Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biais dans les réponses'
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Marceau, Claudia. "Analyse de l'influence des biais de réponse sur les résultats à l'inventaire de personnalité NEO (NEO-PI-R)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29528/29528.pdf.
Full textAllodehou, Amos. "Pouvoir prédictif des questions de sondage." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26070.
Full textSantin, Gaëlle. "Non-réponse totale dans les enquêtes de surveillance épidémiologique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA11T007/document.
Full textNonresponse occurs in most epidemiologic surveys and may generate selection bias (which is, in this case, a nonresponse bias) when it is linked to outcome variables. In epidemiologic surveillance, whose one of the purpose is to estimate prevalences, it is usual to use survey sampling. In this case, unit nonresponse occurs and it is possible to use methods coming from survey sampling to correct for nonresponse. Nonresponse bias can be expressed as the product of the inverse of the response rate and the covariance between the probability of response and the outcome variable. Thus, two options are available to reduce the effect of nonresponse. The first is to increase the response rate by developing appropriate strategies at the study design phase. However, the maximization of the response rate can prompt other kinds of bias, such as measurement bias. In the second option, after data collection, information associated with both nonresponse and the outcome variable, and available for both respondents and nonrespondents, can be used to calculate corrective factors. This solution requires having information on the complete random sample (respondents and nonrespondents); but this information is rarely sufficient. Recent possibilities to access administrative databases (particularly those pertaining to health insurance) offer new perspectives on this aspect.The objectives of this work focused on the nonresponse bias were to study the contribution of supplementary data (administrative databases and complementary survey among nonrespondents) and to discuss the influence of the response rate on the nonresponse error and the measurement error. The analyses focused on occupational health epidemiologic surveillance, using data (at inclusion) from the Coset-MSA cohort pilot study. In this study, in addition to the data collected by questionnaire (initial and complementary survey among nonrespondents), auxiliary information from health and occupational administrative databases was available for both respondents and nonrespondents.Results show that the data from the initial survey (response rate : 24%), corrected for nonresponse with information directly linked to the study subject (health and work) produce estimations of prevalence close to those obtained by combining data from the initial survey and the complementary survey (response rate : 63%), after nonresponse adjustment on the same auxiliary information. Using a complementary survey to attain a maximal response rate does not seem to be necessary in order to decrease nonresponse bias. Nevertheless, this study highlights potential measurement bias which could be more consequential for the initial survey than for the complementary survey. The specific study of the trade-off between nonresponse error and measurement error shows that, for the studied variables and after correction for nonresponse, the sum of the nonresponse error and the measurement error is equivalent in the initial survey and in the combined surveys (initial plus complementary survey). This work illustrated the potential of administrative databases for decreasing the nonresponse error and for evaluating measurement error in an epidemiologic surveillance survey
Giguère, Katia. "Mesure objective des rapports sexuels non protégés et caractérisation du sous-rapportage des rapports non protégés chez les travailleuses du sexe au Bénin à l'aide de marqueurs biologiques de l'exposition au sperme." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34010.
Full textUnprotected sex (UPS) is a major risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and must be measured as validly as possible in HIV prevention studies. To date, the questionnaire is the most commonly used tool to assess sexual behaviours. However, self-report of sexual behaviours is subject to recall and desirability biases. The use of biomarkers of recent semen exposure might help to overcome these biases. Prostatespecific antigen (PSA) and Y chromosomal DNA (Yc-DNA) are the most characterized biomarkers of semen exposure. PSA and Yc-DNA can be detected up to two and 14 days following UPS. Over the course of an early antiretroviral therapy (E-ART) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) demonstration study that was conducted among professional female sex workers (FSW) in Cotonou, Benin, under-reporting of UPS was expected, as well as a change in UPS in the PrEP group. Our objectives were thus to validate self-report of UPS by the means of PSA and Yc-DNA detection; to compare under-reporting of UPS over the last two and 14 days; and to assess trends in UPS in the PrEP group. We also aimed to compare the UPS detection capability of a novel screening test of Yc-DNA, a nested polymerase chain reaction targeting the testis-specific protein Y-encoded family of homologous genes (n-TSPY), to six other commonly used methods to detect recent semen exposure. At baseline of the E-ART/PrEP study and over a 24 months period of follow-up, UPS from the last two and 14 days were assessed every six months by questionnaire and by PSA and Yc-DNA screening. Under-reporting of UPS in the last two or 14 days was defined as reporting no UPS in the last two or 14 days while testing positive for PSA or Yc-DNA, respectively. A robust Poisson regression was used to compare under-reporting over the last two and 14 days. Trends in UPS as measured with the different tools were assessed by the means of a log-binomial regression. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to account for dependence between observations. At baseline, we observed about 20% of under-reporting of UPS among FSW from Cotonou. However, we observed no statistically significant difference between under-reporting in the last two days and under-reporting in the last 14 days. Some of our results suggest that the relative performances of each biomarker to detect UPS over its corresponding recall period are not equal, which might have prevented us to detect a difference in under-reporting over the two recall periods. No trend in UPS was observed in the PrEP group. Finally, using n-TSPY as a reference test, each of six commonly used methods to detect recent semen exposure lacked sensitivity in the detection of RSNP. In conclusion, self-report of UPS is biased and must be cautiously interpreted. A better characterization of the clearance of PSA and Yc-DNA is required in order to better evaluate the potential effect of the recall period length on under-reporting of UPS. The absence of any evidence of a trend in UPS in the PrEP group might suggests that there was no risk compensation over the PrEP demonstration study and that PrEP might be a suitable HIV prevention method to use among FSW. Our trends in UPS analyses also pointed out the necessity to objectively assess UPS by the means of biomarkers and to correct for the potential selection bias when assessing trends in UPS over the course of a longitudinal study with high attrition. Finally, the n-TSPY might be of great utility to detect UPS in observational studies where many factors might accelerate the clearance of the biomarkers.
Grappy, Arnaud. "Validation de réponses dans un système de questions réponses." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00647152.
Full textBonnett, Christopher Clive. "Le biais des galaxies dans le CFHTLS." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066231.
