Academic literature on the topic 'Bias cognitivi'
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Journal articles on the topic "Bias cognitivi"
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BELVEDERE, VALERIA. "Overdesign e sviluppo del nuovo prodotto: un’indagine sul ruolo dei bias cognitivi nei processi decisionali dei progettist." Sinergie Italian Journal of Management, no. 94 (2018): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7433/s94.2014.04.
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Angelozzi, Andrea. "Problemi della previsione in psichiatria." PSICOTERAPIA E SCIENZE UMANE, no. 4 (December 2021): 623–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pu2021-004005.
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Sono esaminati vari problemi relativi alla previsione in psichiatria. I dati disponibili mostrano, in modo simile alle scienze sociali, ampi limiti nella capacità previsionale, specie per quanto riguarda il suicidio, la violenza e altri aspetti comportamentali. Vengono esaminate le difficoltà che nascono dal cercare di derivare il futuro della persona dal suo passato, la mancata coerenza fra aspetti di personalità e possibili comportamenti e il privilegio dato a strumenti psicopatologici incentrati sul singolo caso, rispetto a quelli attuariali con valutazioni testistiche e statistiche. Vengono anche evidenziati i numerosi bias cognitivi che distorcono le previsioni, in particolare l'errore fondamentale di attribuzione, che privilegia aspetti personologici rispetto a quelli situazionali. Ma altri bias hanno una importante azione distorsiva, da quelli della rappresentatività a quelli della disponibilità, da quelli statistici, al framing o al priming. Emerge una psichiatria molto legata nelle pratiche ancora al senso comune e alla folk psychology, con la ricchezza ma anche i molti errori che la caratterizzano. Di fatto esiste una modesta capacità previsionale riconosciuta alla psicologia popolare e alla psichiatria, ma è legata più a vincoli situazionali che a modelli personologici e psicopatologici e in ogni caso scarsamente affidabile per la previsione clinica in psichiatria.
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Cadamuro, Alessia, Annalisa Versari, and Piergiorgio Battistelli. "Processi di autovalutazione in etŕ evolutiva: aspetti metacognitivi e stili attributivi." RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA, no. 3 (February 2013): 387–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rip2011-003004.
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Lo scopo di questa ricerca e lo studio della capacita di autovalutazione di 271 alunni della scuola primaria e secondaria ai quali sono state proposte due prove di ragionamento aritmetico e formale. Ai soggetti veniva richiesto di stimare il numero di risposte esatte che ritenevano di avere dato e successivamente di confrontare la propria prestazione con quella di soggetti a loro simili. I risultati dimostrano che per tutti i soggetti e in tutte le prove tra i punteggi reali e gli indici dell'autovalutazione vi e una relazione negativa e significativa. L'analisi dei giudizi comparativi conferma i risultati ottenuti da Kruger e Dunning (1999): i soggetti meno abili tendono a sovrastimare significativamente la loro prestazione mentre i soggetti piu abili tendono a sottostimarla. La prima tendenza e presente in tutte le fasce di eta ma la seconda emerge in misura significativa in seconda media. Questi risultati possono essere interpretati come la verifica che l'accuratezza della valutazione comparativa dipende da molte variabili, alcune di natura cognitiva e metacognitiva, altre riferibili all'autorappresentazione. Per questo motivo questi bias nell'autovalutazione sono stati riportati anche alla prospettiva dello stile attribuzionale causale (fattori interni vs esterni; controllabili vs non controllabili). In conclusione i processi cognitivi e metacognitivi vanno ricondotti anche alle dinamiche dell'autorappresentazione soggettiva ed ai bisogni della salvaguardia dell'immagine di se.
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Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia, Cornelia Mothes, and Nick Polavin. "Confirmation Bias, Ingroup Bias, and Negativity Bias in Selective Exposure to Political Information." Communication Research 47, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 104–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650217719596.
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Selective reading of political online information was examined based on cognitive dissonance, social identity, and news values frameworks. Online reports were displayed to 156 Americans while selective exposure was tracked. The news articles that participants chose from were either conservative or liberal and also either positive or negative regarding American political policies. In addition, information processing styles (cognitive reflection and need-for-cognition) were measured. Results revealed confirmation and negativity biases, per cognitive dissonance and news values, but did not corroborate the hypothesis derived from social identity theory. Greater cognitive reflection, greater need-for-cognition, and worse affective state fostered the confirmation bias; stronger social comparison tendency reduced the negativity bias.
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Hertel, Paula T., and Andrew Mathews. "Cognitive Bias Modification." Perspectives on Psychological Science 6, no. 6 (October 14, 2011): 521–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691611421205.
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Research conducted within the general paradigm of cognitive bias modification (CBM) reveals that emotional biases in attention, interpretation, and memory are not merely associated with emotional disorders but contribute to them. After briefly describing research on both emotional biases and their modification, the authors examine similarities between CBM paradigms and older experimental paradigms used in research on learning and memory. The techniques and goals of CBM research are compared with other approaches to understanding cognition–emotion interactions. From a functional perspective, the CBM tradition reminds us to use experimental tools to evaluate assumptions about clinical phenomena and, more generally, about causal relationships between cognitive processing and emotion.
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M.O., Zaitseva. "КОГНІТИВНІ ВИКРИВЛЕННЯ ЯК ЗАСІБ СУГЕСТІЇ В АНГЛІЙСЬКОМУ СУДОВОМУ ДИСКУРСІ." South archive (philological sciences), no. 86 (June 29, 2021): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-86-10.
