to treatment; objective rates were consistent among pts with del(17p) and/or TP53 mutation (mut) and IGHV unmut status or number of B cycles received (6 vs <6; Table 3). Half of pts achieved a complete response (CR) with each combination. Undetectable MRD was seen in most pts; full data on peripheral blood and BM MRD will be presented at the meeting. As of the cut-off date, only 1 pt experienced PD (in BR cohort), there was no Richter transformation in either cohort. Estimated 18-mo PFS was 96% with BR-VEN and 100% with BG-VEN. Conclusion VEN 400mg daily combined with BR or BG in 1L CLL treatment was associated with toxicity leading to treatment interruptions and discontinuations; the most frequently reported toxicities were hematologic. However, despite dose modifications, all pts responded to treatment, independently of subgroups. 50% of pts achieved a CR/CRi; higher than previously reported with BG or BR alone (Brown et al. Blood 2015; Michallet et al. Haematologica 2018). Responses were durable and preliminary PFS data are encouraging. Response rates were similar, irrespective of whether pts received planned 6 or fewer cycles of B; the optimal number of B cycles and general benefit of B in combination with R-VEN or G-VEN should be examined further with longer follow-up. No marked differences in quality of clinical responses were observed when VEN was combined with BR or BG. Updated MRD data will provide a better understanding of the efficacy of these combination regimens compared with backbone chemo-free regimens. Disclosures Stilgenbauer: GSK: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Genzyme: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Genentech: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Hoffmann La-Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Sanofi: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Mundipharma: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Boehringer-Ingelheim: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Pharmcyclics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Morschhauser:Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Roche/Genentech: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BMS: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Epizyme: Consultancy; Servier: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Wendtner:Pharmacyclics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support, Research Funding; Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support, Research Funding; MorphoSys: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support, Research Funding; Mundipharma: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support, Research Funding; GlaxoSmithKline: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support, Research Funding; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support, Research Funding; Genetech: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel support, Research Funding; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Cartron:Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria; Gilead Sciences: Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria; Sanofi: Honoraria. Hallek:Abbvie: Honoraria, Research Funding; Mundipharma: Honoraria, Research Funding; Gilead: Honoraria, Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; Roche: Honoraria, Research Funding. Eichhorst:AbbVie, Celgene, Gilead, Janssen, Mundipharma, Novartis, Roche: Honoraria, Other: Travel support, Research Funding. Kozloff:Roche: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Genentech: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AbbVie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Lozanski:Novartis: Research Funding; BI: Research Funding; Stem Line: Research Funding; Beckman: Research Funding; Coulter: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding. Jiang:Genentech Inc: Employment, Equity Ownership. Huang:F. Hoffmann La Roche: Employment. Pignataro:Roche Products Limited: Employment. Schary:AbbVie: Employment. Humphrey:Roche Products Limited: Employment. Mobasher:F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Other: Ownership interests non-PLC; Genentech Inc: Employment. Salles:Gilead: Honoraria, Other: Advisory Board; Epizyme: Honoraria; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; BMS: Honoraria, Other: Advisory Board; Merck: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria; Takeda: Honoraria; Morphosys: Honoraria; Acerta: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria, Other: Advisory Board; Abbvie: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria, Other: Advisory Board, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria; Servier: Honoraria, Other: Advisory Board; Servier: Honoraria.
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Yang, Chih-Chun, Rex Wen, Claire Shen, and Da-Jeng Yao. "Using a Microfluidic Gradient Generator to Characterize BG-11 Medium for the Growth of Cyanobacteria Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942." Micromachines 6, no. 11 (November 13, 2015): 1755–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi6111454.
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Sheridan, R., L. C. Hoffman, and A. V. Ferreira. "Meat quality of Boer goat kids and Mutton Merino lambs 1. Commercial yields and chemical composition." Animal Science 76, no. 1 (February 2003): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800053327.
