Journal articles: 'Bi-directional power flow'

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Veliadis, Victor, Damian Urciuoli, Harold Hearne, H. C. Ha, R. Howell, and Charles Scozzie. "600-V / 2-A Symmetrical Bi-Directional Power Flow Using Vertical-Channel JFETs Connected in Common Source Configuration." Materials Science Forum 645-648 (April 2010): 1147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.645-648.1147.

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Bi-directional solid-state-circuit-breakers (SSCBs) are highly desirable in power-electronic fault-protection applications due to their high actuation speed and repeated fault isolation capability. Normally-on SiC vertical-channel JFETs (VJFETs) are excellent candidates for high power/temperature scalable SSCB applications as majority carrier devices with low conduction losses and stable +300°C thermal characteristics. 600-V / 2-A bi-directional power flow was demonstrated using two VJFETs connected back-to-back with their sources in common. The low VJFET pre-breakdown leakage currents and sharp onset of breakdown are critical in enabling bi-directional power flow. 0.1-cm2 low conduction-loss VJFETs were designed for efficient and reliable SSCB applications.

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Hayashi, Kouhei, Ryosuke Kato, Ryosuke Torii, Hisao Taoka, and Rikiya Abe. "Bi-directional power flow through a digital grid router." Journal of International Council on Electrical Engineering 5, no. 1 (January 2015): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22348972.2015.1068511.

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Zeng, Lingwei, Fuwang Zhao, Hanfeng Wang, Zhaokun Wang, Waikin Yeung, Yang Liu, and Hui Tang. "A bi-directional flow-energy harvester." Applied Physics Letters 122, no. 15 (April 10, 2023): 153901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0140569.

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Due to a rapid decrease in fossil fuel resources and ever-growing carbon emissions, clean energy is urgently needed as a vital solution. In the past two decades, harvesting clean energy from ambient environment has attracted much attention. Flow induced vibration and energy harvesting performance of a cylinder with fins attached were investigated. Four configurations were studied: a plain cylinder, a cylinder with two windward fins, a cylinder with two leeward fins, and a cylinder with four fins. These four cylinders were tested in a water channel with a reduced velocity ranging between 2 and 25 and a Reynolds number ranging between 1500 and 11 400. It was found that the two-windward-fin cylinder underwent galloping, exhibiting much larger vibration amplitudes and a much broader operational velocity range, whereas the two-leeward-fin cylinder only underwent weak vortex-induced vibrations. By attaching both two windward and two leeward fins to the cylinder, a bi-directional flow-energy harvester was implemented, which outperformed the plain cylinder with much larger vibration amplitudes and a much broader velocity range. More importantly, due to the geometric symmetry, it is able to harvest flow energy from two opposite directions. A tuned-mass-damper system was then attached to the four-fin cylinder for the purpose of demonstration. Within the current flow speed range, the maximal voltage and power outputs are about 7.37 V and 1.81 μW, respectively, about 2.7 and 7.2 times the plain cylinder's peak values. The effects of flow incident angle and fin length were also studied. Numerical simulations were also conducted to provide a detailed information of flow and pressure to uncover the underlying physics. This bi-directional flow-energy harvester is a suitable candidate to operate at sites where the flow periodically switches its directions, such as in tidal flows.

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Aksan, Fachrizal, Yang Li, Vishnu Suresh, and Przemysław Janik. "CNN-LSTM vs. LSTM-CNN to Predict Power Flow Direction: A Case Study of the High-Voltage Subnet of Northeast Germany." Sensors 23, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020901.

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The massive installation of renewable energy sources together with energy storage in the power grid can lead to fluctuating energy consumption when there is a bi-directional power flow due to the surplus of electricity generation. To ensure the security and reliability of the power grid, high-quality bi-directional power flow prediction is required. However, predicting bi-directional power flow remains a challenge due to the ever-changing characteristics of power flow and the influence of weather on renewable power generation. To overcome these challenges, we present two of the most popular hybrid deep learning (HDL) models based on a combination of a convolutional neural network (CNN) and long-term memory (LSTM) to predict the power flow in the investigated network cluster. In our approach, the models CNN-LSTM and LSTM-CNN were trained with two different datasets in terms of size and included parameters. The aim was to see whether the size of the dataset and the additional weather data can affect the performance of the proposed model to predict power flow. The result shows that both proposed models can achieve a small error under certain conditions. While the size and parameters of the dataset can affect the training time and accuracy of the HDL model.

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Veliadis, Victor, Damian Urciuoli, H. C. Ha, Harold Hearne, and Charles Scozzie. "600-V Symmetrical Bi-Directional Power Switching Using SiC Vertical-Channel JFETs with Reliable Edge Termination." Materials Science Forum 679-680 (March 2011): 591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.679-680.591.

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Numerous high-voltage applications require symmetrical bi-directional power flow control and protection circuitry. While mechanical contactors and circuit breakers provide bi-directional fault protection, they have slow actuation and suffer severe degradation during repeated fault isolation. The normally-on (N-ON) SiC vertical-channel Junction-Field-Effect-Transistor (VJFET) is an efficient solution for bi-directional circuit-breaker applications due to its low conduction/switching losses, +500°C operational capability, ON-state match of the no-fault operating mode of the system, efficient gate-drive operation under unipolar biasing, and majority carrier device scalability. Efficient 600-V/10-A symmetrical bi-directional power flow was demonstrated using 0.1-cm2 1200-V rated N-ON VJFETs with a gate driver applying 0-V and -34 V gate biases during the ON and OFF states, respectively. A self-aligned trenched guard-ring structure provides reliable edge termination.

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Shajith Ali, U. "Bi-Directional Z-Source Inverter for Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 823–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.823.