Full textThe gravitational field of the large scale structure in the Universe deflects light rays travelling trough the Universe. This induces coherent distortions in the shapes of distant galaxies. We call this regime within the gravitational lensing phenomena: cosmic shear. The entire mass, be it luminous or dark, contributes to the weak gravitational lensing effect. So, by measuring the shapes of these distant galaxies we can study the total matter distribution in the Universe. Armed with this knowledge of the total matter distribution we can compare it to the distribution of light, i. E galaxies, in the Universe. The relationship between the galaxies and the total matter distribution is called galaxy bias. In this thesis I use the full 170 square degrees of the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey (CFHTLS) redshift survey to study the galaxy bias. The large depth and wide field of the survey make it ideal for this purpose. We are able to study the scale dependence of the galaxy bias as a function of intrinsic properties of the galaxies. For the first time we are able to detect the evolution ofgalaxy bias as a function of redshift using weak gravitational lensing. We find that the galaxy bias is strongly dependent of the galaxy type , Early vs Late, and the intrinsic luminosity of the galaxy. We find that the galaxy bias increases with increasing redshift
Bernier, Nicko. "Utilisation d'un bootstrap amélioré dans l'estimation du biais." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ67690.pdf.
Full textMartin, Alexander. "Les biais dans le traitement et l'apprentissage phonologiques." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEE071/document.
Full textDuring speech perception, listeners are biased by a great number of factors, including cognitive limitations such as memory and attention and linguistic limitations such as their native language. This thesis focuses on two of these factors: processing bias during word recognition, and learning bias during the transmission process. These factors are combinatorial and can, over time, affect the way languages evolve. In the first part of this thesis, we focus on the process of word recognition. Previous research has established the importance of phonological features (e.g., voicing or place of articulation) during speech processing, but little is known about their weight relative to one another, and how this influences listeners' ability to recognize words. We tested French participants on their ability to recognize mispronounced words and found that the manner and place features were more important than the voicing feature. We then explored two sources of this asymmetry and found that listeners were biased both by bottom-up acoustic perception (manner contrasts are easier to perceive because of their acoustic distance compared to the other features) and top-down lexical knowledge (the place feature is used more in the French lexicon than the other two features). We suggest that these two sources of bias coalesce during the word recognition process to influence listeners. In the second part of this thesis, we turn to the question of bias during the learning process. It has been suggested that language learners may be biased towards the learning of certain phonological patterns because of phonetic knowledge they have. This in turn can explain why certain patterns are recurrent in the typology while others remain rare or unattested. Specifically, we explored the role of learning bias on the acquisition of the typologically common rule of vowel harmony compared to the unattested (but logically equivalent) rule of vowel disharmony. We found that in both perception and production, there was evidence of a learning bias, and using a simulated iterated learning model, showed how even a small bias favoring one pattern over the other could influence the linguistic typology over time, thus explaining (in part) the prevalence of harmonic systems. We additionally explored the role of sleep on memory consolidation and showed evidence that the common pattern benefits from consolidation that the unattested pattern does not, a factor that may also contribute to the typological asymmetry. Overall, this thesis considers a few of the wide-ranging sources of bias in the individual and discusses how these influences can over time shape linguistic systems. We demonstrate the dynamic and complicated nature of speech processing (both in perception and learning) and open the door for future research to explore in finer detail just how these different sources of bias are weighted relative to one another
Le, Dreff Gwénaëlle. "Biais de positivité et asymétrie positive-négative dans le jugement." Rennes 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REN20036.
Full textThis doctoral dissertation deals with the positive bias which tends to incline somebody else in a rather favourable light this concept is taken into consideration by teachers, people concerned with assessing and social workers. The experiments are carried out mainly with children-aged 9 to 12- and reveal a definite influence of society on the level of positivity of a judgment
Ismaili, Jamila. "Sélection des répertoires idiotypiques dans les réponses immunes." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212710.
Full textCognasse, Fabrice. "Modelisation des réponses anticorps dans une perspective vaccinale." Saint-Etienne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STET013T.
Full textGrillon, Vincent. "Auralisation dans les maquettes : traitement des réponses impulsionnelles." Le Mans, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LEMA1012.
Full textGonçalves, Pereira Greve Fabiola. "Réponses efficaces au besoin d'accord dans un groupe." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10077.
Full textJallouli-Sellami, Senda. "Le biais domestique dans le choix de portefeuille : Effets des interactions sociales." Paris 9, 2008. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2008PA090027.
Full textIn recent years, several reforms have been made to reinforce financial markets integration. Thus, in response to gradual lifting of various restrictions on international capital flows, funds should be assigned between capital markets proportionally to their market capitalization. However, international lack of diversification among investors is persistent. The strong preference for domestic equities is called the equity home bias puzzle. Various attempts have been made to explain this puzzle but still non-conclusive. Our objective is to provide insight into the observed equity home bias phenomenon by introducing a new explanation, namely, social interaction. A “social” investor finds markets more attractive when more of his peers have already invested in. After asking, in the first part, the problem of home bias and provided the traditional explanations of this phenomenon, we use, in the second part, herding behavior models to analyze the impact of French mutual fund herding on portfolio choice. In the third part, we use economic literature on social interactions to model the impact of these interactions on international mutual funds choice. The results show that social interaction may largely explain the international portfolios under diversification
Prado, Jérôme. "Résolution de conflit cognitif dans le raisonnement humain : neuroimagerie du biais d'appariement." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10167.
Full textIt is more difficult for reasoners to detect that the letter-number pair H7 verifies the conditional rule If there is not a T then there is not a 4 than to detect that it verifies the rule If there is an H then there is a 7. This phenomenon, the matching bias, occurs every time there are mismatches between the lexical content of the rule (T4) and the letter-number pair verifying it (T7). More precisely, items mentioned in the test pair (i. E. T7) are believed to conflict with a low-level heuristic that compels reasoners to consider relevant only features mentioned in the rule (i. E. T4). In order to give a logical response in the context of mismatches, participants should inhibit this heuristic tendency. The goal of this thesis is to test this hypothesis investigating the brain activity of participants while they have to overcome the bias. In a first study, we showed that participants’ reaction times increase with the number of mismatches. In a second study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate that reasoning in the context of mismatches is associated with the activation of a cerebral network involved in cognitive control. Furthermore, the activation of the mid-DLPFC, which increases as mismatching does, was accompanied by a decrease in functional integration with the primary visual cortex. In a third EEG study, we showed that mismatches trigger a frontocentral N2 linked to cognitive control. All the results argue in favor of the claim that reasoners have to inhibit a heuristic tendency in order to overcome the matching bias
Kuchmann-Beauger, Nicolas. "Système de questions/réponses dans un contexte de business intelligence." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00944140.
