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Journal articles on the topic 'Biased estimates'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 30 July 2025

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1

Andrews, Isaiah, Dillon Bowen, Toru Kitagawa, and Adam McCloskey. "Inference for Losers." AEA Papers and Proceedings 112 (May 1, 2022): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20221065.

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Researchers frequently report league tables ranking units (neighborhoods or firms, for instance) based on estimated coefficients. Since the rankings are formed based on estimates, however, the coefficients reported in league tables suffer from selection bias, with estimates for highly ranked units biased upward and those for low-ranked units biased downward. Further, conventional confidence intervals can undercover. This paper introduces corrected estimators and confidence intervals that address these biases, ensuring that estimates and confidence intervals reported for each position in a leag

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Mikhailov, V. S. "A simple criterion for the effectiveness of biased estimators." Dependability 24, no. 1 (2024): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2024-24-1-25-33.

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Point estimation is one of the most common forms of statistical inference. This paper touches upon the concepts of unbiasedness and effectiveness of biased estimates. An attractive approximation for the true (quantitative) value of the estimated parameter t whose values belong to a certain numerical set t T is an estimate , for which the sum of the mathematical expectation of the square of the differences between the possible realization of and the estimated parameter t is minimal (least squares estimation). Another approach is to find the value of the parameter t based on the sum of the mathe

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Teickner, Henning, Edzer Pebesma, and Klaus-Holger Knorr. "A synthesis of Sphagnum litterbag experiments: initial leaching losses bias decomposition rate estimates." Biogeosciences 22, no. 2 (2025): 417–33. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-417-2025.

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Abstract. Our knowledge of the magnitude and controls of Sphagnum decomposition rates is derived to a large extent from litterbag experiments that do not explicitly consider initial leaching losses. Previous research on vascular plants suggests that decomposition rate (k0) estimates from litterbag experiments are biased when initial leaching losses (l0) are ignored. In contrast, the magnitude and variability of l0 for Sphagnum litterbag experiments are not well known, and it is therefore also not known how much Sphagnum k0 estimates are biased. As Sphagnum is the main peat-forming species in m

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Ekelund, Robert B., John D. Jackson, and Robert D. Tollison. "Are Art Auction Estimates Biased?" Southern Economic Journal 80, no. 2 (2013): 454–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4284/0038-4038-2012.087.

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5

Shaban, Adel Magid M. "Biased estimates of variance components." Microelectronics Reliability 35, no. 5 (1995): 777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-2714(94)00125-8.

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6

Hinderling, Peter H. "Biased estimates of nonrenal clearance." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 90, no. 7 (2001): 960–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.1047.

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7

Qingming, Gui, and Dong Xurong. "A class of biased estimates for LN estimation problem: a class of biased estimates for improving LN estimates." manuscripta geodaetica 18, no. 1 (1993): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03655540.

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8

Mikhailov, V. S. "Efficiency criterion of biased estimates. A new take on old problems." Dependability 22, no. 1 (2022): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2022-22-1-30-37.

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The perfect case estimation scenario involves unbiased estimation with minimal variance, if such estimate exists. Currently, there are no means of obtaining unbiased estimates (if they do exist!). For instance, a maximum likelihood estimate (NBT test plan) of a mean time to failure Tmn = (total operation time)/(number of failures) is highly biased. Those involved in solving applied problems are not satisfied with the situation. Efficient unbiased estimates are used whenever such are available. If it is impossible to find an efficient unbiased estimate in terms of standard deviation, then biase

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Wyszkowska, P., and R. Duchnowski. "Systematic bias of selected estimates applied in vertical displacement analysis." Journal of Geodetic Science 10, no. 1 (2020): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jogs-2020-0103.

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AbstractIn surveying problems we almost always use unbiased estimators; however, even unbiased estimator might yield biased assessments, which is due to data. In statistics one distinguishes several types of such biases, for example, sampling, systemic or response biases. Considering surveying observation sets, bias from data might result from systematic or gross errors of measurements. If nonrandom errors in an observation set are known, then bias can easily be determined for linear estimates (e.g., least squares estimates). In the case of non-linear estimators, it is not so simple. In this p

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Hönekopp, Johannes, and Audrey Helen Linden. "Heterogeneity estimates in a biased world." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): e0262809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262809.

