Academic literature on the topic 'Biafran War'

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Journal articles on the topic "Biafran War"

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Omaka, Arua Oko. "Conquering the Home Front: Radio Biafra in the Nigeria–Biafra War, 1967–1970." War in History 25, no. 4 (May 25, 2017): 555–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344516682056.

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Radio, as a modern communication technology, has played a revolutionary role in propaganda wars. Governments and revolutionaries find it indispensable because of its advantage in disseminating messages quickly across national borders. The Biafran government saw the enormous propaganda potential of radio and tactically exploited it. Despite this strategic role, scholars have failed to represent Radio Biafra as an important arm of the Biafran struggle for self-determination. Using archival documents, newspaper articles, and oral interviews, this article explores the role of Radio Biafra in the Nigeria–Biafra War. It argues that Radio Biafra not only sustained the support and loyalty of Biafrans but also created a community spirit that bolstered Biafrans’ confidence in the war.
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Daly, Samuel Fury Childs. "“Hell was let loose on the country”: The Social History of Military Technology in the Republic of Biafra." African Studies Review 61, no. 3 (July 2, 2018): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2018.41.

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Abstract:The problem of armed crime in late twentieth-century Nigeria was closely connected to the events of the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970). Legal records from the secessionist Republic of Biafra reveal how violent crime emerged as part of the military confrontation between Biafra and Nigeria. The wide availability of firearms, the Biafran state’s diminishing ability to enforce the law, and the gradual collapse of Biafra’s economy under the pressure of a Nigerian blockade made Biafran soldiers and civilians reliant on their weapons to obtain food and fuel, make claims to property, and settle disputes with one another. Criminal legal records illustrate how military technologies shape interactions and relationships in the places where they are deployed, and how those dynamics can endure after the war comes to an end. This speaks to larger theoretical questions about the symbolic and functional meanings of guns during and after wartime.
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ANTHONY, DOUGLAS. "‘RESOURCEFUL AND PROGRESSIVE BLACKMEN’: MODERNITY AND RACE IN BIAFRA, 1967–70." Journal of African History 51, no. 1 (March 2010): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853710000022.

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ABSTRACTPropaganda from Biafra and pro-Biafran rhetoric generated by its supporters drew heavily on ideas of modernity. This continued a pattern of associations rooted in colonial-era policies and ethnic stereotypes, and also represented a deliberate rhetorical strategy aimed at both internal and external audiences. During the second half of the Nigeria–Biafra War, the concept of race assumed an increasingly prominent role in both Biafran and pro-Biafran discourse, in part because of the diminished persuasiveness of Biafran claims about Nigeria's genocidal intentions. Arguments about race dovetailed with established claims about modernity in ways that persist today.
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Gomba, Obari. "Biafra and Abuse of Power in I.N.C. Aniebo’s Rearguard Actions." Matatu 49, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 280–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-04902003.

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Abstract The Nigerian civil war has left a lasting impact on the politics of Nigeria. It has also provided material for I.N.C. Aniebo’s Rearguard Actions. Given the prior success of his novel The Anonymity of Sacrifice, this collection of short stories expands his creative portfolio on the subject of war. Over and above the predilection of Biafran discourse for blaming others for Biafra’s failure, Aniebo’s depiction of the war calls attention to the failings of Biafra itself. On the strength of Aniebo’s stories, this paper seeks to examine the nature of the abuse of power in Biafra and to show how such abuse helped precipitate the collapse of the breakaway nation-state.
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DALY, SAMUEL FURY CHILDS. "THE SURVIVAL CON: FRAUD AND FORGERY IN THE REPUBLIC OF BIAFRA, 1967–70." Journal of African History 58, no. 1 (February 8, 2017): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853716000347.

