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Journal articles on the topic "BG-REFERENCE - BG-REFERENCE"
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Yin, Henry H. "How Basal Ganglia Outputs Generate Behavior." Advances in Neuroscience 2014 (November 18, 2014): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/768313.
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The basal ganglia (BG) are a collection of subcortical nuclei critical for voluntary behavior. According to the standard model, the output projections from the BG tonically inhibit downstream motor centers and prevent behavior. A pause in the BG output opens the gate for behavior, allowing the initiation of actions. Hypokinetic neurological symptoms, such as inability to initiate actions in Parkinson’s disease, are explained by excessively high firing rates of the BG output neurons. This model, widely taught in textbooks, is contradicted by recent electrophysiological results, which are reviewed here. In addition, I also introduce a new model, based on the insight that behavior is a product of closed loop negative feedback control using internal reference signals rather than sensorimotor transformations. The nervous system is shown to be a functional hierarchy comprising independent controllers occupying different levels, each level controlling specific variables derived from its perceptual inputs. The BG represent the level of transition control in this hierarchy, sending reference signals specifying the succession of body orientations and configurations. This new model not only explains the major symptoms in movement disorders but also generates a number of testable predictions.
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Nir-Cohen, Gal, Yoav Kessler, and Tobias Egner. "Neural Substrates of Working Memory Updating." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 12 (December 2020): 2285–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01625.
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Working memory (WM) needs to protect current content from interference and simultaneously be amenable to rapid updating with newly relevant information. An influential model suggests these opposing requirements are met via a BG–thalamus gating mechanism that allows for selective updating of PFC WM representations. A large neuroimaging literature supports the general involvement of PFC, BG, and thalamus, as well as posterior parietal cortex, in WM. However, the specific functional contributions of these regions to key subprocesses of WM updating, namely, gate opening, content substitution, and gate closing, are still unknown, as common WM tasks conflate these processes. We therefore combined fMRI with the reference-back task, specifically designed to tease apart these subprocesses. Participants compared externally presented face stimuli to a reference face held in WM, while alternating between updating and maintaining this reference, resulting in opening versus closing the gate to WM. Gate opening and substitution processes were associated with strong BG, thalamic, and frontoparietal activation, but intriguingly, the same activity profile was observed for sensory cortex supporting task stimulus processing (i.e., the fusiform face area). In contrast, gate closing was not reliably associated with any of these regions. These findings provide new support for the involvement of the BG in gate opening, as suggested by the gating model, but qualify the model's assumptions by demonstrating that gate closing does not seem to depend on the BG and that gate opening also involves task-relevant sensory cortex.
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Pardo, Scott, Rimma M. Shaginian, and David A. Simmons. "Accuracy Beyond ISO: Introducing a New Method for Distinguishing Differences Between Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems Meeting ISO 15197:2013 Accuracy Requirements." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 12, no. 3 (March 15, 2018): 650–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296818762509.
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Background: Diabetes treatment is intended to maintain near-normal glycemic levels. Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) allows patients to track their BG levels compared with glycemic targets and is associated with improved health outcomes. Because of the importance of SMBG, it is essential that results are accurate to prevent errors in nutritional intake and drug dosing. This study presents a new methodology to evaluate the accuracy of BG monitoring systems (BGMSs). Methods: Sensitivity analyses were performed using real and simulated BGMS data to compute probabilities that, for any BG value, the BGMS result would be within prescribed error bounds and confidence limits compared with laboratory reference values. Multiple BG value ranges were used. Results: Probability curves were created using data from 3 simulated BGMSs and anonymized data from 3 real-world BGMSs. Accuracy probability curves from capillary fingertip blood samples (actual clinical data) showed that all 3 real-world BGMSs met EN ISO 15197:2015 accuracy criteria, since 99.63%, 99.63%, and 99.81% of results from the 3 BGMSs were within ±15 mg/dL or ±15% of reference for BG <100 mg/dL and ≥100 mg/dL, respectively. However, there was identifiable variability between BGMSs if BG was <70 mg/dL; one BGMS showed further reductions in accuracy if BG was <50 mg/dL. Conclusions: Probability curves highlight the importance of BGMS accuracy to help achieve optimal glycemic control while avoiding hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. This may be especially significant in very low BG ranges where small errors in BGMS measurements can have substantial impacts on patient-related outcomes, including hypoglycemia risk.