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Meta-analyses typically quantify heterogeneity of results, thus providing information about the consistency of the investigated effect across studies. Numerous heterogeneity estimators have been devised. Past evaluations of their performance typically presumed lack of bias in the set of studies being meta-analysed, which is often unrealistic. The present study used computer simulations to evaluate five heterogeneity estimators under a range of research conditions broadly representative of meta-analyses in psychology, with the aim to assess the impact of biases in sets of primary studies on est

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11

Chen, Xi, and Kyoung-Kuk Kim. "Stochastic kriging with biased sample estimates." ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation 24, no. 2 (2014): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2567893.

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Mikhailov, V. S. "Efficient Estimation of Mean Time to Failure for a Time-Limited Test Plan with Recoverability." Dependability 25, no. 2 (2025): 19–24. https://doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2025-25-2-19-24.

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As an indicator characterizing such a property of reliability of a complex restored product as failure-free operation, the mean time to failure (hereinafter – t) is selected in accordance with. From the organizational and economic points of view, the most suitable for testing restored (replaceable) products, provided that the mean time to failure is subject to the exponential probability distribution law, is the NBτ plan, where N is the number of similar products being tested; τ is the operating time (the same for each product); B is the plan characteristic, meaning that the operability of the

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Clendenen, Gary W. "Effects of the Tarif Number/Diameter Relationship on Volume and Height Estimates." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 5, no. 1 (1990): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/5.1.9.

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Abstract Volume estimates using the tarif system often assume a single mean tarif number for an even-aged stand. Consistent trends of tarif number with dbh within plots were found in a set of 67 plots in western Oregon and Washington. Effects of these trends on plot and diameter class volume estimates, and on heights estimated from these volumes, were examined. Total plot volume estimates were apparently not biased, but substantial biases were found in estimates of volumes and heights by dbh class. Height samples should be representative of the range of diameters, adequate to detect trends in

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14

Hanson, Laura B., James B. Grand, Michael S. Mitchell, D. Buck Jolley, Bill D. Sparklin, and Stephen S. Ditchkoff. "Change-in-ratio density estimator for feral pigs is less biased than closed mark - recapture estimates." Wildlife Research 35, no. 7 (2008): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08076.

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Closed-population capture–mark–recapture (CMR) methods can produce biased density estimates for species with low or heterogeneous detection probabilities. In an attempt to address such biases, we developed a density-estimation method based on the change in ratio (CIR) of survival between two populations where survival, calculated using an open-population CMR model, is known to differ. We used our method to estimate density for a feral pig (Sus scrofa) population on Fort Benning, Georgia, USA. To assess its validity, we compared it to an estimate of the minimum density of pigs known to be alive

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Dorazio, Robert M., and Paul J. Rago. "Evaluation of a Mark–Recapture Method for Estimating Mortality and Migration Rates of Stratified Populations." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 2 (1991): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-035.

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We simulated mark–recapture experiments to evaluate a method for estimating fishing mortality and migration rates of populations stratified at release and recovery. When fish released in two or more strata were recovered from different recapture strata in nearly the same proportions, conditional recapture probabilities were estimated outside the [0, 1] interval. The maximum likelihood estimates tended to be biased and imprecise when the patterns of recaptures produced extremely "flat" likelihood surfaces. Absence of bias was not guaranteed, however, in experiments where recapture rates could b

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Jahns, Lisa, Lenore Arab, Alicia Carriquiry, and Barry M. Popkin. "The use of external within-person variance estimates to adjust nutrient intake distributions over time and across populations." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 1 (2005): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2004671.

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AbstractObjective:To examine the utility of using external estimates of within-person variation to adjust usual nutrient intake distributions.Design:Analyses of the prevalence of inadequate intake of an example nutrient by the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) cut-point method using three different methods of statistical adjustment of the usual intake distribution of a single 24-hour recall in Russian children in 1996, using the Iowa State University method for adjustment of the distribution. First, adjusting the usual intake distribution with day 2 recalls from the same 1996 sample (the cor

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Zamboni, Elisa, Timothy Ledgeway, Paul V. McGraw, and Denis Schluppeck. "Do perceptual biases emerge early or late in visual processing? Decision-biases in motion perception." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1833 (2016): 20160263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0263.

