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1
Rosteghin, Giulia <1990>. "Strumenti finanziari SRI: Caratteristiche e Bias Cognitivi dell’investitore retail." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19380.
Full textAbstract:
Il progetto di tesi si pone l’obiettivo di analizzare, le caratteristiche dell’Investitore individuale in strumenti finanziari SRI, utilizzando lo strumento del questionario.
La tesi si comporrà in due parti, la prima parte di carattere descrittivo e metodologico andrà a contestualizzare l’investimento sostenibile e responsabile, descriverà le caratteristiche principali della finanza comportamentale e la metodologia utilizzata. Nella seconda parte verranno analizzati i dati ottenuti dal questionario, dove si andranno a ricercare eventuali bias cognitivi tra gli investitori individuali di SRI del campione ottenuto.
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Ascone, Christian. "L'impatto della gamification su framing, certainty e reflection effect." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13287/.
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L'elaborato si propone di indagare la correlazione tra gamification e i bias cognitivi dimostrati da Daniel Kahneman.
Si affronta lo studio mediante un prototipo di test, analizzando i dati ottenuti al termine di un esperimento svolto.
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Boffo, Marilisa. "Implicit measurement at the service of mental health: assessment and intervention as the two sides of the same coin." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423753.
Full textAbstract:
Scientific research in psychology is intrinsically bound to the measurement of variables that are per nature highly complex, changeable, and most often unobservable. The design of measurement methods is mostly focused on the attempt to capture the main features of the psychological attribute of interest. The last fifteen years have seen a massive development and use of a new set of measurement instruments that go under the name of implicit measures, which accomplishes the primary goal of indexing psychological attributes interchangeably defined as automatic, uncontrollable, unconscious, impulsive, or implicit. The primary goal of the present work was to explore the implicitness feature of implicit measures and their functioning. The research covered the experimentation of several implicit measures in two different contexts within the broader domain of mental health: the automatic components of stigmatizing attitudes and behaviours towards people affected by a mental disease (Part 1) and the impulsive, automatic processes implied within people affected by a mental disease, more specifically, by an alcohol addiction disorder (Part 2).
Part 1 of this dissertation is concerned with the design of two Implicit Association Tests targeting two aspects of mental illness stigma, namely, aetiological beliefs and prejudicial attitudes. The main objectives were to verify whether these two measures could be used as assessment techniques in this particular framework and to explore the plausible existence of implicit complements of mental illness stigma.
Part 2 doubled the perspective of this research by experimenting implicit measurement techniques as means for change by adapting them to retrain the implicit processes they were initially designed to assess. The study took the form of a Randomised Clinical Trial with alcohol addict outpatients in which the combination of two training paradigms targeting maladaptive impulsive processes towards alcohol (i.e., attentional bias and approach bias) is examined.
In both studies, the measurement properties of the implicit measures developed and their meaning in relation to the theoretical to-be-measured psychological attributes have been explored within a Rasch modelling perspective, through the application of the Many-Facet Rasch Measurement (MFRM) model.
In Part 1, the MFRM model allowed disentangling the different ‘ingredients’ contributing to the emergence of the IATs effect and highlighting how implicit aetiological beliefs and evaluative associations with mental illness are multifaceted aspects. Semantic and evaluative implicit associations with mental illness resulted to be dependent on diagnostic categories and differently determined by biologic semantic associations and by a positive association primacy, respectively. Further, the MFRM evidenced the functioning of the IAT at the microscopic level.
In Part 2, analysis of data of a group of participants at pre- and post-intervention assessment sessions evidenced the first promising results of the RCT: although participants did not show a substantial change in their alcohol attentional and approach bias measures, the MFRM showed a changing process in action. Experimental conditions showed to have a differential effect in bringing in a decrease and/or a reversal of the two cognitive biases. The MFRM contributed to the exploration of the dimensional and theoretical status of the two cognitive bias implicit measures and provided informative clues about their general and domain- specific features. Further, the MFRM retrieved first evidence about a differential effect of the stimuli used in improving control processes over the impulsive reactions towards alcohol.
The intertwined elements of this work, namely, implicit measurement, mental health, and Rasch modelling, have been combined in the attempt not only to clarify the benefits of implicit methods in psychology, but also to unravel what it actually means to use implicit measures. The combination with a rigorous modelling approach indeed demonstrated both the limitations and the strength of this new family of instruments.La ricerca scientifica in psicologia è intrinsecamente legata alla misurazione di variabili che per natura sono mutevoli, presentano un’elevata complessità e molto spesso non sono direttamente osservabili. Lo sviluppo di metodi di misurazione è funzionale alla ricerca di un mezzo per mettere in luce le diverse sfaccettature della variabile psicologica di interesse. Gli ultimi quindici anni hanno assistito ad un enorme sviluppo e applicazione di un nuovo insieme di strumenti di misura note come misure implicite, le quali hanno come scopo primario quello di quantificare quelle variabili psicologiche definite come automatiche, incontrollabili, inconsce, impulsive, o implicite. L’obiettivo principale di questo lavoro è stato quello di esplorare la natura propriamente implicita di alcune di queste misure, insieme al loro funzionamento. Il progetto di ricerca ha incluso la sperimentazione di alcuni metodi di misura impliciti in due diversi contesti all’interno del più ampio ambito della salute mentale: da una parte lo studio delle componenti automatiche nei processi di stigmatizzazione nei confronti di persone affette da un qualche disturbo mentale (Parte 1); dall’altra la considerazione dei processi impulsivi e automatici in persone affette da uno specific disturbo mentale, quale la dipendenza dal alcol (Parte 2). La Parte 1 della tesi include lo sviluppo di due Implicit Association Tests destinati alla valutazione di due aspetti inerenti lo stigma verso la malattia mentale: le credenze eziologiche e gli atteggiamenti pregiudiziali. Gli obiettivi principali hanno riguardato la verifica del possibile utilizzo di queste misure come strumenti di valutazione in questo specifico ambito, e nel contempo dell’effettiva esistenza di una controparte implicita nell’espressione dello stigma verso la malattia mentale. Nella Parte 2 la prospettiva ha assunto un’ulteriore duplice veste attraverso la sperimentazione delle tecniche di misurazione implicita come strumenti di cambiamento, attraverso il loro adattamento alla funzione di training di quei processi impliciti inizialmente misurati. Lo studio ha preso la forma di un Trial Clinico Randomizzato (TCR) con pazienti ambulatoriali dipendenti da alcol, nel quale è valutata la somministrazione di una combinazione di due training per il trattamento dei processi cognitivi automatici disfunzionali (i.e., bias attentivo e di approccio) implicati nella dipendenza da alcol. In entrambi gli studi sono state esplorate sia le proprietà misurative degli strumenti sviluppati, sia la loro relazione con l’ipotetica variabile psicologica misurata all’interno di una prospettiva di modellazione a tratti latenti, attraverso l’applicazione del Many-Facet Rasch Measurement model (MFRM). I risultati ottenuti nella Parte 1 mostrano come il modello MFRM sia riuscito a separare i diversi ‘ingredienti’ che contribuiscono all’emergere dell’effetto IAT evidenziando come le credenze eziologiche implicite e l’atteggiamento implicito nei confronti della malattia mentale siano multi-sfaccettati. Le associazioni semantiche e valutative nei confronti della malattia mentale sembrano cambiare in funzione della categoria diagnostica e sono rispettivamente determinate da associazioni con l’area semantica biologica e da un effetto primacy di associazioni positive. Il modello MFRM ha inoltre reso evidente il funzionamento dello IAT a livello microscopico. Nella Parte 2, l’analisi di un gruppo di partecipanti nelle sessioni di pre- e post- assessment ha dato i primi, promettenti risultanti sull’efficacia del TCR: nonostante al momento i partecipanti non abbiamo menifestato un significativo cambiamento nelle misure del bias attentivo e di approccio verso l’alcol, il modello MFRM ha dimostrato comunque che c’è effettivamente in atto un processo di cambiamento. Le condizioni sperimentali hanno prodotto un effetto discriminante nell’ottenere la diminuzione o il rovesciamento dei due bias cognitivi. Il modello ha inoltre contribuito all’esplorazione della dimensionalità e delle ipotesi teoriche alla base delle due misure implicite dei bias, dando suggerimenti rilevanti circa le loro caratteristiche dominio-generali e dominio-specifiche. Un ulteriore risultato riguarda un primo riscontro di un effetto esercitato dagli stimoli utilizzati nelle due misure nell’aumentare i processi di controllo degli impulsi nei confronti dell’alcol. In conclusione, l’intreccio tra misurazione implicita, salute mentale, e modelli di Rasch è nato allo scopo non solo di chiarire i benefici dell’utilizzo delle misure implicite in psicologia, ma anche per svelare che cosa significa effettivamente la misurazione implicita, mostrando sia i limiti che i punti di forza di questa nuova famiglia di strumenti attraverso la combinazione con un approccio metodologico e modellistico rigoroso.
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Agogué, Marine. "Modéliser l’effet des biais cognitifs sur les dynamiques industrielles : innovation orpheline et architecte de l’inconnu." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENMP0039/document.
Full textAbstract:
L'objet de la thèse est l'étude des dynamiques industrielles, en particulier des biais cognitifs qui conduisent au blocage de ces dynamiques. Si les processus d'innovation dépassant le cadre de l'entreprise ont fait l'objet de diverses recherches, les dynamiques industrielles sont restées peu étudiées sous l'angle du blocage cognitif dans les activités de conception. Pour approfondir cette question, la thèse se focalise sur l'étude d'une phénoménologie nouvelle, l'innovation orpheline, définie comme une innovation très attendue par la société, mais qu'aucun acteur ou consortium d'acteurs n'est capable de générer, alors que les conditions traditionnelles pour favoriser son émergence sont réunies. L'enjeu de la thèse est de répondre à trois questions: Quelle modélisation pour cerner les facteurs causaux de l'innovation orpheline ? ; Quel outil pour diagnostiquer les biais cognitifs dans une situation empirique ? ; Quelles modalités organisationnelles pour sortir de l'innovation orpheline ?Cette démarche a permis de dégager trois résultats principaux :1) un modèle de la fixation cognitive collective, soulignant l'impact fort que peut avoir l'interaction entre les imaginaires singuliers au sein d'un collectif.2) un outil, le référentiel C-K pour identifier la fixation collective et pour diagnostiquer l'innovation orpheline.3) un modèle d'action pour un nouvel acteur, baptisé l'architecte de l'inconnu, en charge de stimuler les capacités de conception innovante de l'écosystème d'acteursThe purpose of the thesis is the study of industrial dynamics, in particular cognitive biases that lead to the lock-in of these dynamics. If innovation processes beyond the scope of the firm have been the subject of various studies, little has been done on the study of industrial dynamics from the perspective of cognitive lock in design activities. To explore this question, the thesis focuses on the study of a new phenomenology, orphan innovation, which is defined as orphan innovation as an innovation highly expected by society, but one which no actor or consortium of actors can manage to process with their current innovation capabilities, although all of the institutional conditions to foster it are gathered. The aim of the thesis is to answer three questions: How to model industrial dynamics and to identify causal factors of orphan innovation? How to build a tool to diagnose cognitive biases and orphan innovation in empirical situations? What are the organizational levers to overcome orphan innovation situations?The thesis then is based on three main results:1) a model of collective cognitive fixation, underlying the impact of imaginaries and their interactions among a collective action.2) a methodology to identify collective fixation and therefore to diagnose orphan innovation.3) a model of action for a new actor, called the architect of the unknown, in charge of stimulating innovative design capacities of the actors among the industry
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Destrez, Alexandra. "Accumulation d'émotions et modifications de la sensibilité émotionnelle et des fonctions cognitives chez les ovins." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00798018.