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Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is basically a DC current energy storage technology which stores energy in the form of magnetic field. The DC current ﬂowing through a superconducting coil in a large magnet creates the magnetic ﬁeld. Because of its fast response during charging and discharging, ability of injecting/absorbing real or reactive power, high storage efficiency, reliability and availability, the SMES technologies are used in power system transmission control and stabilization, and power quality improvement. Generally, an SMES consists of the superconducting coil, the cryogenic system, and the power conversion system. The power conversion system normally uses a power electronic converter as an interface between the coil and AC output. This converter is needed to act as the boost converter during DC side to AC side power flow since the storage suffered from lower input voltage magnitude. On the other hand, the converter is required to work as buck converter during reverse power flow. So the converter must be having bidirectional power flow capability because the need to charge and discharge the coil. The bi-directional Z-source inverter is a new topology, which provides the circuit with bi-directional power flow capacity. This inverter can overcome the limitations of the basic Z-source inverter and be used as an interface between energy storage and utility. A novel modified space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) algorithm for bi-directional Z-source inverter is developed in this work, which improves the voltage gain during the boost mode. In the proposed modified SVPWM, four shoot-through states are assigned to each phase within zero state. So zero voltage time period is diminished for generating a shoot-through time, and active states are unchanged. Using MATLAB, the models of the bi-directional Z-source inverter based SMES is established, and the simulation tests are performed to evaluate the system performance.

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Xia, Nai Yong, and Yan Lei Zhao. "Research on Multiple Bi-Directional DC/DC Converter in Wind Power Flow Optimization and Control System." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 7232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.7232.

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A kind of multiple bi-directional DC/DC converter used in supercapacitor energy storage unit of the wind power flow optimization and control system is analyzed and studied. Based on DSPs, the converter uses a double closed-loop control strategy to stabilize voltage and uses a digital parallel current sharing strategy to eliminate circulation current among each converter unit. In the paper, firstly, the working principle and the working process of the multiple bi-directional converter are analyzed in detail. Then, on the basis of the small signal model, the way to voltage stabilization and current balance are presented. Finally, a low power converter prototype is designed and made to carry on the experiment. The experimental results show that the proposed control strategies are feasible and effective. So the multiple bi-directional DC/DC converter designed in the paper has comparatively high practicable value in the wind power flow optimization and control system.

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Ikra Rahman, Tasnim, Anika Fariha Rashid, and Md Habibur Rahman. "Design and development of Bi directional power meter using microcontroller." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i3.pp1594-1600.

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<p>The significance of power or energy measurement has been very acute in recent times with the increase of Grid-Tied Solar PV system that needs Net-Metering. Power can be flown in both directions, from grid to load or from load (PV- Panel) to grid line. If power flow from both side is not calculated and surplus power which is not being used at the time instant is not stored, accurate billing is not possible. That is why a bidirectional power meter is required which can measure both the positive and negative power at any instant. The aim of this paper is to develop a bidirectional power meter using microcontroller. The work of this paper constitutes a microcontroller, a current sensor, bulbs as load and a display. The rms values of voltage and current is determined and showed in the display. Then the calibration is done inside the developed program. After that the power is calculated and showed in the display. Then the direction of the power is determined depending on the direction (whether positive or negative) of the power which is also dependent on the phase difference between the voltage and current. If there is no phase difference between the voltage and current, then the power is positive and leaving from the grid. If there is 180 degree phase difference between the voltage and current, then the power is negative and entering to the grid. The direction of the power flow is very important for efficiently of the proposed meter. For some defined load the accuracy of the developed meter is calculated as 94%.</p>

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Park, Keon-Woo. "Bi-directional Power Flow in Switchgear with Photovoltaic System and WTG." Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 68, no. 12 (December 31, 2019): 1711–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2019.68.12.1711.

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Chan, H. L., K. W. E. Cheng, and D. Sutanto. "Phase-shift controlled DC-DC convertor with bi-directional power flow." IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications 148, no. 2 (2001): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-epa:20010097.

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Khandare, Mr Akshay A. "Performance Evaluation of Single-Phase On-Board Charger with Advanced Controller." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 1280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37556.

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Abstract: The increasing mobility of electric vehicles has inspired vehicle growth to power grid technology. Such as vehicle to grid technology allows to transfer the power from the electric vehicle battery to the power grid. This enable speak load shaving, load leveling, voltage regulation, and improved stability of the power system. To develop the vehicle to grid technology requires a specialized EV battery charger, which permits the bi-directional energy transfer between the power grid and the electric vehicle battery. There is a specific control strategy used for a bi-directional battery charger. The proposed control strategy is used for charge and discharge battery of EV. The charger strategy has two parts: 1) Bidirectional AC-DC Converter in two-way Communication System. 2) Bidirectional DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter. There are two modes of operation for a bidirectional ac-dc converter: for G2V, rectifying mode is used, and for V2G, inverter mode is used. The suggested charge strategy not only allows for two-directional power flow but also provides power quality management of the power grid. Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) transforms linguistic control topology evaluations knowledge into an automated control topology using FLC. The FLC is more stable, has less overshoot, and responds quickly. The operation of a standard PI controller and a FLC was compared in this study using MATLAB and Simulink, and different time domain characteristics were compared as toshow that the FLC had a smaller overshoot and a faster response than the PI controller. Keywords: Bi-directional AC-DC converter, bi-directional DC-DC Buck-Boost converter, electric vehicles (EVs), on-board battery charger (OBC), grid to vehicle (G2V), vehicle to grid (V2G).

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Ma, Pengfei, and Jun Wang. "An analysis on the flow characteristics of bi-directional axial-flow pump under reverse operation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 231, no. 3 (March 15, 2017): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650917695447.

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When the conventional bent guide vanes are applied to the bi-directional axial-flow pump, its performance declines considerably under reverse operation. Regarding a bi-directional axial-flow pump with high specific speed as the object of study, the variation of both hydraulic performance and internal flow field under reverse operation are analyzed in this paper. The results indicate that both the head and efficiency of the pump will drop greatly and the optimum operating point lean to the lower flow rate when it operates in the reverse direction, mainly due to the prewhirl caused by the guide vanes; the shedding vortex is formed after flow separation occurred near the trailing edge of blade, and its scale keeps increasing in the diffusing pipe during its motion until it collapses in the straight pipe, which is the major causes of the big flow loss and significant decline of the performance under reverse operation.

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Chen, Xi Kun, and Hui Feng Zhu. "Study of Topology and Control Strategy of the Novel Bi-Directional Lithium Battery Charger." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 1178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.1178.