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Visual perception is strongly influenced by contextual information. A good example is reference repulsion, where subjective reports about the direction of motion of a stimulus are significantly biased by the presence of an explicit reference. These perceptual biases could arise early, during sensory encoding, or alternatively, they may reflect decision-related processes occurring relatively late in the task sequence. To separate these two competing possibilities, we asked (human) subjects to perform a fine motion-discrimination task and then estimate the direction of motion in the presence or

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KAFATOS, G., N. J. ANDREWS, K. J. McCONWAY, P. A. C. MAPLE, K. BROWN, and C. P. FARRINGTON. "Is it appropriate to use fixed assay cut-offs for estimating seroprevalence?" Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 4 (2015): 887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815001958.

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SUMMARYPopulation seroprevalence can be estimated from serosurveys by classifying quantitative measurements into positives (past infection/vaccinated) or negatives (susceptible) according to a fixed assay cut-off. The choice of assay cut-offs has a direct impact on seroprevalence estimates. A time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA) was used to test exposure to human parvovirus 4 (HP4). Seroprevalence estimates were obtained after applying the diagnostic assay cut-off under different scenarios using simulations. Alternative methods for estimating assay cut-offs were proposed based on mix

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Loehle, C., L. Irwin, D. Rock, and S. Rock. "Are survival rates for northern spotted owls biased?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 10 (2005): 1386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-137.

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The northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina (Merriam, 1898)) is listed as threatened in both Canada and the United States. As part of a 1998–2004 study of habitat usage, we attached radio tags to 197 northern spotted owls. Owls that died or emigrated from the study areas could be identified with high certainty. The long-term data we obtained enabled us to estimate survivorship using multiple statistical methods. Using a pooled data set, we estimated annual survivorship at 0.927. Using a year-by-year analysis, we obtained some variation in survival by year, but the same overall mean. U

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Smith, Andrew R., and Paul D. Windschitl. "Biased calculations: Numeric anchors influence answers to math equations." Judgment and Decision Making 6, no. 2 (2011): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500004083.

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AbstractPeople must often perform calculations in order to produce a numeric estimate (e.g., a grocery-store shopper estimating the total price of his or her shopping cart contents). The current studies were designed to test whether estimates based on calculations are influenced by comparisons with irrelevant anchors. Previous research has demonstrated that estimates across a wide range of contexts assimilate toward anchors, but none has examined estimates based on calculations. In two studies, we had participants compare the answers to math problems with anchors. In both studies, participants

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21

Scarfe, P., and P. B. Hibbard. "Statistically optimal integration of biased sensory estimates." Journal of Vision 11, no. 7 (2011): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.7.12.

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Franklin, A. B., J. D. Nichols, R. G. Anthony, et al. "Comment on “Are survival rates for northern spotted owls biased?”Appears in Can. J. Zool. 83: 1386–1390." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 9 (2006): 1375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-129.

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Loehle et al. recently estimated survival rates from radio-telemetered northern spotted owls ( Strix occidentalis caurina (Merriam, 1898)) and suggested that survival rates estimated for this species from capture–recapture studies were negatively biased, which subsequently resulted in the negatively biased estimates of rates of population change (λ) reported by Anthony et al. (Wildl. Monogr. No. 163, pp. 1–47 (2006)) . We argue that their survival estimates were inappropriate for comparison with capture–recapture estimates because (i) the manner in which they censored radio-telemetered individ

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23

Lu, Pengxin. "A note on the relationship between estimates of heritability and type-B genetic correlation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 11 (2008): 2917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-109.

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This note verifies the applicability of an approach derived from Adams et al. (W.T. Adams, T.L. White, G.R. Hodge, and G.L. Powell. 1994. Silvae Genet. 43: 357–366) that used the ratio of unbiased to biased heritability estimates (denoted by Rh) to approximate type-B genetic correlation (rB) estimates. Both theoretical evidence and empirical evidence suggest that the estimate of the ratio of unbiased to biased heritability is often a good approximation of the estimate of type-B genetic correlation under the assumption of homogeneous heritability among sites. Given the large sampling errors and

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Johnson, Richard L., George W. Latimer, and Cliff Spiegelman. "Use of Trimmed Duplicates Derived from Laboratory Data To Estimate Standard Deviation." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 6 (1994): 1660–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.6.1660.

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Abstract Improved standard deviation estimates from possibly biased duplicate measurements can be derived from appropriately trimmed plots of standard deviation estimates using pairs of replicates vs the quantiles of a half-normal distribution. Simulated studies show that these estimates exhibit generally lower mean-squared errors and biases than do more standard robust estimators of location—¾ times the interquartile range and 3/2 times the mean absolute deviation from the median.