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Purpose. This article aims to establish the specifics of the use of cognitive biases in terms of their impact on the recipients in the advocate court discourse. To achieve this aim, the following objectives are to be solved: 1) to clarify the terminological apparatus of the article; 2) to define language means expressing сognitive bias in advocate discourse; 3) to characterise these language means from the point of their suggestive influence on recipients.Methods. At the stage of terminological grounding the main method is comparison, that is comparing the views of different scholars, directions of problem analysis, etc. Whereas at the second and third stages the following methods as classification (identifying linguistic means), generalisation (summarising information), argumentation (in support of its position) were used.In our choice of approaches to the analysis we were guided by the contemporary scientific paradigms: cognitive linguistics, pragmatic linguistics, speech communication theory, lexico-semantic analysis methods. Elements of cognitive analysis helped to identify the dependence of court discourse on social conditions.To carry out our research, we selected and described the authentic language material (вказати який саме матеріал).Results. Based on the analysis of the linguistic material, it was established that in the absence of direct and irrefutable evidence, the advocate uses suggestive tactics and appropriate suggestive language means by which he first tries to influence the jurors’ emotions, and then their consciousness. The linguistic means used to express cognitive biases are highlighted. The following cognitive biases have been identified: the authority bias effect, the confirmation bias, Dr. Fox effect, the anchor effect and the Ellsberg paradox effect. Certain semantic groups expressing these cognitive biases are identified.Conclusions. It is concluded that the use of the highlighted cognitive biases, expressed through certain linguistic means, helped the defense lawyer, who argued that he had no direct and convincing arguments, to question the arguments given by the prosecutor and to postpone the jury’s verdict. Thus, the above cognitive biases serve as suggestive means in the advocate discourse.The piece of research is prospective, as the cognitive biases found may be supplemented by cognitive biases inherent to the prosecutorial discourse.Key words: advocate court discourse, cognitive biases, suggestive means, semantic groups. Мета. Мета статті –встановити особливості використання когнітивних викривлень з точки зору їх впливу на реципієнтів в адвокатському судовому дискурсі. Висунуті завдання щодо уточнення термінологічного апарату, встановлення мовних засобів, які вербалізують когнітивні викривлення, їхній вплив на реципієнтів, сприяють досягненню окресленої мети дослідження.Методи дослідження. На етапі термінологічного обґрунтування основним методом став метод порівняння, тобто огляд досліджень вчених, які займаються цією проблемою; напрямків аналізу проблеми і т.д. На другому і третьому етапах використовувалися наступні методи: класифікація (виокремлення лінгвістичних засобів), узагальнення (узагальнення інформації), аргументація (для обґрунтування своєї позиції). Вибір підходів до аналізу був обумовлений сучасними науковими парадигмами: когнітивною лінгвістикою, прагматичною лінгвістикою, комунікативістикою, методами лексико-семантичного аналізу. Елементи когнітивного аналізу допомогли виявити залежність судового дискурсу від соціальних умов.Для проведення дослідження бувобраний певний автентичний мовний матеріал. Результати. На основі аналізу лінгвістичного матеріалу встановлено, що за відсутності прямих і незаперечних доказів адвокат застосовує сугестивну тактику і використовує відповідні сугестивні мовні засоби, за допомогою яких він намагається спочатку вплинути на емоції присяжних, а вже потім на їх свідомість. Виокремлені мовні засоби слугують для того, щоб виразити когнітивні викривлення. Когнітивні викривлення в адвокатському дискурсі спрямовані, по-перше, на створення позитивного ставлення при-сяжних до сприйняття підсудного і, по-друге, на створення негативного ставлення присяжних до сприйняття аргументів сторони звинувачення. Визначено такі когнітивні викривлення, як ефект авторитетної думки, зміщення підтвердження, ефект доктора Фокса, ефект якоря, ефект парадокса Елсберга. Встановлено певні семантичні групи, які виражають ці когнітивні викривлення.Висновки. Зроблено висновок, що використання виокремлених когнітивних викривлень, виражених за допомогою певних мовних засобів, допомагає адвокату, який стверджував, що у нього немає прямих і переконливих аргументів, поставити під сумнів аргументи, наведені прокурором, та відкласти прийняття рішення присяжними. Таким чином, зазначені когнітивні викривлення стали сугестивними засобами в адвокатському судовому дискурсі. Практична значущість дослідження полягає в можливості використання отриманих результатів в курсі практики перекладу, юридичного письма, ораторського мистецтва.Зроблено припущення, що дослідження є перспективним, оскільки виявлені когнітивні викривлення можуть бути допо-внені з огляду на когнітивні викривлення в судовому дискурсі звинувачення.Ключові слова: адвокатський судовий дискурс, когнітивні викривлення, сугестивні засоби, семантичні групи.
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Smith, Joan R. "Cognitive Bias." Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing 31, no. 4 (2017): 294–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jpn.0000000000000289.
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Howgego, Joshua. "Cognitive bias." New Scientist 228, no. 3051 (December 2015): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(15)31757-7.
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Philips, H. C. "Imagery and Likelihood Cognitive Bias in Pain." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 43, no. 3 (November 27, 2013): 270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465813000982.
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Background: Distressing intrusive images are frequently experienced by sufferers from chronic and acute pain. The images (Index images) are correlated with elevations in anxiety, threat, and a cognition that the imaged event might actually happen. The over-estimation that having a negative cognition about an adverse event will increase the probability of the negative event occurring - the likelihood bias - has been observed in a variety of psychological disorders. Preliminary research indicated this cognitive bias might occur in pain sufferers. Aims: To investigate the occurrence of a cognitive likelihood bias associated with imagery in acute and chronic pain sufferers, and to relate the postulated cognitive bias to psychological characteristics of participants, and four other important cognitive responses to their Index images. Method: Fifty-nine pain sufferers completed a newly developed questionnaire (Image-Event-Fusion-pain: IEF-p) to assess cognitive likelihood bias in pain sufferers. The internal consistency, reliability, factor structure and validity of the scale were evaluated. Psychological measures to assess anxiety, depression, PTSD symptoms, and levels of mental defeat were administered. Results: The IEF-p was found to be psychometrically robust with satisfactory test-retest reliability, good internal consistency, single factor structure and criterion validity. The IEF-p was significantly correlated with four key cognitive appraisals of the Index Images (responsibility, likelihood, premonition, and threat). Three of these correlations were independent of depression. High cognitive bias scores were significantly associated with elevated levels of anxiety symptoms, depression, PTSD symptoms, and mental defeat. Conclusion: Pain Index images were significantly associated with cognitive bias (IEF-p), increased threat levels, and raised estimate of the likelihood of imaged events actually occurring. The results indicate the prevalence of a cognitive bias associated with pain imagery cognitions, comparable to that established with intrusive cognitions in OCD, notably Thought-Action- Fusion.
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GOCKO, X., J. SOUSA BARBOSA, B. POZZETTO, and C. PLOTTON. "HESITATION, REFUS VACCINAL, COVID-19 ET BIAIS COGNITIFS. UNE REVUE NARRATIVE." EXERCER 34, no. 190 (February 1, 2023): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.56746/exercer.2023.190.70.
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Contexte. L’hésitation vaccinale, définie comme « le fait de retarder ou de refuser une vaccination sûre malgré sa disponibilité », a été classée comme l’une des dix menaces pour la santé par l’OMS. Les principaux motifs d’hésitation vaccinale dans le Covid-19 sont la dangerosité du vaccin, l’opposition à la vaccination en général et un virus jugé peu dangereux. Des erreurs issues de procédures mentales subconscientes de traitement de l’information, nommées « biais cognitifs », participent à la décision de se faire vacciner. Objectif. L’objectif de ce travail était de décrire les biais cognitifs pouvant participer à l’hésitation vaccinale et à son refus dans le Covid-19. Méthodes. Revue narrative de la littérature suivant les critères PRISMA, de 2011 à 2021 sur Medline® et Cairn®, et à partir des références. Ré sultats. Dix revues ou position papers ont été sélectionnés. Les biais de disponibilité (médiatisation d’un effet indésirable), de représentativité (stéréotype plutôt que statistique), d’attribution (observation anecdotique et causalité) peuvent participer au jugement de dangerosité du vaccin. Les biais d’aversion à l’ambiguïté, d’omission et de présent peuvent expliquer en partie le choix d’inaction de certains usagers de la santé. La distanciation du pouvoir induit une méfiance envers les pouvoirs publics. Ce sentiment d’inégalité participe à l’opposition à la vaccination en général. Les biais de naturalité (immunisation naturelle) et d’optimisme participent au jugement d’un virus peu dangereux. Conclusion. Les entretiens motivationnels avec des patients hésitants ou « refusants » vaccinaux peuvent être facilités par la connaissance de ces biais.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bias cognitivi"
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Rosteghin, Giulia <1990>. "Strumenti finanziari SRI: Caratteristiche e Bias Cognitivi dell’investitore retail." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19380.
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Il progetto di tesi si pone l’obiettivo di analizzare, le caratteristiche dell’Investitore individuale in strumenti finanziari SRI, utilizzando lo strumento del questionario.
La tesi si comporrà in due parti, la prima parte di carattere descrittivo e metodologico andrà a contestualizzare l’investimento sostenibile e responsabile, descriverà le caratteristiche principali della finanza comportamentale e la metodologia utilizzata. Nella seconda parte verranno analizzati i dati ottenuti dal questionario, dove si andranno a ricercare eventuali bias cognitivi tra gli investitori individuali di SRI del campione ottenuto.