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AbstractCarcass measurements, commercial cuts and chemical composition of the meat of 32 Boer goat (BG) kids and 32 South African Mutton Merino (MM) lambs were investigated. Two pelleted diets (offered to 16 animals per species) with either a low (LE, 9·9 MJ/kg dry matter (DM)) or a high (HE, 121 MJ/kg DM) metabolizable energy level were offered, ad libitum, for either 28 or 56 days. Thereafter the animals were slaughtered and the carcasses dissected into South African commercial cuts. The 8-9-10-rib cut of each carcass was dissected and used for chemical analysis. MM had heavier carcasses (LE: 19·87w. 15·28 kg; HE: 2401 v 17·05 kg), and proportionally heavier ribs and buttocks than BG and therefore one can expect higher prices for sheep carcasses than for those of goats. BG had significantly more moisture and protein and lower fat and energy values than MM. DM, fat and energy values increased with an increase in slaughter age in both species. BG had significantly higher concentrations of 11 of the 18 measured essential amino acids in their 8-9-10-rib cuts than the MM. Goat carcasses had higher Ca, K, Mg, Na and P levels than sheep carcasses, regardless of the diet offered. BG had a lower carcass cholesterol content than lamb (66·77 v. 99·28 mg/100 g, respectively). Palmitic (C16: 0), stearic (C18: 0) and oleic (C18: 1n9) acids comprised the greatest proportions of the fatty acids in the 8-9-10-rib cut. On both diets there was a significantly higher saturated to unsaturated (SFA: UFA) fatty acid ratio in lamb than in goat meat (LE: 0·30 v 0·845; HE 1·407 v. 0·892). It can be concluded that chemically the meat from young feedlot goats is not inferior to that of lamb, and since it has a higher protein percentage and lower fat, cholesterol and SFA it can be considered as a healthy food commodity. Since diet had little or no significant influence on the carcass weight distribution or chemical composition of the goats, BGs can be finished on a LE-diet in the feedlot. This may decrease the food cost significantly.
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Patiño-Camelo, Karen, Carlos Diaz-Uribe, Euler Gallego-Cartagena, William Vallejo, Vincent Martinez, Cesar Quiñones, Mikel Hurtado, and E. Schott. "Cyanobacterial Biomass Pigments as Natural Sensitizer for TiO2 Thin Films." International Journal of Photoenergy 2019 (August 21, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7184327.
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In this work, we studied the effect of TiO2 sensitization with dry biomass extracted of cyanobacteria on the degradation of methylene blue dye (AM). Cyanobacterial cultures isolated from water samples were collected from the swamp of Malambo in Colombia; two main genera of cyanobacteria were identified, and they were cultivated with BG-11 culture medium. The concentrations of chlorophyll a in the exponential and stationary phases of growth were measured; the phycobilin content was quantified by spectrophotometry. Thin films of TiO2 were deposited by a doctor blade method, and they were sensitized by wet impregnation. Furthermore, a methylene blue (MB) photodegradation process was studied under visible light irradiation on the cyanobacterial biomass sensitized TiO2 material (TiO2/sensitizer); besides, the pseudo-first-order model was used to obtain kinetic information about photocatalytic degradation. The results showed that the BG-11+ treatment reported a higher amount of dry biomass and phycobiliproteins. After the sensitization process, the TiO2/sensitizer thin films showed a significant red shift in the optical activity; besides the thin film roughness decreasing, the TiO2/sensitizer showed photocatalytic activity of 23.2% under visible irradiation, and besides, the kinetic (kap) constant for TiO2/sensitizer thin films was 3.1 times greater than the kap value of TiO2 thin films. Finally, results indicated that cyanobacterial biomass is a suitable source of natural sensitizers to be used in semiconductor sensitization.
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Chow, Kevin V., Emma M. Carrington, Yifan Zhan, Andrew M. Lew, and Robyn M. Sutherland. "Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Impair Early Graft Function following Allogeneic Islet Transplantation." Cell Transplantation 26, no. 2 (February 2017): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/096368916x693482.
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Islet transplantation can cure type 1 diabetes but is limited by lack of donor organs and early graft dysfunction, such that many patients require multiple transplants to achieve insulin independence. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) arise during inflammation and allograft encounters where they can promote various innate and adaptive immune responses. To determine whether moDCs impair early graft function following allogeneic islet transplantation, we transplanted MHC-mismatched BALB/c (H-2d) islets into diabetic C57BL/6-CCR2. DTR recipients (H-2b) treated with either saline (control) or diphtheria toxin (DT) to deplete moDCs. Graft function was assessed by blood glucose (BG) measurement. DT treatment resulted in specific depletion of graft site moDCs posttransplant. Despite equivalent pretransplant BG levels [27.0 ± 1.3 vs. 29.6 ± 1.1 mM, not significant (ns)], DT recipients achieved lower posttransplant BG levels and better rates of normoglycemia than control recipients (11.0 ± 1.9 vs. 19.1 ± 1.4 mM, p = 0.004) at 1 day posttransplant in diabetic recipients. When a suboptimal donor dose of 200 islets was transplanted, DT-induced moDC depletion resulted in normoglycemia in 78% compared to 25% of control recipients ( p = 0.03). As well as amelioration of graft dysfunction in the immediate peritransplant period, prolonged DT administration (15 days posttransplant) resulted in improved graft survival (21 vs. 11 days, p = 0.005). moDCs impair early graft function post-allogeneic islet transplantation. moDC depletion may allow for improved early graft function, permit transplantation with lower islet masses, and enhance graft survival.