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Stanley, T. D., Hristos Doucouliagos, and Tomas Havranek. "Reducing the biases of the conventional meta-analysis of correlations." Research Synthesis Methods 16, no. 1 (2025): 42–59. https://doi.org/10.1017/rsm.2024.5.

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AbstractConventional meta-analyses (both fixed and random effects) of correlations are biased due to the mechanical relationship between the estimated correlation and its standard error. Simulations that are closely calibrated to match actual research conditions widely seen across correlational studies in psychology corroborate these biases and suggest two solutions: UWLS+3 and HS. UWLS+3 is a simple inverse-variance weighted average (the unrestricted weighted least squares) that adjusts the degrees of freedom and thereby reduces small-sample bias to scientific negligibility. UWLS+3 as well as

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James, J. W. "Cumulative selection differentials and realized heritabilities with overlapping generations." Animal Science 42, no. 3 (1986): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100018195.

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ABSTRACTIt is shown that a commonly used method of calculating cumulative selection differentials in experiments where generations overlap is biased, and consequently leads to biased estimates of realized heritability. In one example, the heritability was underestimated by about one-fifth. Since genetic variation in a given progeny crop may be increased by genetic differences between parental age groups, realized heritability estimated by regression may not agree with base population estimates. An alternative form of analysis is proposed to allow for this effect.

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Porteus, Tom A., Suzanne M. Richardson, and Jonathan C. Reynolds. "The importance of survey design in distance sampling: field evaluation using domestic sheep." Wildlife Research 38, no. 3 (2011): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10234.

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Context Sampling methods to estimate animal density require good survey design to ensure assumptions are met and sampling is representative of the survey area. Management decisions are often made based on these estimates. However, without knowledge of true population size it is not possible for wildlife biologists to evaluate how biased the estimates can be if survey design is compromised. Aims Our aims were to use distance sampling to estimate population size for domestic sheep free-ranging within large enclosed areas of hill country and, by comparing estimates against actual numbers, examine

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Ivanov, D. V., I. L. Sandler, D. I. Mitroshin, M. A. Terekhin, and V. V. Antonova. "Identification of parameters of induction motor with error of speed sensor." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2176, no. 1 (2022): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2176/1/012027.

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Abstract This paper proposes a new approach to parametric identification of induction motor with error of speed sensor. The ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates are shown to be biased. Generalized total least squares (GTLS) with a singular covariance matrix of the error are propose for estimation of K parameters of induction motor. Identification of parameters takes place in 2 steps. At the first step, two K parameters are estimated using GTLS with a singular error matrix. At the second step, the remaining three K parameters are estimated. An equivalent augmented system is used to solve a bi

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Wylie, Peter J. "Technological Adaptation in Canadian Manufacturing, 1900–1929." Journal of Economic History 49, no. 3 (1989): 569–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700008767.

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This article estimates biases to technical change in Canadian manufacturing from 1900 to 1929, and compares these to estimates of biased technical change in U.S. manufacturing. Significant differences are found between similar industries in the two countries, indicating that Canadian manufacturers did not use U.S. technology in unaltered fashion, but adapted it to be more cost efficient under Canadian factor market conditions.

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Li, Yang, James R. Bence, and Travis O. Brenden. "Can spawning origin information of catch or a recruitment penalty improve assessment and fishery management performance for a spatially structured stock assessment model?" Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 75, no. 12 (2018): 2136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2017-0523.

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We used simulations based on lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) populations to explore the benefits of using spawning origin information for parsing catch to spawning populations in stock assessments for intermixed fisheries exhibiting an overlapping movement strategy. We compared this origin-informed assessment model with a standard assessment model that did not parse catch. We additionally evaluated the influence of including annual recruitment penalties. For standard assessment models, spawning stock biomass estimates could be unstable and biased (sometimes by more than 50%), depending

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Hayes, Daniel B., Jon K. T. Brodziak, and Joseph B. O'Gorman. "Efficiency and bias of estimators and sampling designs for determining length-weight relationships of fish." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 1 (1995): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-008.