Full textBergeron, Raynald. "Rôle du métabolisme hépathique dans la modulation de réponses endocriniennes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ32587.pdf.
Full textBoissin, Jean-Philippe. "Fixation du prix dans les réponses aux appels d'offres internationaux." Paris 9, 1985. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1985PA090030.
Full textKopliku, Namik. "Estimation sans biais des variances des différents groupes d'observations dans une compensation hétérogène." Observatoire de Paris, 1990. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02095281.
Full textBelcastro, Eugenia. "Inflammation et stress oxydant dans l'athérosclérose : rôle dans les réponses vasculaires des S-nitrosothiols." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0137/document.
Full textAtherosclerosis is a slowly progressing chronic disease characterized by the formation of atherosclerotic plaques consisting of accumulated low density lipoprotein (LDL), leukocytes, foam cells, migrated smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and altered endothelial cells (ECs), leading to the formation of necrotic cores with calcified regions. Atherosclerosis genesis and subsequent instability of atherosclerotic plaques result from a synergy between inflammation and oxidative stress. Current data identified several macrophage populations within the atherosclerotic plaque showing different inflammatory phenotypes (pro-inflammatory: M1, anti-inflammatory: M2) or functions in response to redox changes in the environment (Mox). The oxidative stress linked to inflammation plays an important role in (i) endothelial dysfunction, with reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, (ii) LDL oxidation, (iii) lesion remodeling (regulation of proteases and antiproteases) and (iv) SMCs proliferation. Indeed, SMCs are the second more abundant cell type, after macrophages, in the atherosclerotic lesion because their dedifferentiation from contractile to secreting phenotype increased their proliferation and migration capacity. NO donors, like S-nitrosothiols, also known to protect from oxidative stress by S-nitrosation, could counteract this NO deficiency. Among them, the S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), a physiological storage form of NO in tissues, specifically catabolized by the gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is considered. Recently, it has been shown that the increased serum level of GGT is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality related to atherosclerotic disease. In particular, only the big fraction (b-GGT) has been detected inside human atherosclerotic plaques associated to CD68+ macrophage-derived foam cells. As macrophages and SMCs are the main cell types found in atherosclerotic lesion and seemed to be colocalized with GGT, the attention of this thesis work was focused on the understanding of GGT provenance and its role in the GSNO metabolism within the atherosclerotic plaque. A first part of the thesis was to identify the origin of GGT accumulating inside atherosclerotic plaques, and to decipher between inflammation and oxidative stress stimuli, which one is responsible of GGT accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques. The second part was dedicated to the restoration of NO bioavailability within SMCs under oxidative stress with a focus on the identification of S-nitrosated proteins
Brahmi-Belghith, Nada. "Investissement dans les fonds structurés : études empiriques." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST3003.
Full textWe examine the French market of structured funds under various aspects. In a first part, we study the structured funds’ management fees level. We show that the management fees level varies with management objective: the OBPI funds have higher fees level than the CPPI funds, the fund size and the management company size are negatively related to management fees level, the funds eligible to PEA have higher fees than funds non eligible to PEA and the bank-managed structured funds have lower management fees level than independent management company-managed funds. In a second part, we study the structured funds’ offer. Our results show that the interest rate rise supports the structured funds emission. As for the guarantee type proposed, we show that the increase in CAC 40 volatility and interest rates support more the capital guaranteed funds emission than the unguaranteed capital funds emission. However, the mediatization of poor performances of Benefic funds causes a fall in the unguaranteed capital funds. Then, in a third part, we measure the structured funds’ performance by comparing it to the performances of a CAC 40 investment and a bond investment. Our results show that the structured funds have the weakest performances. In the fourth part, we analyze the investment behavior in structured funds and show that investors are subject to biases like conjunction error, framing effect, representativeness, availability and anchoring
Sow, Dao Kadiatou Ann. "Apport de la combinaison des analyses du biais de concept et du biais d'item dans l'évaluation de l'équivalence conceptuelle d'échelles de l'Inventaire psychologique de Californie (CPI)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0020/NQ48553.pdf.
Full textMarinelli, Michela. "Rôle des glucocorticoi͏̈des dans les réponses comportementales et dopaminergiques aux drogues." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR28505.
Full textTazi, Abdellatif. "Les colony-stimulating factors dans les réponses immunitaires et inflammatoires pulmonaires." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05CD02.
Full textCardoso-Leite, Pedro M. "Comparaison des réponses perceptives et motrices dans les tâches psychophysiques élémentaires." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05H040.
Full textA central issue in cognitive sciences is the quest for understanding how physical stimulations give rise to conscious experience and motor behaviour. The layman's view, according to which perception informs and generates action, is refuted by experimental evidence from neuropsychology, neurophysiology, functional anatomy and behavioural studies which led to the conclusion that perception and action are controlled by independent systems. This conclusion has however been contested on methodological and empirical grounds. The first part of this thesis introduces this debate whereas the second part presents my experimental contribution to thos topic. I investigated the relationship between perceptual and motor responses using tasks that were both heterogeneous and sufficiently simple to be compare. The perceptual-motor relationship has been studied with supra and near threshold stimuli. Supra threshold stimuli were used to investigate stimulus intensity effects on the moments of perceptual and motor detections, as inferred respectively from temporal order judgements or anticipatory response times reaction times. Supra threshold stimuli were also used to compare spatial integration of stimuli presented across the natural blind spot as measured via brightness judgments (perceptual task) or simple reaction times (motor task). Finally I studied the effects of near threshold stimuli in double-task paradigms where observers had on each trial to report the stimulus presence (yes/no detection task) and provided a motor response (saccade or key press). The results from these studies show that perceptual and motor responses are different - as the requirements of perceptual and motor tasks are - but they are not independent. The view that emerges from these and other studies from the literature is that peception and action are not fundamentally distinct systems, but represent manifestations of a same process where perceptual and motor decisions depend on distinct decision criteria which depend on task-specific constraints and context
Casanova, Rémi. "La violence dans la classe : les réponses des experts du primaire." Paris 10, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA100030.
