Journal articles on the topic 'Bible. N.T. Marc'

Vineyard soils in many areas suffer from low organic matter contents, which can be the cause of negative effects such as increasing the risk of erosion, so the use of organic amendments must be considered a good agricultural practice. Even more, if grape marc is recycled as a soil amendment in the vineyards, benefits from a good waste management strategy are also obtained. In the present study, a grape marc from the wine region of Valdeorras (north-west Spain) was used for the production of vermicompost, and this added to a vineyard soil of the same area in a laboratory study. Mixtures of soil and grape marc vermicompost (2 and 4%, dry weight) were incubated for ten weeks at 25°C and the mineralization of C and N studied. The respiration data were fitted to a first-order kinetic model. The rates of grape marc vermicompost which should be added to the vineyard soil in order to maintain the initial levels of organic matter were estimated from the laboratory data, and found to be 1.7 t ha−1 year−1 of bulk vermicompost (if the present mean temperature is considered) and 2.1 t ha−1 year−1 of bulk vermicompost (if a 2°C increment in temperature is considered), amounts which could be obtained recycling the grape marc produced in the exploitation.

AbstractThere was a time when the interpretation of the Bible was a seamless integrated theological activity. Today, the separation of biblical studies from theologically interested exegesis amongst theologians encourages a sceptical arms-length relationship between Old and New Testament scholars and theologians. Theologians criticise biblical studies' so-called objective and disinterested approach to interpreting the Bible for requiring scholars of both testaments to suspend their theological convictions. Biblical scholars condemn theologians for misusing biblical texts in support of their own preconceived theological agendas. The article suggests a way to bring these divergent exegetical approaches into conversation in a charitable, yet critical fashion, by comparing Karl Barth and N. T. Wright's exegesis of Romans 3:21–4:25. It concludes that the biblical scholar's and theologian's respective sensitivity to the historical and theological sense of the biblical text can, when brought together, benefit each other's reading of the Bible.

An experiment, established on a cracking clay (Vertisol) at Emerald, central Queensland, studied the dry matter (DM) production, nitrogen (N) fixation, and water use of several potential ley-legume species over 4 seasons (1994–1997). Four ley legumes (siratro, Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro; lucerne, Medicago sativa cv. Trifecta; lablab, Lablab purpureus cv. Highworth; and desmanthus, Desmanthus virgatus cv. Marc) were compared with a pulse (mungbean, Vigna radiata cv. Satin), and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) was included as a non-legume control. Overall, the annual legumes lablab (17.5 t/ha) and mungbean (13.4 t/ha) and the perennial siratro (16.2 t/ha) accumulated more DM than the perennials lucerne (9.6 t/ha) and desmanthus (7.1 t/ha). Lucerne produced little DM in its first year, but in later years had similar production to siratro and lablab. Desmanthus produced >4 t/ha of DM in the first year but barely survived during later seasons. Annual legumes grew faster and exhausted soil water more rapidly than the perennials. The perennials were able to extract more water from the soil than the annual legumes and sorghum, but were inefficient at converting small to moderate rainfall events (25–50 mm) into DM production. During the fallow following the growth of lablab and mungbean, nitrate-N in soil increased and was always greater at the time of re-sowing than for the perennial legumes and sorghum. Initially, the 2 annual legumes derived a high proportion (50% to >70%) of their above-ground N from fixation (%Ndfa) but this declined as the experiment progressed to low values (<13%) in the third and fourth years, reflecting increased supply of nitrate from the soil. In contrast, %Ndfa peaked at 72% for siratro and >90% for lucerne, and remained high (25–50%) throughout the experiment. N fixation rates were strongly negatively correlated with soil nitrate. Over the 4 years, siratro fixed 161 kg N/ha, lucerne 120, lablab 119, mungbean 78, and desmanthus 19 based on above-ground biomass. Mungbean had a net negative N balance (–80 kg N/ha) due to N exported in grain.

Athletes require sufficient nutrition knowledge and skills to enable appropriate selection and consumption of food and fluids to meet their health, body composition, and performance needs. This article reports the nutrition knowledge and dietary habits of male football (soccer) players in Australia. Players age 18 years and older were recruited from 1 A-League club (professional) and 4 National Premier League clubs (semiprofessional). No significant difference in general nutrition knowledge (GNK; 54.1% ± 13.4%; 56.8% ± 11.7%; M ± SD), t(71) = -0.91, p = .37, or sports nutrition knowledge (SNK; 56.9% ± 15.5%; 61.3% ± 15.9%), t(71) = -1.16, p = .25) were noted between professional (n = 29) and semiprofessional (n = 44) players. In general, players lacked knowledge in regard to food sources and types of fat. Although nutrition knowledge varied widely among players (24.6–82.8% correct responses), those who had recently studied nutrition answered significantly more items correctly than those who reported no recent formal nutrition education (62.6% ± 11.9%; 54.0% ± 11.4%), t(67) = 2.88, p = .005). Analysis of 3-day estimated food diaries revealed both professionals (n = 10) and semiprofessionals (n = 31) consumed on average less carbohydrate (3.5 ± 0.8 gC/kg; 3.9 ± 1.8 gC/kg) per day than football-specific recommendations (FIFA Medical and Assessment Research Centre [F-MARC]: 5–10 gC/kg). There was a moderate, positive correlation between SNK and carbohydrate intake (n = 41, ρ = 0.32, p = .04), indicating that players who exhibited greater SNK had higher carbohydrate intakes. On the basis of these findings, male football players in Australia would benefit from nutrition education targeting carbohydrate and fat in an attempt to improve nutrition knowledge and dietary practices.