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Yin, Henry H. "The Basal Ganglia in Action." Neuroscientist 23, no. 3 (June 15, 2016): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858416654115.
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The basal ganglia (BG) are the major subcortical nuclei in the brain. Disorders implicating the BG are characterized by diverse symptoms, but it remains unclear what these symptoms have in common or how they can be explained by changes in the BG circuits. This review summarizes recent findings that not only question traditional assumptions about the role of the BG in movement but also elucidate general computations performed by these circuits. To explain these findings, a new conceptual framework is introduced for understanding the role of the BG in behavior. According to this framework, the cortico-BG networks implement transition control in an extended hierarchy of closed loop negative feedback control systems. The transition control model provides a solution to the posture/movement problem, by postulating that BG outputs send descending signals to alter the reference states of downstream position control systems for orientation and body configuration. It also explains major neurological symptoms associated with BG pathology as a result of changes in system parameters such as multiplicative gain and damping.
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Khan, Muhammad, Keith Broadbent, Mike Morris, David Ewins, and Franklin Joseph. "System Accuracy Evaluation of the GlucoRx Nexus Voice TD-4280 Blood Glucose Monitoring System." Disease Markers 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/602586.
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Use of blood glucose (BG) meters in the self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) significantly lowers the risk of diabetic complications. With several BG meters now commercially available, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ensures that each BG meter conforms to a set degree of accuracy. Although adherence to ISO guidelines is a prerequisite for commercialization in Europe, several BG meters claim to meet the ISO guidelines yet fail to do so on internal validation. We conducted a study to determine whether the accuracy of the GlucoRx Nexus TD-4280 meter, utilized by our department for its cost-effectiveness, complied with ISO guidelines. 105 patients requiring laboratory blood glucose analysis were randomly selected and reference measurements were determined by the UniCel DxC 800 clinical system. Overall the BG meter failed to adhere to the ≥95% accuracy criterion required by both the 15197:2003 (overall accuracy 92.4%) and 15197:2013 protocol (overall accuracy 86.7%). Inaccurate meters have an inherent risk of over- and/or underestimating the true BG concentration, thereby risking patients to incorrect therapeutic interventions. Our study demonstrates the importance of internally validating the accuracy of BG meters to ensure that its accuracy is accepted by standardized guidelines.
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Torjman, Marc C., Michael E. Goldberg, Jeffrey J. Littman, Robert A. Hirsh, and Richard P. Dellinger. "Pilot Evaluation of a Prototype Critical Care Blood Glucose Monitor in Normal Volunteers." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 3, no. 6 (November 2009): 1233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/193229680900300602.
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Background: Availability of a highly accurate in-hospital automated blood glucose (BG) monitor could facilitate implementation of intensive insulin therapy protocols through effective titration of insulin therapy, improved BG control, and avoidance of hypoglycemia. We evaluated a functional prototype BG monitor designed to perform frequent automated blood sampling for glucose monitoring. Methods: Sixteen healthy adult volunteer subjects had intravenous catheter insertions in a forearm or hand vein and were studied for 8 hours. The prototype monitor consisted of an autosampling unit with a precise computer-controlled reversible syringe pump and a glucose analytical section. BG was referenced against a Yellow Springs Instrument (YSI) laboratory analyzer. Sampling errors for automated blood draws were assessed by calculating the percent of failed draws, and BG data were analyzed using the Bland and Altman technique. Results: Out of 498 total sample draws, unsuccessful draws were categorized as follow: 11 (2.2%) were due to autosampler technical problems, 21 (4.2%) were due to catheter-related failures, and 37 (7.4%) were BG meter errors confirmed by a glucometer-generated error code. Blood draw difficulties or failures related to the catheter site (e.g., catheter occlusion or vein collapse) occurred in 6/15 (40%) subjects. Mean BG bias versus YSI was 0.20 ± 12.6 mg/dl, and mean absolute relative difference was 10.4%. Conclusions: Automated phlebotomy can be performed in healthy subjects using this prototype BG monitor. The BG measurement technology had suboptimal accuracy based on a YSI reference. A more accurate BG point-of-care testing meter and strip technology have been incorporated into the future version of this monitor. Development of such a monitor could alleviate the burden of frequent BG testing and reduce the risk of hypoglycemia in patients on insulin therapy.