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AbstractOver the course of the Nigerian Civil War (1967–70), many people in the secessionist Republic of Biafra resorted to forgery, confidence scams, and other forms of fraud to survive the dire conditions created by Nigeria's blockade. Forgery of passes and other documents, fraudulent commercial transactions, and elaborate schemes involving impersonation and racketeering became common in Biafra, intensifying as the Biafran government's ability to enforce the law diminished. Using long-neglected legal records from Biafra's courts and tribunals, this study traces the process by which deception emerged as a practice of survival in wartime Biafra – a process with important implications for the growth of fraud (known as ‘419’ after the relevant section of the Nigerian criminal code) in reintegrated postwar Nigeria.
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Eze, Victor Chinedu. "Examining Selected Newspapers’ Framing of the Renewed Biafran Agitation in Nigeria (2016 – 2017)." Interações: Sociedade e as novas modernidades, no. 37 (December 30, 2019): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31211/interacoes.n37.2019.a1.

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The renewed Biafran agitation headed by Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) has been in the news since 2016. This is surprising when one considers that the Nigerian-Biafran war was fought over 50 years ago with no victor and no vanquished stance. This research examines how selected newspapers framed the Biafran agitation from January, 2016 to December, 2017 – a period which recorded a spike in the activities of Biafran agitators who called for a referendum to carve out the Republic of Biafra. Framing theory is employed as the theoretical frame work for this research. Four hundred and twenty-one (421) issues of selected newspapers were sampled through purposive and critical case sampling techniques. The data were analysed through qualitative and quantitate content analysis. Findings of this research showed that selected newspapers framed the agitation from politi- cal, economic, separatist, human rights, conflict and hate speech frames. Findings also show that media correspondents were the primary frame source for stories on the renewed Biafran agitation. The print media perceived the agitation mainly from human rights crisis where the agitators are deprived of the free- dom to protest and are dehumanised by the Nigerian security operatives; and questioned the government over human rights abuses.
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Nwofe, Emmanuel Sunday, and Mark Goodall. "Pro-Biafran Activists and the call for a Referendum: A Sentiment Analysis of ‘Biafraexit’ on Twitter after UK’s vote to leave the European Union." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 4, no. 1 (July 12, 2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/65.

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In a society bonded by a concatenation of diverse ethno-nationalism, the struggle for inclusion and exclusion becomes particularly unavoidable. Common among the findings of researchers of ethnic identities is the potential for conflicts when inequalities and injustices, rooted in ethnicity and religious identities are the basis for allocation of powers and resources. This is more threatening when a particular ethnic group is signposted as a threat to other group and targeted for ill-treatment. In Nigeria, the Igbo ethnic group is characterized as an endangered group and has risen at one point to challenge inequalities, injustices and state-orchestrated violence against the ethnic society that led to Nigeria-Biafra war between 1967 and 1970. Fifty years after the war, the Igbo ethnic society is still grappling to be included in the Nigeria nation-building project. The implication is a deep-rooted grievance among the Igbo ethnic group that the wave of campaigns and social movement for the restoration of Biafra continued to reverberate in recent times. After the UK’s ‘Brexit’ vote, the pro-Biafra activists launched ‘Biafraexit’ on Twitter in the style of ‘Brexit’ for a referendum to exit Nigeria. The purpose of this paper is to examine the major sentiment of the people about the Biafra restoration 50 years after the Biafran war. Through a sentiment analysis of ‘Biafraexit’, ‘free Biafra’ hashtags and the ‘Biafra’ search term on Twitter, the paper examines to what extent the perception of insecurity of lives of the Igbos constitute major concern of proponents of Biafran independent on Twitter? How have the human right abuses of pro-Biafra activists under President Buhari’s rule facilitated feelings of insecurity, religious cleansing and Islamization among pro-Biafra activists? The implications of this for cohesive nation-building are discussed.
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Anthony, Douglas. "“What Are They Observing?”." Journal of African Military History 2, no. 2 (October 24, 2018): 87–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24680966-00202001.