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With the development of clean energy, lithium battery is paid more and more attention because of its outstanding energy storage characteristics .So the novel bi-directional lithium battery charger topology is presented in this paper and operating theory is analyzed clearly. It can make the energy bi-directional flow between the power grid and battery as needed. And it can also fully adapt to the lithium battery charging and discharging characteristics. Based on phase shifting control, the output voltage ripple and the inductor current ripple can be reduced in the condition of the same input and output, and the DC bus voltage can also be improved. This bi-directional lithium battery charger topology can be widely used in battery energy storage system.

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Saponara, Sergio, Roberto Saletti, and Lucian Mihet-Popa. "Hybrid Micro-Grids Exploiting Renewables Sources, Battery Energy Storages, and Bi-Directional Converters." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 19, 2019): 4973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224973.

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This paper analyzes trends in renewable-energy-sources (RES), power converters, and control strategies, as well as battery energy storage and the relevant issues in battery charging and monitoring, with reference to a new and improved energy grid. An alternative micro-grid architecture that overcomes the lack of flexibility of the classic energy grid is then described. By mixing DC and AC sources, the hybrid micro-grid proposes an alternative architecture where the use of bi-directional electric vehicle chargers creates a micro-grid that directly interconnects all the partner nodes with bi-directional energy flows. The micro-grid nodes are the main grid, the RES and the energy storage systems, both, on-board the vehicle and inside the micro-grid structure. This model is further sustained by the new products emerging in the market, since new solar inverters are appearing, where a local energy storage for the RES is available. Therefore, the power flow from/towards the RES becomes bi-directional with improved flexibility and efficiency.

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Banerjee, Swagata. "Simulation of Bidirectional Converter for Vechile to Grid and Grid to Vechile Application." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 2123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39642.

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Abstract: This paper represents a bidirectional converter for the application of vehicle to grid and grid to vehicle application. This converter can be used in the application of electric vehicle. And the results have been verified through simulation in MATLAB. The topology can provide an energy bi-directional flow path for energy exchange between the Libattery/supercapacitor (SC) hybrid energy storage system (HESS) of the electric vehicle and the grid. Keywords: bi-directional converter, vehicle, HESS, Li-battery.

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原, 增泉. "Multi-Phase DC-DC Converter with Bi-Directional Power Flow Ability for FCEV." Journal of Electrical Engineering 07, no. 01 (2019): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/jee.2019.71007.

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Vijayalakshmi, P., Ksathiya ., and M. Jane Olivia Rajakumari. "Bi-Directional Converter with ZSPL Technology for Flywheel Energy Storage System." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 5, no. 4 (2017): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.541704.

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A bi-directional converter (BDC) is important in applications where energy storage devices are involved. Such applications include transportation, battery less UPS, Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) systems etc. Bi-directional power flow through buck and boost mode operation along with high power density and proficiency are significant requirements of such systems. This paper presents a new BDC topology using MOSFET with a novel control logic execution to attain zero switching losses through Zero Voltage Transition (ZVT) and Zero Current Transition (ZCT) techniques. The presented scheme assures Zero Switching Power Loss (ZSPL) for both buck and boost modes of operation of the BDC. The scheme is easy and achieves ZSPL during both turn-on and turn-off of the devices ensuing in improved efficiency and reduced EMI problems. The essential principle of operation, analysis, and design process are proposed for both buck and boost modes of operation. A design example is presented.

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Kim, Jong-Bin, Min-Gu Lee, Jung-Hun Lee, Je-Chang Ryu, Tae-Seong Choi, Min-Su Park, and Jae-Eon Kim. "Control Method of Step Voltage Regulator on Distribution Lines with Distributed Generation." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 9579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249579.

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Generally, utilities regulate the voltage on the long power distribution line within a permissible range by using a step voltage regulator (SVR), which is located around the middle of the line and operates according to the condition of the line current. However, as large-scale distributed generations (DG’s) are interconnected into distribution lines, it is difficult to maintain the line voltage properly owing to bi-directional power flow or reverse power flow. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel SVR tap-changing algorithm to solve the problem, considering line load conditions and reverse power flow. Its validity is verified through the PSCAD/EMTDC software tool and simulations.

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Reusser, Carlos A., Ramón Herrera Hernández, and Tek Tjing Lie. "Hybrid Vehicle CO2 Emissions Reduction Strategy Based on Model Predictive Control." Electronics 12, no. 6 (March 21, 2023): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061474.

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This work proposes a hybrid drive controlled configuration, using a minimum emissions search algorithm, which ensures the operation of the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) in its fuel efficiency range, minimizing CO2 emissions by controlling the power flow direction of the Electric Machine (EM). This action is achieved by means of Power Converters, in this case a bi-directional DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter in the DC-side and a DC-AC T-type Converter as the inverting stage. Power flow is controlled by means of a bi-directional Model Predictive Control (MPC) scheme, based on an emissions optimization algorithm. A novel drivetrain configuration is presented where both, the ICE and the EM are in tandem arrangement. The EM is driven depending on the traction requirements and the emissions of the ICE. The EM is capable of operates in motor and generator mode ensuring the Minimum Emission Operating Point (MEOP) of the ICE regardless of the mechanical demand at the drivetrain. Simulation and validation results using a Hardware in the Loop (HIL) virtual prototype under different operation conditions are presented in order to validate the proposed overall optimization strategy.

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Samyuktha, T., and S. Ganesan. "Modelling of Bi-Directional Buck-Boost Converter for Electric Vehicle." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 913–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53810.