AbstractThe standard medieval view of New Testament Apocrypha was that they were Christian writings (related to matters treated in the canonical books of the Bible), which had to be treated with caution and often dismissed as heretical. A list of the Apocrypha figured in the [Pseudo-]Gelasian Decree. In the Renaissance, for authors such as Lèfevre d'Etaples, Nicholas Gerbel and many others, the term assumed a multiplicity of meanings, both positive and negative. This article shows that although no attempts were made in the early 16th century to bring N. T. Apocrypha together into a corpus, the editors' ambivalent and complex attitude to texts such as the Laodiceans or Paul's Correspondence with Seneca led to their definitive marginalisation and encouraged their subsequent publication (by Fabricius and others) as corpora of dubious writings.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of forest conversion at to agricultural production on some biological indicators to quantify their relationship in subtropical ecosystems. The experimental design was in romized complete blocks, with four treatments: subtropical rainforest (F), yerba mate crops (I) (Ilex paraguariensis SH.); citrus crops (C) (Citrus unshiu Marc.); tobacco crops (T) (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Soil samples were taken from 0-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.30m deep. The variables measured were: APA, clay content, pH, total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), respiration (RE) soil organic carbon (SOC). These soils showed an acid reaction clay content over 650 g.kg-1. SOC N content were higher in soils under subtropical rainforest, intermediate under citrus crops, lower under tobacco yerba mate crops. The highest APA was found under subtropical rainforest decreased in the three depths. In all treatments, APA was higher in the superficial layer; the 76% of APA variability was explained by N P. APA can indicate changes in soil quality, when comparing subtropical rainforest to agricultural systems. APA does not indicate effects between soils under different crops. Our data suggest that acid phosphatase activity is closely associated to soil nitrogen organic content as energy source.Â

Summary. The growth and ability of 12 summer-growing annual and perennial legumes to fix nitrogen and the response of a subsequent wheat crop was examined in a field trial on a deep cracking clay soil in the Central Highlands of Queensland. Twelve legumes [Lablab purpureus cv. Highworth, Vigna radiata cv. Satin, Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro, Medicago sativa cv. Trifecta, Vigna trilobata (CPI 13671), Macroptilium bracteatum (CPI 27404), Glycine latifolia (CQ 3368), Desmanthus virgatus cv. Marc, Desmanthus virgatus cv. Bayamo, Stylosanthes sp. aff scabra (104710), Clitoria ternatea cv. Milgarra, Cajanus cajan cv. Quest)] and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. Tulloch) as a non-legume control were established in November 1994 and their growth monitored until March 1995. The legumes averaged greater than 5 t/ha dry matter production and 77 kg N/ha (above-ground only). Dry matter production ranged from less than 2 t/ha for G. latifolia and M. sativa to greater than 9 t/ha for D. virgatus cv. Bayamo and C. cajan. Annual legumes initially had much higher relative growth rates than the perennial legumes but they rapidily exhausted all the plant available water content of the soil thus allowing the well-established perennials to eventually match this production. The proportion of plant nitrogen (above ground) derived from N2 fixation was generally low, reflecting high soil NO3, but varied widely between species ranging from less than 20% for D. virgatus cv. Marc and G. latifolia to over 45% for C. ternatea, S. scabra and V. trilobata. The quantity of nitrogen derived from fixation was correlated with above-ground dry matter and nitrogen content. There was a significant (P<0.05) growth response by wheat following legumes compared with that following sorghum in the increasing order V. radiata = M. atropurpureum = L. purpureus > C. cajan = M. sativa = V. trilobata = M. bracteatum = G. latifolia > S. scabra = D. virgatus = C. ternatea. Previous legume growth had no significant (P>0.05) effect on yield or nitrogen concentration in a second ‘plant-back’ crop (sorghum). It was concluded that a wide range of pasture-ley legumes have the potential to improve cereal crop production in this region.

AbstractIntroduction: Manufactures claim that recently introduced bulk fill materials (BFM) can be cured adequately in 4 mm increments. This requires adequate light energy to be transmitted through the material to ensure adequate polymerization at the bottom of the increment. Aim: To compare the total light energy transmission through three BFMs and bottom/top (B/T) surface Vickers hardness (VH) when cured with single-peak versus dual-peak LED LCUs.Methods and Materials: Samples (n=5) of two viscous BFMs, Tetric EvoCeram® Bulk Fill X-tra fil® [XF] flowable SureFil, were prepared. A conventional RBC, Tetric EvoCeram® was used as a control. Using MARC® RC, the irradiance delivered to top surface of samples was adjusted to 1200 mW/cm2. Samples were cured with singlepeak EliparTM S10 or dual-peakBluephase® G2 for 10 seconds and irradiance transmitted to the bottom surface measured. Samples were stored for 24 hours, prior to VH measurements B/T VH ratios were calculated. Statistically analysed used oneway ANOVA (α=0.05).Results: There was no statistically significant difference for B/T total energy transmission between materials except XF with EliparTM S10 (P<0.001). Total energy transmission ranged from 0.7 J/cm2 to 1.5 J/cm2. There was no statistically significant difference for B/T VH ratios between materials (P>0.05) when materials were cured with single-peak versus dual-peak LCU’s, XF>SDR>TEC>TBF. TBF alone, did not reach the generally accepted B/T VH of 80%. Conclusions: Both single-peak and dual-peak LCU’s were equally effective for curing the studied bulk fill materials. Manufacture’s recommended total energy delivered to the top surface may not always be sufficient for effective curing.

Background:CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic functions (CD4+ CTL) have gained attention in recent years. Accumulating evidence supports their importance in defense against human viral infections such as CMV1, EBV2, dengue3, HIV4, 5 and SARS-CoV-26. Moreover, expansion of so called CD28null cytotoxic CD4+ T cells have been reported in the blood of patients with rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA)7, myositis8 and vasculitis9 as well as in cardiovascular diseases10.Objectives:Here, we aimed to investigate the presence and clonal expansion of CD4+ CTL in the peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) of RA patients using single cell technologies.Methods:We assessed the expression of cytotoxic effector molecules and transcription factors in CD4+ T cells in synovial fluid (n=21) and paired peripheral blood (n=16) from ACPA- and APCA+ RA patients by multi-parameter flow cytometry. We performed single cell sequencing, in combination with 5´ TCRab sequencing, on purified CD4+ T cells from the peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) of ACPA+ RA patients (n=7).Results:Flow cytometry experiments show that Granzyme-B+ Perforin-1+ CD4+ CTL are significantly increased in the SF of ACPA+ RA patients as compared to ACPA- RA patients (p=0.0072). The presence of CD4+ CTL could be confirmed by single cell sequencing in SF of each ACPA+ RA patient tested (n=7). Moreover, we found that the adhesion G-protein coupled receptor GPR56 is selectively expressed on the recently described peripheral helper (TPH) T-cell subset11 and associates with the expression of tissue resident memory markers LAG-3, CXCR6 and CD69. In blood, we confirmed a previous report12 showing that GPR56 delineates cytotoxic CD4+ T cells. Finally, expanded TCR clones expressing cytotoxic effector molecules were identified in synovial fluid of ACPA+ RA patients and, for some patients, in their corresponding peripheral blood.Conclusion:We identified GPR56 as a marker of TPH cells in SF of ACPA+ RA patients that associates with tissue residency receptors. The combination of single cell sequencing and multi-parameter flow cytometry highlights the importance of CD4+ CTL in ACPA+ RA and suggests a potential therapeutic target (Figure 1).References:[1]Casazza J. P. et al., J Exp Med2006,203 (13), 2865-77.[2]Landais E. et al., Blood2004,103 (4), 1408-16.[3]Kurane I. et al. J Exp Med1989,170 (3), 763-75.[4]Appay V. et al. J Immunol2002,168 (11), 5954-8.[5]Juno J. A. et al. Front Immunol2017,8, 19.[6]Meckiff B. J. et al. Cell2020,183 (5), 1340-1353 e16.[7]Schmidt D. et al. J Clin Invest1996,97 (9), 2027-37.[8]Fasth A. E. et al. J Immunol2009,183 (7), 4792-9.[9]Moosig F. et al. Clin Exp Immunol1998,114 (1), 113-8.[10]Sato K. et al. J Exp Med2006,203 (1), 239-50.[11]Rao D. A., et al. Nature2017,542 (7639), 110-114.[12]Peng Y. M. et al. J Leukoc Biol2011,90 (4), 735-40.Acknowledgements:We thank the patients who donated samples and the medical staff at the Rheumatology Clinic of Karolinska University Hospital. Julia Boström, Gloria Rostvall, and Susana Hernandez Machado are acknowledged for organizing the sampling, storage, and administration of biomaterial. This study is supported by grants from Dr. Margaretha Nilssons, the Nanna Svartz, the Ulla and Gustaf af Ugglas foundations and the Swedish association against rheumatism.Disclosure of Interests:Alexandra Argyriou: None declared, Marc H Wadsworth II Employee of: Pfizer, Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States, Adrian Lendvai: None declared, Stephen Christensen Employee of: Pfizer, Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States, Aase Hensvold: None declared, Christina Gerstner: None declared, Kellie Kravarik Employee of: Pfizer, Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States, Aaron Winkler Employee of: Pfizer, Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States, Vivianne Malmström: None declared, Karine Chemin: None declared