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Demircik, Filiz, Valeria Kirsch, Sanja Ramljak, Mario Vogg, Anke H. Pfützner, and Andreas Pfützner. "Laboratory Evaluation of Linearity, Repeatability, and Hematocrit Interference With an Internet-Enabled Blood Glucose Meter." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 13, no. 3 (April 11, 2019): 514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296819841357.
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Background: In recent clinical trials, use of the MyGlucoHealth blood glucose meter (BGM) and electronic diary was associated with an unusual reporting pattern of glycemic data and hypoglycemic events. Therefore, the performance of representative BGMs used by the patients was investigated to assess repeatability, linearity, and hematocrit interference in accordance with regulatory guidelines. Method: Ten devices and 6 strip lots were selected using standard randomization and repeatability procedures. Venous heparinized blood was drawn from healthy subjects, immediately aliquoted and adjusted to 5 target blood glucose (BG) ranges for the repeatability and 11 BG concentrations for the linearity tests. For the hematocrit interference test, each sample within 5 target BG ranges was split into 5 aliquots and adjusted to hematocrit levels across the acceptance range. YSI 2300 STAT Plus was used as the laboratory reference method in all experiments. Results: Measurement repeatability or precision was acceptable across the target BG ranges for all devices and strip lots with coefficient of variation (CV) between 3.4-9.7% (mean: 5.7%). Linearity was shown by a correlation coefficient of .991; however, a positive bias was seen for BG <100 mg/dL (86% measurements did not meet ISO15197:2015 acceptance criteria). Significant hematocrit interference (up to 20%) was observed for BG >100 mg/dL (ISO15197:2015 acceptance criteria: ±10%), while the results were acceptable for BG <100 mg/dL. Conclusions: The BGM met repeatability requirements but demonstrated a significant measurement bias in the low BG range. In addition, it failed the ISO15197:2015 criteria for hematocrit interference.
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Hu, Mingming, Yanhe Zhang, Fang Xie, Gang Li, Jianjun Li, Wei Si, Siguo Liu, et al. "Protection of Piglets by a Haemophilus parasuis Ghost Vaccine against Homologous Challenge." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 6 (March 27, 2013): 795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00676-12.
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ABSTRACTCommercial bacterins for Glässer's disease are widely used for the prevention of this disease caused byHaemophilus parasuis; however, the protective efficacy varies depending on the strain and serovar. Bacterial ghosts (BGs) are empty bacterial envelopes that, unlike classic bacterins, suffer no denaturing steps during their production. These properties may lead to superior protection. In this study, a BG vaccine generated from theHaemophilus parasuisserovar 5 reference strain Nagasaki was prepared and used to inoculate piglets. The efficacy of the BG vaccine was evaluated by clinical, bacteriological, serological, and postmortem examinations. Inactivated bacterin (IB) and a placebo control (PC) were compared with the BG vaccine in this study. The results showed that the piglets inoculated with the BG vaccine developed higher antibody activity and higher gamma interferon and interleukin 4 levels than those vaccinated with IB or those in the PC group after primary and secondary exposure to the antigens and challenge. CD4+T lymphocyte levels were observed to increase following secondary immunization more in the BG-vaccinated group than in the IB (P< 0.05) and PC (P< 0.05) groups. CD8+T lymphocyte levels increased dramatically in all three groups after challenge, and the differences between groups were all significant (P< 0.05). There were fewer tissue lesions and lower bacterial loads in the tissue homogenates in the BG group after challenge. The results suggest that higher CD4+T lymphocyte levels and both CD4+major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted Th1-type and Th2-type immune responses in the BG group are relevant for protection.