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Abstract: The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has necessitated the development of efficient and versatile energy storage systems. In this study, we present the modelling and implementation of a switching bi-directional buck-boost converter based on electric vehicle hybrid energy storage. The proposed converter offers a flexible and reliable solution for managing energy flow between different storage elements in an EV, such as batteries and ultra-capacitors. First, a comprehensive mathematical model of the converter is developed, taking into account the dynamic behaviour of the energy storage components. This model enables us to analyse and optimize the converter's performance in terms of efficiency, voltage regulation, and power delivery capabilities. Furthermore, simulation studies are conducted to validate the accuracy of the model and assess the converter's performance under various operating conditions. Based on the modelling and simulation results, a practical implementation of the converter is carried out using high-quality electronic components. The design considerations, including component selection, circuit layout, and control strategy, are discussed in detail. The implemented converter is then evaluated experimentally to validate its performance and verify the effectiveness of the proposed modelling approach. The results demonstrate that the switching bidirectional buck-boost converter effectively manages the energy flow between the different storage elements in the hybrid energy storage system. It achieves high conversion efficiency, voltage regulation, and power transfer capabilities, enhancing the overall performance and range of electric vehicles. The developed model and implementation provide valuable insights for the design and optimization of similar converter topologies for electric vehicle applications. Overall, this study contributes to the advancement of energy storage systems in electric vehicles, facilitating the adoption of sustainable and efficient transportation solutions in the future

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Guo, Qiang, Yan Bei Chen, Xiang Liang Ning, and Lu Tang. "Speedy Design Method for Fluid Viscous Dampers Based on Numerical Simulation by CFD." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 3869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.3869.

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Bi-directional-cylinder viscous fluid dampers are studied numerically. Based on the power-law characteristic of silicone oil，the flow pattern of silicone oil is analyzed, the non-Newtonian fluid power-law model’s influence on the energy dissipation characteristic and the damping resistance of viscous dampers is discussed, and the calculation formulas are presented. The damping force of the viscous damper samples is simulated by professional CFD software based on the dynamic mesh model, Based on comprehensive analysis of the results, the experiential design method of large-tonnage-damping-force viscous fluid dampers is finally established. On the other hand, the numerical simulation curves are in good agreement with experimental curves, which validates the feasibility of numerical method in the preliminary design of bi-directional-cylinder viscous fluid dampers. The numerical method helps to enhance the engineering precision, guide the design, and shorten the development cycle.

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Duan, Jiandong, Shuai Wang, Yiming Xu, Shaogui Fan, Ke Zhao, and Li Sun. "Variable Multiple Interleaved Bi-Directional DC/DC Converter with Current Ripple Optimization." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2023): 1744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031744.

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In order to reduce the current ripple and improve the power density of the system, the multiple structure design is generally adopted by the traditional bidirectional DC/DC converter. However, the fixed multiplicity design can’t make the DC/DC power converter always output the smallest current ripple under different duty ratios. Through this research, it is found that the current ripple is related to duty cycle and parallel multiplicity, and then a variable multiplicity bidirectional DC/DC power converter is proposed. Firstly, the relationship between the current ripple and parallel multiplicity and duty cycle is deduced, and the basic topology of variable multiplicity bidirectional DC/DC power converter is determined; Secondly, the average value model and AC small signal model of the system are established based on the topological structure, and then the state equation is obtained. Thirdly, the current compensation control method is designed based on the state equation. Finally, the experimental platform of variable multiplicity bidirectional DC/DC power converter is built.

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Park, Keon-Woo, and Chul-Hwan Kim. "Bi-Directional Power Flow in Switchgear with Static Transfer Switch Applied at Various Renewable Energies." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 29, 2021): 3187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113187.

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In this study, we describe the development of a plug-in type of switchgear that can control bidirectional power flow. This switchgear system can connect distributed generations such as photovoltaic and wind turbine generation, and AC and DC loads. The proposed switchgear system consists of an inverter for connecting distributed generations and DC load, a static transfer switch (STS) that can control and interrupt the bidirectional power flow, and an intelligent electronic device (IED) that can control each facility using a communication system. Since the topology inside the switchgear is composed of DC bus, it can be operated as a plug-in type of system that can be used by simply connecting the converters of various distributed generations to the inverter in the developed switchgear system. In this study, we describe the overall structure of the proposed switchgear system and the operation of the components. In addition, prototypes of each facility are developed and the results of building a small testbed are presented. Finally, we verify the operation of the inverter by performing an experiment on the testbed and show that throughout a test sequence the proposed switchgear system works normally. The contributions of this study are the development of a plug-in type of switchgear for AC/DC and the actual test results presented through prototype development and testbed configuration.

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KINOUE, Yoichi. "Output Power Improvement of Bi-directional Impulse Turbine with Flow Collector for Tidal Energy Conversion." Proceedings of the Fluids engineering conference 2018 (2018): OS6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmefed.2018.os6-13.

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YIP, S. C., HENRY S. H. CHUNG, S. Y. R. HUI, and Y. C. CHIU. "MODELING, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A THYRISTOR-BASED BI-DIRECTIONAL ac–dc CONVERTER." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 13, no. 04 (August 2004): 687–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126604001490.

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This paper presents the modeling, analysis, and design of a thyristor-based ac–dc converter, featuring bi-directional power flow and unity power factor at the ac side in both powering and regenerating modes. By applying the y-parameter modeling technique and eliminating the effects of the high-frequency poles and zeros, small-signal models of the converter in both modes and a unified controller have been developed. The controller regulates the voltage at the dc side and operates as a feedback controller in the powering mode and a feedforward controller in the regenerating mode. Systematic procedures for determining the circuit component values of the power conversion stage and the controller are presented. The operation is illustrated with the design of a 500-W, 100-V (ac)/200-V (dc) prototype, supplying to a motor-generator set. Experimental results showing operation in the powering mode, regenerating mode, and during mode changeover are included. Circuit operations during the transient of the changeover operation are clearly identified.

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Reusser, Carlos A., and Joel R. Pérez. "Evaluation of the Emission Impact of Cold-Ironing Power Systems, Using a Bi-Directional Power Flow Control Strategy." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010334.

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Even though cold ironing is not a new technology applied to reduce the impact of emissions from ships at berth, commonly used arrangements for shore-side power substations only allow a unidirectional power flow, from port to ship side. Although these applications have a positive contribution to port community health and global reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG), especially when the energy is supplied from renewable sources, emissions during loading/unloading operations are directly related to the operating profiles of auxiliary engines of a ship. The present work evaluates a ship’s emission impact when applying cold-ironing technology using a bi-directional power flow control strategy while at berth, thus optimizing the auxiliary engine operating profile and enabling regeneration into the port installations. The methodology applied considers the establishment of the operational profile of the ship, the adaptation and use of carbon intensity indicators (CII) used by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to evaluate the impact of shipping, and the strategy considering the capacities of the ship to obtain and provide electric power from and to the port when at berth. Results show that the strategy can be applied to any ship with a high demand for electric power while at berth, and that the adaptation and use of different CIIs allows operational profiles of electric power generation on board to be optimized and to reduce emission generation, which affects port community health.