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La question du bien-être de l'animal ne se pose que si on lui reconnaît le statut d'être sensible, capable de ressentir des émotions. Les émotions dépendent de processus cognitifs qu'entreprend l'animal pour évaluer son environnement. Pour comprendre le passage des émotions à un état de bien-être, nous avons étudié si ces processus cognitifs peuvent être biaisés par les émotions, lesquelles en retour seraient modulées durablement. Un modèle de stress chronique a été développé sur ovins : des agnelles sont exposées de manière répétée à des évènements aversifs, imprévisibles et incontrôlables. L'altération des systèmes neuroendocriniens et la potentialisation de la réactivité émotionnelle confirment que les agnelles ont développé un stress. Ensuite, l'effet de ce stress chronique sur les processus d'évaluation a été exploré : les agnelles stressées montrent une évaluation négative et des déficits d'apprentissage. Enfin, nous avons cherché à savoir si l'induction répétée d'émotions positives chez des agnelles stressées peut contrecarrer les biais d'évaluation négative induits par le stress. Elles évaluent de manière plus positive les événements ambigus que les agnelles uniquement stressées. L'accumulation d'émotions négatives peut conduire l'animal à développer une perception pessimiste de son environnement et une anhédonie, qui contribuent à auto-entretenir l'état de stress. La réduction d'anhédonie après induction répétée d'émotions positives montre que des stratégies cognitivo-comportementales sont envisageables pour corriger un stress. Bien qu'analytiques, ces travaux contribuent à la conception de pratiques d'élevage innovantes améliorant la qualité de vie des animaux.
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Blasi, Pau. "Cognitive and Emotional Bias in Real Estate Investment." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLED041/document.
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L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’analyser comment les biais cognitifs et émotionnels affectent les décisions des investisseurs lorsqu’ils achètent ou vendent des immeubles de bureaux. Pour atteindre cet objectif, cette recherche adopte, dans un premier temps, une démarche qualitative. Les entretiens semi-structurés permettent de détecter et d’analyser les biais les plus importants qui apparaissent au cours de la transaction. Parmi les différents biais décelés « l’oubli de la fréquence de base » a été sélectionné. Ce biais peut apparaître avant l’acquisition lorsque les investisseurs évaluent la performance attendue d’un immeuble. Une analyse quantitative suit pour développer une échelle qui mesure l’effet du biais. Les résultats ont montré que l’incertitude conduit certains investisseurs à supposer que le rendement qu’ils obtiendront à la fin de leur investissement sera égal à celui du rendement initial. En d’autres termes, certains investisseurs estiment que les conditions du marché resteront les mêmes qu’aujourd’huiThe main objective of this thesis is to analyse how cognitive and emotional biases affect investor decisions when buying or selling office buildings. To meet this aim, this research embarks on a qualitative research. Semi-structured interviews permit to detect and analyse the most important biases that appear in the transactions. Among the different biases discovered, the "base-rate fallacy" was selected. This bias may appear before the acquisition when investors evaluate the expected performance of a building. A quantitative analysis follows to develop a scale that tries to measure the effect of the bias. The results showed that uncertainty leads some investors to assume that the yield they will obtain at the end of their investment will be equal to that of the initial yield. In other words, some investors believe that market conditions will remain the same as today
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Rodgers, Naomi Hertsberg. "Cognitive bias and stuttering in adolescence." Diss., University of Iowa, 2019. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/7021.
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Purpose: The tendency to prioritize negative or threatening social information, a cognitive process known as cognitive bias, has been linked to the development of social anxiety. Given the increased risk for social anxiety among adolescents who stutter (aWS), this project extended the research on cognitive bias to aWS to inform our understanding of the psychosocial factors associated with stuttering in adolescence – the period of development when social anxiety typically emerges. The purpose of this two-part study was to examine group and individual differences in two forms of cognitive bias among aWS and typically fluent controls (TFC) – attentional and interpretation biases.
Methods: A sample of 102 adolescents (49 aWS and 53 TFC; 13- to 19-years-old) completed a self-report measure of social anxiety, a computerized attentional bias task, and a computerized interpretation bias task. To assess attentional bias, neutral-negative face pairs were presented in a modified dot-probe paradigm in which response times to engaging and disengaging from neutral, fearful, and angry expressions were measured. To assess interpretation bias, ambiguous verbal and nonverbal social scenarios were presented in a vignette-based recognition task, after which participants endorsed possible negative and positive interpretations of those scenarios.
Results: The aWS and TFC reported comparable degrees of social anxiety, although female aWS reported higher levels than male aWS. For the attentional bias task, aWS were faster to engage with fearful faces than to maintain attention on neutral faces, and they were also faster to disengage from fearful and angry faces than to maintain attention on those negative faces. TFC did not demonstrate an attentional preference for any particular face type. For the interpretation bias task, while aWS and TFC rated negative and positive interpretations of verbal and nonverbal scenarios similarly, social anxiety moderated the effect of interpretation characteristics on endorsement of those interpretations; participants with greater social anxiety endorsed negative interpretations of verbal scenarios to a greater degree than those with lower social anxiety, and participants with lower social anxiety endorsed positive interpretations of verbal and nonverbal scenarios to a greater degree than those with higher social anxiety.
Conclusions: This study contributes to the existing literature in several meaningful ways. First, this sample of aWS and TFC demonstrated comparable rates of social anxiety, which counters many other reports of group differences in social anxiety in this population. Second, it supports previous preliminary accounts of attentional bias among individuals who stutter. The present findings are novel in that aWS’ rapid engagement with and rapid disengagement from negative faces were observed in the absence of group differences in social anxiety. Third, the results challenge the speculation that stuttering is associated with negative interpretation bias – a relationship that has been proposed in the literature but never empirically investigated. Taken together, these findings provide the groundwork for continued investigation into the role of social information processing on psychosocial outcomes for aWS.
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Carreras, Ubach Ricard. "The cognitive bias test as a measure of emotional state in pigs." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/392711.
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L'avaluació de les emocions és un dels principals objectius de la ciència del benestar animal. El test del biaix cognitiu (BC) s'ha proposat com una mesura per avaluar la valència (positiu vs. negatiu) i la intensitat de les emocions en animals i es basa en la premissa que els subjectes amb un estat emocional negatiu jutjaran un estímul ambigu més negativament que els subjectes amb un estat emocional positiu. L'objectiu del primer estudi va ser avaluar l'aplicabilitat i la consistència del test del BC (TBC) en porcs. Els resultats van mostrar que els porcs eren capaços d'aprendre la tasca de discriminació necessària per posteriorment realitzar el TBC. Malgrat tot, es va observar una inconsistència entre el TBC dut a terme en dos moments diferents. Aquest resultat suggereix que els porcs van canviar la percepció de l’estímul ambigu degut a la capacitat de recordar el resultat d’aquest estímul durant el segon TBC. Els objectius del segon estudi van ser 1) avaluar l’efecte del gènere i del genotip halotà en el BC (utilitzant el TBC) i en el nivell de por (utilitzant el test d’objecte novedós, TON), 2) avaluar la relació entre el BC i el nivell de por i 3) contrastar els resultats del TBC i els del TON amb les concentracions d’una sèrie de neurotransmissors. No es van trobar diferencies entre gèneres i genotips respecte el BC i respecte la por, però es va observar una correlació positiva entre els resultats del TBC i el TON, suggerint que la por juga un paper important en la presa de decisió. A més, els porcs amb més por van presentar concentracions més baixes de dopamina, constatant la relació entre aquest neurotransmissor i la resposta de por. Els objectius del tercer estudi van ser 1) avaluar l’efecte del maneig en el BC (avaluat pel TBC), en la por (avaluat per el TON) i en la resposta de cascada defensiva (avaluat per el test de cascada defensiva, TCD), 2) avaluar l’efecte del maneig en la concentració de cortisol en sèrum, saliva i pel i 3) avaluar la relació entre els testos de comportament (TBC, TON i TCD) i amb les concentracions de cortisol. No es van trobar diferencies entre porcs amb maneig positiu i negatiu respecte els testos de comportament i les concentracions de cortisol, suggerint que el maneig dut a terme no va ser prou intens o que les mesures utilitzades no eren valides o no prou sensibles per avaluar aquestes diferencies. Malgrat tot, es van trobar correlacions positives entre els resultats dels diferents testos de comportament constatant que factors individuals com ara el nivell de por o la motivació van tenir un efecte en l’estat afectiu dels porcs. El quart estudi realitzat tenia per objectiu avaluar l’efecte de les condicions d’allotjament en el TBC, en l’avaluació qualitativa de comportament (AQC), en la concentració sèrica de cortisol i en el número de ferides en les canals dels porcs. Els resultats van mostrar que els porcs allotjats en condicions enriquides tenien millors puntuacions en l’AQC, concentracions de cortisol sèric més baixes i un número més baix de ferides a la canal que els porcs criats en condicions empobrides. Malgrat tot, els resultats del TBC no van mostrar aquestes diferències suggerint que el test no és vàlid o prou sensible per detectar les alteracions emocionals en aquests porcs. En resum, és factible aplicar el TBC en porcs, ja que van realitzar correctament la tasca d’aprenentatge requerida, tot i així, el test no va presentar ni consistència ni validesa qüestionant-ne la utilitat per avaluar l’estat emocional en porcs.The assessment of animal emotions is a crucial goal in the study of animal welfare science. The cognitive bias (CB) test has been proposed as a measure to assess the valence (positive vs. negative) and the intensity of animal emotions and is based on the premise that subjects in negative emotional state will judge an ambiguous stimulus more negatively than subjects in positive emotional state. The aims of our first study were to assess the applicability and the consistency of the CB test (CBT) in pigs. Our results showed that pigs were able to learn the spatial discrimination task necessary to subsequently perform the CBT. However, there was lack of consistency between the responses of the CBT performed twice, leaving 5 weeks between them. This result suggests that pigs changed the perception of the ambiguous stimulus due to its ability to remember the outcome of the ambiguous stimulus during the second CBT or due to uncontrolled factors such as their age or hunger state over time. The aims of our second study were 1) to assess the effect of the gender and the halothane genotype on CB (using the CBT) and on the level of fear (using a novel object test, NOT), 2) to assess the relationship between the CB and the level of fear and 3) contrast the results of the CBT and the NOT with the concentrations of several brain neurotransmitters. No differences were found between genders and genotypes regarding the CB and regarding the level of fear but a positive correlation was found between the CBT and the NOT results, suggesting that fear plays an important role in the decision taken by the pig dealing with ambiguous stimuli. Moreover, more fearful pigs had lower concentration of dopamine on the prefrontal cortex, supporting the relationship between this neurotransmitter and the fear response. The aims of the third study were 1) to assess the effect of handling on the CB (assessed by a CBT), on the fear (assessed by NOT) and on the defence cascade response (assessed by the defence cascade test; DCT), 2) to assess the effect of handling on serum, saliva and hair cortisol concentration and 3) to assess the relationship between behavioural tests (CBT, NOT and DCT) and between these tests and cortisol concentrations. No differences between positive and negative handling were found regarding the behavioural tests and cortisol concentrations, suggesting that the handling treatment carried out was not powerful enough to induce such differences or that the measures used were not valid or not sensitive enough to assess such differences. Nevertheless, positive correlations were found between behavioural tests supporting that individual factors such as the fear level, the motivation or the coping style had an effect on pigs’ affective state. The fourth study carried out was aimed to assess the effect of housing conditions on the CBT, on the qualitative behaviour assessment (QBA), on the serum cortisol concentration and on the number of wounds on pigs’ carcass. The results showed that pigs raised in enriched housing conditions had better QBA scores, lower serum cortisol concentration and lower number of carcass lesions than pigs raised in barren housing conditions. However, the results of the CBT did not showed those differences suggesting that the test is not valid or not sufficiently sensitive to detect emotional variation in those pigs. In conclusion, is feasible to apply the CBT in pigs, as they performed correctly the required learning process, however, the test showed no consistency and no validity questioning its utility to assess the emotional state in pigs.