List of abstract titles and authors:1. Antipsychotics across the spectrum: An overview of their mechanisms of actionAnissa Abi-Dargham2. Recent advances in the treatment of common anxiety disordersChrister Allgulander3. Psychiatry in Africa: The myths, the realities and the exoticO Gureje4. Mental Health policy developmet in Kenya and Tanznia - A DFID funded projectRachel Jenkins, David Kima, Joseph Mbatia, Frank Njenga5. Vascular factors in Alzheimer's diseaseR N Kalaria6. Depression as an immunologically based Neurodegenerative disorderBrian Leonard7. Eight years of progress in Arican PsychiatryF Njenga8. Treatment of Depression: Present and futureDr R.M. Pinder9. Imaging the Serotinergic system in impulsive aggressive personality disorder patientsLarry J Siever, Antonia S. New, Mari Goodman, Monte Buchsbaum, Erin Hazlett, Karen O'Flynn, Anissa Abi-argham, Marc Lauelle10. Mode of action of Atypical antipsychotic rugs: Focus on A2 AdrnoceptorsT.H. SvenssonNeuroscience: Selected Abstracts11. Chemical odulato of Fronto-execuitive functions: Neropsychiatric implicationsTrevor W Robbins12. Neural mechanisms of recognition memory and of social atacntProf. G Horn13. Estrogen signling after estrogen receptor ß (ERß)Jan-Ake Gustafsson14. Getting Lost: Hippocampal contributions to agerelated memory dysfunctionCarol BarnesMetals and the brain: Selected abstracts15. Modeling the contributin of iron mismanagement to Neurological disordersProf. J R C Connor16. Aluminium-triggered fibrillogenesis of B-AmyloidsProf. PZ Zatta, Dr D Drago, Mr G Tognon, Dr F RicchelliPsychiatry in Africa:17. Psychosocal aspects of Khat use among the youth of NairobiMs T M Khamis18. PTSD among motor vehicle accident survivors, KenyaDr F A Ongecha19. Psychiatric relities within African context - The Kenyan case StudyProf. D M N Ndetei20. Adolescent-parenta interactions from infancy, Nairobi KenyaDr L K Ksakhala, Prof. D M N Ndetei21. Alcohol use ong young persons: A focus group study in Southwest NigeriaO A Obeijide22. Personality disorders and personality traits among tyoe 2 Diabetic patientsProf. O El Rufaie, Dr M Sabosy, Dr M S Abuzeid23. Association of traumatic experiences with depression among Nigerian adolescentsDr O Omigbodun, Dr K BakareMs O B Yusuf, Dr O Esan24. Prevalence of depression among women attending outpatient clinics in MalawiDr M Tugumisirize, Prof. Agn, Dr Musisi25. Non-fatal suicidalbehaviour at the Johannesburg General HospitalDr M Y H Moosa, Prof. F Y Jeenah, Dr A Pillay, Pof. M Vorstere, Dr R Liebenberg26. Integrating mental health into general primary health care - Uganda's experienceDr N Kigozi27. Depression among Nigerian survivors of stroke:Prevalance and associated factorsDr F.O Fatoye Dr M A Komolafe, Dr A. O Adewuya, Dr B.A. Eegunranti Prof. M.A. Lawal28. NGO Involvement mental health care -The way forwardDr Basangwa29. Prevalen of Attenton Deficit Hyperactivity sorder among African school childrenDr E KashalaProf. T Tylleskar, Dr I Elgen, Dr K Sommerfelt30. Barriers to effective mental health care in NigeriaMs L. Kola31. Quay of life evaluation in patients with HIV-I infection with respect to the impact of Phyttherapy (Traditional Herb in Zimbabwe)M B Sebit, S K Chandiwaa, A S Latif, E Gomo, S W Acuda, F Makoni, J Vushe