Full textClaeys, Maxence. "Réponses vibratoires non-linéaires dans un contexte industriel : essais et simulations." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECDL0034/document.
Full textThis PhD work deals with the experimental and numerical study of mechanical structures’ nonlinear vibration response. Experimental studies led at the CEA/CESTA show that jointed structures vibration responses are often strongly dependent on the excitation level. These experimental results cannot be simulated using the classical linear vibration simulation method. This work aims at proposing and implementing experimental and numerical methods to study nonlinear responses. This objective involves the study of test structures subject to the same non-linear vibratory phenomena as CEA/CESTA industrial structures. Experimentally, developments are based on industrial facilities and softwares. Numerically, nonlinear vibration simulation methods and advanced numerical techniques that have been developed for many years in academia are applied in the CEA/CESTA industrial context. The first test structure is a clamped-clamped steel beam. This structure has a geometric nonlinear behavior. The structure is modeled with non-ideal boundary conditions and its frequency response is simulated using three different simulation methods (method of multiple scales, the harmonic balance method and a shooting method). These simulation results are compared one with each other and with experimental results. The test structure at the heart of this work is an assembly with friction joints named “Harmony”. Many vibration tests are carried out to identify its resonance modes and those of its components, to study the evolution of the vibration response due to friction and finally to measure the local vibrational movement in the friction zone. A numerical model is then developed. This model is reduced using a substructuring method and then in the friction zone, linear joints are replaced by nonlinear friction models. The nonlinear vibration response of this reduced model is simulated using the harmonic balance method coupled with condensation and continuation algorithms. Test-simulation comparisons are presented both for global responses and for local joints movements
Trinquart, Ludovic. "Impact, détection et correction du biais de publication dans la méta-analyse en réseau." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05S025/document.
Full textNetwork meta-analysis (NMA), a generalization of conventional MA, allows for assessing all possible pairwise comparisons between multiple treatments. Reporting bias, a major threat to the validity of MA, has received little attention in the context of NMA. We assessed the impact of reporting bias empirically using data from 74 FDA-registered placebo-controlled trials of 12 antidepressants and their 51 matching publications. We showed how reporting bias biased NMA-based estimates of treatments efficacy and modified ranking. The effect of reporting bias in NMAs may differ from that in classical meta-analyses in that reporting bias affecting only one drug may affect the ranking of all drugs. Then, we extended a test to detect reporting bias in network of trials. It compares the number of expected trials with statistically significant results to the observed number of trials with significant p-values across the network. We showed through simulation studies that the test was fairly powerful after adjustment for size, except when between-trial variance was substantial. Besides, it showed evidence of bias in the network of published antidepressant trials. Finally, we introduced two methods of sensitivity analysis for reporting bias in NMA: a meta-regression model that allows the effect size to depend on its standard error and a selection model that estimates the propensity of trial results being published and in which trials with lower propensity are weighted up in the NMA model. We illustrated their use on the antidepressant datasets. The proposed test and adjustment models borrow strength from all trials across the network, under the assumption that conventional MAs in the network share a common mean bias mechanism
Bourgin, Jessica. "Biais attentionnels vers l’information émotionnelle dans la Maladie d’Alzheimer : études en oculométrie et neuroimagerie." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAS042.
Full textAlzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative pathology involving large brain alterations and the emergence of cognitive and behavioral symptoms that impair daily life. The systematic assessment of brain alterations that occur during the first stages of AD showed the existence of amygdala atrophy, which could lead to disruptions in emotional processing. The objective of this thesis is to further investigate these disruptions. In this perspective, we conducted paradigms involving emotional attention, in other words, attentional processes directed toward emotional or neutral stimuli. In healthy individuals, these processes are engaged more efficiently toward emotional stimuli. This mechanism may be disrupted in patients with amygdala lesions. We conducted two eye-tracking paradigms (i.e., eye movements recording) involving visual search and pro-saccade/anti-saccade tasks to get a precise analysis of attentional processes. The results of these two studies suggest that patients with AD present alterations of early emotional attention, which is involved in facilitating orienting toward emotional information. Using a neuroimaginganalysis of structural and functional connectivity, we highlighted alterations in neural networks (including the amygdala) involved in attentional and emotional processes. Finally, we present the preliminary results of a neuroimaging study specifically exploring correlations between emotionalattention processes and alterations in the corresponding neural network. Our data highlight (a) the presence of distinctive emotional attention deficits in patients with AD, and (b) alterations in a large neural network including notably the amygdala, which may explain our behavioral data
Di, russo Enrico. "Etude de biais de mesure de composition par SAT dans les matériaux semi-conducteurs." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR065/document.