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Ascone, Christian. "L'impatto della gamification su framing, certainty e reflection effect." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13287/.
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L'elaborato si propone di indagare la correlazione tra gamification e i bias cognitivi dimostrati da Daniel Kahneman.
Si affronta lo studio mediante un prototipo di test, analizzando i dati ottenuti al termine di un esperimento svolto.
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Boffo, Marilisa. "Implicit measurement at the service of mental health: assessment and intervention as the two sides of the same coin." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423753.
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Scientific research in psychology is intrinsically bound to the measurement of variables that are per nature highly complex, changeable, and most often unobservable. The design of measurement methods is mostly focused on the attempt to capture the main features of the psychological attribute of interest. The last fifteen years have seen a massive development and use of a new set of measurement instruments that go under the name of implicit measures, which accomplishes the primary goal of indexing psychological attributes interchangeably defined as automatic, uncontrollable, unconscious, impulsive, or implicit. The primary goal of the present work was to explore the implicitness feature of implicit measures and their functioning. The research covered the experimentation of several implicit measures in two different contexts within the broader domain of mental health: the automatic components of stigmatizing attitudes and behaviours towards people affected by a mental disease (Part 1) and the impulsive, automatic processes implied within people affected by a mental disease, more specifically, by an alcohol addiction disorder (Part 2).
Part 1 of this dissertation is concerned with the design of two Implicit Association Tests targeting two aspects of mental illness stigma, namely, aetiological beliefs and prejudicial attitudes. The main objectives were to verify whether these two measures could be used as assessment techniques in this particular framework and to explore the plausible existence of implicit complements of mental illness stigma.
Part 2 doubled the perspective of this research by experimenting implicit measurement techniques as means for change by adapting them to retrain the implicit processes they were initially designed to assess. The study took the form of a Randomised Clinical Trial with alcohol addict outpatients in which the combination of two training paradigms targeting maladaptive impulsive processes towards alcohol (i.e., attentional bias and approach bias) is examined.
In both studies, the measurement properties of the implicit measures developed and their meaning in relation to the theoretical to-be-measured psychological attributes have been explored within a Rasch modelling perspective, through the application of the Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (MFRM) model.
In Part 1, the MFRM model allowed disentangling the different ‘ingredients’ contributing to the emergence of the IATs effect and highlighting how implicit aetiological beliefs and evaluative associations with mental illness are multifaceted aspects. Semantic and evaluative implicit associations with mental illness resulted to be dependent on diagnostic categories and differently determined by biologic semantic associations and by a positive association primacy, respectively. Further, the MFRM evidenced the functioning of the IAT at the microscopic level.
In Part 2, analysis of data of a group of participants at pre- and post-intervention assessment sessions evidenced the first promising results of the RCT: although participants did not show a substantial change in their alcohol attentional and approach bias measures, the MFRM showed a changing process in action. Experimental conditions showed to have a differential effect in bringing in a decrease and/or a reversal of the two cognitive biases. The MFRM contributed to the exploration of the dimensional and theoretical status of the two cognitive bias implicit measures and provided informative clues about their general and domain- specific features. Further, the MFRM retrieved first evidence about a differential effect of the stimuli used in improving control processes over the impulsive reactions towards alcohol.
The intertwined elements of this work, namely, implicit measurement, mental health, and Rasch modelling, have been combined in the attempt not only to clarify the benefits of implicit methods in psychology, but also to unravel what it actually means to use implicit measures. The combination with a rigorous modelling approach indeed demonstrated both the limitations and the strength of this new family of instruments.La ricerca scientifica in psicologia è intrinsecamente legata alla misurazione di variabili che per natura sono mutevoli, presentano un’elevata complessità e molto spesso non sono direttamente osservabili. Lo sviluppo di metodi di misurazione è funzionale alla ricerca di un mezzo per mettere in luce le diverse sfaccettature della variabile psicologica di interesse. Gli ultimi quindici anni hanno assistito ad un enorme sviluppo e applicazione di un nuovo insieme di strumenti di misura note come misure implicite, le quali hanno come scopo primario quello di quantificare quelle variabili psicologiche definite come automatiche, incontrollabili, inconsce, impulsive, o implicite. L’obiettivo principale di questo lavoro è stato quello di esplorare la natura propriamente implicita di alcune di queste misure, insieme al loro funzionamento. Il progetto di ricerca ha incluso la sperimentazione di alcuni metodi di misura impliciti in due diversi contesti all’interno del più ampio ambito della salute mentale: da una parte lo studio delle componenti automatiche nei processi di stigmatizzazione nei confronti di persone affette da un qualche disturbo mentale (Parte 1); dall’altra la considerazione dei processi impulsivi e automatici in persone affette da uno specific disturbo mentale, quale la dipendenza dal alcol (Parte 2). La Parte 1 della tesi include lo sviluppo di due Implicit Association Tests destinati alla valutazione di due aspetti inerenti lo stigma verso la malattia mentale: le credenze eziologiche e gli atteggiamenti pregiudiziali. Gli obiettivi principali hanno riguardato la verifica del possibile utilizzo di queste misure come strumenti di valutazione in questo specifico ambito, e nel contempo dell’effettiva esistenza di una controparte implicita nell’espressione dello stigma verso la malattia mentale. Nella Parte 2 la prospettiva ha assunto un’ulteriore duplice veste attraverso la sperimentazione delle tecniche di misurazione implicita come strumenti di cambiamento, attraverso il loro adattamento alla funzione di training di quei processi impliciti inizialmente misurati. Lo studio ha preso la forma di un Trial Clinico Randomizzato (TCR) con pazienti ambulatoriali dipendenti da alcol, nel quale è valutata la somministrazione di una combinazione di due training per il trattamento dei processi cognitivi automatici disfunzionali (i.e., bias attentivo e di approccio) implicati nella dipendenza da alcol. In entrambi gli studi sono state esplorate sia le proprietà misurative degli strumenti sviluppati, sia la loro relazione con l’ipotetica variabile psicologica misurata all’interno di una prospettiva di modellazione a tratti latenti, attraverso l’applicazione del Many-Facet Rasch Measurement model (MFRM). I risultati ottenuti nella Parte 1 mostrano come il modello MFRM sia riuscito a separare i diversi ‘ingredienti’ che contribuiscono all’emergere dell’effetto IAT evidenziando come le credenze eziologiche implicite e l’atteggiamento implicito nei confronti della malattia mentale siano multi-sfaccettati. Le associazioni semantiche e valutative nei confronti della malattia mentale sembrano cambiare in funzione della categoria diagnostica e sono rispettivamente determinate da associazioni con l’area semantica biologica e da un effetto primacy di associazioni positive. Il modello MFRM ha inoltre reso evidente il funzionamento dello IAT a livello microscopico. Nella Parte 2, l’analisi di un gruppo di partecipanti nelle sessioni di pre- e post- assessment ha dato i primi, promettenti risultanti sull’efficacia del TCR: nonostante al momento i partecipanti non abbiamo menifestato un significativo cambiamento nelle misure del bias attentivo e di approccio verso l’alcol, il modello MFRM ha dimostrato comunque che c’è effettivamente in atto un processo di cambiamento. Le condizioni sperimentali hanno prodotto un effetto discriminante nell’ottenere la diminuzione o il rovesciamento dei due bias cognitivi. Il modello ha inoltre contribuito all’esplorazione della dimensionalità e delle ipotesi teoriche alla base delle due misure implicite dei bias, dando suggerimenti rilevanti circa le loro caratteristiche dominio-generali e dominio-specifiche. Un ulteriore risultato riguarda un primo riscontro di un effetto esercitato dagli stimoli utilizzati nelle due misure nell’aumentare i processi di controllo degli impulsi nei confronti dell’alcol. In conclusione, l’intreccio tra misurazione implicita, salute mentale, e modelli di Rasch è nato allo scopo non solo di chiarire i benefici dell’utilizzo delle misure implicite in psicologia, ma anche per svelare che cosa significa effettivamente la misurazione implicita, mostrando sia i limiti che i punti di forza di questa nuova famiglia di strumenti attraverso la combinazione con un approccio metodologico e modellistico rigoroso.