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AbstractThree separate observer missions operated in Nigeria during the country’s 1967–1970 war against Biafran secession, charged with investigating allegations that Nigeria was engaged in genocide against Biafrans. Operating alongside UN and OAU missions, the four-country international observer group was best positioned to respond authoritatively to those allegations, but problems with the composition of the group and its failure to extend the geographical scope of its operations beyond Nigerian-held territory rendered its findings of limited value. This paper argues that the observer missions offer useful windows on several aspects of the war and almost certainly delivered some benefits to Biafrans, but also effectively abdicated their responsibility to Biafrans and the international community by allowing procedural politics to come before commitment to the spirit of the Genocide Convention.
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Amiara Amiara, Solomon. "Nigerian−Biafra War: Re-interrogating Indiscipline and Sabotage among the Biafran Soldiers." Journal of Political Science and International Relations 2, no. 4 (2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.jpsir.20190204.14.

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OMENKA, NICHOLAS IBEAWUCHI. "BLAMING THE GODS: CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS PROPAGANDA IN THE NIGERIA–BIAFRA WAR." Journal of African History 51, no. 3 (November 2010): 367–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853710000460.

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ABSTRACTThe consensus among many analysts of the Nigeria–Biafra War is that the conflict cannot be reduced to a mono-causal explanation. The tragedy that befell the West African country from 1966 to 1970 was a combination of many factors, which were political, ethnic, religious, social, and economic in nature. Yet the conflict was unduly cast as a religious war between Christians and Muslims. Utilizing newly available archival materials from within and outside Nigeria, this article endeavours to unravel the underlying forces in the religious war rhetoric of the mainly Christian breakaway region and its Western sympathizers. Among other things, it demonstrates that, while the religious war proposition was good for the relief efforts of the international humanitarian organizations, it inevitably alienated the Nigerian Christians and made them unsympathetic to the Biafran cause.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Biafran War"

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Okigbo, Karen Amaka. "Ghostly Narratives : A Case Study on the Experiences and Roles of Biafran Women during the Nigeria-Biafra War." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29720.

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Since the end of the Nigcria-Biafra war in 1970, political and social theorists, journalists, and scholars have discussed the significance of the war and the major players. Yet one perspective is often omitted, and that is the experiences of women and the roles they played during the war. This thesis begins to unearth some of those hidden narratives through the use of in-depth interviews with seven Biafran women who lived during and survived the Nigeria-Biafra war. Their stories about the importance of their ethnic and religious identities, their roles and experiences during the war, their encounters with death and refugees, and their discussions of a generational shift are important parts of some of the unearthed narratives.
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Orji, Jennifer Obianuju. "Neutrality and Speaking Out: Challenges and Implications in the Biafran war." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-423726.

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Krishnan, Madhu. "Constructions of self and community in the contemporary Nigerian-Biafran war novel." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580151.

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This thesis examines three novels written by authors of Nigerian Igbo descent: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Half of a Yellow Sun (2006), Chris Abani's GraceLand (2004) and Uzodinma Iweala's Beasts of No Nation (2005). Focusing upon the strategies through which each novel engages with the legacy of the Nigerian-Biafran War (1967-1970) as a means of reconstituting individual and collective identifications, this study seeks to redefine canonical notions surrounding identity-formation and identification in postcolonial studies, as well as provide a textually-driven examination of the contemporary Nigerian literary landscape which balances a discursive approach to the text with historical and material contextualization. The introduction to this study provides an overview of nation and identification in postcolonial studies, the Nigerian national context and the current field of literary criticism on contemporary Nigerian literature. Chapter 1 focuses on racial identification, deploying Fanon' s schema of racial alienation and its subsequent legacy in postcolonial studies. Chapter 2 examines the intersection of gendered identifications in the postcolonial context of Adichie's, Abani's and Iweala's texts. Chapter 3 moves from the micro- to macro-levels of the text, examining the use of language-as-rhetoric in each core text, focusing particularly on the tropes of literacy, writing and the book. Chapter 4 then considers the means through which mythopoetics are redeployed in these texts through narrative blending, double consciousness and the often-contentious concepts of magical realism and hybridity. The study concludes with a coda which considers the intersection of aesthetics and ethics in representations of African conflict.
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Willms, Joshua P. "Dying for Attention: The Role of the Biafran Identity in the Biafran Campaign for Support during the Nigerian Civil War of 1967-70." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20081.