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Mohadi, Risfidian, Hermansyah, Helpi Mavala, and Hilda Zulkifli. "The effect of metal ion Cd(II) concentration on the growth of Spirulina sp. cultured on BG-11 medium." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 530 (September 16, 2020): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/530/1/012036.
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Krause, S., P. Steeb, C. Hensen, V. Liebetrau, A. W. Dale, M. Nuzzo, and T. Treude. "Microbial activity and carbonate isotope signatures as a tool for identification of spatial differences in methane advection: a case study at the Pacific Costa Rican margin." Biogeosciences 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2014): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-507-2014.
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Abstract. The forearc of the convergent margin offshore Costa Rica is a region characterized by strong advection of methane-charged fluids causing the formation of ubiquitous cold seeps (mounds). Presented here are the first measurements of microbial anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and sulfate reduction (SR) rates in sediments from two mounds (11 and 12), applying radiotracer techniques in combination with numerical modelling. In addition, analysis of microbial, methane-dependent carbonate δ18O, δ13C, and 87Sr / 86Sr signatures constrained the origin of the carbonate-precipitating fluid. Average rates of microbial activities differed by a factor of ~5 to 6 between Mound 11 (AOM 140.71 (±40.84 SD) mmol m−2 d−1, SR 117.25 (±82.06 SD) mmol m−2 d−1) and Mound 12 (AOM 22.37 (±0.85 SD) mmol m−2 d−1, SR 23.99 (±5.79 SD) mmol m−2 d−1). Modelling results yielded upward fluid advection velocities of 200 cm yr−1 at Mound 11 and 15 cm yr−1 at Mound 12. Analysis of oxygen and carbon isotope variations of authigenic carbonates from the two locations revealed more enriched values for Mound 11 (δ18O : 3.18 to 6.15‰; δ13C: −14.14 to −29.56‰) compared to Mound 12 (δ18O : 3.09 to 4.48‰; δ13C : −39.53 to −48.98‰). The variation of carbonate 87Sr / 86Sr indicated considerable admixture of deep-source fluid at Mound 11, while seawater 87Sr / 86Sr characteristics prevailed at Mound 12 during precipitation. The present study is in accordance with previous work supporting considerable differences of methane flux between the two mounds. It also strengthens the hypothesis of a dominant deep fluid source with thermogenic methane at Mound 11 versus a shallow source of biogenic methane at Mound 12. The results demonstrate that measurements of methane-driven microbial activity in combination with numerical modelling are a valid tool for constraining recent methane fluxes in the study area. In addition, the analysis of methane-derived authigenic carbonates provides an independent line of evidence for long-term fluid contribution to the porewater chemistry of shallow sediments in the study area.
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El-Meadaway, A., Z. Mir, P. S. Mir, M. S. Zaman, and L. J. Yanke. "Relative efficacy of inocula from rumen fluid or faecal solution for determining in vitro digestibility and gas production." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a97-109.
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Three experiments were conducted to study the effects of substituting rumen fluid (RF) with faecal suspension (FS) as an inoculum for determination of in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD, experiment 1) and gas production (exp. 2). Barley grain (BG), Persian clover (PC), alfalfa (ALF), bromegrass (BR) and barley straw (BS) were used to evaluate the efficacy of the two inocula. In exp. 1, IVDMD was determined using RF or FS containing 3, 6 and 9% fresh cattle faeces as inocula. Except for BS, IVDMD values obtained with either RF or FS containing 3% faeces were not different (P > 0.05). In contrast, FS containing 6 or 9% faeces resulted in lower (P < 0.05) IVDMD than those obtained with RF. Total VFA, butyric and valeric acids of in vitro supernatant were higher (P < 0.05) in RF than FS incubated buffers. Molar proportions of acetic and propionic acids were variable among feeds. Mean acetic:propionic ratio was similar (except for BG) for RF or FS. In exp. 2, substitution of RF with FS containing 6, 11 or 16% cattle faeces as inoculum generally resulted in an increased lag time for four feeds (PC was not included). The rate of gas production was lower when FS was used instead of RF for ALF and BR. For BG however, use of FS resulted in a higher (P < 0.05) rate of gas production than when RF was used. Total gas production values were similar within all the feeds regardless of the source of inoculum. In experiment 3, the relative size of the total and cellulolytic populations were higher for RF than for FS, with a greater diversity of genera of bacteria isolated from RF. Results from this study indicate that FS has the potential to be used instead of RF to obtain IVDMD and gas production for BG and forage hay but not for poor quality roughages such as BS. However, more research with FS is required to confirm these findings. Key words: IVDMD, gas production, rumen fluid, faecal suspension
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Dahiya, Swati, Raja Chowdhury, Wendong Tao, and Pradeep Kumar. "Biomass and Lipid Productivity by Two Algal Strains of Chlorella sorokiniana Grown in Hydrolysate of Water Hyacinth." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051411.