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Agogué, Marine. "Modéliser l’effet des biais cognitifs sur les dynamiques industrielles : innovation orpheline et architecte de l’inconnu." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENMP0039/document.
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L'objet de la thèse est l'étude des dynamiques industrielles, en particulier des biais cognitifs qui conduisent au blocage de ces dynamiques. Si les processus d'innovation dépassant le cadre de l'entreprise ont fait l'objet de diverses recherches, les dynamiques industrielles sont restées peu étudiées sous l'angle du blocage cognitif dans les activités de conception. Pour approfondir cette question, la thèse se focalise sur l'étude d'une phénoménologie nouvelle, l'innovation orpheline, définie comme une innovation très attendue par la société, mais qu'aucun acteur ou consortium d'acteurs n'est capable de générer, alors que les conditions traditionnelles pour favoriser son émergence sont réunies. L'enjeu de la thèse est de répondre à trois questions: Quelle modélisation pour cerner les facteurs causaux de l'innovation orpheline ? ; Quel outil pour diagnostiquer les biais cognitifs dans une situation empirique ? ; Quelles modalités organisationnelles pour sortir de l'innovation orpheline ?Cette démarche a permis de dégager trois résultats principaux :1) un modèle de la fixation cognitive collective, soulignant l'impact fort que peut avoir l'interaction entre les imaginaires singuliers au sein d'un collectif.2) un outil, le référentiel C-K pour identifier la fixation collective et pour diagnostiquer l'innovation orpheline.3) un modèle d'action pour un nouvel acteur, baptisé l'architecte de l'inconnu, en charge de stimuler les capacités de conception innovante de l'écosystème d'acteursThe purpose of the thesis is the study of industrial dynamics, in particular cognitive biases that lead to the lock-in of these dynamics. If innovation processes beyond the scope of the firm have been the subject of various studies, little has been done on the study of industrial dynamics from the perspective of cognitive lock in design activities. To explore this question, the thesis focuses on the study of a new phenomenology, orphan innovation, which is defined as orphan innovation as an innovation highly expected by society, but one which no actor or consortium of actors can manage to process with their current innovation capabilities, although all of the institutional conditions to foster it are gathered. The aim of the thesis is to answer three questions: How to model industrial dynamics and to identify causal factors of orphan innovation? How to build a tool to diagnose cognitive biases and orphan innovation in empirical situations? What are the organizational levers to overcome orphan innovation situations?The thesis then is based on three main results:1) a model of collective cognitive fixation, underlying the impact of imaginaries and their interactions among a collective action.2) a methodology to identify collective fixation and therefore to diagnose orphan innovation.3) a model of action for a new actor, called the architect of the unknown, in charge of stimulating innovative design capacities of the actors among the industry
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Destrez, Alexandra. "Accumulation d'émotions et modifications de la sensibilité émotionnelle et des fonctions cognitives chez les ovins." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00798018.
Full textAbstract:
La question du bien-être de l'animal ne se pose que si on lui reconnaît le statut d'être sensible, capable de ressentir des émotions. Les émotions dépendent de processus cognitifs qu'entreprend l'animal pour évaluer son environnement. Pour comprendre le passage des émotions à un état de bien-être, nous avons étudié si ces processus cognitifs peuvent être biaisés par les émotions, lesquelles en retour seraient modulées durablement. Un modèle de stress chronique a été développé sur ovins : des agnelles sont exposées de manière répétée à des évènements aversifs, imprévisibles et incontrôlables. L'altération des systèmes neuroendocriniens et la potentialisation de la réactivité émotionnelle confirment que les agnelles ont développé un stress. Ensuite, l'effet de ce stress chronique sur les processus d'évaluation a été exploré : les agnelles stressées montrent une évaluation négative et des déficits d'apprentissage. Enfin, nous avons cherché à savoir si l'induction répétée d'émotions positives chez des agnelles stressées peut contrecarrer les biais d'évaluation négative induits par le stress. Elles évaluent de manière plus positive les événements ambigus que les agnelles uniquement stressées. L'accumulation d'émotions négatives peut conduire l'animal à développer une perception pessimiste de son environnement et une anhédonie, qui contribuent à auto-entretenir l'état de stress. La réduction d'anhédonie après induction répétée d'émotions positives montre que des stratégies cognitivo-comportementales sont envisageables pour corriger un stress. Bien qu'analytiques, ces travaux contribuent à la conception de pratiques d'élevage innovantes améliorant la qualité de vie des animaux.
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Blasi, Pau. "Cognitive and Emotional Bias in Real Estate Investment." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED041/document.
Full textAbstract:
L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’analyser comment les biais cognitifs et émotionnels affectent les décisions des investisseurs lorsqu’ils achètent ou vendent des immeubles de bureaux. Pour atteindre cet objectif, cette recherche adopte, dans un premier temps, une démarche qualitative. Les entretiens semi-structurés permettent de détecter et d’analyser les biais les plus importants qui apparaissent au cours de la transaction. Parmi les différents biais décelés « l’oubli de la fréquence de base » a été sélectionné. Ce biais peut apparaître avant l’acquisition lorsque les investisseurs évaluent la performance attendue d’un immeuble. Une analyse quantitative suit pour développer une échelle qui mesure l’effet du biais. Les résultats ont montré que l’incertitude conduit certains investisseurs à supposer que le rendement qu’ils obtiendront à la fin de leur investissement sera égal à celui du rendement initial. En d’autres termes, certains investisseurs estiment que les conditions du marché resteront les mêmes qu’aujourd’huiThe main objective of this thesis is to analyse how cognitive and emotional biases affect investor decisions when buying or selling office buildings. To meet this aim, this research embarks on a qualitative research. Semi-structured interviews permit to detect and analyse the most important biases that appear in the transactions. Among the different biases discovered, the "base-rate fallacy" was selected. This bias may appear before the acquisition when investors evaluate the expected performance of a building. A quantitative analysis follows to develop a scale that tries to measure the effect of the bias. The results showed that uncertainty leads some investors to assume that the yield they will obtain at the end of their investment will be equal to that of the initial yield. In other words, some investors believe that market conditions will remain the same as today
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Rodgers, Naomi Hertsberg. "Cognitive bias and stuttering in adolescence." Diss., University of Iowa, 2019. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/7021.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: The tendency to prioritize negative or threatening social information, a cognitive process known as cognitive bias, has been linked to the development of social anxiety. Given the increased risk for social anxiety among adolescents who stutter (aWS), this project extended the research on cognitive bias to aWS to inform our understanding of the psychosocial factors associated with stuttering in adolescence – the period of development when social anxiety typically emerges. The purpose of this two-part study was to examine group and individual differences in two forms of cognitive bias among aWS and typically fluent controls (TFC) – attentional and interpretation biases.