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Charidimou, Andreas, Gregoire Boulouis, Marco Pasi, Eitan Auriel, Ellis S. van Etten, Kellen Haley, Alison Ayres, et al. "MRI-visible perivascular spaces in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and hypertensive arteriopathy." Neurology 88, no. 12 (February 22, 2017): 1157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000003746.
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Objective:To assess MRI-visible enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) burden and different topographical patterns (in the centrum semiovale [CSO] and basal ganglia [BG]) in 2 common microangiopathies: cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and hypertensive arteriopathy (HA).Methods:Consecutive patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) from a prospective MRI cohort were included. Small vessel disease MRI markers, including cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), cortical superficial siderosis (cSS), and white matter hyperintensities (WMH), were rated. CSO-EPVS/BG-EPVS were assessed on a validated 4-point visual rating scale (0 = no EPVS, 1 = <10, 2 = 11–20, 3 = 21–40, and 4 = >40 EPVS). We tested associations of predefined high-degree (score >2) CSO-EPVS and BG-EPVS with other MRI markers in multivariable logistic regression. We subsequently evaluated associations with CSO-EPVS predominance (i.e., CSO-EPVS > BG-EPVS) and BG-EPVS predominance pattern (i.e., BG-EPVS > CSO-EPVS) in adjusted multinomial logistic regression (reference group, BG-EPVS = CSO-EPVS).Results:We included 315 patients with CAA-ICH and 137 with HA-ICH. High-degree CSO-EPVS prevalence was greater in CAA-related ICH vs HA-related ICH (43.8% vs 17.5%, p < 0.001). In multivariable logistic regression, high-degree CSO-EPVS was associated with lobar CMB (odds ratio [OR] 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10–1.61, p = 0.003) and cSS (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.30–3.32, p = 0.002). Deep CMBs (OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.75–4.64, p < 0.0001) and higher WMH volume (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.04, p = 0.010) were predictors of high-degree BG-EPVS. A CSO-EPVS–predominant pattern was more common in CAA-ICH than in HA-ICH (75.9% vs 39.4%, respectively, p < 0.0001). CSO-PVS predominance was associated with lobar CMB burden and cSS, while BG-EPVS predominance was associated with HA-ICH and WMH volumes.Conclusions:Different patterns of MRI-visible EPVS provide insights into the dominant underlying microangiopathy type in patients with spontaneous ICH.
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Junco, S., A. Donaire, A. Achir, C. Sueur, and G. Dauphin-Tanguy. "Non-linear control of a series direct current motor via flatness and decomposition in the bond graph domain." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 219, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095965105x9542.
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A bond graph (BG) based methodology for non-linear control system synthesis is presented through its application to a speed-tracking problem stated on a series direct current motor. After a global flatness analysis of the motor BG model, a two-loop cascade control structure is decided and developed on the basis of a physical system decomposition in electrical, mechanical, and coupling submodels. Each loop of the cascade tracks a reference for a flat output that is local to a subsystem of the decomposition. Bond graph techniques are given for the three main components of the design methodology: system decomposition, flatness analysis, and tracking controller design. Theoretical and practical properties of the resulting control system are discussed, and its performance is demonstrated through simulation experiments. The methodology is applicable to the broader class of non-linear BG models where input-output system inversion is well defined.
Books on the topic "BG-REFERENCE - BG-REFERENCE"
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Tiger, Caroline. Town & country: Wedding vows & promises. New York: Hearst Books, 2007.
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2
Tiger, Caroline. Town & country: Wedding speeches & toasts. New York: Hearst Books, 2007.
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3
Rankin, Chris. Gel candles: Creative & beautiful candles to make. New York: Lark Books, 2001.
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Griffith, Colin. The companion to homeopathy: The practitioner's guide. London: Watkins Pub., 2005.
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Woods, Bruce. The bird house book: How to build fanciful bird houses and feeders, from the purely practical to the absolutely outrageous. New York ; London : London: Sterling ; Distributed by Cassell, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "BG-REFERENCE - BG-REFERENCE"
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"Bg-Antigen." In Springer Reference Medizin, 433. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4_310631.
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