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This study examines the Biafran secession of 1967-1970 and how the secessionist government constructed a Biafran identity in its campaign to gain international support for Biafra’s permanent separation from Nigeria. The introductory chapter outlines the role of identity in Nigeria’s twentieth-century political history and discusses the scholarly literature addressing questions of national and ethnic identity and on the Biafran secession. The thesis then provides a historical framework for discussing the evolution of Nigerian political identities and the failures of Nigerian leaders to build a Nigerian nationalism among the region’s numerous identifiable groups in the colonial and early independence eras. Subsequent chapters analyse the Biafran government’s attempts to elide the inherent instability of identity and overcome the dynamic process of identity formation in Nigeria by constructing and promoting a fixed Biafran identity based on cultural characteristics and historical experiences that allegedly distinguished and united the diverse peoples of the secessionist region.
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Jeffs, Nikolai. "Parker pen soldiers : the novel, the Nigerian/Biafran (civil) war, the nation-state and nationalism." Thesis, University of Essex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435254.

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Freitas, João Felipe Assis de. "Half of a Yellow Sun : a experiência dos cronotopos no contexto da Guerra de Biafra." Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 2014. http://ri.ufmt.br/handle/1/328.

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O romance Half of a Yellow Sun, de Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, apresenta uma narrativa em que a experiência dos cronotopos auxilia na compreensão do contexto da Guerra de Biafra (1967-1970). O enredo, estruturado em quatro partes interdependentes, possibilita, pelo menos, dois eixos de observação crítica: a) a percepção da formação das identidades dos sujeitos pós-modernos/pós-coloniais nesse cenário africano e b) a fragmentação da noção de espaço-tempo desses indivíduos. As figuras ficcionais do romance são sujeitos posicionados numa época e local de mudanças, confrontando o deslocamento das antigas tradições culturais africanas e a presença cada vez maior de valores estrangeiros, ocidentais. Portanto, o objetivo do nosso trabalho é o de analisar a construção dos cronotopos a partir de uma perspectiva com base nas personagens Ugwu, Olanna e Richard, bem como em seus respectivos núcleos de participação. Em um ambiente pós-colonial de produção, a obra possibilita ao leitor a oportunidade de conhecer literariamente a estória de um dos maiores traumas do continente africano presenciado por nigerianos e biafrenses e de sentir o sopro do vento da globalização pelas páginas do texto.
Half of a Yellow Sun, a novel authored by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, features a narrative in which the experience of chronotopoi assists in understanding the context of the Biafran War (1967-1970). The plot, divided into four interdependent parts, enables at least two axes of critical observation: a) the perception of the formation of postmodern/post-colonial subjects in an African scenery and b) the fragmentation of the concept of space-time in those individual’s experience. Fictional figures in the novel are positioned in an epoch and place of change and transition, confronting the displacement of ancient African cultural traditions and the increasing presence of foreign, Western values. Therefore, the aim of our work is to analyze the construction of chronotopoi from a perspective based on characters such as Ugwu, Olanna, and Richard, as well as their respective nuclei of participation. In a post-colonial context of production, this novel allows the reader the opportunity to know the literary story of one of the major traumas in the African context witnessed by Nigerians and Biafrans and to feel the breath of the wind of globalization through the pages of the text.
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Davies, Patrick Ediomi. "Use of propaganda in civil war : the Biafra experience." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1997. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1460/.