Methods: A sample of 102 adolescents (49 aWS and 53 TFC; 13- to 19-years-old) completed a self-report measure of social anxiety, a computerized attentional bias task, and a computerized interpretation bias task. To assess attentional bias, neutral-negative face pairs were presented in a modified dot-probe paradigm in which response times to engaging and disengaging from neutral, fearful, and angry expressions were measured. To assess interpretation bias, ambiguous verbal and nonverbal social scenarios were presented in a vignette-based recognition task, after which participants endorsed possible negative and positive interpretations of those scenarios.
Results: The aWS and TFC reported comparable degrees of social anxiety, although female aWS reported higher levels than male aWS. For the attentional bias task, aWS were faster to engage with fearful faces than to maintain attention on neutral faces, and they were also faster to disengage from fearful and angry faces than to maintain attention on those negative faces. TFC did not demonstrate an attentional preference for any particular face type. For the interpretation bias task, while aWS and TFC rated negative and positive interpretations of verbal and nonverbal scenarios similarly, social anxiety moderated the effect of interpretation characteristics on endorsement of those interpretations; participants with greater social anxiety endorsed negative interpretations of verbal scenarios to a greater degree than those with lower social anxiety, and participants with lower social anxiety endorsed positive interpretations of verbal and nonverbal scenarios to a greater degree than those with higher social anxiety.
Conclusions: This study contributes to the existing literature in several meaningful ways. First, this sample of aWS and TFC demonstrated comparable rates of social anxiety, which counters many other reports of group differences in social anxiety in this population. Second, it supports previous preliminary accounts of attentional bias among individuals who stutter. The present findings are novel in that aWS’ rapid engagement with and rapid disengagement from negative faces were observed in the absence of group differences in social anxiety. Third, the results challenge the speculation that stuttering is associated with negative interpretation bias – a relationship that has been proposed in the literature but never empirically investigated. Taken together, these findings provide the groundwork for continued investigation into the role of social information processing on psychosocial outcomes for aWS.
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Carreras, Ubach Ricard. "The cognitive bias test as a measure of emotional state in pigs." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/392711.
Full textAbstract:
L'avaluació de les emocions és un dels principals objectius de la ciència del benestar animal. El test del biaix cognitiu (BC) s'ha proposat com una mesura per avaluar la valència (positiu vs. negatiu) i la intensitat de les emocions en animals i es basa en la premissa que els subjectes amb un estat emocional negatiu jutjaran un estímul ambigu més negativament que els subjectes amb un estat emocional positiu. L'objectiu del primer estudi va ser avaluar l'aplicabilitat i la consistència del test del BC (TBC) en porcs. Els resultats van mostrar que els porcs eren capaços d'aprendre la tasca de discriminació necessària per posteriorment realitzar el TBC. Malgrat tot, es va observar una inconsistència entre el TBC dut a terme en dos moments diferents. Aquest resultat suggereix que els porcs van canviar la percepció de l’estímul ambigu degut a la capacitat de recordar el resultat d’aquest estímul durant el segon TBC. Els objectius del segon estudi van ser 1) avaluar l’efecte del gènere i del genotip halotà en el BC (utilitzant el TBC) i en el nivell de por (utilitzant el test d’objecte novedós, TON), 2) avaluar la relació entre el BC i el nivell de por i 3) contrastar els resultats del TBC i els del TON amb les concentracions d’una sèrie de neurotransmissors. No es van trobar diferencies entre gèneres i genotips respecte el BC i respecte la por, però es va observar una correlació positiva entre els resultats del TBC i el TON, suggerint que la por juga un paper important en la presa de decisió. A més, els porcs amb més por van presentar concentracions més baixes de dopamina, constatant la relació entre aquest neurotransmissor i la resposta de por. Els objectius del tercer estudi van ser 1) avaluar l’efecte del maneig en el BC (avaluat pel TBC), en la por (avaluat per el TON) i en la resposta de cascada defensiva (avaluat per el test de cascada defensiva, TCD), 2) avaluar l’efecte del maneig en la concentració de cortisol en sèrum, saliva i pel i 3) avaluar la relació entre els testos de comportament (TBC, TON i TCD) i amb les concentracions de cortisol. No es van trobar diferencies entre porcs amb maneig positiu i negatiu respecte els testos de comportament i les concentracions de cortisol, suggerint que el maneig dut a terme no va ser prou intens o que les mesures utilitzades no eren valides o no prou sensibles per avaluar aquestes diferencies. Malgrat tot, es van trobar correlacions positives entre els resultats dels diferents testos de comportament constatant que factors individuals com ara el nivell de por o la motivació van tenir un efecte en l’estat afectiu dels porcs. El quart estudi realitzat tenia per objectiu avaluar l’efecte de les condicions d’allotjament en el TBC, en l’avaluació qualitativa de comportament (AQC), en la concentració sèrica de cortisol i en el número de ferides en les canals dels porcs. Els resultats van mostrar que els porcs allotjats en condicions enriquides tenien millors puntuacions en l’AQC, concentracions de cortisol sèric més baixes i un número més baix de ferides a la canal que els porcs criats en condicions empobrides. Malgrat tot, els resultats del TBC no van mostrar aquestes diferències suggerint que el test no és vàlid o prou sensible per detectar les alteracions emocionals en aquests porcs. En resum, és factible aplicar el TBC en porcs, ja que van realitzar correctament la tasca d’aprenentatge requerida, tot i així, el test no va presentar ni consistència ni validesa qüestionant-ne la utilitat per avaluar l’estat emocional en porcs.The assessment of animal emotions is a crucial goal in the study of animal welfare science. The cognitive bias (CB) test has been proposed as a measure to assess the valence (positive vs. negative) and the intensity of animal emotions and is based on the premise that subjects in negative emotional state will judge an ambiguous stimulus more negatively than subjects in positive emotional state. The aims of our first study were to assess the applicability and the consistency of the CB test (CBT) in pigs. Our results showed that pigs were able to learn the spatial discrimination task necessary to subsequently perform the CBT. However, there was lack of consistency between the responses of the CBT performed twice, leaving 5 weeks between them. This result suggests that pigs changed the perception of the ambiguous stimulus due to its ability to remember the outcome of the ambiguous stimulus during the second CBT or due to uncontrolled factors such as their age or hunger state over time. The aims of our second study were 1) to assess the effect of the gender and the halothane genotype on CB (using the CBT) and on the level of fear (using a novel object test, NOT), 2) to assess the relationship between the CB and the level of fear and 3) contrast the results of the CBT and the NOT with the concentrations of several brain neurotransmitters. No differences were found between genders and genotypes regarding the CB and regarding the level of fear but a positive correlation was found between the CBT and the NOT results, suggesting that fear plays an important role in the decision taken by the pig dealing with ambiguous stimuli. Moreover, more fearful pigs had lower concentration of dopamine on the prefrontal cortex, supporting the relationship between this neurotransmitter and the fear response. The aims of the third study were 1) to assess the effect of handling on the CB (assessed by a CBT), on the fear (assessed by NOT) and on the defence cascade response (assessed by the defence cascade test; DCT), 2) to assess the effect of handling on serum, saliva and hair cortisol concentration and 3) to assess the relationship between behavioural tests (CBT, NOT and DCT) and between these tests and cortisol concentrations. No differences between positive and negative handling were found regarding the behavioural tests and cortisol concentrations, suggesting that the handling treatment carried out was not powerful enough to induce such differences or that the measures used were not valid or not sensitive enough to assess such differences. Nevertheless, positive correlations were found between behavioural tests supporting that individual factors such as the fear level, the motivation or the coping style had an effect on pigs’ affective state. The fourth study carried out was aimed to assess the effect of housing conditions on the CBT, on the qualitative behaviour assessment (QBA), on the serum cortisol concentration and on the number of wounds on pigs’ carcass. The results showed that pigs raised in enriched housing conditions had better QBA scores, lower serum cortisol concentration and lower number of carcass lesions than pigs raised in barren housing conditions. However, the results of the CBT did not showed those differences suggesting that the test is not valid or not sufficiently sensitive to detect emotional variation in those pigs. In conclusion, is feasible to apply the CBT in pigs, as they performed correctly the required learning process, however, the test showed no consistency and no validity questioning its utility to assess the emotional state in pigs.