<p><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong><strong><em>: </em></strong><em>The paper examined critically the story of Esther in the Bible</em><em>,</em><em> who delivered her nation when they were being threatened with total annihilation</em><em>. </em><em>The patriotism, faith, prayer</em><em>,</em><em> and determination she combined to deliver her nation were examined. With the background story of Esther given, the paper noted that leaders of women’s groups could use Esther as a role model to rescue Nigeria from total collapse</em><em>,</em><em> especially now that the peace of the nation is being threatened by Boko Haram insurgency. To make this more challenging to the women folk, the paper appraised the positive contributions of some women in the pre</em><em>-</em><em>colonial, colonial</em><em>,</em><em> and post</em><em>-</em><em>colonial period</em><em>s</em><em>. The paper observed that women who were appointed to the key administrative and political positions at this period performed creditably. However, the paper observed that some women started off well, but veered off to corruption. It is</em><em>,</em><em> therefore</em><em>,</em><em> noted that the fact that some women did not play their roles correctly does not mean there could</em><em> </em><em>n</em><em>o</em><em>t be a change. It is against this background that the paper recommended Biblical leadership model of Esther</em><em>,</em><em> which </em><em>is a</em><em> model of determination, self</em><em>-</em><em>sacrifice, prayer, humility</em><em>,</em><em> and righteousness. Equally</em><em>,</em><em> women were encouraged to use their positions to </em><em>improve, although</em><em> the</em><em>y are</em><em> the less privileged in the society</em><em>,</em><em> and to always take advantage of any circumstance.</em></p><p><strong><em>K</em></strong><strong><em>EY</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>WORD</em></strong><em>: </em><em>E</em><em>sther</em><em>,</em><em> women leadership</em><em>,</em><em> role model</em><em>,</em><em> patriotism,</em><em> </em><em>and </em><em>self</em><em>-</em><em>sacrifice.</em><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>ABTRAKSI: “</em></strong><em>Esther: Teladan dalam Alkitab untuk Peran Kepemimpinan Perempuan di Negara Nigeria Kini”. Makalah ini mengkaji secara kritis kisah Ester dalam Alkitab, yang menyelamatkan bangsanya ketika terancam dalam kehancuran total. Patriotisme, iman, doa, dan tekad yang Esther lakukan untuk membebaskan bangsanya itu dikaji dalam penelitian ini. Dengan latar belakang cerita Ester, makalah ini mencatat bahwa pemimpin kelompok perempuan bisa menggunakan Esther sebagai model atau teladan untuk menyelamatkan Nigeria dari kehancuran total, terutama sekarang ini karena perdamaian bangsa sedang terancam oleh pemberontakan Boko Haram. Untuk menjadikan hal ini lebih menantang bagi kaum perempuan, makalah ini menilai kontribusi positif dari beberapa wanita pada zaman pra-kolonial, zaman kolonial, dan zaman pasca-kolonial. Makalah ini mengamati bahwa wanita yang ditunjuk untuk menempati posisi administrasi dan politik penting pada periode ini dapat dipercaya. Namun, makalah ini juga mengamati bahwa beberapa wanita memulainya dengan baik, tetapi kemudian melakukan penyimpangan dalam korupsi. Oleh karena itu, perlu dicatat bahwa fakta beberapa wanita tidak memainkan peran mereka dengan benar tidak pula berarti bahwa perubahan tidak mungkin. Dengan latar belakang ini, makalah merekomendasikan model kepemimpinan Esther dalam Alkitab, yang merupakan teladan dalam keteguhan, pengorbanan diri, doa, kerendahan hati, dan kebenaran. Semua perempuan didorong untuk sama-sama menggunakan posisi mereka agar lebih baik, meskipun mereka adalah orang yang kurang beruntung dalam masyarakat, dan untuk selalu mengambil keuntungan dari setiap keadaan.</em></p><p><strong><em>KATA KUNCI</em></strong><em>: Esther, kepemimpinan wanita, teladan, patriotisme, dan pengorbanan diri.</em></p><p><img src="/public/site/images/wirta/07.adesanya_.ng_.ok_.jpg" alt="" /></p><p><strong><em>About the Author:</em></strong> <strong>Dr. Adesanya Ibiyinka Olusola</strong> is a Lecturer at the Department of Religious Studies, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. For academic interests, the author is able to be contacted via mobile phone at: +2348133946799 or e-mail at: <a href="mailto:olusolaibiyinka@yahoo.com">olusolaibiyinka@yahoo.com</a></p><p><strong><em>How to cite this article?</em></strong> Olusola, Adesanya Ibiyinka. (2016). “Esther: Biblical Model for Women Leadership Role in Contemporary Nigeria” in <em>MIMBAR PENDIDIKAN</em><em>: </em><em>Jurnal Indonesia untuk Kajian Pendidikan</em>, Vol.1(1) Maret, pp.77-86. Bandung, Indonesia: UPI Press. <strong></strong></p><p><em><strong><em>Chronicle of the article:</em></strong> </em>Accepted (February 11, 2016); Revised (February 21, 2016); and Published (March 11, 2016).<em><br /></em></p>