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Nakao, Y., and M. Ishikawa. "Modelling and characteristics of a fluid-driven bi-directional motor for an angular position-control system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 224, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 863–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1664.

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A water-driven spindle was developed for use in ultra-precision machine tools. Features of this spindle are: (a) it utilizes water flow power to spin the spindle rotor and (b) it utilizes the water pressure to support the rotor. Bend flow channels are formed in the cross-sections of the spindle rotor so that the power of the water flow can be converted into driving power for spinning the rotor. This paper proposes a spindle structure similar to that of the water-driven spindle. A feature of the proposed spindle is that it can be driven in either rotational direction by switching the supply ports. By virtue of the feature of the proposed spindle, angular position control will become achievable by designing an appropriate control system. Prior to developing the angular position-controllable spindle, a testing device, named the fluid-driven bi-directional motor, was developed. This paper deals with the modelling of the motor that will be needed for designing the angular position control system. The derived mathematical model is then evaluated by comparison with the experimental results. It is then verified that the derived mathematical model is capable of representing the static as well as dynamic characteristics of the motor.

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Sakaguchi, M., K. Hirayama, Y. Kinoue, T. Murakami, N. Shiomi, Y. Imai, S. Nagata, and M. Takao. "Numerical investigation on flow collector with guide vane for tidal energy conversion." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2217, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2217/1/012071.

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Abstract In ocean-based renewable energies, such as wave motion, ocean current, tidal current and ocean thermal energy, many studies have been conducted on the wave energy conversion system and they have been tested in many countries. In this study, a tidal current energy is focused. Collecting a tidal flow is very important because it is generally known that a power available from a stream of water is proportional to the cube of the free stream velocity of the current. In this research, a bi-directional turbine system is investigated for a tidal flow that changes the direction periodically. Numerical investigations are conducted on a bi-directional flow collector with guide vane to collect the flow, in which the effects of vane skew angle and blade number are investigated. Calculated results showed that the collector with eight guide vanes was the highest angular moment at turbine inlet. The axial velocity at turbine inlet was larger for smaller value of the vane skew angle, whereas the tangential velocity at the turbine inlet was larger for larger value of the vane skew angle. As the results of both the profiles of axial and tangential velocity, the angular moment took the local maximum value at around the angle of 180 deg. in this study.

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Li, Hua, Ji Hong Zhang, Zhen Kui Wu, and Han Shan Li. "Application of SVPWM Convertor in the Distributed Wind Power System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 441 (December 2013): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.441.223.

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The capacity of good input/output characteristics and energy bi-directional flow was required for excitation power in distributed wind power system. This paper analyzed the basic principle of voltage and current double closed loop control strategy, and expounded voltage space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technology based on the topological structure of three-phase voltage convertor. It also established the SVPWM algorithm and the convertor model in the Matlab/Simulink, and conducted the simulation research for the distributed wind excitation power supply with this algorithm. The theory analysis and simulation results indicated that this SVPWM convertor is feasibility and superiority in this field.

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Alazrag, Achwak, and L. Sbita. "PV System with Battery Storage Using Bidirectional DC-DC Converter." International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 5 (May 4, 2023): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232027.2023.5.3.

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With the increase in demand for generating power using renewable energy sources, energy storage and interfacing the energy storage device with the load has become a major challenge. Energy storage using batteries is most suitable for renewable energy sources such as solar, wind etc. A bi-directional DC-DC converter provides the required bidirectional power flow for battery charging and discharging mode. The duty cycle of the converter controls charging and discharging based on the state of charge of the battery and direction of the current. In this paper, a nonisolated bi-directional DC-DC converter is designed and simulated for energy storage in the battery and interfacing it with the DC grid. The power extracted from the solar panel during the daytime is used to charge the batteries through the DC-DC converter operating in buck mode and when solar power is unavailable, the battery discharges to supply power to DC load through the converter operating in boost mode. Solar arrays connected through a DC bus to a load. Due to the instantaneous changes of solar irradiance and temperature, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is integrated in the inverter control. The technique of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is used in photovoltaic systems to extract the maximum power. The most popular MPPT techniques are reviewed and studied, such as: Perturb and Observe, Increment of Conductance and control based on fuzzy logic (LF). The simulation is done in matlab/simulink and results are presented.

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Ma, Wen Xing, Xiao Wen Shen, Xiu Quan Lu, and Long Fei Ji. "Simulation Analysis of Bidirectional Fluid-Solid Coupling for Hydrodynamic Coupling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 1128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.1128.

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In this paper, bi-directional fluid-solid coupling numerical analysis method was introduced into the structural design of hydrodynamic coupling, this method was adopted to simulate the impeller strength and analyze the dynamic characteristics of the turbine blades, as well as the influences of turbine blades deformation the inside flow filed of hydrodynamic coupling was discussed. The work provides a theoretical basis for the design of the hydrodynamic coupling with the great power and high speed.

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Zanforlin, Stefania, Fulvio Buzzi, and Marika Francesconi. "Performance Analysis of Hydrofoil Shaped and Bi-Directional Diffusers for Cross Flow Tidal Turbines in Single and Double-Rotor Configurations." Energies 12, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020272.

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With the aim of finding efficient solutions for cross flow turbine (CFT) bi-directional diffusers able to harvest non perfectly rectilinear tidal currents, a 2D CFD analysis of ducted CFTs was carried out with focus on the effects of diffuser shape and yaw angle. The HARVEST hydrofoil shaped diffuser, equipped with a pair of counter-rotating turbines, and a bi-directional symmetrical diffuser were compared in terms of coefficient of power (CP), torque ripple, overall thrust on diffuser and wake characteristics. Slightly better CP were predicted for the symmetrical diffuser, due to the convergent walls that address the flow towards the blade with a greater attack angle during early and late upwind and to the viscous interactions between the turbine wakes and strong vortices shed by the diffuser. A CP’s extraordinary improving resulted when yaw increased up to 22.5° for the hydrofoil shaped and up to 30° for the symmetrical diffuser. Similar behaviour in yawed flows also occurred in case of a ducted single rotor, demonstrating that it is a characteristic of CFTs. The insertion of a straight throat in the diffuser design proved to be an effective way to mitigate torque ripple, but a CP loss is expected.