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Ard, Carter. "Eliminating Sex Bias through Rater Cognitive Processes Training." TopSCHOLAR®, 1988. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2122.
Full textAbstract:
The success of Rater Cognitive Processes Training as a strategy for eliminating sex bias in ratings of performance in a physically demanding job was investigated in the present study. One hundred undergraduate students from a mid -sized regional university served as subjects. The independent variables were type of training and sex of the ratee. resulting in a two by two factorial design. The dependent variable was the performance ratings assigned by the subjects. Subjects in the experimental condition were trained to recognize the important dimensions of performance for the lob of feed handler and received one Practice/feedback session. Subjects in the control condition completed a case study exercise in lieu of training. All subjects then viewed a videotape showing a feed handler moving and stacking what appeared to be 25 lb. bags, and afterward assigned ratings using a graphic rating scale. An ANOVA revealed a significant main effect for sex (p < .026 , and a significant main effect for training (p < .013). The interaction between sex and training was not significant. Results indicated that Rater Cognitive Processes Training was not effective in eliminating sex bias. Instead. a clear contrast effect emerged. Potential implications of this study and future research directions are subsequently explored.
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Pereira, Ana Ribeiro. "Cognitive bias and welfare in shelter cats." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/21306.
Full textAbstract:
Welfare has traditionally focused on assessing physiological parameters, but over the last
decades there has been growing interest in finding scientific and objective methods to
evaluate emotional states and mental health of animals. Cognitive bias measures have
emerged as tools to assess animal emotion. This preliminary study was undertaken at the
Municipal Animal Shelter (MAS) of Sintra and aimed at evaluating if cats subject to
environmental enrichment showed more optimistic responses towards ambiguous stimuli
in a cognitive bias test. Of an initial group of twenty-four cats, divided into three groups
(Enrichment using Training (EuT), Enrichment using Play (EuP) and not Enriched (nE)),
eight completed the test (three EuT, two EuP and three nE) as the other were excluded
primarily because they were adopted (nine). Latency to reach the unrewarded-near
position was similar in the three groups. More differences were found in the latency to
reach rewarded-near position, where trained cats showed a shorter latency, which could
be indicative of more optimism; Resumo:
Viés Cognitivo e Bem-estar em Gatos de Gatil
Tradicionalmente a avaliação de bem-estar tem-se focado em parâmetros fisiológicos,
mas ao longo das últimas décadas tem surgido interesse crescente em encontrar métodos
científicos e objetivos para avaliar estados emocionais e saúde mental animal. Medidas
de viés cognitivo têm se assumido como ferramentas de avaliação de emoções animais.
Este estudo preliminar foi efetuado no Centro de Recolha Oficial (CRO) de Sintra e teve
como objetivo avaliar se gatos sujeitos a enriquecimento ambiental teriam respostas mais
otimistas perante estímulos ambíguos num teste de viés cognitivo. De um grupo inicial
de vinte e quatro gatos, divididos em três grupos (Enriquecidos com Treino (EuT),
Enriquecidos com Brincadeira (EuP) e Não Enriquecidos (nE)), oito completaram o teste
(três EuT, dois EuP e três nE) tendo os restantes sido excluidos predominantemente
devido a adopção (nove). A latência de chegada à posição próxima da não-recompensada
foi semelhante nos três grupos. Na latência de chegada à posição próxima da
recompensada foram encontradas mais diferenças, com os gatos treinados a mostrarem
latências menores o que poderá ser indicativo de maior otimismo.
Books on the topic "Bias cognitivi"
1
James, Ree Malcolm, and Air Force Research Laboratory (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio). Warfighter Training Research Division, eds. Near identity of cognitive structure in sex and ethnic groups. Mesa, AZ: Air Force Materiel Command, Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Warfighter Training Research Division, 1998.
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2
Owen, K. Test and item bias: The suitability of the Junior aptitude tests as a common test battery for White, Indian, and Black pupils in standard 7. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, 1989.
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3
1956-, Gross Paget H., ed. How do journalists think?: A proposal for the study of cognitive bias in newsmaking. Bloomington, IN: ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading and Communication Skills, Smith Research Center, Indiana University, 1989.
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4
Yu yi de bian hua zhuan huan yan jiu: Ci gai nian kuang jia shi jiao. Changsha Shi: Hunan shi fan da xue chu ban she, 2011.
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Ci gai nian kuang jia yuan su de yu yan xing shi biao zheng yan jiu: A study on the linguistic formal representation of lexical concept frames' elements. Beijing: Guang ming ri bao chu ban she, 2011.
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Jimao, Guo, and Zheng Tian'gang, eds. Si tong shi yi: Han yu jin yi biao da fang shi de ren zhi yu yong fen xi=Sitong shiyi /cGuo Jimao, Zheng Tian'gang zhu bian. Beijing: Zhongguo she hui ke xue chu ban she, 2002.
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Amir, Hussain, Liu Derong, Wang Zhanshan, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Advances in Brain Inspired Cognitive Systems: 5th International Conference, BICS 2012, Shenyang, China, July 11-14, 2012. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.
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Liu, Derong. Advances in Brain Inspired Cognitive Systems: 6th International Conference, BICS 2013, Beijing, China, June 9-11, 2013. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.
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Wang, Meiping. Riben dui Zhongguo de ren zhi yan bian: Cong jia wu zhan zheng dao jiu yi ba shi bian = The evolution of Japan's cognition of China. Beijing Shi: She hui ke xue wen xian chu ban she, 2021.
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Langer, Ellen J. Xue xi, jiu shi yi zhong xiang shou: Ni ye ke yi ba xue xi he gong zuo bian cheng "wan le" de dai ming ci. Taibei Xian Xindian Shi: Ren ben zi ran wen hua shi ye you xian gong si, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Bias cognitivi"
1
Mercier, Hugo. "Confirmation bias – myside bias." In Cognitive Illusions, 78–91. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003154730-7.
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Blanco, Fernando. "Cognitive Bias." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1244-1.
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Blanco, Fernando. "Cognitive Bias." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1487–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1244.
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Matute, Helena, Fernando Blanco, and María Manuela Moreno-Fernández. "Causality bias." In Cognitive Illusions, 108–23. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003154730-9.
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Pohl, Rüdiger F., and Edgar Erdfelder. "Hindsight bias." In Cognitive Illusions, 436–54. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003154730-31.