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Ard, Carter. "Eliminating Sex Bias through Rater Cognitive Processes Training." TopSCHOLAR®, 1988. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2122.
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The success of Rater Cognitive Processes Training as a strategy for eliminating sex bias in ratings of performance in a physically demanding job was investigated in the present study. One hundred undergraduate students from a mid -sized regional university served as subjects. The independent variables were type of training and sex of the ratee. resulting in a two by two factorial design. The dependent variable was the performance ratings assigned by the subjects. Subjects in the experimental condition were trained to recognize the important dimensions of performance for the lob of feed handler and received one Practice/feedback session. Subjects in the control condition completed a case study exercise in lieu of training. All subjects then viewed a videotape showing a feed handler moving and stacking what appeared to be 25 lb. bags, and afterward assigned ratings using a graphic rating scale. An ANOVA revealed a significant main effect for sex (p < .026 , and a significant main effect for training (p < .013). The interaction between sex and training was not significant. Results indicated that Rater Cognitive Processes Training was not effective in eliminating sex bias. Instead. a clear contrast effect emerged. Potential implications of this study and future research directions are subsequently explored.
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Pereira, Ana Ribeiro. "Cognitive bias and welfare in shelter cats." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/21306.
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Welfare has traditionally focused on assessing physiological parameters, but over the last
decades there has been growing interest in finding scientific and objective methods to
evaluate emotional states and mental health of animals. Cognitive bias measures have
emerged as tools to assess animal emotion. This preliminary study was undertaken at the
Municipal Animal Shelter (MAS) of Sintra and aimed at evaluating if cats subject to
environmental enrichment showed more optimistic responses towards ambiguous stimuli
in a cognitive bias test. Of an initial group of twenty-four cats, divided into three groups
(Enrichment using Training (EuT), Enrichment using Play (EuP) and not Enriched (nE)),
eight completed the test (three EuT, two EuP and three nE) as the other were excluded
primarily because they were adopted (nine). Latency to reach the unrewarded-near
position was similar in the three groups. More differences were found in the latency to
reach rewarded-near position, where trained cats showed a shorter latency, which could
be indicative of more optimism; Resumo:
Viés Cognitivo e Bem-estar em Gatos de Gatil
Tradicionalmente a avaliação de bem-estar tem-se focado em parâmetros fisiológicos,
mas ao longo das últimas décadas tem surgido interesse crescente em encontrar métodos
científicos e objetivos para avaliar estados emocionais e saúde mental animal. Medidas
de viés cognitivo têm se assumido como ferramentas de avaliação de emoções animais.
Este estudo preliminar foi efetuado no Centro de Recolha Oficial (CRO) de Sintra e teve
como objetivo avaliar se gatos sujeitos a enriquecimento ambiental teriam respostas mais
otimistas perante estímulos ambíguos num teste de viés cognitivo. De um grupo inicial
de vinte e quatro gatos, divididos em três grupos (Enriquecidos com Treino (EuT),
Enriquecidos com Brincadeira (EuP) e Não Enriquecidos (nE)), oito completaram o teste
(três EuT, dois EuP e três nE) tendo os restantes sido excluidos predominantemente
devido a adopção (nove). A latência de chegada à posição próxima da não-recompensada
foi semelhante nos três grupos. Na latência de chegada à posição próxima da
recompensada foram encontradas mais diferenças, com os gatos treinados a mostrarem
latências menores o que poderá ser indicativo de maior otimismo.
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Clarke, Charlotte. "Cognitive bias modification & exercise." Thesis, University of Essex, 2018. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/23593/.
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This doctoral thesis investigates the complex relationship between mental well-being, cognitive bias and physical exercise. The introduction of this thesis begins with a perspective of the relationship between cognitive interpretation bias, physical exercise and mental well-being, specifically anxiety. The thesis begins with two studies which measure the effect of physical exercise on typical individual’s interpretation biases and measures of mental well-being. Study three begins to develop an exercise orientated Cognitive Interpretation Bias Modification (CBM-I) training programme that’s positively valanced and incorporating a dual method of CBM-I and exercise training against a rest control group. Study four uses the same methodological paradigm as study three whilst introducing a more robust control condition and recruiting a high anxiety sample. Study four uses a neutral CBM-I training program instead of a rest control condition, along with a positive CBM-I training program and physical exercise and measures the effect of these on interpretation bias and measures of mental well-being. Study five focuses on developing the neutral CBM-I training in direct contrast to the positive CBM-I training over the course of two sessions with a high anxiety sample of participants. Study Six and seven both recruited a high anxiety sample and were the only studies conducted completely online. Study Six consisted of six sessions of positive or neutral CBM-I training over six weeks. Whilst study seven consisted of three sessions of positive CBM-I, positive CBM-I & exercise, exercise or neutral CBM-I training over a three-week period. The results from these seven studies suggest support for positive CBM-I training which is exercise valanced and physical exercise for reducing self-report anxiety and depression. Implications for mental well-being in cases of sub-clinical anxiety are discussed, limitations addressed and future directions are considered.
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Thrash, Tyler. "Categorical bias in transient and enduring spatial representation." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1302800868.
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Palazon, Tiphaine. "Cognitive bias and welfare of egg-laying chicks: Impacts of commercial hatchery procedures on cognition." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-170777.
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Egg-laying hens coming from commercial hatchery go through hatchery procedures considered as stressful and engaging prolonged stress response in adult chickens. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of commercial hatching procedure on the affective state of chicks, on their short- and long-term memory and on their need for social reinstatement. To assess the affective state of the chicks we used a cognitive bias protocol integrating the ecological response of a chick to the picture of another chick, to an owl and to an ambiguous cue mixing features of both the chickand the owl pictures. Short-term memory was evaluated by using a delayed matching-to-sample experiment (with 10, 30,60 and 120 s delays), with conspecifics as sample stimuli. We assessed long-term memory with an arena containing multiple doors leading to conspecifics, in which a chick had to remember which door was open after a delay of one hour or three hours. Finally, we observed the need for social reinstatement through a sociality test arena allowing a chick to be more or less close to conspecifics. We found that chicks coming from commercial hatchery were in a depressive affective state compare to control group. Those chicks also showed higher need for social reinstatement and loss weight. No differences were found regarding short- and long-time working memory between the two groups, but the methods used during these experiments will be discussed. Studying how commercial procedures impact the cognition and more specifically the emotions and state of mind of chickens, is a necessary step forward into the understanding of farm animals’ welfare.
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Browning, Michael. "The mechanisms and effects of modifying attentional biases to threatening information." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:26959079-8f02-4347-b398-1b8347b64a92.
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Patients with both depression and anxiety show an increased tendency to deploy attention towards negative information. Cognitive models of the illnesses predict that these negative attentional biases are causally related to the symptoms of the disorders. Consistent with this, modifying attentional bias using either antidepressant medication or simple, computer based training tasks has previously been associated with altered symptomatology in both non-clinical and clinical populations. The current thesis aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which attentional bias training tasks alter attention. The investigations were conducted within an experimental neuroscience framework which has previously been successfully deployed in studies of antidepressant medication. The thesis then sought to use these initial results to improve the basic understanding of attentional control processes and, ultimately, guide the development of novel treatment strategies. The initial studies of the thesis characterised the behavioural and neural effects of attentional bias training. Behaviourally, a high degree of generalisation of the training effect was found across a range of emotional stimuli. Neurally, training was found to alter activity in a network of prefrontal regions known to be involved in the control of attention. Further analysis, utilising a computational learning model, suggested that the attentional control systems identified in this study could be understood in terms of expectation based processes. These studies therefore indicated that, in contrast to the predominately limbic effects of antidepressant medication, training initially altered the response of frontal control circuitry. The later studies of the thesis investigated possible strategies for extending the use of attentional bias training. Firstly, combining training with antidepressant medication was found to produce an interference effect on emotional memory suggesting that administering both interventions concurrently is likely to erode their cognitive impact. Lastly, attentional bias training was found not to alter attention in patients with bipolar disorder, with the results of the study indicating that standard assessments of attentional bias in this clinical population are likely to be unreliable. Overall, these studies indicate that attentional bias training may be used to alter the top-down control of attention to emotional information and suggest that such effects may interfere with the bottom-up effects of antidepressant drugs. More generally the work demonstrates the utility of using a cognitive-neuroscientific framework to explore the mechanisms and impact of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Büsser, Ralf. "Cognitive Biases and Investment Behavior." St. Gallen, 2004. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/00635086001/$FILE/00635086001.pdf.
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Todd, Jemma Lauren. "Exploring the Role of Attention and Interpretation Biases in Understanding and Treating Pain." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17033.