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This study examines the effect of propaganda in the Biafran war. Nigeria, the show case of British colonial rule and Empire, and transfer to independence, was at the point of disintegration in 1967. A section of the country, the Eastern region had dared to do the unthinkable at that time, to secede. The British and Nigerian governments were determined that it would not happen. The break away region, which called itself Biafra was blockaded by land, air and sea, and starved of weapons and the means of livelihood. The only means available to it was propaganda. In the opinion of many commentators, Biafra employed propaganda admirably and effectively, sustaining the war for three years, against all odds. An investigation into the background of Biafra's successful propaganda thrust became a very compelling urge for me. But to arrive at that point, an examination is made of propaganda cultures that bear a family resemblance to that of Biafra. Because of the complete dearth of materials by media practioners, or the protagonists, or actors on the Biafran media/propaganda scene, it has been necessary to travel to and from Nigeria several times to interview the key participants. The issuance of questionnaires was unsuccessful as no one had or found time to fill them in. Data and Statistics were non existent in any cohesive form. There is still even now a reticence by the principal actors to discuss the issues involving the war. To discuss a familial pattern, or any other form of family migration which might support the argument of the success of Biafra's propaganda, three models have been examined, ie; Hitler's/Goebbels' German propaganda, (as a watershed in modern war propaganda), Mao Tse Tung's Chinese propaganda, and Ojukwu's Biafran propaganda. However, other examples like the English, American, Russian, and French civil wars and revolutions, etc; are employed in the arguments and discussions. The thesis examines psychological warfare, the origins of propaganda, modern methods and concepts, the Biafran domestic and external factors; and suggests that the exploitative propaganda tools in most civil conflicts are religion, and/or tribal/ethnic/nationalistic tendencies. The difference is that in Biafra there was a first - hunger and starvation became a massively useful propaganda weapon.
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Omenka, Nicholas. ""Blaming the Gods: Religious Propaganda in the Nigeria-Biafra War"." Bulletin of Ecumenical Theology, 2009. http://digital.library.duq.edu/u?/bet,3358.

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Luepke, Anna-Katharina. "'The other side' of the Nigeria-Biafra War : a transnational history." Thesis, Bangor University, 2018. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-other-side-of-the-nigeriabiafra-war(fc5da1c7-2ed7-472e-9d07-29046eb959a7).html.

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During the civil war between Nigeria and the separatist south-eastern state of Biafra, a famine developed that became a global media event in the summer of 1968. Graphic images of starving children captured the public imagination and became a hallmark of the media coverage of famines and humanitarian crises to come. Biafra committees sprang up all over the world and began to support Biafra’s bid for independence and to protest the inactivity of foreign states in the face of what they believed to be a genocide. Expatriate Biafrans and Nigerians in Europe or North America lobbied governments to support their respective side and set up organisations for that very purpose. While the churches and other humanitarian agencies launched fund-raising campaigns to finance the greatest relief effort since the Second World War, most foreign governments hesitated to get involved. The humanitarian effort during the Nigeria-Biafra War became the catalyst of the development of the modern humanitarian industry as well as the breakthrough of the interventionist humanitarianism associated with the borderless movement. A growing number of studies on the global history of the Nigeria-Biafra War have begun to reconstruct the roles of various countries during the war, trace changes in the landscape of humanitarian organisations, and explore the discursive forms of engagement with Biafran suffering. This thesis adds to the existing body of knowledge by studying the transnational dimension of the war and highlighting the intersection of various agents, including the media, governmental institutions, and advocates. The overall argument is that a particular constellation of institutions and converging developments – namely the backdrop of 1960s activism, the media interest in publicising Biafran suffering, and the reluctance of governments to actively intervene to bring about peace – resulted in the rise of the modern humanitarian industry. Simultaneously, the visceral albeit simplifying narrative of human suffering turned the Biafran famine into an almost global cause célèbre and strengthened paternalistic views of the Third World as a space for continued foreign intervention.
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Cassano, Dora. "The Biafra War: Cultural Memory in two novels of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and Chinelo Okparanta." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Afrikanska studier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28167.

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Recently new novels about the Biafra war have appeared, proving the ongoing impact of the Nigerian civil war on writers’ interest, and the importance of memory in our life. For all these reasons, I decided to write the present thesis on how memory function in a literary work. The objective is to analyse the literary representation of the Biafra war, with a special focus on individual and collective memory production through two fictional novels: Half of a Yellow Sun, by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, and Under the Udala Trees, by Chinelo Okparanta. In analysing the literary representations of Biafra in the light of memory studies, I have identified two levels of memory: literary characters’ memory and writers’ memory. Focusing on the level of the memory of the characters, I explored what the characters remember about the Biafra war both when the war is over and when it is still in progress, and what strategies they use to remember or to forget painful memories of the war.  What emerged through this first level of analysis is how Adichie and Okparanta have offered narratives focused not only on accounts of the war, but also on feelings and emotions. Moreover, the strategies of remembering and of forgetting represent tools of survival, and they are not in a relationship of exclusion. Focusing on the level of writers’ memory, I explored the perspectives used by Adichie and Okparanta to narrate and remember the Biafra war: a perspective from below, focused on ordinary people and on their daily lives; a female perspective which represents a novelty in a literary landscape dominated by male writers; the danger of a single story and its risk to create hegemonic narratives; the fictional perspective as a way to enrich a historical event with suggestive details fruit of writers’ imagination; the Afropolitan perspective and the greater openness of mind of the new generation of African writers.
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Books on the topic "Biafran War"