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Howard, Jonathan. "Hindsight Bias and Outcome Bias." In Cognitive Errors and Diagnostic Mistakes, 247–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93224-8_14.
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Arad, Gal, and Yair Bar-Haim. "Cognitive bias interventions." In Anger at work: Prevention, intervention, and treatment in high-risk occupations., 275–301. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000244-010.
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Meissel, Emily E. E., Jennie M. Kuckertz, and Nader Amir. "Cognitive bias modification." In Handbook of cognitive behavioral therapy: Overview and approaches (Vol. 1)., 673–99. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000218-023.
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Howard, Jonathan. "Information Bias." In Cognitive Errors and Diagnostic Mistakes, 303–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93224-8_17.
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Howard, Jonathan. "Omission Bias." In Cognitive Errors and Diagnostic Mistakes, 321–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93224-8_19.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Bias cognitivi"
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Hallihan, Gregory M., Hyunmin Cheong, and L. H. Shu. "Confirmation and Cognitive Bias in Design Cognition." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-71258.
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The desire to better understand design cognition has led to the application of literature from psychology to design research, e.g., in learning, analogical reasoning, and problem solving. Psychological research on cognitive heuristics and biases offers another relevant body of knowledge for application. Cognitive biases are inherent biases in human information processing, which can lead to suboptimal reasoning. Cognitive heuristics are unconscious rules utilized to enhance the efficiency of information processing and are possible antecedents of cognitive biases. This paper presents two studies that examined the role of confirmation bias, which is a tendency to seek and interpret evidence in order to confirm existing beliefs. The results of the first study, a protocol analysis involving novice designers engaged in a biomimetic design task, indicate that confirmation bias is present during concept generation and offer additional insights into the influence of confirmation bias in design. The results of the second study, a controlled experiment requiring participants to complete a concept evaluation task, suggest that decision matrices are effective tools to reduce confirmation bias during concept evaluation.
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Scheuerman, Jaelle, and Dina Acklin. "Modeling Bias Reduction Strategies in a Biased Agent." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/762.
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Costly mistakes can occur when decision makers rely on intuition or learned biases to make decisions. To better understand the cognitive processes that lead to bias and develop strategies to combat it, we developed an intelligent agent using the cognitive architecture, ACT-R 7.0. The agent simulates a human participating in a decision making task designed to assess the effectiveness of bias reduction strategies. The agent's performance is compared to that of human participants completing a similar task. Similar results support the underlying cognitive theories and reveal limitations of reducing bias in human decision making. This should provide insights for designing intelligent agents that can reason about bias while supporting decision makers.
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Nakanishi, Deborah Ayumi Alves, Diego Armando Barbosa Aragão, and Claudio Eduardo Corrêa Teixeira. "Systematic review with meta-analysis on the use of antihyperglycemic agents as a preventive factor for cognitive losses in diabetic patients." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.711.
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Background: Blood glucose variations are generally associated with predisposition to the development of dementia in diabetes patients. And there is a controversy in the literature about whether the use of antihyperglycemic agents can(not) promote protective effects on cognition. Design and setting: we used a systematic review with meta-analysis to evaluate whether the evidence in the literature points to a protective or harmful effect of antihyperglycemic agents on cognition. Methods: PubMed, Science Direct and Scielo databases were used to collect articles in English, published between 2005 and 2020. Articles of reflection/opinion, monographs/theses/dissertations, and animal research were excluded. The blinding of authors during the searches contributed to search independence. Of 1,329 articles selected, 30 were adequate, but only 3 of these provided quantitative data from 53 cognitive tests, which were used for meta-analysis (random effect model), performed using R. Results: Funnel plot shows no publication bias. Forest plot, on the other hand, shows that literature points to the use of antihyperglycemic agents by patients as preventive of cognitive losses (standard mean difference equal to -0.18 [95% confidence interval between -0.29 and -0.06]). Conclusion: Evidence of the preventive effect of cognitive losses through the use of antihyperglycemic agents such as metformin should be further investigated, in order to better clarify this therapeutic potential.
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Stanojevic, Rade, Vijay Erramilli, and Konstantina Papagiannaki. "Cognitive bias in network services." In the 11th ACM Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2390231.2390240.
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Rollwage, Max, Tobias Hauser, Alisa Loosen, Rani Moran, Raymond Dolan, and Stephen Fleming. "Confidence Drives a Neural Confirmation Bias." In 2019 Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience. Brentwood, Tennessee, USA: Cognitive Computational Neuroscience, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32470/ccn.2019.1064-0.
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Wang, Hao, Snehasis Mukhopadhyay, Yunyu Xiao, and Shiaofen Fang. "An Interactive Approach to Bias Mitigation in Machine Learning." In 2021 IEEE 20th International Conference on Cognitive Informatics & Cognitive Computing (ICCI*CC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccicc53683.2021.9811333.
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Chivu, Alina cristina, and Catalin Nedelcea. "A GAMIFIED INTERVENTION COMBINING CBM-I AND SOCIAL SKILLS TRAINING FOR CHILDREN WITH AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR: PROOF OF CONCEPT." In eLSE 2019. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-19-010.
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Aggressive behavior is a common social issue encountered in children, with high impact on social relations and academic performances. Research links attributional bias to aggression, suggesting that individuals with high level of aggression tend to interpret ambiguous situations as being hostile. Empirical evidence suggests that attributional bias can be modified. With promising results, recent studies starts using Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation (CBM-I) to modify this biases. Besides this, one of the most common interventions in terms of aggressive behavior in children and adolescents is Social Skills Training (SST). A combined intervention using Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation and Social Skills Training can be an effective approach to aggressive behavior, by focusing on both of its cognitive and behavioral components. The aim of this paper is to propose an evidence-based gamified intervention for children with aggressive behavior. The intervention consists in a mobile phone application focused both on modifying the biases underlying the distorted interpretation and training of social skills, in order to decrease aggressive behavior, and increase social adaptation of the children. Combined treatments are widely used in psychotherapy and, in terms of aggressive behavior this approach may provide promising results with long-term changes. In our research, Social Skills Training component is oriented on developing adequate social competence, while Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation, will help children interpret ambiguous social situations as less hostile, therefore they will be able to engange in a more adaptive response to others. Theoretical and practical implications for the educational environment will be detailed.
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Wu, Bo, Murat Cubuktepe, Suda Bharadwaj, and Ufuk Topcu. "Reward-Based Deception with Cognitive Bias." In 2019 IEEE 58th Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc40024.2019.9029476.
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Lange, Richard, Ankani Chattoraj, Matthew Hochberg, Jeffrey Beck, Jacob Yates, and Ralf Haefner. "A Perceptual Confirmation Bias from Approximate Online Inference." In 2018 Conference on Cognitive Computational Neuroscience. Brentwood, Tennessee, USA: Cognitive Computational Neuroscience, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32470/ccn.2018.1167-0.
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Valero Solis, Susana, Roser Granero Perez, Susana Jimenez Murcia, and Fernando Fernandez Aranda. "Association of the patients’ age with cognitive bias and impulsivity in gambling disorder." In 22° Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Patología Dual (SEPD) 2020. SEPD, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17579/sepd2020o004.