Full textLaser-assisted Atom Probe Tomography (La-APT) is a powerful tool for investigating the 3D atomic distribution of the chemical species in a wide variety of semiconductor materials. However, important compositional biases affect atom probe analyses revealing a non-stoichiometric composition. In the thesis a systematic study of selected binary (GaN, GaAs, ZnO) and ternary (AlGaN, MgZnO) semiconductors of high technological interest was developed in order to: (i) obtain a coherent description of the compositional biases in APT; (ii) identify the physical mechanisms leading to these biases; (iii) assess the experimental conditions for which the compositional analysis is reliable. In order to interpret the results, the hypothesis of preferential evaporation of metallic species (Ga, Al, Zn, Mg) at high field and emission of neutral non-metallic molecules (N2, O2) at low field has been proposed. Another important aim of this thesis is materials physics-oriented. It is indeed of utmost importance to study both composition and morphology of some devices of technological interest, such as in multi-quantum-well systems. In this perspective, the knowledge of 3D composition field and morphology is essential because these features determine the optical and electrical properties of the systems. In order to do it, a correlative microscopy approach can be adopted. This approach was successfully applied to the study of ZnO/MgZnO multi-quantum wells designed for quantum cascade lasers. Structural, compositional and optical properties were investigated performing correlative La-APT - Electron Tomography (ET) - micro-PhotoLuminescence (µ-PL) on the same atom probe tip specimens. The complementary APT and ET analyses yield a clear picture of the structure and composition of the system investigated, revealing important decomposition phenomena in the MgZnO alloy. In particular, La-APT proved to be a unique technique for a direct assessment of local composition. Moreover, µ-PL also proved to be extremely useful in order to get information related the composition, supporting La-APT results. Finally, a new correlative in-situ approach in which La-APT and µ-PL are simultaneously performed is presented. Thanks to the development of a specially designed tomographic atom probe, it is shown that µ-PL can be successfully performed on a single Zno/MgZnO atom probe tip during La-APT. This is extremely attractive and challenging because allows to strictly correlating the variation photoluminescence signal with nano-metric scale volumes of the tip evaporated during APT. In principle, the emission of single quantum light emitters (i.e. single QW or QD) can be revealed. The new approach presented can be extended to a wide range of materials, opening new perspectives for correlative studies of single atom probe tips
Shackleford, Ghjuvan'Ghjacumu. "Impacts des oxystérols par le biais des LXRs et du AhR dans la myélinisation." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P638/document.
Full textThe myelination of axons is a complex process performed by Schwann cells (SC) and by oligodendrocytes (OL) respectively in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and in the central nervous system (CNS). A slight change in expression of myelin structural proteins has a deep impact on the development and preservation of nerve fibers and their myelin sheaths, as observed for example in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease or in Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. Our aim is to identify new signaling pathways able to control the expression of these structural proteins. SC and OL contain and synthesize high amount of reactive molecules generated from the oxidation of cholesterol: the oxysterols. Their implication in cholesterol homeostasis and in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders is well known but few data are available for their functions in myelination of PNS and CNS. Firstly, we demonstrate that oxysterols inhibit peripheral myelin gene expression: MPZ and PMP22. This downregulation is mediated by two mechanisms: by increasing the binding of LXRs to myelin genes promoters and by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway leading to a decrease of b-catenin recruitment at the levels of the MPZ and PMP22 promoters. However, in the CNS, our data demonstrate that activation of LXRS by oxysterols stimulate myelin genes expression (PLP and MBP). Interestingly, by using demyelinated organotipc culture of cerebellum, we show that oxysterols enhance OL differentiation and promote remyelination, via LXRs. Then, we studied the role of the transcriptional coregulatory, RIP140, in myelination. RIP140 is able to act as a corepressor or as a coactivator and can interact with LXRs. In Zebrafish, the knocked down of the orthologue of RIP140 led to a decrease of peripheral and central myelin gene expression and to a defect in myelin sheath ultrastructure. Finally, we focused on impact of AhR in myelination process. AhR is a ligand activated transcription factor mostly known to interact with environmental pollutant like dioxins to mediate their toxic and carcinogenic effect. However, its detoxifying activity is posterior to the apparition of the gene and its physiological roles and endogenous ligands remain elusive. We show that the main oxysterol in the nervous system is 7-ketocholesterol which is an endogenous modulator of AhR. We report that the constitutive absence of AhR in mice leads to defects in locomotion behaviors. We studied the impact of this invalidation on the myelin of sciatic nerve. We observed a severe demyelinating phenotype and deregulation of myelin genes expression. Moreover, we demonstrated a cross-talk between AhR and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Our data reveal a new endogenous role of AhR in myelination process
Therrien, Jean-François. "Réponses des prédateurs aviaires aux fluctuations d'abondance de proies dans la toundra." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28869/28869.pdf.
Full textEvaluation of the role played by predator-prey interactions in an ecosystem is essential to understand its food web structure. Predation has been suggested to be especially important in simple food webs characterized by a low primary productivity such as the boreal forest or the Arctic tundra. We first measured the predation pressure that the main species of predatory birds imposed on small mammal populations of the tundra by assessing precisely their numerical, functional and total responses on Bylot Island, Nunavut and Herschel Island, Yukon, Canada. We were able to show that the predation pressure imposed by predatory birds is very strong, and appears to be sufficient to limit the populations of one of the two species of lemmings during the summer. We then studied the annual movements of snowy owl (Bubo scandiacus) to better assess its role in the spatial dynamic of the Arctic terrestrial ecosystem. Using satellite telemetry, we showed that owls do extensive exploratory movements in spring and exhibit very large annual breeding dispersal movements. In addition, we evaluated the annual survival and reproduction rates in breeding female snowy owl and showed that these birds can breed every year in an environment where resource availability can vary considerably and irregularly from year to year. Finally, we investigated winter space use in this species. We were able to demonstrate the close links between ecosystems as snowy owls, well-known to specialize on rodents, seem to feed on marine prey for a significant part of their annual cycle. Globally, our results show that avian predators can greatly influence the tundra food web functioning. Their role is apparently modulated by their mobility and access to allochthonous subsidies.
Gardella, Christophe. "Structure et sensibilité des réponses de populations de neurones dans la rétine." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066603/document.
Full textGanglion cells form the output of the retina: they transfer visual information from the eye to the brain. How they represent information is still debated. Their responses to visual stimuli are highly nonlinear, exhibit strong correlations between neurons, and some information is only present at the population level. I first study the structure of population responses. Recent studies have shown that cortical cells are influenced by the summed activity of neighboring neurons. However, a model for these interactions was still lacking. I describe a model of population activity that reproduces the coupling between each cell and the population activity. Neurons in the salamander retina are found to depend in unexpected ways on the population activity. I then describe a method to characterize the sensitivity of rat retinal neurons to perturbations of a stimulus. Closed-loop experiments are used to explore selectively the space of perturbations around a given stimulus. I show that responses to small perturbations can be described by a local linearization of their probability, and that their sensitivity exhibits signatures of efficient coding. Finally, I show how the sensitivity of neural populations can be estimated from response structure. I show that Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) are accurate models of neural correlations. To measure the discrimination power of neural populations, I search for a neural metric such that responses to different stimuli are far apart and responses to the same stimulus are close. I show that RBMs provide such neural metrics, and outperform classical metrics at discriminating small stimulus perturbations
Vuattoux, Jean-Christophe. "Le contrôle des risques psychosociaux : réponses organisationnelles dans un nouveau champ institutionnel." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0174/document.