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Hydrolysate prepared from the chemical hydrolysis of water hyacinth biomass contains a high amount of solubilised carbohydrate and nutrients. This hydrolysate was utilised as a medium for the cultivation of two strains of Chlorella sorokiniana, isolated from a municipal wastewater treatment plant using two different media, i.e., BG-11 and Knop’s medium. Different light intensities, light–dark cycles, and various concentrations of external carbon sources (monosaccharides and inorganic carbon) were used to optimise the microalgal growth. For the accumulation of lipids and carbohydrates, the microalgal strains were transferred to nutrient amended medium (N-amended and P-amended). It was observed that the combined effect of glucose, inorganic carbon, and a 12:12 h light–dark cycle proved to be the optimum parameters for high biomass productivity (~200 mg/L/day). For Chlorella sorokiniana 1 (isolated from BG-11 medium), the maximum carbohydrate content (22%) was found in P-amended medium (N = 0 mg/L, P: 3 mg/L), whereas, high lipid content (17.3%) was recorded in N-amended medium (N = 5 mg/L, P = 0 mg/L). However, for Chlorella sorokiniana 2 (isolated from the Knop’s medium), both lipid (17%) and carbohydrate accumulation (12.3%) were found to be maximum in the N-amended medium. Chlorella sorokiniana 2 showed a high saturated lipid accumulation compared to other strains. Kinetic modelling of the lipid profile revealed that the production rate of fatty acids and their various constituents were species dependent under identical conditions.
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Petretta, Mauro, Alessandro Gambardella, Marco Boi, Matteo Berni, Carola Cavallo, Gregorio Marchiori, Maria Cristina Maltarello, et al. "Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration Based on PCL and Mg-Containing Bioactive Glasses." Biology 10, no. 5 (May 4, 2021): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10050398.
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Polycaprolactone (PCL) is widely used in additive manufacturing for the construction of scaffolds for tissue engineering because of its good bioresorbability, biocompatibility, and processability. Nevertheless, its use is limited by its inadequate mechanical support, slow degradation rate and the lack of bioactivity and ability to induce cell adhesion and, thus, bone tissue regeneration. In this study, we fabricated 3D PCL scaffolds reinforced with a novel Mg-doped bioactive glass (Mg-BG) characterized by good mechanical properties and biological reactivity. An optimization of the printing parameters and scaffold fabrication was performed; furthermore, an extensive microtopography characterization by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy was carried out. Nano-indentation tests accounted for the mechanical properties of the scaffolds, whereas SBF tests and cytotoxicity tests using human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) were performed to evaluate the bioactivity and in vitro viability. Our results showed that a 50/50 wt% of the polymer-to-glass ratio provides scaffolds with a dense and homogeneous distribution of Mg-BG particles at the surface and roughness twice that of pure PCL scaffolds. Compared to pure PCL (hardness H = 35 ± 2 MPa and Young’s elastic modulus E = 0.80 ± 0.05 GPa), the 50/50 wt% formulation showed H = 52 ± 11 MPa and E = 2.0 ± 0.2 GPa, hence, it was close to those of trabecular bone. The high level of biocompatibility, bioactivity, and cell adhesion encourages the use of the composite PCL/Mg-BG scaffolds in promoting cell viability and supporting mechanical loading in the host trabecular bone.
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Zhang, Chen, Shaowu Li, Wei Li, Songtao Niu, Xingao Wang, and Zaiqiang Zhang. "Genotypic and Phenotypic Characteristics of Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy from China." European Neurology 84, no. 4 (2021): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000508950.