(francuski) Pionnier de la byzantinologie serbe, Dragutin Anastasijevic (1877-1950), s'est sp?cialis? de 1902 ? 1905 aupr?s de Karl Krumbacher (1856-1909) ? Munich o? il a obtenu son doctorat en 1905. De retour en Serbie, Anastasijevic est rest? en contact avec son ma?tre, comme l'attestent cinq de ses lettres, dat?es de 1907 ? 1909, conserv?es dans le legs ?pistolaire de Krumbacher (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, M?nchen). Les photocopies de cette correspondance, r?dig?e en allemand, ont ?t? remises au recteur de Universit? de Belgrade, Marija Bogdanovic, par le prof. Peter Schreiner lors de sa promotion au rang de docteur honoris causa de l'Universit? de Belgrade, le 9 f?vrier 2004. Ce travail propose une traduction en serbe et un commentaire des lettres d'Anastasijevic. Bien qu'assez bref, leur contenu nous r?v?le le champ d'int?r?t tr?s diversifi? qui retenait alors l'attention de ce byzantiniste serbe. On y retrouve avant tout le th?me de sa th?se de doctorat Die par?netischen Alphab?te in der griechischen Literatur portant sur un type de po?sie moralisante jusqu'alors quasiment inconnu se caract?risant par des vers dont les initiales reprennent l'ordre de l'alphabet grec. Outre cela, Anastasijevic s'int?ressait alors tout particuli?rement ? l'?tude des chartes athonites, ce qui l'amena ? s?journer neuf mois ? l'Athos en 1907/08. On note auusi tout l'int?r?t qu'il portait ? un bague d'or octogonale, acquise en 1908 et aujourd'hui conserv? dans la Collection des antiquit?s romaines tardives et pal?o byzantines du Mus?e national de Belgrade. Bien que donnant de nombreux d?tails sur cette parure dans une de ses lettres conserv?es, Anastasijevic, lui m?me, ne l'a jamais publi?e. Cette bague n'a finalement fait l'objet d'une premi?re publication, due au dr Ivana Popovic de l'Institut Arch?ologique de Belgrade, qu'en 2001. Les pol?miques de l'?poque agitant la science byzantine ont ?galement trouv? un ?cho dans les lettres d'Anastasijevic. Il s'agissait avant tout de certaines questions relatives ? la formation du grec moderne. De fait, la question linguistique s'?tait ?rig?e en probl?me culturel et politique en Gr?ce d?s la fin du XVIII?me si?cle, qui a perdur?, il est permis de dire, jusqu'? nos jours. Le d?bat sur la langue est devenu plus particuli?rement virulent en 1905 lors de la parution du livre de Krumbacher, To npo?Xri?a ??j? veo)T?pa? ??a<?o?e\?\? cAATjvuoj? (p. 1-300) ??? ?ndvrrioi? sic avr?v vn? ?e?a??. N. ???&?a??] (?. 301-860). Nombre d'?crivains, de savants et, plus g?n?ralement, de gens de plume, consid?raient qu'il n'?tait pas de progr?s possible de la litt?rature et de la spiritualit? grecques sans une g?n?ralisation de l'emploi du grec d?motique. Parmi eux figurait notamment Karl Krumbacher qui a alors pris part ? le lutte pour l'introduction d'une langue grecque populaire. Parmi les savants grecs cette pol?mique voyait l'engagement de Georgios Chatzidakis, qui s'opposait ? l'introduction du d?motique, et Joannis Psycharis, qui voulait mettre un terme ? l'utilisation de la katharevousa et tentait de syst?matiser le d?motique et d'en faire la seul et unique langue nationale. D. Anastasijevic, qui ?tait ?galement partisan de l'emploi du grec d?motique, note dans une de ses lettres que ?seuls Psycharis et Krumbacher sont les ap?tres de la vie et de l'avenir qui toujours doivent l'emporter sur la mort et le pass??. Les lettres d'Anastasijevic nous renseignent ?galement, de fa?on explicite, sur son abondante correspondance avec de nombreux scientifiques contemporains tels que, par exemple, P. Marc, J. Heeg, P. Maas, G. Schlumberger, J. H. Mordtman. De toute ?vidence ce jeune savant serbe s'?tait fait un grand nombre d'amis parrains ses confr?res au cours de ses ?tudes ? Munich et de ses nombreux voyages ou s?jours de travail dans les principaux centres scientifiques et les plus importantes biblioth?ques d'Europe. Finalement, mais non en dernier lieu, il ressort clairement des lettres d'Anastasijevic tout le respect et la gratitude qu'il ressentait ? l'?gard de son ma?tre, et ma?tre de nombreux autres chercheurs se penchant sur le pass? byzantin, Karl Krumbacher. Il s'adresse ? lui le plus souvent par ?tr?s cher monsieur le professeur? ou ?tr?s cher ma?tre?. Dans ce cas il est r?ellement question du nombre rapport entre un ?l?ve et son ma?tre devenu son ?p?re spirituel?. .

Language contact in translation: The initial stage in the development of the definite article in the light of the Gothic text of the Bible. Summary: Definiteness (weak determination) is a characteristic of grammatical constructions whose base is a name, and whose formative is an article (a weak determiner). In definiteness, we distinguish between exponents (which are formatives of the mentioned grammatical constructions), e.g. the, a(n), functives (or determinants), and formal values (viz. definite, indefinite, and bare). Functives are the factors which, at the stage of encoding, determine the occurrence of particular exponents. They are either formal (e.g. the target role of the article as an exponent of nominalization) or logico-semantic. The latter make a system whose components are the actual scope values of a countable common name, viz. α1 = unique, α2 = identifying, β = free, γ1 = universal, γ2 = existential, and δ = species-oriented. They correspond to the subsets of the scope of the name which, at the stage of encoding, are those to be conveyed in the message, and, at the stage of decoding, are recognized as actually conveyed. The types of functives mentioned are applied to the analysis of the use of the simple demonstrative sa (m.), sō (f.), þata (n.) ‘this, that’ in the Gothic translation of the Bible. It is shown that this demonstrative can be qualified as an article or article-like determiner when it appears as (a) an exponent of co-reference, i.e. when the actual scope value of the name it precedes is α2 (identifying), e.g. hundafaþs … sa hundafaþs ‘a centurion … the centurion’ (b) an exponent of nominalization, e.g. sa saiands ‘the (one) sowing’, ‘the sower’, and as (c) an element connecting the components of an appositive construction, e.g. sunus meins sa liuba ‘my son the beloved (one)’. Such types of the use of the demonstrative are treated as the initial stage in the development of the definite article in Gothic. It is probable that in a similar way, and especially as an exponent of co-reference, this article started to develop also in other languages. The influence of the Greek original upon the use of the Gothic simple demonstrative as a counterpart of the definite article ὁ, ἡ, τό is indubitable but it is not so strong as to violate the morpho-semantic rules of Gothic. Thus, in the case of the actual scope value α1 (unique) and γ1 (universal), a simple name in Gothic is preceded by the zero determiner although (but not always) in the Greek original it is accompanied by the definite article, e.g. in the case of α1: sauil ὁ ἥλιοϛ ‘the sun’, and in the case of γ1: skalks ὁ δοῦλος ‘the servant’. S t r e s z c z e n i e: Określoność słaba (ang. definiteness) przysługuje konstrukcji gramatycznej, której podstawą (bazą) jest nazwa, a formatywem ‒ określnik słaby, czyli adimek (ang. article), którego odmianą jest przedimek. Na określoność słabą składają się wykładniki (które są formatywami we wspomnianych konstrukcjach gramatycznych), np. ang. the, a(n), funktywy (czyli determinanty) i wartości formalne (mianowicie: określona, nieokreślona i zero-określnikowa). Funktywy to czynniki, które w procesie kodowania determinują występowanie poszczególnych wykładników. Dzielą się one na formalne (np. docelowa rola przedimka jako wykładnika nominalizacji) i logiczno-semantyczne. Te ostatnie stanowią system, na który składają się aktualne wartości zakresowe pospolitej nazwy policzalnej, a mianowicie: α1 = unikatowa, α2 = identyfikująca, β = wolna, γ1 = uniwersalna, γ2 = egzystencjalna i δ = rodzajowa/gatunkowa. Odpowiadają one podzbiorom zakresu nazwy, które na etapie kodowania występują jako docelowe, a na etapie dekodowania są rozpoznawane jako faktycznie obecne. Wymienione rodzaje funktywów są wykorzystane do analizy użycia demonstrativum prostego sa, sō, þata ‘ten, ta, to’, ‘tamten, tamata, tamto’ w gockim przekładzie Biblii. Ukazano, że to demonstrativum ma tu charakter przedimkowy lub przedimkopodobny, gdy występuje jako (a) wykładnik współodniesienia (koreferncji), czyli gdy aktualną wartością zakresową nazwy jest α2 (identyfikująca), np. hundafaþs … sa hundafaþs ‘setnik … (ten) setnik’ (b) wykładnik nominalizacji, np. sa saiands ‘[ten] siejący’, ‘siewca’, oraz (c) element łączący składniki konstrukcji apozycyjnej, np. sunus meins sa liuba ‘syn mój [ten] umiłowany’. Tego rodzaju użycia demonstrativum traktowane są jako początkowy etap rozwoju przedimka określonego w gockim. Jest prawdopodobne, że w podobny sposób, a szczególnie jako wykładnik współodniesienia, przedimek ten zaczął się rozwijać także w innych językach. Wpływ oryginału greckiego na użycie demonstrativum jako odpowiednika przedimka określonego ὁ, ἡ, τό jest niewątpliwy, lecz nie tak silny, aby gwałcić reguły morfosemantyczne języka gockiego, o czym świadczy fakt, że w przypadku aktualnej wartości zakresowej α1 (unikatowej) i γ1 (uniwersalnej) nazwę prostą poprzedza w gockim określnik zerowy, mimo że (choć nie zawsze) w greckim oryginale występuje przedimek określony, np. w przypadku α1: sauil ὁ ἥλιοϛ ‘słońce’, a w przypadku γ1: skalks ὁ δοῦλος ‘sługa’.