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The processes that lead to the development and maintenance of chronic pain are still not well understood, however prominent theories and growing empirical research indicate that cognitive processes are likely to be relevant to pain. The aim of this thesis was therefore to investigate the role of attentional bias and interpretation bias in the experience of pain. Chapter 2 presents a meta-analysis of dot-probe studies investigating whether attentional biases exist, and found attentional biases towards sensory pain words for chronic pain patients compared to healthy individuals. Chapter 3 presents a systematic review investigating the clinical relevance of attentional bias to pain through prospective and intervention research. This review found that changes in pain outcomes occur when attentional biases are successfully modified, and that avoidance of affective pain information appears particularly relevant for pain chronicity. This review formed the basis for a new theory, the threat interpretation model, which proposes a specific pattern of attentional bias dependent on threat interpretation. This model was tested experimentally. Chapters 4 and 5 explored the effect of threat on interpretation bias, attentional bias and pain using different paradigms accompanied by eye-tracking. Chapter 6 tested an attentional bias modification (ABM) procedure using a randomised controlled trial design. Together, the results suggest that avoidance of affective pain words predicts pain outcomes and can be modified, however mechanisms of change were not established. Overall, attentional biases appear important for pain; sensory pain biases are most reliably detected although avoidance of affective pain information may be more clinically relevant to pain development and maintenance. The clinical and theoretical implications of this research will be beneficial in advancing this field, so that novel interventions can be developed to improve the experience of pain.
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Belli, Stefano Roberto. ""Why bother? It's gonna hurt me" : the role of interpersonal cognitive biases in the development of anxiety and depression." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:49351aab-b4c6-49c8-8376-c5dc0ca096f3.
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Child and adolescent mood and anxiety symptoms are common and debilitating, with long-term effects on well-being. Research presented in this thesis examines interpersonal cognitive factors in the emergence of anxious and depressive symptoms in late childhood through to early adulthood. The thesis considers this issue using three main approaches. For the first, data are presented showing that biases in the appraisals of social situations are the aspects of interpersonal cognition most closely associated with emotional symptoms. For the second, longitudinal twin data are used to examine genetic and environmental origins of these interpersonal cognitive biases and their temporal prediction of symptoms across a 2-year period. Data show that interpersonal cognitive factors are strongly influenced by non-shared environmental factors, and moreover, predict symptoms across time. The final section of the thesis comprises four studies using Cognitive Bias Modification of Interpretations (CBM-I) training methodology to show that both positive and negative interpretive biases for interpersonal information can be induced in adolescents. Positive biases are shown to persist for at least 24 hours after training, and induced positive and negative biases are shown to differentially predict anxious responses to an experimental stressor. Evidence is also provided to suggest that effects following training positive interpretive biases may transfer to other cognitive measures, namely appraisals of ambiguous emotional faces. Finally, data tentatively show that CBM-I training may be useful in reducing negative interpretations of interpersonal information made by 11-year-old children undergoing the transition to secondary school. In summary, studies in this thesis support the contribution of cognitive biases to mood and anxiety symptoms in childhood and adolescence. They further extend this knowledge by suggesting that these reflect individual-specific (non-shared) environmental risks to predict symptoms across time. These biases may also be amenable to change through training interventions, with some - albeit weak - effects on other cognitive outcomes.
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Ciuca, Diana M. "Reducing Subjectivity: Meditation and Implicit Bias." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1213.
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Implicit association of racial stereotypes is brought about by social conditioning (Greenwald & Krieger, 2006). This conditioning can be explained by attractor networks (Sharp, 2011). Reducing implicit bias through meditation can show the effectiveness of reducing the rigidity of attractor networks, thereby reducing subjectivity. Mindfulness meditation has shown to reduce bias from the use of one single guided session conducted before performing an Implicit Association Test (Lueke & Gibson, 2015). Attachment to socially conditioned racial bias should become less prevalent through practicing meditation over time. An experimental model is proposed to test this claim along with a reconceptualization of consciousness based in meditative practice.
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Turkel, William J. (William Joseph) 1967. "Anthropomorphic bias in naming." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84771.
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Chan, Stella. "Vulnerability to depression and cognitive bias modification." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2012. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/41397/.
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Background and Aims. Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) has been found to be effective in promoting positive interpretations and mood in adults, including those with symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, only four studies have been conducted in adolescent populations. This study therefore aimed to further investigate the effects of CBM in adolescents, including those who have higher risk for developing depression by virtue of neuroticism. Method. This study adopted a between-groups experimental design across three time points. Seventy-four adolescents aged 16 – 18 were randomised into receiving either two sessions of CBM or control intervention. Their interpretation bias and mood were measured at baseline, immediately post-training and one week afterwards. Stress vulnerability was assessed using a novel experimental stressor; participants were also asked to report their daily mood and stressful events over one week. Feedback was collected. Results. The CBM group showed a greater reduction in negative affect than the control. In addition, the CBM group did not show the increase in state anxiety as seen in control participants. However, CBM did not show superior benefits in other outcome measures. Both groups displayed an increase in positive interpretations, a decrease in negative interpretations, and a reduction in depressive symptoms. The two groups did not differ in their responses to stress. Participants with higher scores on neuroticism showed higher levels of negative interpretation bias, mood symptoms and stress vulnerability. However, there was no evidence to suggest that neuroticism acts as a moderator of training effects. Feedback from participants was mostly positive. Conclusion. Overall, this study has not yielded strong supportive evidence for the use of CBM in healthy or vulnerable adolescents. Despite methodological limitations, this study has broadened the evidence base of CBM in adolescent populations. It also represents an important step in developing CBM as a preventive intervention for vulnerable adolescents.
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Starling, Melissa Jane. "Cognitive bias, personality and arousal in the domestic dog." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10467.
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The domestic dog has lived alongside humankind for many thousands of years, and in that time has undergone extensive selective breeding that has altered both morphology and behaviour. Our close relationship with dogs may to some extent be characterised by inter-specific communication, but this communication may lead to both understandings and misunderstandings. This thesis looks in part at how inter-specific misunderstandings may arise in the dog-human dyad, and how we may be able to both minimise misunderstandings and maximise understandings through our behaviour, the choices we make in training and husbandry practices, and the associations we expose dogs to. Also explored is dog personality, how this can be measured, and what measures of dog personality may mean for the health and welfare of individual dogs as well as patterns in behavioural tendencies. This is explored by way of a personality survey as well as with a cognitive bias task. Cognitive bias in animals has been investigated in recent years as a possible objective measure of positive and negative welfare by measuring the direction (positive or negative) of judgement bias – which refers to whether ambiguous signals are interpreted as predicting a positive or a negative outcome. Interpretation of cognitive bias results was explored and an index of judgement bias developed. The possible applications of a judgement bias index in conjunction with arousal to look at the role of emotional state on operant training procedures is also discussed.
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Pantazi, Myrto. "False Words Seem True: The Power of Truth Bias in shaping Memory and Judgment ." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/245868.
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Language is one of the main means of acquiring information about the world. An important debate in social psychology, linguistics and philosophy is how we come to believe information contained in statements we hear and read. Are we capable of assessing it and filtering it out, in case it is erroneous? Or do we rather tend to believe it? The experimental studies described in this thesis suggest that we strongly tend to believe statements we hear and read, even if we are aware of their falsity. Truth bias, as this tendency has been called, was detected both at the level of people’s memory and at the level of their judgments. Specifically, in a fake judicial context participants who read or listened to statements explicitly designated as true or false about a perpetrator tended to misremember false statements as true. Additionally, they were influenced by the false statements’ content in judgments they made about the perpetrators. Chapter 1 encompasses 5 Studies, all pointing to a strong truth bias, that, contrary to what is often assumed, may operate even in the absence of increased cognitive load (Studies 1–2). Studies 3–5 in Chapter 1 were methodologically-oriented, primarily aimed at testing the validity of the generalized truth bias established in Studies 1–2. Chapter 2 examines potential vigilance triggers that may reduce the truth bias. Manipulating the source of the false information (by informing participants that the speaker is either a defense attorney or prosecutor; Study 1), rendering participants accountable for their judgments (Study 2) or asking real judges to accomplish our experimental task (Study 3) did not reduce the truth bias. Nevertheless, offering participants financial incentives for providing an accurate judgment, eliminated both the memory-based and the judgment-based truth bias (Study 4). Based on the present experimental findings, I develop a model predicting that the truth bias is an intrinsic element of linguistic communication and hard to override.Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Montagnero, Alexandre Vianna. "Um estudo sobre o processamento de informação na ansiedade, através de tarefas de evocação, tomada de decisão e atenção." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59137/tde-19112008-151619/.
