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Journal articles on the topic 'Bias cognitivi'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 March 2023

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1

BELVEDERE, VALERIA. "Overdesign e sviluppo del nuovo prodotto: un’indagine sul ruolo dei bias cognitivi nei processi decisionali dei progettist." Sinergie Italian Journal of Management, no. 94 (2018): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7433/s94.2014.04.

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2

Angelozzi, Andrea. "Problemi della previsione in psichiatria." PSICOTERAPIA E SCIENZE UMANE, no. 4 (December 2021): 623–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pu2021-004005.

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Sono esaminati vari problemi relativi alla previsione in psichiatria. I dati disponibili mostrano, in modo simile alle scienze sociali, ampi limiti nella capacità previsionale, specie per quanto riguarda il suicidio, la violenza e altri aspetti comportamentali. Vengono esaminate le difficoltà che nascono dal cercare di derivare il futuro della persona dal suo passato, la mancata coerenza fra aspetti di personalità e possibili comportamenti e il privilegio dato a strumenti psicopatologici incentrati sul singolo caso, rispetto a quelli attuariali con valutazioni testistiche e statistiche. Vengono anche evidenziati i numerosi bias cognitivi che distorcono le previsioni, in particolare l'errore fondamentale di attribuzione, che privilegia aspetti personologici rispetto a quelli situazionali. Ma altri bias hanno una importante azione distorsiva, da quelli della rappresentatività a quelli della disponibilità, da quelli statistici, al framing o al priming. Emerge una psichiatria molto legata nelle pratiche ancora al senso comune e alla folk psychology, con la ricchezza ma anche i molti errori che la caratterizzano. Di fatto esiste una modesta capacità previsionale riconosciuta alla psicologia popolare e alla psichiatria, ma è legata più a vincoli situazionali che a modelli personologici e psicopatologici e in ogni caso scarsamente affidabile per la previsione clinica in psichiatria.

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3

Cadamuro, Alessia, Annalisa Versari, and Piergiorgio Battistelli. "Processi di autovalutazione in etŕ evolutiva: aspetti metacognitivi e stili attributivi." RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA, no. 3 (February 2013): 387–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rip2011-003004.

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Lo scopo di questa ricerca e lo studio della capacita di autovalutazione di 271 alunni della scuola primaria e secondaria ai quali sono state proposte due prove di ragionamento aritmetico e formale. Ai soggetti veniva richiesto di stimare il numero di risposte esatte che ritenevano di avere dato e successivamente di confrontare la propria prestazione con quella di soggetti a loro simili. I risultati dimostrano che per tutti i soggetti e in tutte le prove tra i punteggi reali e gli indici dell'autovalutazione vi e una relazione negativa e significativa. L'analisi dei giudizi comparativi conferma i risultati ottenuti da Kruger e Dunning (1999): i soggetti meno abili tendono a sovrastimare significativamente la loro prestazione mentre i soggetti piu abili tendono a sottostimarla. La prima tendenza e presente in tutte le fasce di eta ma la seconda emerge in misura significativa in seconda media. Questi risultati possono essere interpretati come la verifica che l'accuratezza della valutazione comparativa dipende da molte variabili, alcune di natura cognitiva e metacognitiva, altre riferibili all'autorappresentazione. Per questo motivo questi bias nell'autovalutazione sono stati riportati anche alla prospettiva dello stile attribuzionale causale (fattori interni vs esterni; controllabili vs non controllabili). In conclusione i processi cognitivi e metacognitivi vanno ricondotti anche alle dinamiche dell'autorappresentazione soggettiva ed ai bisogni della salvaguardia dell'immagine di se.

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4

Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia, Cornelia Mothes, and Nick Polavin. "Confirmation Bias, Ingroup Bias, and Negativity Bias in Selective Exposure to Political Information." Communication Research 47, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 104–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650217719596.

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Selective reading of political online information was examined based on cognitive dissonance, social identity, and news values frameworks. Online reports were displayed to 156 Americans while selective exposure was tracked. The news articles that participants chose from were either conservative or liberal and also either positive or negative regarding American political policies. In addition, information processing styles (cognitive reflection and need-for-cognition) were measured. Results revealed confirmation and negativity biases, per cognitive dissonance and news values, but did not corroborate the hypothesis derived from social identity theory. Greater cognitive reflection, greater need-for-cognition, and worse affective state fostered the confirmation bias; stronger social comparison tendency reduced the negativity bias.

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5

Hertel, Paula T., and Andrew Mathews. "Cognitive Bias Modification." Perspectives on Psychological Science 6, no. 6 (October 14, 2011): 521–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691611421205.