Abstract Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) pneumonia is associated with morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated, intensive care unit (MV ICU) patients despite best clinical care. We assessed efficacy, PK, and safety of MEDI3902 in MV ICU subjects in the placebo-controlled, randomized Phase 2 EVADE study (NCT02696902; EudraCT 2015-001706-34). Methods Subjects with PCR-confirmed PA colonization of the lower respiratory tract were randomized to either a single IV infusion of 1,500 mg MEDI3902 (n = 85) or placebo (n = 83). Primary Efficacy endpoint was Endpoint Adjudication Committee-determined relative risk reduction (RRR) of PA pneumonia incidence in MEDI3902 vs. placebo recipients within 21 days post dose (2-sided α = 0.2). Serum MEDI3902 PK levels were measured through 49 days post dose. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and serious AEs (SAEs) were assessed through 49 days post dose. Results Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. MEDI3902 did not meet the primary endpoint of PA pneumonia vs. placebo (22.4% vs. 18.1%; RRR -23.7%, P = 0.491). Mean serum MEDI3902 level was 9.46 µg/mL (target 1.7µg/mL) at 21 days post dose, with a t½ 5.6 days. Proportion of subjects with TEAEs was similar between groups: ≥1 TEAE (98.8% MEDI3902; 97.6% placebo); ≥1 serious; and/or ≥grade 3 severity SAE (70.6% MEDI3902; 66.3% placebo). Deaths were numerically higher, although not statistically significant (24 (28.2%) MEDI3902 vs 19 (22.9%) Placebo; RRR -23.3%, P 0.429). Post-hoc analyses suggested RRR 47% among ~70% of the study population who had baseline Procalcitonin levels &lt; 0.55 µg/L (12.5% MEDI3902 vs 23.7% placebo; 80%CI 6.1%-69.9%; P 0.135). Similarly, RRR 83% was observed among 50% of study subjects with baseline absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of &lt; 8170 /µL (2.8% MEDI3902 vs 17.0% placebo; 80%CI 39.5%-95.5%; P 0.038). Subjects with Procalcitonin &lt; 0.55 µg/L and ANC &lt; 8170/ µL also had higher serum PK exposure. Conclusion A single IV dose of MEDI3902 provided PK exposure above the target level but did not achieve primary efficacy endpoint of reduction in PA pneumonia. Efficacy trends were observed in subjects with lower levels of baseline inflammatory biomarkers. MEDI3902 may have a path forward in certain patient populations such as ICU patients with lower baseline inflammation. Disclosures Jean Chastre, MD, AstraZeneca (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Marc Bourgeois, MD, AstraZeneca (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Apostolos Komnos, MD, PhD, AstraZeneca (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Ricard Ferrer, MD, PhD, Shionogi B.V. (Advisor or Review Panel member) Galia Rahav, MD, AstraZeneca (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Nicolas De Schryver, MD, AstraZeneca (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Alain Lepape, MD, AstraZeneca (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Miguel Sanchez Garcia, MD, PhD, AstraZeneca (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Antoni Torres, MD, PhD, AstraZeneca (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Omar Ali, PhD, AstraZeneca (Employee) Kathryn Shoemaker, MS, AstraZeneca (Employee) Alexey Ruzin, PhD, AstraZeneca (Employee, Shareholder) Yu Jiang, PhD, AstraZeneca (Employee) Susan Colbert, BSN, AstraZeneca (Employee) Drieke Vandamme, PhD, AstraZeneca (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Terramika Bellamy, n/a, AstraZeneca (Employee) Colin Reisner, MD, AstraZeneca (Employee) Filip Dubovsky, MD, MPH, AstraZeneca (Employee) Hasan S. Jafri, MD, FAAP, AstraZeneca (Employee)