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O interesse da psicologia experimental pelo estudo da emoção e sua relação com a cognição foi, até pouco tempo, deixado em segundo plano. Recentemente, com o avanço da neurociência cognitiva, as pesquisas começaram a enfatizar, também, a investigação da relação cognição-emoção, gerando vários modelos explicativos. Mais recentemente, os teóricos voltaram sua atenção para a avaliação cognitiva, em estados de humor negativos como a depressão e ansiedade. Este trabalho investigou, através de experimentos controlados, as três grandes hipóteses que existem sobre o processamento de informação na ansiedade. O estudo foi realizado com 50 estudantes universitários de ambos os sexos. Foi utilizado o software Super Lab®, folhas de registro para avaliação das respostas e a escala Beck para a mensuração do nível de ansiedade. O primeiro experimento avaliou o impacto que estímulos semânticos ambíguos têm no tipo de escolha e na tomada de decisão; os resultados, calculados pela ANOVA, indicaram que os participantes tendem a escolher mais significados negativos, frente a uma escolha ambígua, se comparada às neutras F(1, 49) =107,08, p0,0001. Além disso, os participantes mais ansiosos diferem em média dos menos ansiosos no tempo que levam para se decidirem F(1, 49) =4689, p=0,033. O segundo experimento utilizou uma versão original da tarefa de Stroop emocional; em uma delas, avaliamos o papel que a classe gramatical tinha na focalização atencional dos participantes e, para tanto, utilizamos verbos, adjetivos e substantivos, neutros e ameaçadores, em slides individuais. Uma análise posthoc de Bonferroni indicou que os adjetivos ameaçadores são os que mais elevam a atenção dos participantes com p0,05. Pudemos perceber, também, que a parcela mais ansiosa da amostra leva, em média, mais tempo para nomear as cores das palavras ameaçadoras, de um modo geral F(1, 99) =6,656, p=0,011, o que indica uma grande hiper-vigilância para ameaça em geral. Na segunda tarefa de stroop, queríamos avaliar se palavras abstratas e concretas, neutras e ameaçadoras, eram processadas de um modo diferente. Os resultados indicaram que não, porém os participantes mais ansiosos demonstraram maior seletividade atencional, quando as palavras ameaçadoras foram tomadas como um todo F(1, 99) = 4270, p=0,041, o que pode indicar uma análise primitiva e pouco discriminada. No terceiro experimento, utilizamos listas de palavras com sete itens, onde o item central podia ser neutro ou ameaçador, sendo que, posteriormente, o participante evocava as palavras de que se lembrava. Os resultados indicaram que os participantes se lembraram igualmente bem das palavras iniciais e finais em ambas as listas; contudo, quando a palavra central era negativa, a lembrança foi significativamente mais elevada F(1, 49) = 25, 579, p0,0001, o que pode indicar que temos a tendência a memorizar melhor estímulos negativos. Em conjunto, nossos dados demonstram que os vieses cognitivos são características encontradas em todos os níveis de ansiedade, o que indica que eles devem fazer parte de processamento de informação normal, em situações de perigo. As diferenças encontradas nos participantes mais ansiosos indicam uma maior utilização de recursos executivos, em etapas posteriores de processamento. As implicações clínicas e experimentais são discutidasThe interest of experimental psychology for the study of emotions and its relation with the cognition was, until some time ago, left in second plain. Recently, with the advance of the cognitive neuroscience, the research had started to emphasize also the inquiry of the relation cognition-emotion, generating some clarifying models. More recently, the theoreticians had come back their attention toward the cognitive evaluation in negative mood states as depression and anxiety. Through controlled experiments, the three great hypotheses that exist on the processing of information in the anxiety were investigated in this work. The study was realized with 50 university students of both sexes. The software Super Lab® was used, registration sheet for evaluation of the answers and the Beck scale for the mensuration of the anxiety levels. The first experiment evaluated the impact that ambiguous semantic stimulatons have in the type of choice and taking of decision; the results, calculated for the ANOVA, had indicated that the participants tend to choose more negative meanings, front to a ambiguous choice, if compared with the neutral F (1, 49) =107,08, p0,0001. Moreover, the most anxious participants differ on average from less anxious in the time that lead to decide F (1, 49) =4689, p=0,033. The second experiment used an original version of the emotional Stroop task; in one of them, we evaluate the paper that the grammatical category had in the atencional focalization of the participants and, for in such a way, we use verbs, adjectives and substantives, neutral and threatening, in individual slides. An analysis post-hoc of Bonferroni indicated that the threatening adjectives are the ones that more raise the participants attention with p0,05. We could notice, also, that the most anxious parcel of the sample, takes more time, on average, to nominate the colors of the threatening words in a general way F (1, 99) =6,656, p=0,011, what indicates a great hiper-monitoring for threat in general. In the second stroop task, we wanted to evaluate if abstract and concrete words, neutral and threatening, were processed in a different way. The results had indicated that not, however the most anxious participants demonstrated more atencional selectivity, when the threatening words had been taken as a whole F (1, 99) = 4270, p=0,041, what it can indicate a primitive and few discriminated analysis. In the third experiment, we use lists of words with seven itens, where the central item could be neutral or threatening, being that, later the participant evoked the words that remembered. The results had indicated that they had remembered the initial and final words equally well in both the lists; however, when the central word was negative, the recall was significantly more raised F (1, 49) = 25, 579, p0,0001, what can indicate that we have the trend to better memorize negative stimulatons. In joint, our data demonstrate that the cognitive bias are characteristic and found in all anxiety levels, what shows that they must be part of the normal information processing, in danger situations. The differences found in the most anxious participants indicate a bigger use of executive resources, in posterior stages of processing. The clinical and experimental implications are discussed
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Gosling, Corentin. "Processus émotionnels et cognitifs guidant la prise de décision : étude d'enfants, d'adolescents et d'adultes typiques ou ayant un trouble du spectre de l'autisme." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB247.
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L'objectif général de cette thèse était de mieux caractériser les processus cognitifs et émotionnels guidant la prise de décision à risque. En adoptant une perspective intégrative, regroupant les approches de la psychologie du développement, de la psychologie cognitive et de la psychopathologie, nous avons successivement examiné (i) les mécanismes cognitifs et émotionnels conduisant des adultes à être susceptibles à l'un des principaux biais décisionnels, l'effet du cadre, (ii) la relation entre la prise de risque et la capacité de régulation émotionnelle au cours du développement, (iii) l'influence de l'aversion au risque des individus ayant un Trouble du Spectre de l'Autisme (TSA) sur leur rationalité dans une tâche expérimentale de prise de décision. Notre première étude, réalisée auprès d'adultes typiques, a confirmé expérimentalement que les processus émotionnels d'attraction aux gains sûrs et d'aversion aux pertes sûres hypothétisés par Daniel Kahneman étaient bien au cœur de la susceptibilité à l'effet du cadre. De plus, le contraste de plusieurs conditions expérimentales a confirmé la robustesse de ces processus émotionnels et a permis d'identifier qu'un facteur méthodologique variant entre les deux principales tâches d'effet du cadre modérait la susceptibilité à l'effet du cadre. Notre seconde étude, réalisée auprès d'enfants, d'adolescents et d'adultes typiques, a exploré la relation entre le développement d'une stratégie de régulation émotionnelle (la réévaluation cognitive) et le développement de la prise de décision à risque et de la susceptibilité à l'effet du cadre. Nos résultats ont montré que les adolescents prenaient plus de risques que les enfants ou les adultes mais révélaient que cette hausse de prise de risque était limitée aux situations comportant de faibles chances de succès. De plus, nous n'avons trouvé aucune différence intergroupe quant à l'utilisation de la réévaluation cognitive ou la susceptibilité à l'effet du cadre. Dans une troisième étude, nous avons exploré les capacités de prise de décision de personnes ayant un TSA. Afin d'explorer la relation entre aversion au risque et rationalité chez les personnes ayant un TSA, nous avons adapté un paradigme d'effet du cadre afin de créer des situations où l'aversion au risque pouvait alternativement être une stratégie plus avantageuse, aussi avantageuse ou moins avantageuse que la prise de risque. Nos résultats ont montré que les participants ayant un TSA prenaient systématiquement moins de risques que les participants contrôle lorsque l'aversion au risque était plus avantageuse, ou aussi avantageuse que la prise de risque. En revanche, lorsque l'aversion au risque était moins avantageuse que la prise de risque, les deux groupes manifestaient un pattern de décision similaire. En conclusion, ces différentes études permettent d'enrichir la connaissance des processus émotionnels et cognitifs guidant la prise de décision à risque et la susceptibilité au principal biais décisionnel au cours du développement typique et chez les personnes ayant un TSAThis thesis aimed to provide a better understanding of cognitive and emotional processes underlying the decision under risk. Adopting an integrative perspective that includes approaches of developmental psychology, cognitive psychology and psychopathology, we have successively examined (i) cognitive and emotional processes underlying one of the major decisional bias, the framing effect, (ii) the relationship between risk-taking, framing susceptibility and emotion regulation during development, (iii) the role of risk-aversion in rationality of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in experimental situations. Our first study, analyzing decisions of adults with typical development, has experimentally confirmed that emotional processes of attraction to sure gains and aversion to sure losses hypothesized by Daniel Kahneman are at the core of framing susceptibility. Moreover, the contrast of several conditions has confirmed the robustness of these emotional processes and allowed to identify that one methodological factor varying between the two main framing tasks moderates framing susceptibility. Our second study, analyzing decisions of children, adolescents and adults with typical development, has explored the relationship between the development of an emotion regulation strategy (cognitive reappraisal) and the development of risk-taking and framing susceptibility. Our results showed that adolescents took more risks than children or adults but this increase in risk-taking was limited to situations with a high level of risk. We found no group differences on the frequency and the efficacy of using cognitive reappraisal and on framing susceptibility. Our third study assessed decision-making of adults with ASD. In order to explore the role of risk-aversion in rationality in individuals with ASD, we have adapted a framing paradigm to create situations in which risk-aversion was alternatively more rational, less rational, or neither more nor less rational than risk-taking. Results showed that participants with ASD took fewer risks than control participants when risk-aversion was more, or as advantageous as risk-taking. In contrast, when risk-aversion was less advantageous than risk-taking, both groups adopted a similar decision pattern. In conclusion, these studies expand knowledge on cognitive and emotional processes underlying the decision under risk and framing susceptibility during typical development and in individuals with ASD
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Lang, Tamara Jane. "Cognitive bias modification in the context of depression : interpretation bias and mental imagery." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:23e218bf-c546-4b84-ba09-1545a3d538a4.
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The aim of this thesis was to develop a positive Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) technique using imagery in the context of depressed mood. CBM targets biases associated with emotional disorders. CBM modifying interpretation bias (CBM-I) has been investigated for anxiety, but not depression. Whilst many cognitive processes contribute to depression, the current focus was on mental imagery and interpretation bias. In a series of six studies a positive, imagery-oriented CBM-I was developed, culminating in a final test in a clinically depressed population. Prior research had demonstrated that for positive CBM-I, a verbal rather than imagery condition was not only less effective at promoting positive mood, but led to mood deterioration. Experiment 1 investigated what aspect of verbal processing might be responsible for the paradoxical increase in negative emotion. Results suggested that unfavourable comparisons between the self and the positive CBM-I material was driving the increased negativity. Experiment 2 investigated whether making such comparisons in an imagery mode would yield similar effects and whether field perspective imagery instructions would enhance positive CBM-I. Results indicated that optimal instructions for CBM-I should include field perspective imagery whilst discouraging comparative processing. Studies 3a and 3b investigated the relationship between interpretation bias, mental imagery and depressive symptoms in a large sample. Interpretation bias discriminated between low and high dysphoric participants, who had a greater frequency of negative intrusive images. To target negative intrusive images, a new CBM-I technique was developed in Study 4 and Experiment 5 - "CBM of appraisals". Compared to negative CBM of appraisals training, positive training led to fewer intrusive memories and less intrusive symptomatology concerning a depressive film after one week. Finally in Experiment 6, a multi-component CBM-I package (including auditory CBM-I from Experiments 1 and 2; CBM of appraisals from Study 4 and Experiment 5; plus a picture-word technique) was tested in 24 participants with clinical depression. Positive compared to neutral multi-component CBM-I led to improvements in interpretation bias, appraisal bias, depressive and intrusive symptoms. This suggests the potential clinical benefit of a multi-component positive imagery-oriented CBM-I package.
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Rowsell-Docherty, M. "Cognitive bias modification in children : the effect on interpretation bias, anxiety and mood." Thesis, University of Essex, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.617080.