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Research conducted within the general paradigm of cognitive bias modification (CBM) reveals that emotional biases in attention, interpretation, and memory are not merely associated with emotional disorders but contribute to them. After briefly describing research on both emotional biases and their modification, the authors examine similarities between CBM paradigms and older experimental paradigms used in research on learning and memory. The techniques and goals of CBM research are compared with other approaches to understanding cognition–emotion interactions. From a functional perspective, the CBM tradition reminds us to use experimental tools to evaluate assumptions about clinical phenomena and, more generally, about causal relationships between cognitive processing and emotion.

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6

M.O., Zaitseva. "КОГНІТИВНІ ВИКРИВЛЕННЯ ЯК ЗАСІБ СУГЕСТІЇ В АНГЛІЙСЬКОМУ СУДОВОМУ ДИСКУРСІ." South archive (philological sciences), no. 86 (June 29, 2021): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-86-10.

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Purpose. This article aims to establish the specifics of the use of cognitive biases in terms of their impact on the recipients in the advocate court discourse. To achieve this aim, the following objectives are to be solved: 1) to clarify the terminological apparatus of the article; 2) to define language means expressing сognitive bias in advocate discourse; 3) to characterise these language means from the point of their suggestive influence on recipients.Methods. At the stage of terminological grounding the main method is comparison, that is comparing the views of different scholars, directions of problem analysis, etc. Whereas at the second and third stages the following methods as classification (identifying linguistic means), generalisation (summarising information), argumentation (in support of its position) were used.In our choice of approaches to the analysis we were guided by the contemporary scientific paradigms: cognitive linguistics, pragmatic linguistics, speech communication theory, lexico-semantic analysis methods. Elements of cognitive analysis helped to identify the dependence of court discourse on social conditions.To carry out our research, we selected and described the authentic language material (вказати який саме матеріал).Results. Based on the analysis of the linguistic material, it was established that in the absence of direct and irrefutable evidence, the advocate uses suggestive tactics and appropriate suggestive language means by which he first tries to influence the jurors’ emotions, and then their consciousness. The linguistic means used to express cognitive biases are highlighted. The following cognitive biases have been identified: the authority bias effect, the confirmation bias, Dr. Fox effect, the anchor effect and the Ellsberg paradox effect. Certain semantic groups expressing these cognitive biases are identified.Conclusions. It is concluded that the use of the highlighted cognitive biases, expressed through certain linguistic means, helped the defense lawyer, who argued that he had no direct and convincing arguments, to question the arguments given by the prosecutor and to postpone the jury’s verdict. Thus, the above cognitive biases serve as suggestive means in the advocate discourse.The piece of research is prospective, as the cognitive biases found may be supplemented by cognitive biases inherent to the prosecutorial discourse.Key words: advocate court discourse, cognitive biases, suggestive means, semantic groups. Мета. Мета статті –встановити особливості використання когнітивних викривлень з точки зору їх впливу на реципієнтів в адвокатському судовому дискурсі. Висунуті завдання щодо уточнення термінологічного апарату, встановлення мовних засобів, які вербалізують когнітивні викривлення, їхній вплив на реципієнтів, сприяють досягненню окресленої мети дослідження.Методи дослідження. На етапі термінологічного обґрунтування основним методом став метод порівняння, тобто огляд досліджень вчених, які займаються цією проблемою; напрямків аналізу проблеми і т.д. На другому і третьому етапах використовувалися наступні методи: класифікація (виокремлення лінгвістичних засобів), узагальнення (узагальнення інформації), аргументація (для обґрунтування своєї позиції). Вибір підходів до аналізу був обумовлений сучасними науковими парадигмами: когнітивною лінгвістикою, прагматичною лінгвістикою, комунікативістикою, методами лексико-семантичного аналізу. Елементи когнітивного аналізу допомогли виявити залежність судового дискурсу від соціальних умов.Для проведення дослідження бувобраний певний автентичний мовний матеріал. Результати. На основі аналізу лінгвістичного матеріалу встановлено, що за відсутності прямих і незаперечних доказів адвокат застосовує сугестивну тактику і використовує відповідні сугестивні мовні засоби, за допомогою яких він намагається спочатку вплинути на емоції присяжних, а вже потім на їх свідомість. Виокремлені мовні засоби слугують для того, щоб виразити когнітивні викривлення. Когнітивні викривлення в адвокатському дискурсі спрямовані, по-перше, на створення позитивного ставлення при-сяжних до сприйняття підсудного і, по-друге, на створення негативного ставлення присяжних до сприйняття аргументів сторони звинувачення. Визначено такі когнітивні викривлення, як ефект авторитетної думки, зміщення підтвердження, ефект доктора Фокса, ефект якоря, ефект парадокса Елсберга. Встановлено певні семантичні групи, які виражають ці когнітивні викривлення.Висновки. Зроблено висновок, що використання виокремлених когнітивних викривлень, виражених за допомогою певних мовних засобів, допомагає адвокату, який стверджував, що у нього немає прямих і переконливих аргументів, поставити під сумнів аргументи, наведені прокурором, та відкласти прийняття рішення присяжними. Таким чином, зазначені когнітивні викривлення стали сугестивними засобами в адвокатському судовому дискурсі. Практична значущість дослідження полягає в можливості використання отриманих результатів в курсі практики перекладу, юридичного письма, ораторського мистецтва.Зроблено припущення, що дослідження є перспективним, оскільки виявлені когнітивні викривлення можуть бути допо-внені з огляду на когнітивні викривлення в судовому дискурсі звинувачення.Ключові слова: адвокатський судовий дискурс, когнітивні викривлення, сугестивні засоби, семантичні групи.