Full textToday, psychosocial risks at work (PSR) are major challenges for organizations, both for the employee’s psychosocial health and for the company’s economic health. But current risk management and occupational health and safety devices are inadequate for this new class of risk. That explains the difficulty organizations have with taking them into account. PSR remains quite invisible for managers because the usual risk assessment focuses on the individual and does not call the organization into question. This doctoral dissertation offers several reflections and management control projects that lead to modelling a tool for managing RPS. This tool integrates their organizational aspects and incorporates the many expectations of organizations and their environments. Based on neo-institutional theories, we propose a new reading of the institutionalization process in an organizational field undergoing structuration. This view is proven to work in light of new health care expectations organizations have and the responses they may deliver. Management tools play multiple yet decisive roles in defining the institutional process. This thesis aims to contribute to the future of RPS management, which might help shape a prevention policy based prior to when the effects on workers’ health appear
Duvivier, Edmond. "Réponses bio-écologiques d'écosystèmes perturbés dans des secteurs aménagés en milieu méditerranéen." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30018.
Full textMinni, Amandine. "Rôle de la Transcortine (CBG) dans la variabilité des réponses de stress." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21875/document.
Full textA great diversity in the adaptive response to stress is observed between individuals favoring a variable sensitivity to face stressors and leading to a vulnerability to develop various disorders and diseases. This diversity is due to the characteristics of each individual, as determined by the genetic background in interaction with environmental factors. Genetic studies conducted in the laboratory demonstrated that the Cbg gene is an important candidate influencing stress responses. The team then developed a mouse model deficient for the gene Cbg (total k.o.). CBG is a plasma glycoprotein responsible for the bioavailability and the transport of glucocorticoids, the final products of the HPA axis, to their target.Using this original model, the objective of my thesis was to study the functional consequences of CBG deficiency on responses to stress exposure. We have analyzed the activity and reactivity of the HPA axis and the emotional behaviors of males and females k.o. Cbg in resting conditions, acute stress and in a context that mimics the effect of a Western life style (modeled by a high fat diet, associated with chronic stress). We present an unique mouse model of glucocorticoid hyposignaling in response to stress associated with behavioral responses slowed down at the emotional and cognitive levels. Overall, this work contributes to place CBG and its gene as major actor of individual variability to stress
Vermette, Herman. "Mesure du biais dans une colonne de flottation par profils de température et de conductivité." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq25754.pdf.
Full textBobrie, Angélique. "Rôle des protéines Rab27 dans la sécrétion des exosomes : implication dans l'étude des réponses immunitaires tumorales." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00825027.
Full textBobrie, Angélique. "Rôle des protéines Rab27 dans la sécrétion des exosomes : implication dans l’étude des réponses immunitaires tumorales." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T082/document.
Full textDumas, Milne Edwards Orianne. "Risques professionnels dans l'asthme." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00914719.
Full textAtozou, Baoubadi. "Méta-analyse du biais hypothétique dans l'évaluation des consentements à payer et répartition des marges dans la filière des oeufs." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31584.
Full textThis thesis seeks, on the one hand, to reassess, through a meta-analysis, the body of knowledge on hypothetical bias in light the impact of mitigation techniques, notably the perceived consequence on the hypothetical bias in estimating the willingness to pay (WTP) for private and public goods with stated preference methods; and examining on the other hand, the bargaining power of producers, classifiers and retailers in the specialty egg value chain in Canada. It is divided into three chapters: The first chapter aims to (i) update the meta-analyzes of hypothetical bias (List and Gallet 2001, Little and Berrens 2004, Murphy et al., 2005) taking into account the new calibration techniques and the new economic valuation studies of public and private goods; and (ii) propose a new econometric approach, the Mixed Effects Hierarchical Meta-Regression Model (MRHEM) that is potentially more efficient in explaining the variance of hypothetical bias factor. In fact, the last major meta-analysis was in 2005. However, the literature has greatly improved since then, hence the purpose of this paper. The results show that respondents overestimate their CAPs more than twice with the declarative methods. Empirical analysis shows that MRHEM models perform better than log-linear models. The results generally reveal that the use of calibration techniques and incentive compatible mechanisms significantly improves the quality of WTP estimation with declarative methods. Nevertheless, the effects of these factors differ depending on the type of good. According to the first chapter’ results, it appears that it is necessary to treat the private good differently from the public good. This Chapter 2 examines through a meta-analysis the impact of calibration techniques and specially the perceived consequence on the hypothetical bias on the one hand, in valuation studies of private goods, and, on the other hand in the economic valuation of environmental, ecological, ecosystem conservation, social services and other public goods. 44 private goods valuation studies and 43 public goods studies were used to construct the respective databases of 227 and 235 observations. Results show an average ratio of hypothetical on real WTP of 2.14 for private goods and 2.09 for public goods, while the median ratio is 1.41 and 1.39, respectively. This differs from previous results where hypothetical bias was found to be smaller for private goods. The MRHEM econometric models were estimated using the maximum likelihood approach and the Bayes Gibbs sampling’ approach. Results indicate that certainty correction, cheap talk, honesty, and perceived consequence are effective at reducing hypothetical bias. In the case of public goods, the results show that the higher the probability of consequence perception in experimental design, the better the reliability of estimates of respondents' preferences with declarative methods. Moreover, taking into account consequentiality in dichotomous choice mechanisms as well as in referendum mechanisms reduces significantly the hypothetical bias in public good assessments. Results also indicate that environmental goods valuation leads to a higher bias than public services valuation. For private goods, the results highlight that the certainty correction technic is adequate with the dichotomous choice mechanism while the cheap talk technic is most adequate with Vickrey auction and multiple discrete choice mechanisms to reduce the hypothetical bias. Chapter 3 assesses the bargaining power of producers, classifiers and retailers in pricing mechanisms in the specialty egg value chain and identifies the link that benefits most from the diversification of table eggs. in Canada. A theoretical model of a bilateral monopoly price adjustment is developed by integrating market uncertainties. The model was empirically estimated using the cointegration test of the autoregressive distributed-lags model (ARDL) and the non-stationary heterogeneous panel models (ARDL-Pool means groups, ARDL-means groups and ARDL-fixed effects) on free range chicken and omega 3 eggs’ monthly data, from January 2009 to June 2017 of five Canadian provinces: Quebec, Ontario, Alberta, Saskatchewan and British Columbia. Results show that the bargaining power of retailers is greater than the power of producers in each province and for each market. Producers benefit less from specialty egg production than retailers.