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Background and aims. Typical cognitive biases (irrational beliefs, cognitive distortions and erroneous perceptions) and high levels of impulsivity have been systematically reported among individuals with problem gambling. The objective of this study is to examine the role of the chronological age into the relationships between cognitive biases and impulsivity with the gambling disorder (GD) profile during adulthood. Methods. The sample analysed in this study included n=209 patients into the range age 18-77 yrs-old, recruited at the Pathological Gambling Outpatients Unit of the Bellvitge University Hospital (Barcelona). Results. Path-analysis showed a mediational link between chronological age, the presence of a comorbid depression or anxiety disorder, and the level of GD symptoms. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts showed a positive quadratic trend between the individuals’ age and cognitive distortions severity (higher impairing irrational beliefs obtained among younger and older patients, compared to middle-age patients). The sensation-seeking level showed a negative linear trend with the age: the older the patient’s age, the lower the score in this impulsivity domain. Among younger age patients gambling severity correlated only with cognitive bias levels, while during middle age patients gambling severity correlated with both cognitive bias and impulsivity levels. Within older age group fewer and poorer associations were found between cognitive bias and impulsivity with the accumulated debts due to the gambling activity, and the bets per gambling-episode. Conclusion. The results of this study could help in the development of reliable/valid assessment tools for GD, as well as for the design of precise/effective intervention plans and guidelines. These should include the patients’ age, the cognitive style, and the impulsivity levels, with the aim of providing precise and accurate tools to manage gambling problems.
Reports on the topic "Bias cognitivi"
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Stormer, William P. The Decision Dilemma -- Cognitive Bias. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada235660.
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Bar-Haim, Yair. Development of Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) Tools to Promote Adjustment During Reintegration Following Deployment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada612903.
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Bar-Haim, Yair. Development of Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) Tools to Promote Adjustment during Reintegration Following Deployment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada600556.
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Kwon, Wi-Suk, Gopikrishna Deshpande, Jeffrey Katz, and Sang-Eun Byun. What Does the Brain Tell about Scarcity Bias? Cognitive Neuroscience Evidence of Decision Making under Scarcity. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-374.
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Erblich, Joel, and Dana Bovbjerg. Psychological Distress, Cognitive Bias and Breast Cancer Surveillance Behavior in Women Tested for BRCA 1/2 Mutation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada398143.
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Erblich, Joel, and Dana H. Bovbjerg. Psychological Distress, Cognitive Bias and Breast Cancer Surveillance Behavior in Women Tested for BRCA 1/2 Mutation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada409853.
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Erblich, Joel, and Dana Bovbjerg. Psychological Distress, Cognitive Bias, and Breast Cancer Surveillance Behavior in Women Tested for BRCA 1/2 Mutation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada420452.
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Erblich, Joel, and Dana Bovbjerg. Psychological Distress, Cognitive Bias and Breast Cancer Surveillance Behavior in Women Tested for BRCA 1/2 Mutation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada391104.
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Garsa, Adam, Julie K. Jang, Sangita Baxi, Christine Chen, Olamigoke Akinniranye, Owen Hall, Jody Larkin, Aneesa Motala, Sydne Newberry, and Susanne Hempel. Radiation Therapy for Brain Metasases. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer242.
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Objective. This evidence report synthesizes the available evidence on radiation therapy for brain metastases. Data sources. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL®, clinicaltrials.gov, and published guidelines in July 2020; assessed independently submitted data; consulted with experts; and contacted authors. Review methods. The protocol was informed by Key Informants. The systematic review was supported by a Technical Expert Panel and is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020168260). Two reviewers independently screened citations; data were abstracted by one reviewer and checked by an experienced reviewer. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and large observational studies (for safety assessments), evaluating whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone or in combination, as initial or postoperative treatment, with or without systemic therapy for adults with brain metastases due to non-small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, or melanoma. Results. In total, 97 studies, reported in 190 publications, were identified, but the number of analyses was limited due to different intervention and comparator combinations as well as insufficient reporting of outcome data. Risk of bias varied; 25 trials were terminated early, predominantly due to poor accrual. Most studies evaluated WBRT, alone or in combination with SRS, as initial treatment; 10 RCTs reported on post-surgical interventions. The combination treatment SRS plus WBRT compared to SRS alone or WBRT alone showed no statistically significant difference in overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.09; confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 1.73; 4 RCTs; low strength of evidence [SoE]) or death due to brain metastases (relative risk [RR], 0.93; CI, 0.48 to 1.81; 3 RCTs; low SoE). Radiation therapy after surgery did not improve overall survival compared with surgery alone (HR, 0.98; CI, 0.76 to 1.26; 5 RCTs; moderate SoE). Data for quality of life, functional status, and cognitive effects were insufficient to determine effects of WBRT, SRS, or post-surgical interventions. We did not find systematic differences across interventions in serious adverse events radiation necrosis, fatigue, or seizures (all low or moderate SoE). WBRT plus systemic therapy (RR, 1.44; CI, 1.03 to 2.00; 14 studies; moderate SoE) was associated with increased risks for vomiting compared to WBRT alone. Conclusion. Despite the substantial research literature on radiation therapy, comparative effectiveness information is limited. There is a need for more data on patient-relevant outcomes such as quality of life, functional status, and cognitive effects.
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Caulfield, Laura E., Wendy L. Bennett, Susan M. Gross, Kristen M. Hurley, S. Michelle Ogunwole, Maya Venkataramani, Jennifer L. Lerman, Allen Zhang, Ritu Sharma, and Eric B. Bass. Maternal and Child Outcomes Associated With the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer253.
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Objectives. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) aims to safeguard the health of low-income, nutritionally at-risk pregnant and postpartum women and children less than 5 years old. This systematic review evaluates whether participation in WIC is associated with nutrition and health outcomes for women, infants, and children, and whether the associations vary by duration of participation or across subgroups. Because of major revisions to the WIC food package in 2009, we prioritized studies published since 2009 and included studies comparing outcomes before and after the 2009 food package change. Data sources. Using electronic publication databases, we conducted a literature search from January 2009 to September 2021 and a targeted search for selected outcomes from January 2000 to September 2021. Review methods. Paired team members independently screened search results, serially abstracted data, assessed risk of bias, and graded strength of evidence (SOE) using standard methods for observational studies. Results. We included 82 quantitative observational studies and 16 qualitative studies, with 49 studies comparing outcomes of WIC participants with WIC-eligible non-participants. WIC prenatal participation was associated with lower risk of three outcomes: preterm delivery (moderate SOE), low birth weight (moderate SOE), and infant mortality (moderate SOE). Prenatal WIC participation was associated with better maternal diet quality (low SOE), lower risk of inadequate gestational weight gain (low SOE), lower alcohol use in pregnancy (low SOE), and no difference in smoking (low SOE). Maternal WIC participation was associated with increased child preventive care and immunizations (each low SOE), and higher cognitive scores for children (low SOE). Child WIC participation was associated with better diet quality (moderate SOE), and greater intakes of 100 percent fruit juice, whole grain cereals, and age-appropriate milk (moderate SOE). Household WIC participation was associated with greater purchasing of healthy food groups (moderate SOE). Maternal WIC participation was not associated with breastfeeding initiation (moderate SOE). The evidence was insufficient for other outcomes related to maternal health and child growth. The evidence generally was insufficient on how WIC participation affects outcomes across subgroups. Conclusions. Maternal WIC participation was associated with improved birth outcomes, lower infant mortality, and better child cognitive development. WIC participation was associated with purchasing healthier foods and with improved diets for pregnant women and children. More research is needed on maternal health outcomes; food security; child growth, development, and academic achievement; and effectiveness of WIC in all segments of the eligible population.