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<b><i>Background and Purpose:</i></b> Studies have shown characteristics of genotypes and phenotypes in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). This study aimed to describe the clinical and genetic characteristics of and correlations between the genotypes and phenotypes observed in CADASIL in China on the basis of exon classification. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Consecutive Chinese patients with CADASIL were evaluated. The detailed clinical and genetic features of CADASIL patients were collected. Genotypic and phenotypic characteristics were compared among 3 CADASIL groups: group 1 included patients with <i>NOTCH3</i> mutations in exons 3–4, group 2 included those with <i>NOTCH3</i> mutations in exon 11, and group 3 included those with <i>NOTCH3</i> mutations in other exons. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 46 patients with CADASIL were evaluated. A comparison of 3 groups with mutations in different <i>NOTCH3</i> exons revealed that individuals with exon 11 mutations were diagnosed at the oldest age, had the lowest modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores, and were most likely to have basal ganglia (BG) enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) > 20 and atrophy. There were no significant clinical or neuroimaging differences between patients with mutations in exons 3–4 and those with mutations in other exons. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Clinical and neuroimaging features are different among Chinese patients with mutations in exons 3–4, exon 11, or other exons. Exon 11 showed characterized phenotype (the oldest age at diagnosis, the lowest mRS scores, and were most likely to have BG EPVS > 20 and atrophy), there were no significant differences between exons 3–4 and other exons.
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van Heerwaarden, C. C., and A. J. Teuling. "Disentangling the response of forest and grassland energy exchange to heatwaves under idealized land–atmosphere coupling." Biogeosciences 11, no. 21 (November 13, 2014): 6159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6159-2014.
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Abstract. This study investigates the difference in land–atmosphere interactions between grassland and forest during typical heatwave conditions in order to understand the controversial results of Teuling et al. (2010) (hereafter T10), who found the systematic occurrence of higher sensible heat fluxes over forest than over grassland during heatwaves. With a simple but accurate coupled land–atmosphere model, we show that existing parametrizations are able to reproduce the findings of T10 for normal summer and heatwave conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the sensitivity of the coupled system to changes in incoming radiation and early-morning temperature typical for European heatwaves. Our results suggest that the fast atmospheric control of stomatal resistance can explain the observed differences between grassland and forest. The atmospheric boundary layer has a buffering function therein: increases in stomatal resistance are largely compensated for by increases in the potential evaporation due to atmospheric warming and drying. In order to disentangle the contributions of differences in several static and dynamic properties between forest and grassland, we have performed a virtual experiment with artificial land-use types that are equal to grassland, but with one of its properties replaced by that of forest. From these, we confirm the important role of the fast physiological processes that lead to the closure of stomata. Nonetheless, for a full explanation of T10's results, the other properties (albedo, roughness and the ratio of minimum stomatal resistance to leaf-area index) play an important but indirect role; their influences mainly consist of strengthening the feedback that leads to the closure of the stomata by providing more energy that can be converted into sensible heat. The model experiment also confirms that, in line with the larger sensible heat flux, higher atmospheric temperatures occur over forest. As our parametrization for stomatal resistance is empirical rather than mechanical, our study stresses the demand for a better mechanistic understanding of physiological processes in plants.
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Chang, C. T., S. Sabaté, D. Sperlich, S. Poblador, F. Sabater, and C. Gracia. "Does soil moisture overrule temperature dependence of soil respiration in Mediterranean riparian forests?" Biogeosciences 11, no. 21 (November 13, 2014): 6173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6173-2014.
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Abstract. Soil respiration (SR) is a major component of ecosystems' carbon cycles and represents the second largest CO2 flux in the terrestrial biosphere. Soil temperature is considered to be the primary abiotic control on SR, whereas soil moisture is the secondary control factor. However, soil moisture can become the dominant control on SR in very wet or dry conditions. Determining the trigger that makes soil moisture as the primary control factor of SR will provide a deeper understanding on how SR changes under the projected future increase in droughts. Specific objectives of this study were (1) to investigate the seasonal variations and the relationship between SR and both soil temperature and moisture in a Mediterranean riparian forest along a groundwater level gradient; (2) to determine soil moisture thresholds at which SR is controlled by soil moisture rather than by temperature; (3) to compare SR responses under different tree species present in a Mediterranean riparian forest (Alnus glutinosa, Populus nigra and Fraxinus excelsior). Results showed that the heterotrophic soil respiration rate, groundwater level and 30 cm integral soil moisture (SM30) decreased significantly from the riverside moving uphill and showed a pronounced seasonality. SR rates showed significant differences between tree species, with higher SR for P. nigra and lower SR for A. glutinosa. The lower threshold of soil moisture was 20 and 17% for heterotrophic and total SR, respectively. Daily mean SR rate was positively correlated with soil temperature when soil moisture exceeded the threshold, with Q10 values ranging from 1.19 to 2.14; nevertheless, SR became decoupled from soil temperature when soil moisture dropped below these thresholds.