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7

Smith, Joan R. "Cognitive Bias." Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing 31, no. 4 (2017): 294–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jpn.0000000000000289.

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8

Howgego, Joshua. "Cognitive bias." New Scientist 228, no. 3051 (December 2015): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(15)31757-7.

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9

Philips, H. C. "Imagery and Likelihood Cognitive Bias in Pain." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 43, no. 3 (November 27, 2013): 270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465813000982.

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Background: Distressing intrusive images are frequently experienced by sufferers from chronic and acute pain. The images (Index images) are correlated with elevations in anxiety, threat, and a cognition that the imaged event might actually happen. The over-estimation that having a negative cognition about an adverse event will increase the probability of the negative event occurring - the likelihood bias - has been observed in a variety of psychological disorders. Preliminary research indicated this cognitive bias might occur in pain sufferers. Aims: To investigate the occurrence of a cognitive likelihood bias associated with imagery in acute and chronic pain sufferers, and to relate the postulated cognitive bias to psychological characteristics of participants, and four other important cognitive responses to their Index images. Method: Fifty-nine pain sufferers completed a newly developed questionnaire (Image-Event-Fusion-pain: IEF-p) to assess cognitive likelihood bias in pain sufferers. The internal consistency, reliability, factor structure and validity of the scale were evaluated. Psychological measures to assess anxiety, depression, PTSD symptoms, and levels of mental defeat were administered. Results: The IEF-p was found to be psychometrically robust with satisfactory test-retest reliability, good internal consistency, single factor structure and criterion validity. The IEF-p was significantly correlated with four key cognitive appraisals of the Index Images (responsibility, likelihood, premonition, and threat). Three of these correlations were independent of depression. High cognitive bias scores were significantly associated with elevated levels of anxiety symptoms, depression, PTSD symptoms, and mental defeat. Conclusion: Pain Index images were significantly associated with cognitive bias (IEF-p), increased threat levels, and raised estimate of the likelihood of imaged events actually occurring. The results indicate the prevalence of a cognitive bias associated with pain imagery cognitions, comparable to that established with intrusive cognitions in OCD, notably Thought-Action- Fusion.

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10

GOCKO, X., J. SOUSA BARBOSA, B. POZZETTO, and C. PLOTTON. "HESITATION, REFUS VACCINAL, COVID-19 ET BIAIS COGNITIFS. UNE REVUE NARRATIVE." EXERCER 34, no. 190 (February 1, 2023): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.56746/exercer.2023.190.70.

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Contexte. L’hésitation vaccinale, définie comme « le fait de retarder ou de refuser une vaccination sûre malgré sa disponibilité », a été classée comme l’une des dix menaces pour la santé par l’OMS. Les principaux motifs d’hésitation vaccinale dans le Covid-19 sont la dangerosité du vaccin, l’opposition à la vaccination en général et un virus jugé peu dangereux. Des erreurs issues de procédures mentales subconscientes de traitement de l’information, nommées « biais cognitifs », participent à la décision de se faire vacciner. Objectif. L’objectif de ce travail était de décrire les biais cognitifs pouvant participer à l’hésitation vaccinale et à son refus dans le Covid-19. Méthodes. Revue narrative de la littérature suivant les critères PRISMA, de 2011 à 2021 sur Medline® et Cairn®, et à partir des références. Ré sultats. Dix revues ou position papers ont été sélectionnés. Les biais de disponibilité (médiatisation d’un effet indésirable), de représentativité (stéréotype plutôt que statistique), d’attribution (observation anecdotique et causalité) peuvent participer au jugement de dangerosité du vaccin. Les biais d’aversion à l’ambiguïté, d’omission et de présent peuvent expliquer en partie le choix d’inaction de certains usagers de la santé. La distanciation du pouvoir induit une méfiance envers les pouvoirs publics. Ce sentiment d’inégalité participe à l’opposition à la vaccination en général. Les biais de naturalité (immunisation naturelle) et d’optimisme participent au jugement d’un virus peu dangereux. Conclusion. Les entretiens motivationnels avec des patients hésitants ou « refusants » vaccinaux peuvent être facilités par la connaissance de ces biais.