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The parameters of the allometric equation used to describe the length–weight relationship in fish are usually estimated by linear regression of log-transformed data. Simulation of length–weight regressions showed that for sample sizes commonly encountered in fisheries research, estimates of the intercept are biased high. In contrast with this, estimates of mean weight-at-length are biased low. As a result, different bias-correction factors are necessary to adjust for transformation bias. When the objective is to estimate the intercept of the length–weight equation, two existing methods correct

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Bookbinder, M. J., and K. J. Panosian. "Correct and incorrect estimation of within-day and between-day variation." Clinical Chemistry 32, no. 9 (1986): 1734–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/32.9.1734.

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Abstract Between-day variance is an ambiguous term representing either total variance or pure between-day variance. In either case, it is often incorrectly calculated even though analysis of variance (ANOVA) and other excellent methods of estimation are available. We used statistical theory to predict the magnitude of error expected from using several intuitive approaches to estimation of variance components. We also evaluated the impact of estimating the total population variance instead of pure between-day variance and the impact of using biased estimators. We found that estimates of varianc

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Jackson, John E. "Estimation of Models with Variable Coefficients." Political Analysis 3 (1991): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/3.1.27.

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The ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator gives biased coefficient estimates if coefficients are not constant for all cases but vary systematically with the explanatory variables. This article discusses several different ways to estimate models with systematically and randomly varying coefficients using estimated generalized least squares and maximum likelihood procedures. A Monte Carlo simulation of the different methods is presented to illustrate their use and to contrast their results to the biased results obtained with ordinary least squares. Several applications of the methods are discus

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Jayles, Bertrand, Clément Sire, and Ralf H. J. M. Kurvers. "Crowd control: Reducing individual estimation bias by sharing biased social information." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 11 (2021): e1009590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009590.

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Cognitive biases are widespread in humans and animals alike, and can sometimes be reinforced by social interactions. One prime bias in judgment and decision-making is the human tendency to underestimate large quantities. Previous research on social influence in estimation tasks has generally focused on the impact of single estimates on individual and collective accuracy, showing that randomly sharing estimates does not reduce the underestimation bias. Here, we test a method of social information sharing that exploits the known relationship between the true value and the level of underestimatio

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Bear, Lorie K., and Gary L. Pavlis. "Estimation of slowness vectors and their uncertainties using multi-wavelet seismic array processing." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 87, no. 3 (1997): 755–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0870030755.

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Abstract We have developed a new seismic array data processing method to produce slowness vector estimates and an objective measure of their uncertainties in the form of statistical confidence intervals. The slowness vector, which is typically transformed into bearing and velocity, is a key parameter used for identifying seismic phases and for event source location. Our method, multi-wavelet beamforming, is closely related to both time-domain and frequency-domain beamforming. The major advantage of multi-wavelet beamforming is that it produces multiple estimates of the slowness vector that are

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Bhalotra, Sonia, and Damian Clarke. "The Twin Instrument: Fertility and Human Capital Investment." Journal of the European Economic Association 18, no. 6 (2019): 3090–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz058.

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Abstract Twin births are often used as an instrument to address selection of women into fertility. However, recent work shows selection of women into twin birth such that, while OLS estimates tend to be downward biased, twin-IV estimates will tend to be upward biased. This is pertinent given the emerging consensus that fertility has limited impacts on women’s labour supply, or on investments in children. Using data for developing countries and the United States to estimate the trade-off between fertility and children’s human capital, we demonstrate the nature and size of the bias in the twin-I

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de Oliveira e Silva, Clarisse Caroline, Mauro Pichorim, Pedro Teófilo Silva de Moura, and Leonardo Fernandes França. "Seasonality in abundance and detection bias of birds in a tropical dry forest in north-eastern South America." Journal of Tropical Ecology 33, no. 6 (2017): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467417000347.

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Abstract:Seasonal fluctuations in bird abundance are expected in semi-arid environments, but estimates may be biased if detectability is not considered. In a tropical dry forest in north-eastern Brazil, we evaluated whether bird abundance is highly seasonal, and associated with time-specific variability in detectability. We mark-recaptured birds with mist nets over three field visits (3487 records from 75 species), and used closed-capture models to estimate detectability and abundance in birds divided into three groups (all, residents, insectivores). In the two dry periods, the best models res

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Masaki, Nobuaki, Sharon R. Browning, and Brian L. Browning. "Simultaneous estimation of genotype error and uncalled deletion rates in whole genome sequence data." PLOS Genetics 20, no. 5 (2024): e1011297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1011297.