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Eickenscheidt, T., A. Freibauer, J. Heinichen, J. Augustin, and M. Drösler. "Short-term effects of biogas digestate and cattle slurry application on greenhouse gas emissions affected by N availability from grasslands on drained fen peatlands and associated organic soils." Biogeosciences 11, no. 22 (November 17, 2014): 6187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6187-2014.
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Abstract. A change in German energy policy has resulted in a strong increase in the number of biogas plants in Germany. As a consequence, huge amounts of nutrient-rich residues, the by-products of the fermentative process, are used as organic fertilizers. Drained peatlands are increasingly used to satisfy the huge demand for fermentative substrates (e.g., energy crops, grass silage) and the digestate is returned to the peatlands. However, drained organic soils are considered as hot spots for nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and organic fertilization is additionally known to increase N2O emissions from managed grasslands. Our study addressed the questions (a) to what extent biogas digestate and cattle slurry application increase N2O and methane (CH4) fluxes as well as the mineral nitrogen use efficiency (NUEmin) and grass yield, and (b) how different soil organic matter contents (SOMs) and nitrogen contents promote the production of N2O. In addition NH3 volatilization was determined at one application event to obtain first clues with respect to the effects of soil and fertilizer types. The study was conducted at two sites within a grassland parcel, which differed in their soil organic carbon (SOC) and N contents. At each site (named Corg-medium and Corg-high) three plots were established: one was fertilized five times with biogas digestate, one with cattle slurry, and the third served as control plot. On each plot, fluxes of N2O and CH4 were measured on three replicates over 2 years using the closed chamber method. For NH3 measurements we used the calibrated dynamic chamber method. On an annual basis, the application of biogas digestate significantly enhanced the N2O fluxes compared to the application of cattle slurry and additionally increased the plant N-uptake and NUEmin. Furthermore, N2O fluxes from the Corg-high treatments significantly exceeded N2O fluxes from the Corg-medium treatments. Annual cumulative emissions ranged from 0.91 ± 0.49 to 3.14 ± 0.91 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Significantly different CH4 fluxes between the investigated treatments or the different soil types were not observed. Cumulative annual CH4 exchange rates varied between −0.21 ± 0.19 and −1.06 ± 0.46 kg C ha−1 yr−1. Significantly higher NH3 losses, NUEmin and grass yields from treatments fertilized with biogas digestate compared to those fertilized with cattle slurry were observed. The total NH3 losses following the splash plate application were 18.17 kg N ha−1 for the digestate treatments and 3.48 kg N ha−1 for the slurry treatments (36 and 15% of applied NH4+–N). The observed linear increase of 16 days' cumulative N2O–N exchange or annual N2O emissions, with mean groundwater level and ammonium application rate, reveals the importance of site-adapted N fertilization and the avoidance of N surpluses in Corg-rich grasslands.
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Hu, Y., and N. J. Kuhn. "Aggregates reduce transport distance of soil organic carbon: are our balances correct?" Biogeosciences 11, no. 22 (November 17, 2014): 6209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6209-2014.
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Abstract. The effect of soil erosion on global carbon cycling, especially as a source or sink for greenhouse gases, has been the subject of intense debate. The controversy arises mostly from the lack of information on the fate of eroded soil organic carbon (SOC) whilst in-transit from the site of erosion to the site of longer-term deposition. Solving this controversy requires an improved understanding of the transport distance of eroded SOC, which is principally related to the settling velocity of sediment fractions that carry the eroded SOC. Although settling velocity has already been included in some erosion models, it is often based on mineral particle size distribution. For aggregated soils, settling velocities are affected by their actual aggregate size rather than by mineral particle size distribution. Aggregate stability is, in turn, strongly influenced by SOC. In order to identify the effect of aggregation of source soil on the transport distance of eroded SOC, and its susceptibility to mineralization after transport and temporary deposition, a rainfall simulation was carried out on a silty loam. Both the eroded sediments and undisturbed soils were fractionated into six different size classes using a settling tube apparatus according to their settling velocities: > 250, 125 to 250, 63 to 125, 32 to 63, 20 to 32 and < 20 μm. Weight, SOC content and instantaneous respiration rates were measured for each of the six class fractions. Our results indicate that (1) 41% of the eroded SOC was transported with coarse aggregates that would be likely re-deposited down eroding hillslopes, rather than with fine particles likely transferred to water courses; (2) erosion was prone to accelerate the mineralization of eroded SOC, and thus might contribute more CO2 to the atmosphere than current estimates which often ignore potential effects of aggregation; (3) preferential deposition of SOC-rich coarse aggregates potentially causes an increase of SOC remaining in the colluvial system and a reduction of SOC flux to the alluvial or aquatic system. These findings identify a potential error of overestimating net erosion-induced carbon sink effects, and thus add an additional factor to consider when improving our current understanding of SOC erosion and deposition on hillslopes.