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Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretation Bias (CBM-I) is a newly developed intervention for anxiety disorders. Based upon cognitive theory, the intervention arises from research connecting interpretation bias towards threat, with the development of anxiety, and uses computer-based training paradigms to modify interpretation bias. Research supporting these training paradigms has mainly been performed with adults, with only a few published studies exploring CBM-I for children. The current study created a new CBM-I training paradigm devised to modify interpretation biases in children 10 to 11 years old. Children were randomly allocated to a training group with feedback or a control group undertaking the training without feedback. A new version of the Scrambled Sentences measure was used to investigate if the effects of training could be generalised. Self-report and parent-report measures were used, with interpretation bias, anxiety and mood measured at pre-training, post-training and a one-week follow-up. Results showed that children in the training group made significantly fewer negative interpretations and reductions in self-reported social anxiety symptoms following training, in comparison to the control group. Symptoms of depression showed no change for either of the groups, suggesting the training paradigm was specifically targeting social anxiety. Similar trends were observed in parents' reported symptoms of their child's anxiety and depression scores; however effect sizes were much smaller. The effects of training on interpretation bias were maintained , with those in the training group continuing to make fewer negative interpretations at the one-week follow-up. The effects of training on interpretation bias were not generalised to the new Scrambled Sentences measure. The study supports the use of CBM-I paradigms in children and suggests further research to develop successful interventions for prevention and treatment. The study additionally highlights parent's limited awareness of their children's social anxiety, suggesting the need for more psycho-education for parents and teachers.
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Habib, Marianne. "Influence des émotions sur la prise de décision chez l’enfant, l’adolescent et l’adulte : Comment le contexte socio-émotionnel et le développement des émotions contrefactuelles influencent-ils nos choix ?" Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05H111/document.
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L’objectif général de cette thèse est (i) d’examiner l’influence du contexte socio-émotionnel sur la prise de décision à risque, chez l’enfant, l’adolescent et l’adulte (ii) et de s’interroger sur la dynamique développementale des Types 1 (heuristique) et 2 (analytique) de raisonnement envisagés par les théories du double processus et de leur articulation avec la Prospect Theory. Selon nous, cette articulation permettra de mieux rendre compte de l’influence des émotions sur la sensibilité aux gains et aux pertes dans la prise de décision. Dans ce contexte, nous avons d’abord examiné l’influence d’un contexte émotionnel incident sur la sensibilité à un biais décisionnel classique, l’effet du cadre de présentation, chez l’adulte. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l’influence du contexte émotionnel du point de vue de sa valence (positive ou négative), avant d’étudier l’influence d’émotions spécifiques (la colère et la peur). Sur le plan de la valence, nos résultats mettent en évidence l’influence des émotions positives dans la disparition de l’effet du cadre, à travers la réduction de l’aversion aux pertes. Les émotions plus spécifiques ont une influence différenciée sur la prise de risque, la peur tendant à l’augmenter, tandis que la colère tend à la réduire. Puis, nous avons étudié l’influence d’émotions positives sur la sensibilité à l’effet du cadre à l’adolescence, période critique en termes de prise de risque. La sensibilité à l’effet du cadre varie en fonction des sommes en jeu, ce qui conduit à une influence différenciée du contexte émotionnel selon cet enjeu. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés au développement de deux émotions intégrales au processus de prise de décision, dites également contrefactuelles (le regret et le soulagement) et à leur influence sur la volonté de reconsidérer un choix. Pour ce faire, nous avons élaboré une tâche de prise de décision induisant du regret ou du soulagement et nous avons mis en évidence un développement progressif du ressenti de ces émotions et de la capacité à les prendre en compte lors de la reconsidération d’un choix antérieur. Enfin, nous avons étudié le développement du regret social et du soulagement social de l’enfance à l’âge adulte, à travers un paradigme de compétition avec un pair. Le contexte de compétition semble biaiser l’évaluation rationnelle du regret et du soulagement à l’adolescence, certaines situations étant perçues comme plus désirables par rapport à un contexte de jeu individuel. Ces résultats sont discutés en lien avec la Prospect Theory, puisque la sensibilité aux gains et aux pertes semble modulée de façon distincte, à différents stades du développement, par le contexte émotionnelThe general goal of this thesis was to study (i) the influence of different socio-emotional contexts on decision-making under risk, in children, adolescents and adults and (ii) the developmental dynamics of the Types 1 (heuristic) and 2 (analytic) of reasoning within the framework of the Dual Process theories, and their articulation with the Prospect Theory. According to us, a better articulation between these two theories could account more efficiently of the influence of emotions on reward and punishment sensitivity in decision-making. Therefore, we first examined the influence of an incidental emotional context on the framing effect - a classical bias in decision-making - on adult participants. We started by studying the influence of the valence of the emotions (positive or negative) and then the influence of different specific emotions (anger and fear) on this bias. Our results revealed that the participants were no longer affected by the framing effect following an exposure to a positive emotional context, due to a decrease of risk aversion in the loss frame. The two negative emotions we considered had opposite effects on risk taking: fear tended to increase risk taking, whereas anger tended to decrease it. In a follow-up study, we investigated the influence of incidental positive emotions on the framing effect during adolescence, a critical period for risk taking. In adolescents, the framing effect was modulated by the amount of the outcome at stake, and the emotional context had different impact on this bias depending of the amount of the outcome considered. Then, we examined the development of two integral (and counterfactual) emotions, regret and relief, and how these emotions affect our willingness to reconsider a choice. We elaborated a new gambling task and we manipulated the outcome obtained by the participants to induce regret or relief. This study provided evidence that the ability to experience regret and relief and the ability to take them into consideration continue to develop during late childhood and adolescence. We finally studied the development of social regret and relief from late childhood to adulthood, using a situation of social competition (playing against a playmate). This socio-emotional context seems to bias the rational evaluation of regret and relief in adolescence, as some situations are evaluated as more desirable, as compared to the same situations in a context of individual game. These results are discussed in light of the Prospect theory, as reward and punishment sensitivity seems to be differently modulated by socio-emotional context, at each developmental stage
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Ataya, Alia. "Assessment of cognitive bias in social alcohol users." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.555655.
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Aims: The presence of cognitive bias towards drug-related cues is thought to play a pivotal role in the maintenance of substance use related psychopathologies. The aims of this thesis were to investigate 1) the presence of cognitive bias; 2) the effects of acute alcohol consumption (0.0 g/kg, 0.13 g/kg, 0.40 glkg) on the presence of cognitive bias; 3) whether lexical or pictorial cues are more effective in eliciting cognitive bias 4) whether the pictorial cue (active, passive) employed influences the presence of cognitive bias; 5) the psychometric properties of cognitive bias measurements (modified Stroop task, visual probe task). Methods: Healthy, heavier and lighter social alcohol users (n = 412) were examined in a series of between-and-within subjects designs examining the presence of cognitive bias among social alcohol users. Results: A priming dose of alcohol influences the presence of cognitive bias on the modified Stroop task but not on the visual probe task contradictory to prior research. Cognitive bias was observed among passive stimuli in the pictorial version of the modified Stroop task only; tentatively suggesting that the presence of cognitive bias varies according to task (modified Stroop task, visual probe task), stimuli (lexical, pictorial) and pictorial cue (active, passive). Our data are also the first to indicate that the modified Stroop task is preferable to the visual probe task as a measure of alcohol-related cognitive bias, on the basis of its psychometric properties. Conclusions: Our data suggest the presence of cognitive bias varies according to the task employed (modified Stroop task, visual probe task), task design (presentation time, blocked or unblocked designs, and stimuli) and the psychometric properties of cognitive bias tasks (internal, test-retest reliability). Future research needs to focus on ensuring the construct validity of cognitive bias measurements. Studies using cognitive bias tasks should not assume they are reliable, and should routinely report reliability estimates where possible.
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Porter, James F. (James Franklin). "Cognitive Processing Bias in Sexually Aggressive College Men." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278729/.
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The study of cognitive factors in sexual aggression has, for the most part, been limited to beliefs and attitudes. The present study sought to detect a rape-supportive schema of sexual relationships that organizes and guides information processing in several cognitive domains: cognitions arising in the context of a simulated sexual situation, memory, person perception, and social reasoning.
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Falcomer, Federica <1988>. "Tra razionalità e distorsioni cognitive: l'Home Bias Puzzle." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3246.
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Da diversi studi emerge che gli individui non sempre si comportano in modo perfettamente razionale, anzi, spesso tendono ad agire sulla base di componenti emotive ed istintive violando quanto enunciato dalla teoria tradizionale della finanza. Con questo elaborato si intende quindi presentare un nuovo approccio per comprendere al meglio la teoria della finanza: la finanza comportamentale, che non vuole sostituirsi ai paradigmi classici, ma piuttosto colmarne le lacune.
Diventa questo il punto di partenza per lo studio del fenomeno dell’home bias. Infatti, la tendenza degli investitori a privilegiare l’acquisto di titoli mobiliari nazionali costituisce uno degli elementi di maggiore apparente contrasto con i dettami della teoria finanziaria, manifestando un’apparente irrazionalità nel comportamento degli investitori, poiché l’insufficiente diversificazione internazionale comporta l’assunzione di un maggior rischio, a parità di rendimento atteso.
Si vuole quindi indagare sui fattori da cui scaturisce attraverso una revisione della letteratura presente e un esperimento sottoposto ad un campione di studenti sotto forma di questionario.
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Ackelman, Emma. "Cognitive Judgement Bias as an Indicator for Animal Welfare." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166576.
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Animal welfare has long been a subject under debate. Since animals are unable to voice concerns about their living standards it is of interest to find other ways to secure their wellbeing. A new measurement has been introduced where animals’ own judgement can act as an indicator for their emotional state and welfare. This study summarizes key elements from previous literature and research in order to explain the connection between welfare and judgement bias. Emotions have been defined as either an observable reaction to a stimulus or a subjective conscious experience of the stimulus. The second has been difficult to assess in animals since they cannot vocalise their own interpretations, hence emotions in animals are assessed based on the first definition. The study of animal welfare is in short the study of animal’s judgement of the world, which in turn indicate how animals feel. Cognitive judgement bias has been defined as whether an animal assess an ambiguous stimulus as negative or positive, a common method used to demonstrate this concept is the go no-go method. Animals learn to discriminate between two stimuli and is then presented with an ambiguous stimulus. The response to the ambiguous stimulus is recorded and determine if the animal is optimistic or pessimistic in its judgement. Research has been rather successful in determining factors which can affect animal welfare, opening up for deeper discussions concerning animal cognition, awareness and their effect on welfare, but further refinements are required to assess the influence of judgement bias.
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Thomas, Richard. "A comparison of methodologies in a diagnostic overshadowing study : clinical impressions of short case presentations." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288441.
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Jeffrey, Sian. "Attentional and interpretive bias manipulation : transfer of training effects between sub-types of cognitive bias." University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0234.