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11

Norman, Geoff. "The Bias in researching cognitive bias." Advances in Health Sciences Education 19, no. 3 (June 6, 2014): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10459-014-9517-5.

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Noworyta, Karolina, Agata Cieslik, and Rafal Rygula. "Neuromolecular Underpinnings of Negative Cognitive Bias in Depression." Cells 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2021): 3157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10113157.

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This selective review aims to summarize the recent advances in understanding the neuromolecular underpinnings of biased cognition in depressive disorder. We begin by considering the cognitive correlates of depressed mood and the key brain systems implicated in its development. We then review the core findings across two domains of biased cognitive function in depression: pessimistic judgment bias and abnormal response to negative feedback. In considering their underlying substrates, we focus on the neurochemical mechanisms identified by genetic, molecular and pharmacological challenge studies. We conclude by discussing experimental approaches to the treatment of depression, which are derived largely from an improved understanding of its cognitive substrates.

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Hertel, Paula T., Amaris Maydon, Julia Cottle, and Janna N. Vrijsen. "Cognitive Bias Modification." Clinical Psychological Science 5, no. 1 (August 20, 2016): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702616649366.

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Ruminative tendencies to think repetitively about negative events, like retrieval practice in laboratory experiments, should enhance long-term recall. To evaluate this claim, ruminators and nonruminators learned positive, negative, and neutral adjective–noun pairs. Following each of four study phases, “practice” participants attempted cued recall of nouns from positive or negative pairs; study-only participants performed a filler task. Half the pairs of each valence were tested after the four learning cycles, and all pairs were tested a week later. Large practice effects were found on both tests, even though ruminators showed a trait-congruent bias in recalling unpracticed negative pairs on the immediate test. Positive practice also improved the moods of ruminators. Thus, repetitive positive retrieval shows promise in counteracting ruminative recall and its consequences.

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LI, CAI, HABIB UR REHMAN MAKHDOOM, and LIU YI. "AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON THE GENDER DIFFERENCES FOR SELF-ORGANIZED ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIOR BASED ON GROUNDED THEORY: A CASE FROM JIANGSU, CHINA." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 24, no. 01 (March 2019): 1950006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946719500067.

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Based on grounded theory and combined with empirical investigation of self-organized entrepreneurial behavior, we explored the difference between male and female’s cognitive mode, cognitive bias and behavior influence. It is found that the cognitive pattern of self-organized female entrepreneurs is more narrow and obtrusive, but a few outstanding female entrepreneurs show outstanding performance. Self-organized male entrepreneurs show open and divergent structured cognition. On cognitive bias, women of ordinary self-organized entrepreneurs have a greater range of deviations. In terms of behavior influence, self-organized male entrepreneurs are strongly dependent on prior cognition due to their more emphasis on their professional and technological foundation, and their behavior is more persistent.

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Hamidi, Farideh, and Farnaz Iman Shoar. "Cognitive Control and Judicial Bias of Adolescents with and without Internet Addiction: A Comparative Study." Addiction Research and Adolescent Behaviour 5, no. 3 (April 29, 2022): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2688-7517/041.