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Nakao, Y., and M. Ishikawa. "Angular Position Control of Fluid-Driven Bi-Directional Motor." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 224, no. 11 (April 12, 2010): 2350–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes2089.

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This paper describes the design of a rotational speed-control system and an angular position-control system for a fluid-driven bi-directional motor. The fluid-driven bi-directional motor has a driving principle similar to that of the fluid-driven spindle, which is designed for use in ultra-precision machine tools. The fluid-driven bi-directional motor was designed so that it is driven by low viscosity oil flow power. In this paper, the rotational speed controller for the motor is first discussed. In order to reduce the influence of external load torque on the rotational speed, a conventional disturbance observer is combined with the rotational speed-control system. The angular position-control system, which possesses the rotational speed feedback loop with the disturbance observer in the angular position feedback loop, is then discussed. The designed rotational speed and angular position-control systems are conventional I—P control and proportional control systems, respectively. The performance of the designed rotational speed-control system and the angular position-control system is studied via simulations and experiments. The performance of the designed control system is tested by the step response method as well as by the frequency response method, respectively. The simulation and experimental results show that the rotational speed and the angular position of the motor can be controlled by the rotational speed controller and angular position controller, respectively. In addition, the influence of the external load torque acting on the motor is successfully compensated for by means of the disturbance observer. The experimental result shows that the designed angular position-control system suppresses the steady-state positioning error to less than 0.02°, even if external constant load torque acts on the motor.

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Chankaya, Mukul, Ikhlaq Hussain, Aijaz Ahmad, Hasmat Malik, and Majed A. Alotaibi. "Stability Analysis of Chaotic Grey-Wolf Optimized Grid-Tied PV-Hybrid Storage System during Dynamic Conditions." Electronics 11, no. 4 (February 13, 2022): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11040567.

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This paper presents the stability improvement of the three-phase four-wire (3P-4W) grid-tied PV-hybrid energy storage system (HESS) using chaotic grew wolf optimization (CGWO) for DC bus voltage (Vdc) and AC bus voltage (Vpcc) control. The CGWO tuned fractional order proportional–integral (FOPI) controllers reduce the Vdc and Vpcc variations during diverse, dynamic conditions, i.e., sudden irradiation variations, deep voltage sag/swell, etc. The DC bus is responsible for the current injection/extraction control, maximum PV power extraction, bi-directional power flow, dc second-harmonics component elimination, and active power balance. At the point of common coupling (PCC), the AC bus is accountable for bi-directional power flow and active and reactive power control. The two-level voltage source converter (VSC) is controlled by a novel variable step-size incremental least mean square (VSS-ILMS) in zero voltage regulation (ZVR) mode. Due to its varying step size, VSC control is less prone to noise signals offers better stability, improved convergence rate, dc offset rejection, and tracking speed during dynamics, i.e., large oscillations. A battery and ultracapacitor are coupled to the DC link by buck-boost converters in the HESS. To regulate power transit between the DC bus and the grid, the HESS current control technique is designed to shift frequently from charging to discharging stage and vice versa. The novelty of the PV-HESS system lies in CGWO tuned VSS-ILMS control of VSC, which effectively and efficiently filter out the active fundamental constituents of load current and eliminate dc offset from VSC output. The HESS control maintains the DC bus voltage profile by absorbing and delivering energy (during dynamic conditions) rather than curtailing it. The presented system is simulated in a MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The simulation results in graphical and numerical forms verify the stable and satisfactory operation of the proposed system as per IEEE519 standard.

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Li, Gaohui, Ting Lu, Funan Chen, Shaojia Yang, Lei Jiang, and Haolei Zhen. "Experimental study of a hydraulic model of the side inlet and outlet of a pumped storage power station." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2565, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2565/1/012031.

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Abstract Inlets/outlets have bi-directional characteristics and complex structures, which have important implications for practical operational safety and efficiency. In this paper, the hydraulic characteristics of the lateral inlet/outlet of a pumped storage power station are studied by means of model tests. The flow velocity distribution at the leading edge of the inlet/outlet orifice and the barrage section is more uniform, and the flow velocity distribution at the left, middle, and right of each orifice is the same. The formation of swirl is related to the relative submergence depth s/d and the Froude number Fr, with the inlet/outlet Fr< 0.23, relative submergence depth s/d> 0.5 and it has no harmful eddies.

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Nagaraj, C., and K. Manjunatha Sharma. "Bi-directional power flow control with improved power quality using intelligent controller for AC-DC coupled hybrid micro-grid system." International Journal of Power Electronics 14, no. 2 (2021): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpelec.2021.117063.

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Nagaraj, C., and K. Manjunatha Sharma. "Bi-directional Power Flow Control with Improved Power Quality using Intelligent Controller for AC-DC Coupled Hybrid Micro-Grid System." International Journal of Power Electronics 14, no. 2 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpelec.2021.10032717.

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Jiao, Haifeng, Mengcheng Wang, Haiyu Liu, and Songshan Chen. "Positive and Negative Performance Analysis of the Bi-Directional Full-Flow Pump with an “S” Shaped Airfoil." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 6 (June 7, 2023): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061188.

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In this study, model tests and numerical simulations are conducted to study the bi-directional full-flow pump (BFFP). Firstly, the head, efficiency and shaft power of the BFFP are significantly higher in the positive operating condition than in the negative operating condition. When the unit operates in the positive direction, the clearance reflux flow rate, the flow uniformity and velocity-weighted average angle of the impeller inlet, and the intensity of pressure pulsation are significantly greater than those during the negative operation. When the pump unit is operating at low flow rates, the clearance reflux produces a significant disturbance to the impeller inlet main flow. Two vortices appear in the near-wall area of the clearance outlet (i.e., impeller inlet), and the range of vortices is larger in the positive operation than in the negative operation. Secondly, at low-flow and design-flow conditions, the total entropy production of the pump unit in the positive direction is greater than that in the negative direction. When at small- and design-flow rates, the amplitude of pressure pulsation in the positive direction is smaller than that in the negative direction. This study will contribute to the research and development of a full-flow pump.