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Shi, Z., M. L. Thomey, W. Mowll, M. Litvak, N. A. Brunsell, S. L. Collins, W. T. Pockman, M. D. Smith, A. K. Knapp, and Y. Luo. "Differential effects of extreme drought on production and respiration: synthesis and modeling analysis." Biogeosciences 11, no. 3 (February 4, 2014): 621–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-621-2014.
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Abstract. Extremes in climate may severely impact ecosystem structure and function, with both the magnitude and rate of response differing among ecosystem types and processes. We conducted a modeling analysis of the effects of extreme drought on two key ecosystem processes, production and respiration, and, to provide a broader context, we complemented this with a synthesis of published results that cover a wide variety of ecosystems. The synthesis indicated that across a broad range of biomes, gross primary production (GPP) was generally more sensitive to extreme drought (defined as proportional reduction relative to average rainfall periods) than was ecosystem respiration (ER). Furthermore, this differential sensitivity between production and respiration increased as drought severity increased; it occurred only in grassland ecosystems, and not in evergreen needle-leaf and broad-leaf forests or woody savannahs. The modeling analysis was designed to enable a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying this pattern, and focused on four grassland sites arrayed across the Great Plains, USA. Model results consistently showed that net primary productivity (NPP) was reduced more than heterotrophic respiration (Rh) by extreme drought (i.e., 67% reduction in annual ambient rainfall) at all four study sites. The sensitivity of NPP to drought was directly attributable to rainfall amount, whereas the sensitivity of Rh to drought was driven by soil drying, reduced carbon (C) input and a drought-induced reduction in soil C content – a much slower process. However, differences in reductions in NPP and Rh diminished as extreme drought continued, due to a gradual decline in the soil C pool leading to further reductions in Rh. We also varied the way in which drought was imposed in the modeling analysis; it was either imposed by simulating reductions in rainfall event size (ESR) or by reducing rainfall event number (REN). Modeled NPP and Rh decreased more by ESR than REN at the two relatively mesic sites but less so at the two xeric sites. Our findings suggest that responses of production and respiration differ in magnitude, occur on different timescales, and are affected by different mechanisms under extreme, prolonged drought.
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Yao, Z., Y. Du, Y. Tao, X. Zheng, C. Liu, S. Lin, and K. Butterbach-Bahl. "Water-saving ground cover rice production system reduces net greenhouse gas fluxes in an annual rice-based cropping system." Biogeosciences 11, no. 22 (November 17, 2014): 6221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6221-2014.
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Abstract. To safeguard food security and preserve precious water resources, the technology of water-saving ground cover rice production system (GCRPS) is being increasingly adopted for rice cultivation. However, changes in soil water status and temperature under GCRPS may affect soil biogeochemical processes that control the biosphere–atmosphere exchanges of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The overall goal of this study is to better understand how net ecosystem greenhouse gas exchanges (NEGE) and grain yields are affected by GCRPS in an annual rice-based cropping system. Our evaluation was based on measurements of the CH4 and N2O fluxes and soil heterotrophic respiration (CO2 emissions) over a complete year, and the estimated soil carbon sequestration intensity for six different fertilizer treatments for conventional paddy and GCRPS. The fertilizer treatments included urea application and no N fertilization for both conventional paddy (CUN and CNN) and GCRPS (GUN and GNN), and solely chicken manure (GCM) and combined urea and chicken manure applications (GUM) for GCRPS. Averaging across all the fertilizer treatments, GCRPS increased annual N2O emission and grain yield by 40 and 9%, respectively, and decreased annual CH4 emission by 69%, while GCRPS did not affect soil CO2 emissions relative to the conventional paddy. The annual direct emission factors of N2O were 4.01, 0.09 and 0.50% for GUN, GCM and GUM, respectively, and 1.52% for the conventional paddy (CUN). The annual soil carbon sequestration intensity under GCRPS was estimated to be an average of −1.33 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, which is approximately 44% higher than the conventional paddy. The annual NEGE were 10.80–11.02 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1 for the conventional paddy and 3.05–9.37 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1 for the GCRPS, suggesting the potential feasibility of GCRPS in reducing net greenhouse effects from rice cultivation. Using organic fertilizers for GCRPS considerably reduced annual emissions of CH4 and N2O and increased soil carbon sequestration, resulting in the lowest NEGE (3.05–5.00 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1). Accordingly, water-saving GCRPS with organic fertilizer amendments was considered the most promising management regime for simultaneously achieving relatively high grain yield and reduced net greenhouse gas emission.