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Genotype data include errors that may influence conclusions reached by downstream statistical analyses. Previous studies have estimated genotype error rates from discrepancies in human pedigree data, such as Mendelian inconsistent genotypes or apparent phase violations. However, uncalled deletions, which generally have not been accounted for in these studies, can lead to biased error rate estimates. In this study, we propose a genotype error model that considers both genotype errors and uncalled deletions when calculating the likelihood of the observed genotypes in parent-offspring trios. Usin

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Chytry, Milan. "Phytosociological Data Give Biased Estimates of Species Richness." Journal of Vegetation Science 12, no. 3 (2001): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3236858.

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&NA;. "Risk estimates of antihistamine-induced cardiac arrhythmias biased?" Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 900 (2002): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200209000-00010.

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Lang, Corey, and Shanna Pearson-Merkowitz. "Aggregate data yield biased estimates of voter preferences." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 111 (January 2022): 102604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2021.102604.

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&NA;. "Risk estimates of antihistamine-induced cardiac arrhythmias biased?" Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1336 (2002): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200213360-00042.

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Chytrý, Milan. "Phytosociological data give biased estimates of species richness." Journal of Vegetation Science 12, no. 3 (2001): 441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2001.tb00190.x.

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Lotova, G. Z., and G. A. Mikhailov. "Investigation and improvement of biased Monte Carlo estimates." Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics 55, no. 1 (2015): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965542515010157.

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Logan, Trevon D. "Are Engel Curve Estimates of CPI Bias Biased?" Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History 42, no. 3 (2009): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/hmts.42.3.97-110.

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KITOV, Ivan. "ESTIMATES OF INCOME INEQUALITY ARE BIASED OR MISINTERPRETED." Theoretical and Practical Research in the Economic Fields 5, no. 2 (2014): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v5.2(10).02.

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We considerdefinitions and measuring procedures of personal income used by three U.S. agencies as well as the evolution of household size distribution and reveal major quantitative inconsistencies in the reported figures of personal and household inequality. The problem with the inequality estimates reported by the Internal Revenue Service consists in the changing proportion of people with lower incomes. The increasing proportion of low-income population is misinterpreted as the growth in income inequality. The Census Bureau provides personal income distributions scaled from a small subset of

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Lotonov, M. A. "Effectiveness of biased estimates of distribution law parameters." Measurement Techniques 39, no. 11 (1996): 1083–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02375382.

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Green, Edwin J., and William E. Strawderman. "Combining Inventory Estimates with Possibly Biased Auxiliary Information." Forest Science 36, no. 3 (1990): 693–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/36.3.693.

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Abstract The usual method of combining sample data with auxiliary information is the familiar precision-weighted composite estimator. However, application of this estimator is straightforward only when the auxiliary information is unbiased. If this is not the case, and the bias is unaccounted for, then the risk of the usual composite estimator can be greater than that of the sample mean. We conjecture that investigators are often unsure of the possible bias in their auxiliary information. Accordingly, we develop an estimator which mimics the usual composite estimator when the auxiliary informa

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de Araujo, Marcelo R. A., and B. E. Coulman. "Parent-offspring regression in meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehm.): Evaluation of two methodologies on heritability estimates." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 1 (2004): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-119.

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To determine the nature and extent of inflation of estimates of heritabilities by parent-offspring regression methods, 40 clones of meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehm.) and their half-sib progenies were studied in completely randomized block design trials, with six replications in Saskatoon and Melfort, Canada. Clones and progenies were evaluated for dry matter yield, seed yield, plant height, fertility index and harvest index. The results of the analysis showed a consistent inflation of heritability estimates derived from the simple parent-offspring regression, when compared to the regre

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Veronese, Mattia, Kathleen C. Schmidt, Carolyn Beebe Smith, and Alessandra Bertoldo. "Use of Spectral Analysis with Iterative Filter for Voxelwise Determination of Regional Rates of Cerebral Protein Synthesis with L-[1-11C]leucine PET." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 32, no. 6 (2012): 1073–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2012.27.

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A spectral analysis approach was used to estimate kinetic parameters of the L-[1-11C]leucine positron emission tomography (PET) method and regional rates of cerebral protein synthesis ( rCPS) on a voxel-by-voxel basis. Spectral analysis applies to both heterogeneous and homogeneous tissues; it does not require prior assumptions concerning number of tissue compartments. Parameters estimated with spectral analysis can be strongly affected by noise, but numerical filters improve estimation performance. Spectral analysis with iterative filter (SAIF) was originally developed to improve estimation o

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