Courty, Stéphanie. "Structuration et propriétés thermodynamiques de la matière baryonique dans l'Univers : de l'origine physique du biais cosmologique." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112211.
Full textThe galaxy distribution is biased with respect to the underlying mass distribution. Cosmological bias is larger at high redshift. The understanding of its physical origin can give useful insights about galaxy formation. We use numerical simulations to reproduce the hierarchical structuration of the matter, the accretion and cooling of baryons into dark matter potential wells. These simulations follow explicitly the dynamical evolution of the dark matter and of the baryonic matter in an expanding Universe. They include a set of dissipative processes and follow the chemical evolution of the cosmological plasma. Galaxy formation is computed from recipes describing gas in collapsing regions. We show that galaxy-like objects are in good agreement with the observational data. Clustering differences between galaxies and mass are characterized statistically by bias parameters. However this description is inadequate to understand the complex process of galaxy formation. We take advantage of a probabilistic formalism to separate the non-linearity and stochasticity characteristics of the bias relation between the density fluctuation fields of galaxies and mass. This relation depends on the thermodynamics of baryons justifying the introduction in the simulation of the non-equipartition processes between electrons, neutrals and ions of the cosmological plasma. We discuss in detail about the influence of these processes on the spatial distribution and on the thermodynamical properties of the baryonic matter in not too dense structures at redshifts before the reionization epoch. We point out that low-mass galaxy formation is inhibited at high redshift. It turns out that the cosmological bias relation is modified, underlying the role playing by thermodynamics in the process of galaxy formation
Moussaoui, Mohamed. "Optimisation de la correction de biais dans le récepteur PIC multi-étages pour le système CDMA." Valenciennes, 2005. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/19958d9e-d214-4166-b25a-481ff9aca6ff.
Full textThe complexity of Verdu's optimal receiver for CDMA increases exponentially with the number of users, loading to an unrealistic implementation. In this thesis, we analyze the sub-optimal interference cancellation receiver with multi-stages parallel structure. The parallel nature of the algorithm can be easily exploited in a multiprocessing environment. This makes it extremely attracting for UMTS-TDD. The use of a matched-filter estimator, results in a bias in the estimated amplitude at the second stage output, particularly for heavy system loads. This bias degrades the system performances in term of bit error rate (BER). We propose an original low complexity approach for reducing the bias, in which we don't attenuate the estimated multiple access interference (MAI), as in the partial cancellation method, but we amplify the amplitude of the received signal for each user by a scalar which we call the amplification factor (AF). An analytical study in the synchronous case and by simulation in the asynchronous case was led to determine an optimal value of this amplification factor, in order to minimize the BER. We indicate the performances obtained in a perfect power control case and for uncompensated near-far effects. Then, we propose a structure incorporating this amplification factor in the multi-stage case, and we compare its complexity with that for the partial cancellation solution. Another aspect considered in this thesis is the impact of the decision functions on the performance of the PIC receiver. We thus considered the `null zone' and ` clipping' functions and compared their sensitivity to decision threshold optimization errors
Lamrani, Souad. "Race et frontières : les biais raciaux dans les politiques migratoires et la production de mobilités différenciées." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL002.
Full textNoting the unequal distribution of the right to international mobility in the contemporary world, this thesis questions racial bias in migration policies. Based on a study of the ways in which the national political subject is constructed from its constituent others, race is depicted as a structuring principle in national building processes. The racial tension between the citizen and the alien is the guiding theme of my work. I identify the figure of the alien-migrant as the national’s Other, and try to rethink the categories of political belonging through the racial exclusion from which they proceed. By placing national formation in its colonial context, I study how race has been constituted as a determining category in the granting of political rights. If the colonial genealogy of the governance of international mobility shows that free movement has been constructed as a racial privilege, this colonial order remains the underlying one in the contemporary distribution of the right to mobility as shown by the comparative study of passports and the examination of a number of contemporary migration policies. A phenomenological approach to the border completes the institutional analysis by proposing a study of material borders as systems of constraint exerted directly on bodies. The experience of the racialized body reinforces the hypothesis of the consubstantial racialization of national borders
Gendrin, Mathilde. "Articulations entre réponses locale et symétrique dans les défenses antibactériennes de la Drosophile." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00814743.
Full textEimer, Sandrine. "Etude des réponses induites par l’erlotinib dans des cellules de lignées de glioblastome." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21822/document.
Full textGlioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary central nervous system tumor in adults and the prognosis remains dismal, any treatment used. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is amplified, overexpressed, and/or mutated in GBM, making it a rational for therapy. Erlotinib, an EGFR kinase inhibitor is strongly associated with clinical response in several cancers. We showed for U87-MG and DBTRG-05MG, two human GBM cell lines, that erlotinib can’t trigger apoptosis, related either to accumulation of αB-crystallin capable to impair caspase 3 cleavage, or to constitutive deficit for procaspase 3 in DBTRG-05MG. Apoptosis deficit switches the cell to autophagic process. Inhibition of autophagy with RNA interference or chloroquine resulted in sensitization of U87 and allowed a synergistic effect with erlotinib at therapeutic doses.Moreover, GBM showed a heterogeneous cell composition with cancer stem cells, progenitors and more differentiated cells. In this study, we test erlotinib in vitro on other GBM models: three cell lines established from surgically resected GBM specimens, grown along two features adherent and neurospheres. On the three differentiated adhering cell lines, erlotinib had only a moderate activity. Conversely, on neurosphere forming cell lines, erlotinib induced a strong inhibition of cell growth related to the EGFR amplification and EGFR expression. A short erlotinib exposure induced cell death primarily in nestin-positive cells; however it was found without effect on neurosphere initiating activity and self renewal. These results suggest that EGFR pathway activation is essential for the proliferation of GBM progenitor cells but dispensable for stem-like cancer cells self–renewal. As Hedgehog pathway is known to be activated in neural stem cells, we assayed the Hedgehog pathway inhibitor cyclopamine in association with erlotinib. While each drug separately was without effect on sphere initiation, their combination led to a 25 fold decrease in the sphere number (p=0.0004).These in vitro models are convenient to investigate resistance mechanisms in GBM. Furthermore, they focus on the necessity to exploit drug combinations for greatest efficiency
Gendrin, Mathilde. "Articulations entre réponses locale et systémique dans les défenses antibactériennes de la Drosophile." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066285.