Introduction: Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an intractable T cell malignancy with regulatory T cell phenotype, which caused by long-term infection of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1). In addition to HTLV-1-derived oncogenic proteins such as Tax and HBZ, genomic aberrations including gain-of-function alterations in genes related to T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ATL. RLTPR is essential for CD28 co-stimulation in human T cells and loss-of-function mutations in RLTPR is reported to reduce proportions of regulatory T cells. The RLTPR p.Q575E has been reported as a recurrent mutation in cutaneous T cell lymphoma1. Here, we show that RLTPR p.Q575E is a novel recurrent gain-of-function mutation related to T-cell receptor co-stimulatory pathway in patients with acute type ATL. Methods To elucidate the genomic basis of ATL, we performed whole exome sequence (WES) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (CD4/CD25 positive cells were sorted if ATL cell were not abundant) from 47 patients with acute-type ATL. Sequences were aligned against the reference genome (GRCh37/hg19) by using TMAP Alignment. Sanger sequencing was performed to confirm the variant obtained after WES genotyping for some genes including RLTPR. Clinical information regarding ATL cell phenotype, treatment and clinical course were also collected. To analyze the function of RLTPR Q575E, the human RLTPR isoform 3 wild type (WT) (most abundant isotype in lymphoid cells, RLTPR-WT hereafter) and RLTPR isoform 3 Q575E (RLTPR Q575E hereafter) expression retroviral vector were constructed. RLTPR isoform 1 WT and RLTPR isoform 1 Q575E were used as control. RLPTR WT or RLTPR Q575E transduced Jurkat cells were generated by retroviral transduction. NFAT, NF- κB or AP-1 promoter activity was measured as luciferase activity. Cells were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)/Ionomycin calcium salt for TCR stimulation and CD86 Fc chimera for CD28 stimulation. IL-2 mRNA was quantitated by using Taqman Gene Expression Assays. Results Exome analysis from 47 acute-type ATL samples revealed gene alterations precipitated in TCR signaling pathway (CARD11;30.0%, PLCG1;27.7%, PRKCB;21.3%, STAT3;21.3%, VAV1;19.1%, NOTCH1;19.1%, RELA;12.8%, CNSK1A1;8.5%, IRF4;6.4%, FYN;2.1%, CBLB;2.1%, IKBKB;2.1%). In addition to these previously reported driver genes, a novel mutation, RLTPR Q575E was discovered in 4 out of 47 acute-type ATL samples (8.5%) with median variant allele frequency 0.52 (range 0.11-0.68). Although RLTPR Q575E has been reported in cutaneous T cell lymphoma, 3 out of 4 ATL patients carrying RLTPR Q575E mutation have no skin involvement by ATL. ATL patients carrying RLTPR Q575E were also harboring CARD11 (75%), PLCG1 (25%), PRKCB (25%), or IKBKB (25%) mutations, which are related to TCR/NF-κB signaling pathway. We next performed luciferase reporter assay to evaluate NF-κB activity in transfected 293T cells with RLTPR Q575E cDNA to explore its function. 293T cells transfected with RLTPR Q575E cDNA has higher NF-κB activity than those transfected with RLTPR wild type cDNA. No significant increased promoter activity of AP-1 or NFAT was observed with RLTPR Q575E. IL-2 mRNA was significantly increased in RLTPR Q575E transduced Jurkat cells under PMA/ionomycin and CD86 co-stimulation. We immunoprecipitated FLAG-tagged RLTPR WT or RLTPR Q575E and blotted for CARD11. We found that the RLTPR Q575E increases interaction of RLTPR with CARD11. Previously identified gene alterations such as CARD11 and PRKCB in ATL have been reported as Tax interactome, thus we further analyzed the interaction of RLTPR with Tax. We immunoprecipitated FLAG-tagged WT RLTPR or RLTPR Q575E and blotted for Tax. We found that the RLTPR WT and Q575E increases interaction of RLTPR with Tax. Conclusions In patients with acute-type ATL, we have identified RLTPR Q575E, a novel gain of function mutation, and functionally validated this mutation. This mutation has minimal effect without TCR co-stimulation, but patients with this mutation harboring gain-of-function mutations in TCR signaling molecules. We also found direct interaction between Tax and RLTPR. In the presence of TCR activation by Tax or gain-of-function mutations in this signaling pathway, RLTPR Q575E mutation selectively upregulates the NF-κB signaling pathway and confers the oncogenic effect on the pathogenesis of ATL. Reference 1 Joonhee Park, Jingyi Yang, Alexander T. Wenzel, Akshaya Ramachandran, Wung J. Lee, Jay C. Daniels, Juhyun Kim, Estela Martinez-Escala, Nduka Amankulor, Barbara Pro, Joan Guitart, Marc L. Mendillo, Jeffrey N. Savas, Titus J. Boggon, Jaehyuk Choi; Genomic analysis of 220 CTCLs identifies a novel recurrent gain-of-function alteration in RLTPR (p.Q575E). Blood 2017; 130 (12): 1430-1440. doi: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2017-02-768234 Disclosures Yoshimitsu: Novartis: Speakers Bureau; Bristol-Myer-Squibb,: Speakers Bureau; Shire: Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Speakers Bureau; Chugai: Speakers Bureau; Sanofi: Speakers Bureau. Ishitsuka:Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Chugai Pharmaceutical: Honoraria, Research Funding; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma: Honoraria, Research Funding; Otsuka Pharmaceutical: Honoraria; Janssen Pharmaceutical: Honoraria; Taiho Pharmaceutical: Honoraria, Research Funding; Ono Pharmaceutical: Honoraria, Research Funding; Shire: Honoraria; mundiharma: Honoraria; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy, Honoraria; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy, Honoraria; Teijin Pharma: Research Funding; Kyowa Hakko Kirin: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria; Otsuka Pharmaceutical: Honoraria; Teijin Pharma: Research Funding; Eli Lilly: Research Funding; Eisai: Honoraria, Research Funding; Mochida: Honoraria, Research Funding; sanofi: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria; Alexion: Honoraria; Genzyme: Honoraria; Astellas Pharma: Honoraria, Research Funding; Asahi kasei: Research Funding; Takeda Pharmaceutical: Honoraria, Research Funding; Yakult: Research Funding; MSD: Research Funding; Ono Pharmaceutical: Honoraria, Research Funding; MSD: Research Funding; Asahi kasei: Research Funding; Yakult: Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Shire: Honoraria; Eli Lilly: Research Funding.