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[Truncated abstract] It is well established that anxiety vulnerability is characterised by two biased patterns of selective information processing (Mathews & MacLeod, 1986; Mogg & Bradley, 1998). First anxiety is associated with an attentional bias, reflecting the selective allocation of attention to threatening stimuli in the environment (Mathews & MacLeod, 1985; MacLeod, Mathews & Tata, 1986; MacLeod & Cohen, 1993). Second anxiety is associated with an interpretive bias, reflecting a disproportionate tendency to resolve ambiguity in a threatening manner (Mogg et al., 1994). These characteristics are shown by normal individual high in trait anxiety (Mathews, Richards & Eysenck, 1989; Mogg, Bradley & Hallowell, 1994; Mathews & MacLeod, 1994), and by examining clinically anxious patients who repeatedly report elevated trait anxiety levels (MacLeod, Mathews & Tata, 1986; Mogg & Bradley, 1998). '...' Two alternative hypotheses regarding this relationship are proposed. One hypothesis is that attentional and interpretive biases are concurrent expressions of a single underlying biased selectivity mechanism that characterises anxiety vulnerability (the Common Mechanism account). In contrast, a quite different hypothesis is that attentional and interpretive biases are independent cognitive anomalies that represent separate pathways to anxiety vulnerability (the Independent Mechanisms account). The present research program was designed to empirically test the predictions that differentiate the Common Mechanism and Independent Mechanisms accounts. The general methodological approach that was adopted was to employ bias manipulation tasks from the literature that have been developed and validated to directly modify one class of processing bias (i.e. attentional bias or interpretive bias). The effect of these direct bias manipulation tasks on a measure of the same class of processing bias or the other class of processing bias was then examined. The Common Mechanism and Independent Mechanisms accounts of the relationship between attentional and interpretive bias generate differing predictions concerning the impact of directly manipulating one class of processing bias upon a measure of the other class of processing bias. The central difference between the alternate accounts is their predictions regarding cross-bias transfer, that is the transfer of training effects from direct manipulation of one class of processing bias to a measure of the other class of processing bias. Whereas the Common Mechanism account predicts that such cross-bias transfer will occur, the Independent Mechanisms account does not predict such transfer. A series of seven studies is reported in this thesis. There was some difficulty achieving successful bias modification using bias manipulation approaches established in the literature; however when such manipulation was achieved no cross-bias transfer was observed. Therefore the obtained pattern of results was consistent with the Independent Mechanisms (IM) account, and inconsistent with the Common Mechanism (CM) account. A more detailed version of the IM account is developed to more fully accommodate the specific results obtained in this thesis.
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Raykos, Bronwyn C. "Attentional and interpretive biases : independent dimensions of individual difference or expressions of a common selective processing mechanism?" University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0018.
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[Truncated abstract] Attentional and interpretive biases are important dimensions of individual difference that have been implicated in the etiology and maintenance of a range of clinical problems. Yet there has been no systematic investigation into the relationship between these dimensions of individual difference. The current research program tested predictions derived from two competing theoretical accounts of the relationship between attentional and interpretive biases. The Common Mechanism Account proposes that cognitive biases represent concurrent manifestations of a single underlying selective processing mechanism. The Independent Mechanism account proposes that independent mechanisms underlie each bias. . . An apparent contradiction is that the manipulation of one bias served to also modify the other bias, despite the observation that the magnitude of the resulting change in both biases was uncorrelated. Neither the Common Mechanism nor the Independent Pathways accounts can adequately explain this pattern of results. A new account is proposed, in which attentional and interpretive biases are viewed as representing mechanisms that are related but that are not the same. Theoretical and applied implications of these findings are discussed, including the possibility that the two biases each may best predict emotional reactions to quite different stressful events and that training programs designed to attenuate allocation of attentional resources to threat may serve to reduce both attentional and interpretive selectivity in emotionally vulnerable individuals.
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Dippenaar, Andre. "The Dangers of Speaking a Second Language: An Investigation of Lie Bias and Cognitive Load." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32623.
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Today's world is an interconnected global village. Communication and business transactions are increasingly conducted in non-native languages. Literature suggests that biases are present when communicating in non-native languages; that a truth bias is present in first language communication, and a lie bias in second language communication. Less than 10% of South Africa's population identifies with English, the lingua franca of the country, as a first language. Not much research in the presence of bias in second language communication has been published in the South African multi-lingual context. This study evaluated the presences of bias within deception frameworks such as the Truth Default State and the veracity effect. This study investigated whether deception detection can be improved by modifying the conditions under which statements are given by placing statement providers under cognitive load. The accuracy of veracity judgment language profiling software, LIWC2015, using published deception language profiles was compared against the results of the participating veracity judges. Results of the study were mixed. It was consistent with extant literature in a presence of a truth bias overall, but mixed in terms of a lie bias. The results supported the Truth Default Theory and veracity effect frameworks. LIWC2015 performed marginally better than human judges in evaluating veracity.
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Brodrick, Paul Matthew. "Cognitive bias in generalised anxiety disorder and its relationship with the effect od SSRI treatment." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270352.
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Eastes, Richard-Emmanuel. "Processus d'apprentissage, savoirs complexes et traitement de l'information : un modèle théorique à l'usage des praticiens, entre sciences cognitives, didactique et philosophie des sciences." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010593/document.
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Cherchant à établir un pont théorique et pratique entre les sciences de l'éducation, les sciences cognitives et la philosophie des sciences, la thèse développe un modèle didactique à l'interface entre ces disciplines : le modèle allostérique de l'apprendre initié et développé par Giordan (1988) et al. (1992), qui s'inscrit dans le paradigme des théories du changement conceptuel. Nourri par les travaux récents des psychologues cognitifs sur les processus d'apprentissage tels que les théories du recyclage neuronal (Dehaene, 2007) ou de l'inhibition cérébrale (Houdé & Tzourio-Mazoyer, 2003), ainsi que sur diverses théories relatives à l'élaboration de la pensée telles que l'économie comportementale (Tversky & Kahnernan, 1982) ou le modèle-cadre SRK (Rasmussen, 1990), ce modèle développe et précise le concept d’allostérie à travers la description et la formalisation des processus de déconstruction-reconstruction des conceptions, qui ont lieu lors des apprentissages complexes. De la phase de théorisation du modèle, effectuée par un recours aux formalismes de la réactivité chimique en accord avec la métaphore initiale de l'allostérie, il est possible de déduire divers environnements didactiques opératoires et féconds pour le praticien de l'enseignement et de la médiation scientifiques. Ces prévisions théoriques sont alors mises à l'épreuve de l'expérimentation didactique à travers une recherche de terrain centrée sur la notion d'expérience contre-intuitive (Eastes & Pellaud, 2004) menée auprès de différents types de publicsAiming at bridging education sciences, cognitive sciences and philosophy of science both theoretically and practically, this thesis develops a didactical model at the interface between these fields: the allosteric learning model developed by Giordan (1988) et al. (1992), understood in the context conceptual change theories paradigm. Fueled by the recent works of cognitive psychologists on learning processes such as neuronal recycling (Dehaene, 2007) or cerebral inhibition (Houdé & Tzourio-Mazoyer, 2003), as well as on various theories related to the thought processes such as behavioral economies (Tversky & Kahneman, 1982) or the Skills-Rules-Knowledge framework model (Rasmussen, 1990), this model develops and refines the concept of allostery through the description and formalization of specific processes that take place in complex learning situations : the deconstruction-reconstruction of conceptions. Based on the theorization of the model, done through the use chemical reactivity formalisms in line with the initial metaphor of allostery, it is possible to deduce various operational and fruitful didactical environments for teaching practitioners or science communication professionals. These theoretical projections are then put to the test through didactic experimentation taking the shape of field research on the notion of counter-intuitive experiment (Eastes & Pellaud, 2004) conducted with different types of target groups
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Rigrish, Renee Nicole. "Investigation of Cultural Bias Using Physiological Metrics: Applications to International Business." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1440672493.
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Pryor, Jennifer Maureen. "The Positivity Effect: Is it a Memory Retrieval Bias?" W&M ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626674.
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Harrop, Christopher Paul. "Early experiences and cognitive bias in adolescent aggressive behaviour." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487731.
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In the present research it was hypothesised that biases in attention for threat and aggression stimuli would be present amongst aggressive youth and that these would be related to angry or anxious traits because these too are proposed to be resultant of early maltreatment experiences.
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Paetzel, Fabian, and Rupert Sausgruber. "Cognitive Ability and In-group Bias: An Experimental Study." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6448/1/WP265.pdf.
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We study the role of performance differences in a task requiring cognitive effort on in-group bias. We show that the in-group bias is strong in groups consisting of high-performing members, and it is weak in low-performing groups. This holds although high-performing subjects exhibit no in-group bias as members of minimal groups, whereas low-performing subjects strongly do. We also observe instances of low-performing subjects punishing the in-group favoritism of low-performing peers. The same does not occur in high-performing or minimal groups where subjects generally accept that decisions are in-group biased.Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Rao, Rashmi Jayathirtha. "Modeling learning behaviour and cognitive bias from web logs." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492560600002105.
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Caetano, Kátia Alessandra de Souza. "Eficácia da terapia cognitiva processual no tratamento do transtorno de ansiedade social: avaliação de um ensaio clínico randomizado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59137/tde-26062017-233129/.