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Jaiswal, Rahul, Anshul Agarwal, Vineeta Agarwal, and Badre Bossoufi. "Control Strategy of a Solid State Transformer for the Grid-side Converter." Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) 13, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352096511666181029123631.

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Background: This paper presents a decoupled control technique for balancing the power and voltage through grid side converter using a solid state transformer. Methods: Decoupling control is essentially a voltage oriented control technique with the objective of eliminating cross-coupling elements. Use of this decouple technique, allows bi-directional power flow control for both active and reactive power, thereby maintaining steady state DC interference voltage. Results: The performance of this scheme is analyzed & the results are obtained from the Matlab/Simulink model. Conclusion: From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the decoupled control strategy can easily eliminate the cross- coupled element of a solid state transformer for the grid side converter.

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Jing, Peng Hui, Cong Wang, Jun Wang, and Feng Zhao. "Performance Characterization of the Novel Topology for High-Frequency Isolation Bi-Directional DC/DC Converter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 273 (January 2013): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.273.305.

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A novel topology of high-frequency isolation bi-directional DC/DC converter used in high-Input low-output system was proposed, which has not only the advantages, such as enabling bidirectional power flow, ease of realizing soft-switching control, galvanic isolation, high reliability and so on, but also can be used in high-input voltage application and apparently decreases the stress of the switches, which reduces the cost of the converter, improves power density and the efficiency of the converter. According to the different work condition, two control strategies are analyzed in this paper: the traditional phase shifting control (TPC) and PWM plus phase shifting control (PPC), which further improves the overall efficiency of the converter. The MATLAB simulation has been done to verify the feasibility of the proposed DC/DC converter and accuracy of the criterion.

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Naresh, M. "Modelling and Analysis of Microcontroller Based MPPT Method Using FPGA." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XIV, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-21-i2-017.

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Now days, the renewable energy sources (RES) are the most accomplished system for power generation. In this paper, focus on FPGA based digital controller for the grid connected DG system. The study and performance analysis of grid-connected PV system as follows to improve the efficiency of the grid system and to extract the maximum power. This work is designed & development of FPGA. The DC power and battery capture on the DC bus system we have maintained the unity power factor and harmonics current in the DG system. The bi-directional battery systems also provide quick response & the performance under the variable DC voltage. Then, to develop the effectiveness control strategy is to manage the power flow equally AC & DC sides. This system simulated in MTTLAB Tools and FPGA System.

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Abdelkaderis, Benslimane, Abdelhak Merabti, and Benslimane Yamina. "Using PSO algorithm for power flow management enhancement in PV-battery grid systems." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i1.pp413-425.

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In this article, we have shown the possibility of improving the quality of the energy injected into the electrical network and the flexibility of its exchange between the different components of the proposed hybrid network (photovoltaic generator connected to the network-storage battery-load of the DC motor) to develop a control element based on the combination of fuzzy logic and an algorithm derived from PSO Animal Behavior. The proposed control works on DC/AC and bi-directional DC/DC converters, which form the basis of power management between the parts of the proposed hybrid network. MATLAB/Simulink software is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control. The results show that the proposed control contributed to the stability of the photovoltaic energy produced, the improvement of the quality of energy injected into the network, as well as the response speed during the process of charging and discharging the battery, which gave more efficiency to the DC motor connected to the DC bus.

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Choi, Younhee, Beungyong Park, Sowoo Park, and Doosam Song. "How can we simulate the Bi-directional flow and time-variant heat exchange ventilation system?" Applied Thermal Engineering 181 (November 2020): 115948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115948.

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Verma, Arun Kumar, Bhim Singh, and D. T. Shahani. "New topology for management of bi-directional power flow between vehicle and grid with reduced ripple current at unity power factor." International Journal of Power Electronics 5, no. 3/4 (2013): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpelec.2013.057041.

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Wu, Sen-Tung, Yong-Nong Chang, Chih-Yuan Chang, and Yu-Ting Cheng. "A Fast Charging Balancing Circuit for LiFePO4 Battery." Electronics 8, no. 10 (October 10, 2019): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101144.

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In this paper, a fast charging balancing circuit for LiFePO4 battery is proposed to address the voltage imbalanced problem of a lithium battery string. During the lithium battery string charging process, the occurrence of voltage imbalance will activate the fast balancing mechanism. The proposed balancing circuit is composed of a bi-directional converter and the switch network. The purpose of bi-directional is that the energy can be delivered to the lowest voltage cell for charging mode. On the other hand, the energy stored in the magnetizing inductors of the transformer can be charged back to the higher voltage cell in recycling mode. This novel scheme includes the following features: (1) The odd-numbered and even-numbered cells in the string with the maximum differential voltage will be chosen for balancing process directly. In this topology, there is no need to store and deliver the energy through any intermediate or the extra storing components. That is, the energy loss can be saved to improve the efficiency, and the fast balancing technique can be achieved. (2) There is only one converter to complete the energy transfer for voltage balancing process. The concept makes the circuit structure much simpler. (3) The structure has bi-directional power flow and good electrical isolation features. (4) A single chip controller is applied to measure the voltage of each cell to achieve the fast balancing process effectively. At the end of the paper, the practical test of the proposed balancing method on LiFePO4 battery pack (28.8 V/2.5 Ah) is verified and implemented by the experimental results.

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Kumari, Remala Geshma, A. Ezhilarasi, and Naresh Pasula. "Control strategy for modified CI-based Bi-directional Γ-Z source DC-DC converter for buck-boost operation." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i3.pp1510-1518.