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The fate of Biafran orphans. Owerri, Nigeria: Skill Mark Media, 2000.

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The Biafran war: The story of an orphan. Lagos: Teg Commercial Enterprises, 2005.

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Onyegbula, Godwin Alaoma. Memoirs of the Nigerian-Biafran bureaucrat: An account of life in Biafra and within Nigeria. Ibadan: Spectrum Books in association with Safari Books (Export), 2005.

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The Biafran war and the Igbo in contemporary Nigerian politics. [Nigeria]: Genius Press, 2007.

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Enonchong, Charles. The Abagana ambush: The greatest battle of the Nigerian-Biafran War. Calabar, Nigeria: Century Books, 1987.

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Enonchong, Charles. Who killed Major Nzeogwu?: The untold secret of the Nigerian-Biafran war. Calabar, Nigeria: Panorama Books, 1987.

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Arene, E. O. The "Biafran" scientists: The development of an African indigenous technology. Lagos, Nigeria: Arnet Ventures, 1997.

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Onwuejeogwu, M. Angulu. A study in military sociology: The Biafran army, 1967-1970. 2nd ed. Lagos: UTO, 2000.

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The Biafran nightmare: The controversial role of international relief agencies in a war of genocide. Enugu, Anambra State, Nigeria: Delta of Nigeria, 1986.

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Nwajiuba, Chinedum Uzoma. Why Biafra went to war. Owerri: Pearl & Marble Nigeria Limited, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Biafran War"

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Usuanlele, Uyilawa. "Midwest State’s Non-Igbo Minorities’ Responses to the Biafran Occupation and Federal Liberation in the Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970." In Minority Rights and the National Question in Nigeria, 113–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50630-2_6.

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Heerten, Lasse, and A. Dirk Moses. "The Nigeria-Biafra War." In Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide, 3–43. New York : Routledge, 2017. | Series: The Routledge global 1960s and 1970s: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315229294-1.

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Chuku, Gloria. "Women and the Nigeria-Biafra War." In Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide, 329–59. New York : Routledge, 2017. | Series: The Routledge global 1960s and 1970s: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315229294-15.

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Levey, Zach. "Israel, Nigeria and the Biafra Civil War, 1967–1970." In Postcolonial Conflict and the Question of Genocide, 177–97. New York : Routledge, 2017. | Series: The Routledge global 1960s and 1970s: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315229294-8.

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Onianwa, Oluchukwu Ignatus. "Biafra’s Captives: The “Oilmen Incident” and International Diplomacy in the Nigerian Civil War." In Captivity in War during the Twentieth Century, 157–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65095-7_8.

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Ogbaa, Kalu. "Other Critics' Reviews of There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra." In The Life and Times of Chinua Achebe, 163–76. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003184133-10.

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Ogbaa, Kalu. "My Review of Chinua Achebe's There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra*." In The Life and Times of Chinua Achebe, 156–62. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003184133-9.

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"Epilogue." In The Biafran War. I.B.Tauris, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755623945.0008.

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"Postscript." In The Biafran War. I.B.Tauris, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755623945.0009.

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"Chronology of Events." In The Biafran War. I.B.Tauris, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755623945.0010.

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Reports on the topic "Biafran War"

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Akresh, Richard, Sonia Bhalotra, Marinella Leone, and Una Osili. First and Second Generation Impacts of the Biafran War. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23721.

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