Full textAn immune system protects organisms against infections. During my PhD,I have focused on the local immune responses of Drosophila and on their links with the systemic immune response. The systemic response is induced in the fat body by the presence of bacteria in the body cavity while the local response is initiated when bacteria accumulate within an epithelial tissue. Some local gut infections however have been shown to also induce systemic responses in the absence of bacteria in the body cavity. Thus, a signal from the gut is detected by the fat body. It has been proposed that bacterial peptidoglycan, passing across the gut epithelium, could be this signal. In the first project of my PhD, I characterized a new, genital, mode of infection that induces both a local response of the genital tract and a systemic fat body response. Experiments based on genital deposition of peptidoglycan reveal that this molecule is the signal that passes from the genital tract to the fat body. Preliminary results suggest that its passage requires transcytosis. In my second project, I investigated the function of PGRP-LA. PGRPs are regulators and effectors of the immune response in animals. A transcriptome analysis in larval tracheae suggests that PGRP-LA is involved in the maintenance of a basal level of immune response in healthy conditions. Preliminary results suggest that PGRP-LA is also required for a localised response of the fat body surrounding the salivary glands. These studies provide new insights into the immune responses of the tracheae and genital tract and into the communication between barrier epithelia, specifically the salivary glands and the genital tract, and the fat body
Pallier, Patrick. "Différences interindividuelles dans les réponses d'adaptation chez le rat : étude des bases neurobiologiques." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR28332.
Full textFedele, Giacomo. "Stratégies de gestion des terres dans les réponses aux aléas climatiques en Indonésie." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0021.
Full textEcosystems play an important role in strategies for facing climate change because they address both its causes and effects through the delivery of ecosystem services. Ecosystems act as safety nets for rural livelihoods and as buffers against damages by supplying provisioning services (e.g., food and timber) and regulating services (e.g., water regulation and erosion control). In addition, carbon sequestration by ecosystems contributes to mitigate climate change. Land management affects ecosystem services in diverse ways and, because of trade-offs, can enhance the supply of one ecosystem service of interest at the expense of others. For example, the conversion of forests to agriculture to increase food production may degrade water regulation. Although trade-offs are recognized, knowledge on how changes in land management affect ecosystem services and their beneficiaries is still limited. This research aims to increase our understanding of how land management changes impact the resilience of local communities to climate hazards and the provision of ecosystem services at regional and global level. We combined multi-disciplinary and participatory methods to analyze changes in the management of forests and trees in the responses of local communities to climate hazards. Across four rural communities affected by floods and droughts in tropical forest landscapes in Indonesia, we inventoried forests, surveyed households, discussed with focus groups, and analysed satellite images. To analyse how ecosystem services are affected by changes in land management, we developed a conceptual framework to account for the multiple human contributions in the delivery of ecosystem services. The findings showed how communities used ecosystems in their responses to climatic impacts and how changes in land management affected the supply of ecosystem services. In the study sites with least forests, communities had the highest needs for forest ecosystem services to help them adapt to drought. Between 5 and 45% of the households reported at least one coping strategy based on products from forests and trees, for example harvesting timber or collecting leaves, rubber, and wild vegetables. Several anticipatory strategies at the community level aimed to protect or restore forests to reduce the impacts of droughts and floods on soil and water. Communities were not passive beneficiaries of ecosystem services but actively contributed to their delivery in multiple ways. They managed land, mobilized human and human-made assets (e.g. skills, fertilizers), allocated benefits, and appreciated their contribution to well-being. Such actions determined who benefited from ecosystems and how. The human contributions in the delivery of ecosystem services depended on community rules (e.g. logging restrictions or taxes), assets (e.g. access to transportation or irrigation systems), values (e.g. perception of environmental degradation), and spatial factors (e.g., location of houses and crops in disaster prone areas). The land management strategies of local communities in response to climate hazards also affected the delivery of ecosystem services at regional and global scales, through changes in biodiversity, water regulation, and carbon sequestration. An improved understanding of human inputs and trade-offs in the delivery of ecosystem services can inform the design of sound ecosystem-based solutions for strengthening the resilience of local people to climate hazards while providing other global benefits for sustainable development
Lemaire, Mathieu. "Particularités des réponses émotionnelles dans le trouble bipolaire et chez l'adulte avec autisme." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR3312.
Full textInterest in emotional disturbances is relatively recent in psychiatry despite its high prevalence in mental disorders. Very few studies have explored global emotional process, which includes subjective, physiological and expressive responses and usually measures only one aspect of emotional process. Understanding emotional disturbances in neuropsychiatric disorders is essential because it may be a target of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments. The aim of our work was to study the different components of emotional responses in two psychiatric disorders, bipolar disorder and autism. Results are only available for bipolar disorder. No difference was found between euthymic bipolar patients and controls regarding subjective emotional response. Symptomatic bipolar patients evidenced increased affective reactivity to neutral pictures and reduced maintenance of subjective affective responses to all pictures. Upon viewing positive pictures, pupil dilation was significantly lower in euthymic patients compared to controls. Patients, regardless of their symptomatic status, were comparable to healthy individuals in terms of voluntary control of affective responses during experiential suppression. Due to our results and conflicting results in the literature, we built a study aiming to explore the different components of emotional responses in laboratory setting but also in real life, in bipolar disorder and autism, for a better global understanding of emotional process even at an individual level