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Cognitive control is the intrapersonal conflicts between logic and lust, cognition and incentive, planning and internal action, which results in the dominance of the first part of each pair over the second part. A cognitive bias refers to a type of cognitive vulnerability in information processing. Today, the Internet has tied with human life, but addiction to the internet has adverse effects on people especially adolescents who have no skill in cognitive control. This study aimed to determine the difference between cognitive control and judicial bias in two groups of adolescents with and without internet addiction. The population consisted of male and female second-grade high school students in district 2 of Tehran in 2020-2021. The sample size was 16000 students. 18 schools were selected using the random clustering sampling method. The research tools were the Young internet addiction test (1999), Grasmic et al (1993) self-control scale, and Foa et al (1996) negative social probability scale. The data were analyzed by SPSS 26 using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and the Mann-Whitney U test. Results showed that the total mean score of cognitive control in the groups of adolescents with internet addiction was lower than adolescents without internet addiction. The comparison of subscales indicated that, except for the subscale of Preferences for physical activities, there were significant differences in the subscales of impulsiveness, convenience, risk-taking, self-centeredness, and expressing anger (P≤0.01). The mean scores of these variables were higher in the group of adolescents with internet addiction. Regarding the variable of judicial bias, the Mann-Whitney U test showed that the mean scores of the adolescents with internet addiction were higher than those of the adolescents without internet addiction, and the addicted adolescents showed more judicial biases (P≤0.01). The results revealed the requirement to perform strategies to prevent and cope with internet addiction.

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Jusyte, Aiste, and Michael Schönenberg. "Impaired social cognition in violent offenders: perceptual deficit or cognitive bias?" European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 267, no. 3 (September 13, 2016): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00406-016-0727-0.

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Macmillan, Neil A. "Better ways to study penetrability with detection theory." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, no. 3 (June 1999): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x99422022.

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Signal detection theory (SDT) is best known as a method for separating sensitivity from bias. If sensitivity reflects early sensory processing and bias later cognition, then SDT can be use to study penetrability by asking whether cognitive manipulations affect sensitivity. This assumption is too simple, but SDT can nonetheless be helpful in developing specific methods of how sensory and cognitive information combine. Two such approaches are described.

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Dacey, Mike. "Anthropomorphism as Cognitive Bias." Philosophy of Science 84, no. 5 (December 2017): 1152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/694039.

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19

Taylor, Ronald L. "Bias in Cognitive Assessment." Diagnostique 17, no. 1 (October 1991): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153450849101700101.

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Reschly, Daniel J. "Bias in Cognitive Assessment." Diagnostique 17, no. 1 (October 1991): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153450849101700108.

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Park, Christine S., Ljuba Stojiljkovic, Biljana Milicic, Brian F. Lin, and Itiel E. Dror. "Training Induces Cognitive Bias." Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 9, no. 2 (April 2014): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sih.0b013e3182a90304.

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Rathbone, P. "Role of cognitive bias." BMJ 342, may17 2 (May 17, 2011): d3047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d3047.

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Trout, J. D. "Paternalism and Cognitive Bias." Law and Philosophy 24, no. 4 (July 2005): 393–434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10982-004-8197-3.

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Zhang, Lulu, Bin Li, Jingjing Yang, Fengling Wang, Qianyun Tang, and Shuhong Wang. "Meta-analysis: Resistance Training Improves Cognition in Mild Cognitive Impairment." International Journal of Sports Medicine 41, no. 12 (June 29, 2020): 815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1186-1272.

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AbstractThis study investigated the benefits of resistance training on cognition in patients with mild cognitive impairment. We searched the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases, and seven randomized controlled trials were reviewed. We evaluated the risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration’s bias assessment tool. Standard mean differences with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for statistical analysis. This meta-analysis assessed three variables: general cognitive function, executive function and working memory. The results indicate that general cognitive function improved significantly (standardized mean difference: 0.53, P=0.04), and further subgroup analyses on frequency and duration per session showed that the subgroups ‘twice a week’ (P=0.01) and ‘duration per session >60 min’ (P=0.0006) exhibited better performance than the subgroups ‘three time a week’ (P=0.47) and ‘duration per session <60 min’ (P=0.53). Additionally, a moderate effect size was found in executive function (standardized mean difference: 0.50, P=0.0003), and there was non-significant effect in working memory (P=0.14). In summary, resistance training may mitigate mild cognitive impairment by improving cognition. Larger-scale studies are recommended to demonstrate the relationship between resistance training and cognition in mild cognitive impairment.

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Lahera, Guillermo, Adolfo Benito, Ana González-Barroso, Rocío Guardiola, Sara Herrera, Beatriz Muchada, Noelia Cojedor, and Alberto Fernández-Liria. "Social-Cognitive Bias and Depressive Symptoms in Outpatients with Bipolar Disorder." Depression Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/670549.

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A deficit of social cognition in bipolar disorder has been shown, even when patients are stable. This study compares the attribution of intentions (social-cognitive bias) in a group of 37 outpatients with bipolar disorder with 32 matched control subjects. Bipolar patients scored significantly higher in the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire, showing an angry and intentionality bias (P=.001,P=.02). Differences in blame scale and hostility bias did not reach statistical significance, but a trend was found (P=.06). Bipolar patients with depressive symptoms presented a higher score in the angry bias scale (P=.03) and aggressivity bias scale (P=.004). The global functioning (GAF) correlates significantly with intentionality (P=.005), angry (P=.027), and aggressivity (P=.020) biases. Bipolar patients show a social-cognitive bias that may play a role in their functional outcome.