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Diferentes ensaios clínicos randomizados demonstram que a Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental (TCC) é muito efetiva no tratamento do Transtorno de Ansiedade Social (TAS). Entretanto, uma quantidade significativa de pacientes não apresentam melhora após a finalização da intervenção com TCC. Tal dado indica a necessidade de desenvolver novas estratégias de tratamento para o TAS. A Terapia Cognitiva Processual (TCP) é uma nova abordagem dentro do campo da TCC que tem como principal objetivo auxiliar os pacientes a identificar e modificar suas crenças centrais disfuncionais, sendo o Processo uma das principais técnicas utilizadas. Algumas pesquisas têm demonstrado a efetividade do Processo no tratamento do TAS e de outros transtornos psiquiátricos. Entretanto, novas pesquisas são necessárias para avaliação não somente de tal técnica, mas de todo o protocolo de intervenção da TCP. Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar se participantes que receberam uma intervenção individual em TCP apresentam diferenças em relação a sintomas de ansiedade social, medo da avaliação negativa, esquiva e desconforto social, ansiedade, depressão, sofrimento psíquico, distorções cognitivas e viés atencional. Este é um ensaio clínico randomizado que comparou um grupo que recebeu intervenção em TCP e um grupo lista de espera no tratamento do TAS. O estudo apresenta três grupos de pesquisa: o TCP (n =18), o lista de espera (n =21) e o saudável (n =19). Um pesquisador independente ao estudo realizou a distribuição aleatória dos participantes com TAS entre os grupos TCP e lista de espera. Foram realizadas avaliações no pré e pós-teste através de diferentes escalas de auto-relato e do teste de Stroop emocional. Adicionalmente, o grupo TCP respondeu tais escalas a cada quatro sessões. O tratamento foi realizado em 16 sessões com duração de 1h30min cada utilizando a TCP no formato individual. Houve uma redução significativa nos sintomas de ansiedade social, ansiedade, depressão, esquiva e desconforto social, e sofrimento psíquico no grupo TCP ao longo do tratamento (p < 0,05). Tais reduções foram associadas a tamanhos de efeito grandes. Não foram observadas mudanças em nenhum dos instrumentos utilizados no grupo lista de espera (p > 0,05). Houve ainda uma significativa redução no medo da avaliação negativa após a utilização do Processo no grupo tratado, além de uma redução em distorções cognitivas (p < 0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças no pré e pós-teste em relação ao viés atencional nos três grupos da pesquisa (p > 0,05). Este estudo sugere que a TCP pode ser uma nova abordagem clínica efetiva no tratamento do TAS associado à diferentes comorbidades, haja vista que houve uma redução em sintomas de ansiedade social e sintomas comórbidosDifferent randomized clinical trials show that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is highly effective in the treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). However, a large number of patients do not show improvement after receiving CBT. This indicates that it is important to develop new treatments for SAD. Trial-Based Cognitive Therapy (TBCT) is a new approach within the field of CBT area. It aims to help patients to identify and to modify their dysfunctional core beliefs. One of the main TBCT techniques proposed by TBCT is the Trial. Some research studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of Trial in the treatment of SAD, and other disorders. However, further investigation is needed to firmly establish the efficacy not just for the Trial technique, but also the TBCT approach as a treatment for SAD and other disorders. This research aims to evaluate wheter SAD participants receiving TBCT individual-sessions differ from a SAD waiting list group condition regarding symptoms of social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, social avoidance and distress, anxiety, depression, mental suffering, and attentional bias. This is a randomized clinical trial comparing TBCT and a Waitlist control condition for the treatment of SAD. The study has three groups: TBCT (n =18), Wailist (n =21), and healthy group (n =19). An independent researcher to study distributed randomly the participants with SAD between TBCT or Waitlist condition. Assessments were made at pre and post-test using several self-report scales, and the emotional Stroop test in the three groups. Additionaly, the TBCT group answered these scales each four sessions. The treatment was delivered in sixteen 1.5 hour sessions using the individual TBCT format. There were reductions in social anxiety, anxiety, depression, social avoidance and distress, and mental suffering symptoms at TBCT group (p < 0.05), but not in the Waitlist group (p > 0.05). Those reductions were associated with a large effect size. There was a significant reduction at fear of negative evaluation after Trial use, and reductions at cognitive distortions throughout the treatment as well (p < 0.05). There were no differences among the three groups regarding attentional bias at pre-test nor at post-test (p > 0.05). This study suggests that TBCT may be a new effective clinical approach to treat SAD associated with high rates of comorbidity, as there were significant reductions in the comorbid symptoms
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Nightingale, Zoe C. "Cognitive rehearsal, cognitive bias and the development of fear in high trait-anxious children." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6944/.
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Previous research has shown that high trait-anxious children, relative to low trait-anxious children, are at an increased risk of developing fear due to threatening information (Field, 2006b; Field and Price-Evans, 2009). However, the mechanism that underlies this relationship remains unknown. Cognitive models of vulnerability to anxiety propose that biases in the processing of threat-relevant material play a part in the aetiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders (Beck and Clark, 1997; Eysenck, 1992) and as such could potentially explain the relationship between trait-anxiety and fear development in the face of ambiguous information in children. For example, high-anxious children tend to interpret ambiguous information in a more negative manner (interpretation bias) and remember ambiguous information as being more threatening than it was originally (memory bias) (see Hadwin and Field, 2010, for a review). Additionally, high-anxious children have been found to engage in negative cognitive rehearsal (Comer, Kendall, Franklin, Hudson, and Pimental, 2004). The experiments in this thesis investigated whether these cognitive biases underlie the relationship between trait anxiety and fear development in non-clinical children. In a series of three experiments, children (aged 8-11 years) were presented with some ambiguous information regarding two novel animals (the quoll and the cuscus) and before completing a cognitive rehearsal task were told that they would soon be asked to approach the animals. There were several findings: 1) High trait-anxious children were not significantly more likely than low trait-anxious children to display any of the cognitive biases tested (i.e., interpretation bias, memory bias or cognitive rehearsal). However, tentative evidence suggested that interpretation bias exacerbated the relationship between trait anxiety and fear; 2) Whether children cognitively rehearsed the ambiguous information or not had no significant impact on their fear for the animals, nor did the valence of their thoughts; 3) Children who interpreted the ambiguous information more negatively were more likely to become fearful of the animals and were also more likely to remember more negatively-biased and less positively-biased pieces of ambiguous information; 4) It was the lack of positively-biased memories not the increased number of negatively-biased memories that led children who interpreted the information more negatively to become more fearful of the animals as a result. The findings are discussed with reference to their implications for the theory and prevention of childhood fear: that positive interpretation and memory bias training may act to decrease or even help to prevent fear development in children.
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Stephens, Victoria Clare. "Effects on depressive symptoms of a Web-based Cognitive Bias Modification-Interpretation (CBM-I) program for emotion recognition : a randomised controlled trial." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16430.
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Depression is a global problem, causing disability and economic burden. Many people currently do not obtain treatment. Development of more accessible, cost-effective treatments is essential. An identified mechanism by which depression treatments work is through modifying underlying negative cognitive biases, which mediate changes in mood. A specific negative information-processing bias in depression is a tendency to interpret ambiguous facial expressions as sad rather than happy. The emotion recognition task is a treatment paradigm developed as a cognitive bias modification intervention to target this emotion recognition bias. Previous studies showed promising signs that this novel intervention could modify biases in people with low mood outside of laboratory conditions and potential to increase positive affect within laboratory conditions. The current study built on these developments, aiming to investigate, using a randomised controlled trial with follow-up at 2 and 6 weeks, whether a web-based version of the emotion recognition task could reduce depressive symptoms in addition to modifying emotion recognition biases. An analogue sample of 124 participants with low mood was recruited. Evidence was found that the intervention modified participants’ biases, compared to the control group but there was no evidence of improvement in mood. Study limitations included a high rate of attrition and non-adherence to the intervention. Future recommendations include modifying the intervention to increase acceptability, investigating generalizability of increased positive bias to different stimuli, and identifying consistent reductions in symptoms of depression before examining its efficacy with a clinical population.
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Louw, Robert Hendrik. "Entrepreneurial Search Principles : How to save time and avoid bias." Thesis, KTH, Entreprenörskap och Innovation, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168923.
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When entrepreneurs are searching for more information to develop their business ideas, they generally do not have enough time to do extensive research and thus are inclined to take shortcuts. This could undermine the rationality of their decisions, depending on what information is not found. However, one popular shortcut offers an interesting opportunity. By consulting experts, entrepreneurs can save time and, if they apply the search principles identified in this study, they can further avoid search obstacles, such as cognitive biases and poor decision framing. For example, by consulting skeptics of a technology, entrepreneurs can counteract their own optimism. While the right mitigation techniques for bias may seem obvious once the bias has been identified, acting pro-actively is not obvious and seems to require experience or prior learning. The results of this study were obtained by applying grounded theory on data obtained from semi-structured interviews. Nine interviews were done in Stockholm, Sweden. The interviewees included founders of companies, a business developer and a business coach for entrepreneurs.
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Shin, Hye Min. "On the Relationship Between Misperceptions of Randomness and the Self-Serving Bias." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/675.
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The study looked at how misperceptions of randomness (the gambler’s fallacy or the hot-hand fallacy) would show differences in self-serving-bias through different levels of perceived control. In order to investigate this relationship between misperceptions of randomness, self-serving bias, and perceived control, the study manipulated perceived control by varying who threw the coin (experimenter/participant) and by showing a skill prime to some participants. Thus, in the experiment, participants either saw a skill prime or not by random assignment. Afterwards, the participants predicted an outcome, rated the confidence of the prediction, then the participants would throw a coin for half of the trials while the experimenter would for the other trials. Due to little variability of the self-serving bias, the analysis could not test the hypothesis. However, the study found that other variable such as confidence was able to predict the misperception of randomness when the participants threw the coin.
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Ji, Julie. "Emotional mental imagery : investigating dysphoria-linked bias." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/267883.
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Mental representations can be consciously experienced in mental imagery format, and verbal-linguistic format. Mental imagery representations of emotional information can evoke more powerful emotional responses than verbal-linguistic representations of the same information. Biases in mental imagery-based cognition are postulated to play a role in the maintenance of emotional disturbance in depression. Despite growing research, two questions remain: 1) is dysphoria (mild to moderate depression symptoms) associated with mood-congruent bias in the frequency of mental imagery generation; and 2) are such biases related to state emotional experience and emotional response to emotional information in dysphoria? To examine question one, participants varying in levels of dysphoria reported the occurrence of mental imagery in real time under task contexts that were emotional (negative and positive verbal cues) and unemotional (neutral verbal cues). Mental imagery generation was assessed under two task conditions: a) when participants were instructed to generate mental imagery in response to verbal cues (Study 1 & 2); and b) when participants were not instructed to generate mental imagery (or verbal-linguistic representations) during exposure to similar verbal cues (Study 2, 3, & 4). Results from all studies, across both instruction types, showed that dysphoria was associated with a loss of positive bias in mental representation generation, driven by reduced positive representation generation (Study 1, 2 & 4), but also by elevated negative representation generation (Study 1, 2 & 3). Interestingly, evidence of a loss of positive bias was most consistently observed when given neutral verbal cues, but also when given positive verbal cues. However, such dysphoria-linked effects were not disproportionately evident for mental imagery relative to verbal-linguistic representations, when both were allowed to naturally occur in Study 2, 3, & 4. Unexpectedly, dysphoria was associated with reduced tendency to generate negative imagery relative to negative verbal-linguistic representations in Study 2, though this finding was not replicated in Study 3 or Study 4. To examine question two, participants provided state mood ratings in addition to reporting mental representation occurrence during exposure to auditory emotional information (Study 3: verbal cues; Study 4: news stories). Dysphoria and mental representation generation was found to be unrelated to emotional response on negative trials (Study 3 & 4). However, greater occurrence of mental imagery, but not verbal-linguistic representation generation was related to greater positive emotional response on positive trials for individuals with dysphoria (Study 3), and all participants (Study 4). Study 5 analysed existing clinical trial data and found that the vividness of positive future event imagery is related to optimism in depression, such that those able to envision a brighter future are relatively more optimistic, and regain optimism more quickly, than those less able to do so, even when currently depressed. In summary, dysphoria was associated with loss of positive bias in mental representation generation, though such effects were not unique to imagery. Importantly, greater occurrence of mental imagery-based, but not purely verbal-linguistic, representations were associated with greater positive emotional response to positive information, and may hold value as a target for future translational research.
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Schlegel, Erin F. "Moderators of the relationship between cognitive bias and depressive symptoms." Connect to resource, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/28368.
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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 34 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 24-27). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Yu, Shiu-man. "Cognitive bias in grief and depression a Hong Kong Report /." Click to view E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3710536X.
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