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This paper introduces a novel Bi-directional coupled-inductor (CI) based Γ-Z source converter for step up-step down DC application. It is a modified version of CI based Γ-Z high gain converter. The converter originates under the family of impedance networks with two winding coupled inductor. The said converter when operated with low duty ratio makes converter to achieve high gain compared to conventional DC-DC converters. As the society is in trend with electric vehicles (EV’s) are recommending operating the converters in Bi-directional mode to have continuous power flow when those are operated with green technologies. So, the same converter is initially operated and verified as buck and boost converter in open loop mode. Nearly 38 and 4 voltage-gainin boost and buck mode was observed when realized in MATLAB environment for the designed inductor and capacitor values with 49% and 1% duty cycle respectively under open-loop configuration. In the succeeding a PID controller based closed loop control strategy has implemented for the same converter. Gain sensitivity of the converter had been verified in MATLAB Simulink environment. Results obtained from simulation and mathematical found satisfactory in open and closed loop.

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Udayakumar, Arun Kumar, Raghavendra Rajan Vijaya Raghavan, Mohamad Abou Houran, Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan, Anushkannan Nedumaran Kalavathy, and Eklas Hossain. "Three-Port Bi-Directional DC–DC Converter with Solar PV System Fed BLDC Motor Drive Using FPGA." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020624.

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The increased need for renewable energy systems to generate power, store energy, and connect energy storage devices with applications has become a major challenge. Energy storage using batteries is most appropriate for energy sources like solar, wind, etc. A non-isolated three-port DC–DC-converter energy conversion unit is implemented feeding the brushless DCmotor drive. In this paper, a non-isolated three-port converter is designed and simulated for battery energy storage , interfaced with an output drive. Based on the requirements, the power extracted from the solar panel during the daytime is used to charge the batteries through the three-port converter. The proposed three-port converter is analyzed in terms of operating principles and power flow. An FPGA-based NI LabView PXI with SbRio interface is used to develop the suggested approach’s control hardware, and prototype model results are obtained to test the proposed three-port converter control system’s effectiveness and practicality. The overall efficiency of the converter’s output improves as a result. The success rate is 96.5 percent while charging an ESS, 98.1 percent when discharging an ESS, and 95.7 percent overall.

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Venkatachalam, K. M., and V. Saravanan. "Performance evaluation and load demand management of grid connected hybrid wind-solar-battery system." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 9, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v9.i3.pp223-244.

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<div data-canvas-width="325.8629661358597">In this paper, Performance of the grid connected hybrid wind-solar energy</div><div data-canvas-width="38.15327554928442">system and load demand response of the battery integrated single phase voltage source inverter is presented. The wind energy conversion system is</div><div data-canvas-width="397.2481505744809">generating AC power and the solar PV system is generating DC power and</div><div data-canvas-width="240.71571255795203">both are integrating with battery in the common DC bus. The output voltage</div><div data-canvas-width="284.91922495464627">of the wind and solar system are controlling using dc-dc converters and it</div><div data-canvas-width="397.2100987704092">achieved more than the battery voltage. P&O algorithm used MPPT based</div><div data-canvas-width="188.4705855674259">voltage controller is driving the dc-dc converter with a reference voltage</div><div data-canvas-width="37.43029127192098">value of the battery. The single-phase full-bridge converter is converting DC</div><div data-canvas-width="397.2735184438622">to AC power and feeding into the standalone AC loads and distribution grid</div><div data-canvas-width="180.08650473694817">with IEEE 519 standard. The bi-directional converter is controlling the directions of power flow and it operates two modes namely inverter mode and rectifier mode based on a voltage level of the battery. In this bi-directional converter is controlling by the PI controller with the reference value of the DC bus voltage and load current. The power quality and demand response of the inverter is observing at various types of load conditions in standalone mode and grid-connected mode using experimental results.</div>

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Svinkunas, Gytis, and Gytis Petrauskas. "Switching Ripple Harmonics Attenuation in DFIG and Matrix Converter-Based WECS." Electronics 10, no. 21 (October 22, 2021): 2589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10212589.

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The analysis presented in this paper is focused on the harmonics distortion damping in the case of bidirectional power-flow of the electronics device—matrix converter as an interface between two power sources. Bidirectional energy flow takes place in the matrix converter that is used in renewables, hybrid transformers, microgrids, etc. It is observed that the matrix converter generates sinusoidal voltage with some amount of harmonic distortion and worsens in the quality of power in the utility grid. Taking into account the bi-directional energy flow and the matrix converter operation principle, four key requirements for the filters are formulated. Six theoretically possible filter topologies are investigated for compliance with these requirements. Two of the filter topologies are recognized as complying with these requirements and applicable for the switching ripple harmonics damping in the utility grid connected matrix converter in the case of bidirectional power flow. The suitability of these topologies was verified by MATLAB/Simulink simulation. Using the proper filter topology will significantly reduce the size, weight and cost of the components of the filter, as well as the utility grid’s pollution by switching ripple harmonics. It is appropriate to apply such filters to matrix converters that operate in wind turbines installed in doubly fed induction generators. These filters should also be used in hybrid transformers and other high-power devices with matrix converters.

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Al-khafaf, Haider, and Johnson Asumadu. "Efficient Protection Scheme Based on Y-Source Circuit Breaker in Bi-Directional Zones for MVDC Micro-Grids." Inventions 6, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions6010018.

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A new bi-directional circuit breaker is presented for medium-voltage dc (MVDC) systems. The Y-source impedance network topology is used to implement the breaker. The current transfer function is derived to show the frequency response and the breaker operation with the high frequencies. Mathematical analysis is achieved with different conditions of coupling among the breaker inductors. The minimum level of the magnetic coupling is determined, which is represented by the null condition. The effect of the turns-ratio on this condition is investigated as well. The breaker is designed with two types of fault conductance slope rates. The Y-source breaker is simulated, and the results verify the breaker operation during the fault condition and the load change. The results also demonstrate the effect of the coupling level on the minimum values of the source current when the fault occurs. Based on the expected fault type in the MVDC systems, the proposed breaker is developed to interrupt the overcurrent due to any of these fault types. A protection scheme is proposed for a 12-bus, two-level micro-grid, where the Y-source breakers are used in the bi-directional zones. The results verify the ability of the breaker to conduct and interrupt the current in both directions of the power flow.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bi-directional power flow'

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