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Nentwich, Julia, Miriam K. Baumgärtner, Nilima Chowdhury, and Verena Witzig. "Gender Bias in Recruiting." Kvinder, Køn & Forskning, no. 3 (December 13, 2021): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kkf.v31i3.128398.

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Purpose: Unconscious bias training has become a popular intervention for eliminating discrimination in the workplace. Particularly recruitment processes are said to become fairer and more objective if gender biases are eliminated through training of personnel. However, the concept of gender bias, and particularly the idea that it can be trained away, has also been critiqued as too limited in its focus on individual mental processes, thereby neglecting effects of context, interaction and power. Taking this critique as our starting point, we argue that gender bias needs to be theorised in relation to a specific interaction and normative context. This article aims at expanding the concept of gender bias beyond individual cognition. Developing a social practice perspective on gender bias in recruiting allows to widen the scope of explanation as well as intervention. Design/methodology/approach: This is a conceptual paper that contributes new insights into how to tackle (unconscious) gender bias by integrating relevant psychological literature and empirical findings. We build on cognitive social psychology, critical social psychology and on gender as a social practice to show that gender bias is not only an individual, but a fundamentally social activity that is embedded within organisational norms and power relations and reproduced in interaction. Findings: In this paper we carve out the potential for understanding gender bias as more than individual cognition and show how theorising gender bias as a social practice can become a vital concept for exploring and combatting bias in recruiting.

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Grennan, Gillian, Pragathi Priyadharsini Balasubramani, Fahad Alim, Mariam Zafar-Khan, Ellen E. Lee, Dilip V. Jeste, and Jyoti Mishra. "Cognitive and Neural Correlates of Loneliness and Wisdom during Emotional Bias." Cerebral Cortex 31, no. 7 (March 5, 2021): 3311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab012.

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Abstract Loneliness and wisdom have opposing impacts on health and well-being, yet their neuro-cognitive bases have never been simultaneously investigated. In this study of 147 healthy human subjects sampled across the adult lifespan, we simultaneously studied the cognitive and neural correlates of loneliness and wisdom in the context of an emotion bias task. Aligned with the social threat framework of loneliness, we found that loneliness was associated with reduced speed of processing when angry emotional stimuli were presented to bias cognition. In contrast, we found that wisdom was associated with greater speed of processing when happy emotions biased cognition. Source models of electroencephalographic data showed that loneliness was specifically associated with enhanced angry stimulus-driven theta activity in the left transverse temporal region of interest, which is located in the area of the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), while wisdom was specifically related to increased TPJ theta activity during happy stimulus processing. Additionally, enhanced attentiveness to threatening stimuli for lonelier individuals was observed as greater beta activity in left superior parietal cortex, while wisdom significantly related to enhanced happy stimulus-evoked alpha activity in the left insula. Our results demonstrate emotion-context driven modulations in cognitive neural circuits by loneliness versus wisdom.

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Polido, Graziela Jorge, Mariana Mangini Vaz de Miranda, Nelson Carvas Junior, Rodrigo de Holanda Mendonça, Fátima Aparecida Caromano, Umbertina Conti Reed, Edmar Zanoteli, and Mariana Callil Voos. "Cognitive performance of children with spinal muscular atrophy: A systematic review." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 13, no. 4 (December 2019): 436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642018dn13-040011.

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ABSTRACT Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is genetic and progressive, caused by large bi-allelic deletions in the SMN1 gene, or the association of a large deletion and a null variant. Objective: To evaluate the evidence about cognitive outcomes in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Methods: Searches on the PUBMED/Medline, Web of Knowledge and Scielo databases retrieved 26 studies (1989 to 2019, descriptors “spinal muscular atrophy” and “cognition”). Nine studies were selected according to the eligibility criteria: (1) cognition tested in individuals with SMA; (2) written in English or Spanish. The Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions was used to describe design, bias, participants, evaluation protocol and main findings. This study was registered on the International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO). Results: Three studies described normal cognition. In another three studies, cognitive outcomes were above average. Cognitive impairment was found in three studies. Poor cognitive performance was more frequently reported in studies that were recent, included children with SMA type I and that employed visual/auditory attention and executive function tests. Protocols and cognitive domains varied, precluding metanalysis. Conclusion: The severity of motor impairment may be related to cognitive outcomes: studies that included a higher number/percentage of children with SMA type I found cognitive impairment. The establishment of gold-standard protocols is necessary. Further studies should compare the cognitive outcomes of subjects with SMA types I to IV.