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Leblans, N. I. W., B. D. Sigurdsson, P. Roefs, R. Thuys, B. Magnússon, and I. A. Janssens. "Effects of seabird nitrogen input on biomass and carbon accumulation after 50 years of primary succession on a young volcanic island, Surtsey." Biogeosciences 11, no. 22 (November 17, 2014): 6237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6237-2014.
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Abstract. What happens during primary succession after the first colonizers have occupied a pristine surface largely depends on how they ameliorate living conditions for other species. For vascular plants the onset of soil development and associated increase in nutrient (mainly nitrogen; N) and water availability is especially important. Here, we report the relationship between N accumulation and biomass and ecosystem carbon (C) stocks in a 50-year-old volcanic island, Surtsey, Iceland, where N stocks are still exceptionally low. However, a 28-year-old seagull colony on the island provided nutrient-enriched areas, which enabled us to assess the relationship between N stock and biomass and ecosystem C stocks across a much larger range in N stock. Further, we compared areas on shallow and deep tephra sands as we expected that deep-rooted systems would be more efficient in retaining N. The sparsely vegetated area outside the colony had accumulated 0.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1, which was ca. 50–60% of the estimated N input rate from wet deposition. This approximates values for systems under low N input and bare dune habitats. The seagulls have added, on average, 47 kg N ha−1 yr−1, which induced a shift from belowground to aboveground in ecosystem N and C stocks and doubled the ecosystem N-use efficiency, determined as the ratio of biomass and C storage per unit N input. Soil depth did not significantly affect total N stocks, which suggests a high N retention potential. Both total ecosystem biomass and C stocks were strongly correlated with N stock inside the colony, which indicated the important role of N during the first steps of primary succession. Inside the colony, the ecosystem biomass C stocks (17–27 ton C ha−1) had reached normal values for grasslands, while the soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks (4–10 ton C ha−1 were only a fraction of normal grassland values. Thus, it will take a long time until the SOC stock reaches equilibrium with the current primary production, during which conditions for new colonists may change.
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Ma, J., R. Liu, L. S. Tang, Z. D. Lan, and Y. Li. "A downward CO<sub>2</sub> flux seems to have nowhere to go." Biogeosciences 11, no. 22 (November 17, 2014): 6251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6251-2014.
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Abstract. Recent studies have suggested that deserts, which are a long-neglected region in global carbon budgeting, have strong downward CO2 fluxes and might be a significant carbon sink. This finding, however, has been strongly challenged because neither the reliability of the flux measurements nor the exact location of the fixed carbon has been determined. This paper shows, with a full chain of evidence, that there is indeed strong carbon flux into saline/alkaline land in arid regions. Based on continuous measurement of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) from 2002 to 2012 (except for 2003), the saline desert in western China was a carbon sink for 9 out of 10 years, and the average yearly NEE for the 10 years was −25.00 ± 12.70 g C m−2 year−1. Supporting evidence for the validity of these NEE estimates comes from the close agreement of NEE values obtained from the chamber and eddy-covariance methods. After ruling out the possibility of changes in C stored in plant biomass or soils, the C uptake was found to be leached downwards into the groundwater body in the process of groundwater fluctuation: rising groundwater absorbs soil dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and falling groundwater transports the DIC downward. Horizontal groundwater flow may send this DIC farther away and prevent it from being observed locally. This process has been called "passive leaching" of DIC, in comparison with the active DIC leaching that occurs during groundwater recharge. This passive leaching significantly expands the area where DIC leaching occurs and creates a literally "hidden" carbon sink process under the desert. This study tells us that when a downward CO2 flux is observed, but seems to have nowhere to go, it does not necessarily mean that the flux measurement is unreliable. By looking deeper and farther away, a place and a process may be found "hidden" underground.