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Afriani, Dila, and Halmawati Halmawati. "Pengaruh Cognitive Dissonance Bias, Overconfidence Bias Dan Herding Bias Terhadap Pengambilan Keputusan Investasi." JURNAL EKSPLORASI AKUNTANSI 1, no. 4 (December 5, 2019): 1650–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jea.v1i4.168.

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This study aims to determine whether cognitive dissonance bias, overconfidence bias and herding bias have a significant effect on stock investment decision making partially and simultaneously. the sample in this study were students of the Faculty of Economics, Padang State University. The sampling technique was simple random sampling . A total of 133 questionnaires were returned in complete condition and processed. by using multiple linear regression techniques, the results show that cognitive dissonance bias and overconfidence bias do not affect stock investment decisions. Herding bias has a positive and significant influence on stock investment decision making.

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Browne, Anne Marie, Ellen S. Deutsch, Krystyna Corwin, Daniela H. Davis, Jeanette M. Teets, and Michael Apkon. "An IDEA: Safety Training to Improve Critical Thinking by Individuals and Teams." American Journal of Medical Quality 34, no. 6 (February 9, 2019): 569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1062860618820687.

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Errors in thinking contribute to harm, delays in diagnosis, incorrect treatments, or failures to recognize clinical changes. Models of cognition are useful in understanding error occurrence and avoidance. Intra-team conflict can represent failures in joint cognitive processing. The authors developed training focused on recognizing and managing cognitive bias and resolving conflicts. The program provides context and introduces models of cognition, concepts of bias, team cognition, conflict resolution, and 2 tools. “IDEA” incorporates 4 de-biasing strategies: Identify assumptions; Don’t assume correctness; Explore expectations; Assess alternatives. “TLA” presents strategies for resolving conflicts: Tell your thoughts; Listen actively, and Ask questions. A total of 4941 care providers participated in training using didactic presentations, group discussion, and simulation. Learners rated training effectiveness at 4.68 on a scale of 1 to 5 (5 as optimum) and perceived improvement in recognizing or managing errors. Nonphysician caregivers reported greatest improvement. Training to improve critical thinking is feasible, well received, and effective.

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Mineka, Susan, and Steven K. Sutton. "Cognitive Biases and the Emotional Disorders." Psychological Science 3, no. 1 (January 1992): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00260.x.

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Four types of cognitive bias involving selective processing of emotion-relevant information are discussed vis-à-vis their relevance for understanding emotion-cognition interactions and for understanding the etiology and maintenance of the emotional disorders. Anxiety, but not depression, appears to be associated with an attentional bias for threatening material. Depression, but not anxiety, appears to be associated with a memory bias for negative mood-congruent material. Phobias, anxiety, and depression all appear to be associated with mood-congruent judgmental biases. Finally, selective associations in fear conditioning are a form of associative bias implicated in the origins of fears and phobias.

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Lee, Jong-Sun, Andrew Mathews, Sukhi Shergill, Daniel Ka Yiu Chan, Nadia Majeed, and Jenny Yiend. "How can we enhance cognitive bias modification techniques? The effects of prospective cognition." Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 49 (December 2015): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.03.007.

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Binarelli, Giulia, Florence Joly, Laure Tron, Sophie Lefevre Arbogast, and Marie Lange. "Management of Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review of Computerized Cognitive Stimulation and Computerized Physical Activity." Cancers 13, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 5161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13205161.

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Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) occurs frequently in patients living with cancer, with consequences on quality of life. Recently, research on the management of these difficulties has focused on computerized cognitive stimulation and computerized physical activity programs. This systematic review presents the state of knowledge about interventions based on computerized-cognitive stimulation and/or physical activity to reduce CRCI. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines. A search was conducted in PUBMED and Web of Science databases. Risk of bias analysis was conducted using the Rob2 tool and the quality of evidence was conducted following the GRADE approach. A total of 3776 articles were initially identified and 20 of them met the inclusion criteria. Among them, sixteen investigated computerized-cognitive stimulation and four computerized-physical activity. Most of the studies were randomized controlled trials and assessed the efficacy of a home-based intervention on objective cognition in adults with cancer. Overall, cognitive improvement was found in 11/16 computerized-cognitive stimulation studies and 2/4 computerized-physical activity studies. Cognitive stimulation or physical activity improved especially cognitive complaints, memory, and attention. These results suggest the efficacy of both computerized-cognitive stimulation and physical activity. However, we report a high risk of bias for the majority of studies and a low level of quality of evidence. Therefore, further investigations are needed to confirm the efficacy of these interventions and to investigate the possible added benefit on cognition of a combined computerized-cognitive/physical intervention.

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Suzuki, Akiko, Akiko Megumi, and Akira Yasumura. "Developmental Changes in Cognitive Bias." Psychology 12, no. 02 (2021): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2021.122019.

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Berkwitt, A., and M. Grossman. "Cognitive Bias in Inpatient Pediatrics." Hospital Pediatrics 4, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2014-0002.

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O'Sullivan, ED, and SJ Schofield. "Cognitive bias in clinical medicine." Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 48, no. 3 (2018): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4997/jrcpe.2018.306.

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Jolobe, Oscar MP. "Cognitive bias in laparoscopic cholecystectomy." Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 49, no. 1 (2019): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4997/jrcpe.2019.119.

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TENG, Zhaojun, Yanling LIU, Yong LIU, and Rui ZHAI. "Cognitive Neuromechanisms of Optimism Bias." Advances in Psychological Science 22, no. 1 (2014): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2014.00057.

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Harding, Emma J., Elizabeth S. Paul, and Michael Mendl. "Cognitive bias and affective state." Nature 427, no. 6972 (January 2004): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/427312a.

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Greene, Robert. "Research for Practitioners: Cognitive Bias." Compensation & Benefits Review 52, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886368719892176.

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Research has shown multiple cognitive biases that affect compensation related decisions. This research brief lists and describes several, including the bias held by most of us that we are too intellignet to fall prey to biases. Implications for HR and compensation practitioners conclude this research brief.

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Natesan, Divya, Morgan Walker, and Shannon Clark. "Cognitive Bias in Usability Testing." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care 5, no. 1 (June 2016): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2327857916051015.

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Cognitive bias is the tendency to subconsciously change ones actions or thought process based on someone else’s comments or behavior. It is important to consider cognitive bias when performing a usability study because it can significantly alter or impair the validity of the results. While cognitive bias cannot always be entirely eliminated, identifying key cognitive biases to which usability study results are particularly susceptible is the first step to mitigating them. Once experimenters are alert to these subtle traps, they can consider approaches that sidestep the biases and greatly improve the accuracy and overall effectiveness of a usability study.

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Wilcockson, Thomas D. W., Pothos Emmanuel M., and W. Miles Cox. "An online cognitive bias task." Behavioural Pharmacology 31, no. 1 (February 2020): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/fbp.0000000000000508.

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McNally, Richard J. "Cognitive Bias in Panic Disorder." Current Directions in Psychological Science 3, no. 4 (August 1994): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770595.

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Williamson, Donald A., Stephanie L. Muller, Deborah L. Reas, and Jean M. Thaw. "Cognitive Bias in Eating Disorders:." Behavior Modification 23, no. 4 (October 1999): 556–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445599234003.

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Campbell, Samuel G., Pat Croskerry, and David A. Petrie. "Cognitive bias in health leaders." Healthcare Management Forum 30, no. 5 (August 30, 2017): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0840470417716949.

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Stacy, Webb, and Jean MacMillan. "Cognitive bias in software engineering." Communications of the ACM 38, no. 6 (June 1995): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/203241.203256.

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Sterken, Rachel Katharine. "Generics, Content and Cognitive Bias." Analytic Philosophy 56, no. 1 (January 27, 2015): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phib.12056.

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Steel, Craig, Til Wykes, Anna Ruddle, Gina Smith, Dhruvi M. Shah, and Emily A. Holmes. "COGNITIVE BIAS MODIFICATION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA." Schizophrenia Research 102, no. 1-3 (June 2008): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(08)70390-6.

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Elston, Dirk M. "Cognitive bias and medical errors." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 81, no. 6 (December 2019): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.06.1284.

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Maynes, Jeffrey. "Critical Thinking and Cognitive Bias." Informal Logic 35, no. 2 (May 29, 2015): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v35i2.4187.

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Teaching critical thinking skill is a central pedagogical aim in many courses. These skills, it is hoped, will be both portable (applicable in a wide range of contexts) and durable (not forgotten quickly). Yet, both of these virtues are challenged by pervasive and potent cognitive biases, such as motivated reasoning, false consensus bias and hindsight bias. In this paper, I argue that a focus on the development of metacognitive skill shows promise as a means to inculcate debiasing habits in students. Such habits will help students become more critical reasoners. I close with suggestions for implementing this strategy.

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