Background:At a time when vaccines are being prioritized for individuals most at risk, there is currently no clear evidence that risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection is higher for patients with than without inflammatory arthritides (IA). Biologic use was not associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes for yet but the case of rituximab (RTX) remains an issue, given its immunological long term effect, the role of humoral response against SARS-CoV-2 and its indirect effect on T-cell response. A potential association between rituximab and worse COVID-19 outcomes was raised by case reports and retrospective, declarative studies (with few data on the total number of patients exposed).Objectives:To address differently the issue of the risk of COVID-19 related to RTX and limit biases, we examined the occurrence of severe COVID-19 in all patients receiving intravenous biologic agents at day-hospitals during the pandemic in France.Methods:From 1st September 2019 to 1st January 2021, we analyzed patients with IA prospectively treated with intravenous biologic agents (RTX, abatacept, infliximab or tocilizumab) in 7 clinical centers in France. We obtained the list of patients receiving intravenous biologic agents in each center from the pharmacist of the hospitals. Therefore, all consecutive patients receiving 1 of the 4 drugs at the time of the study were included in each center. Patients with no follow-up after September 2020 were systematically contacted by phone. The occurrence of a severe COVID -19 (i.e. resulting in death, hospitalization or increase in length of hospitalization related to COVID-19) was the primary outcome criteria.Results:In total, 1116 patients receiving intravenous biologic agents were included: 449 with infliximab, 392 RTX, 170 tocilizumab and 105 abatacept. From 1st September 2019, the median follow-up time was 15 months (interquartile range 14-16). In total, 10 cases of severe COVID-19 occurred, 9 treated with RTX and 1 with infliximab (supplementary Table 1). Four deaths occurred in our cohort during follow-up but none was related to COVID-19 (1 patient treated by tocilizumab, 1 by RTX and 2 by infliximab). In univariate analysis, the proportion of severe COVID-19 was significantly higher for patients receiving RTX than other biologic agents (9/392 vs 1/724, p=0.0003, OR [95%CI] 17.0 [2.1-134.6]). To take into account potential confounders, we performed multivariate analysis accounting for baseline parameters that differed between RTX and other biologic groups. RTX remained significantly associated with risk of severe COVID-19 (p=0.019) (Table 1).Patient characteristicsRituximab (n= 392)Other bDMARDs (n= 724)Univariate analysis, p-valueMultivariate analysis, p-valueMedian age (years), — [IQR]64 [56-71]57.3 [47.0-67.0]< 0.00010.51Female — n (%)285 (72.7)426 (58.8)< 0.00010.58IA diagnosis< 0.00010.12Median follow-up from 1st September to last news14 [13-15]15 [14-16]< 0.00010.86Confirmed severe COVID-19 cases —n (%)9 (2.3)1 (0.1)0.00030.019Comorbidities** (history of) — n (%) Cardiovascular disease60 (15.4)167 (23.1)0.00250.77 Chronic lung disease,92 (23.5)84 (11.6)0.00010.88Median BMI (kg/m2) — [IQR]25.8 [23.2-29.4]27.3 [23.4-31.2]0.0150.80Treatments — n (%) Methotrexate179 (45.8)322 (44.5)0.71 Leflunomide41 (10.5)39 (5.4)0.00230.43 Hydroxychloroquine35 (8.9)24 (3.3)0.00010.15 Glucocorticoids127 (41.8)100 (19.4)< 0.00010.36 Median dose (mg/day) — [IQR]1 [0-5]0 [0-0]< 0.0001No significant difference in terms of baseline gammaglobulins (p=0.46) or number of previous RTX infusions (p=0.57) was observed among patients receiving RTX with or without a severe COVID-19.Conclusion:The present results highly indicate increased risk of severe COVID-19 with RTX. Among patients with inflammatory arthritides, those receiving RTX should be prioritized for vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, sufficiently long before infusion/reinfusion and the immunization checked, or an alternative targeted therapy proposed.Acknowledgements:We thank Dr. Karine Demesmay and all the pharmacists who helped us for this study.Disclosure of Interests:Renaud FELTEN Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Biogen, BMS, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre-Marie Duret: None declared, Elodie BAUER: None declared, Marc Ardizzone: None declared, H Julien Djossou: None declared, Jean-Hugues Salmon: None declared, Cassandre Fabre: None declared, Julia Walther: None declared, Isabelle CHARY VALCKENAERE: None declared, marion geoffroy: None declared, Laurent Messer: None declared, Francis Berenbaum: None declared, Martin SOUBRIER: None declared, Jérémie SELLAM Speakers bureau: MSD, Pfizer, Abbvie, Roche, BMS, Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Galapagos, Sandoz, Fresenius Kabi, Grant/research support from: Roche, MSD, Pfizer, Jacques-Eric Gottenberg: None declared

The article analyzes the evolution of the idea of human mind and feelings correlation in the history of Ukrainian philosophical thought from pre-Christian times till modern times. It is proved that this idea has a long tradition in the history of Ukrainian culture and its components – religion, philosophy, science, art. In historical sequence, the views of the great Ukrainian thinkers of different historical epochs on the problem of mind and feelings correlation in the integral human nature, their role in the cognition of the world are set forth. According to the researchers, from ancient pre-Christian times, the ancestor Ukrainians were interested in the vital issues of their own being, which they associated primarily with the notions of spirit and soul, which for Ukrainians were always «sacred» and identified with the heart as the centre of the spiritual life of a person occupying the world of his feelings, experiences, thoughts and faith. The image of the heart is central in the ancient monuments of oral folk art, which points to their cordocentric problematics, which is manifested in emotionality, sincerity, benevolence, mercy, and the like. The ideological concept for Ukrainians, from the times of KievanRus to our days, is cordocentrism, which represents the Ukrainian spiritual tradition and fulfils the function of a mental dominant. In KievanRus with the birth of philosophical thought (I.Kyivskyi, V. Monomakh, F. Pecherskyi), within the Christian faith there is a tendency that a special role in the cognition of the Divine essence was given to the heart. In Holy Scripture (the Bible), there are 851 references to the heart as one of the central images in the Old Testament texts.The concept of the heart, which takes its origins in the religious worldview of Ukrainian-Rus people from the times of KievanRus, gradually transformed into a «philosophy of the heart», becoming its distinctive feature that expressed the originality and uniqueness of the Ukrainian cultural tradition and its spiritual history. «Philosophy of the heart» as a doctrine in its ontological, theoretical and moral and ethical aspects is most fully expounded in the heritage of the outstanding Ukrainian thinkers G. Skovoroda, P. Yurkevych, T. Shevchenko, N. Gogol. A modern philosophy of human-centrism has been created on the basis of the philosophy of cordocentrism as a strategic direction of the humanization of society, in which one of the central places is child-centric education - the leading direction of the national education reform in Ukraine.

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This article provides the review of the medical use of pH- and temperature-sensitive polymer hydrogels. Such polymers are characterised by their thermal and pH sensitivity in aqueous solutions at the functioning temperature of living organisms and can react to the slightest changes in environmental conditions. Due to these properties, they are called stimuli-sensitive polymers. This response to an external stimulus occurs due to the amphiphilicity (diphilicity) of these (co)polymers. The term hydrogels includes several concepts of macrogels and microgels. Microgels, unlike macrogels, are polymer particles dispersed in a liquid and are nano- or micro-objects. The review presents studies reflecting the main methods of obtainingsuch polymeric materials, including precipitation polymerisation, as the main, simplest, and most accessible method for mini-emulsion polymerisation, microfluidics, and layer-by-layer adsorption of polyelectrolytes. 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Background:Over the past few years new international criteria have been proposed for the classification of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) from the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) in 2012 and the ACR with European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) in 2016 [1, 2]. In real practice in Russia we use Russian criteria (2001).Objectives:To estimate ACR (2012) and ACR/EULAR (2016) criteria in Russian cohort of patients with pSS patients fulfilling Russian criteria (2001).Methods:From 2016 to 2019 we examined 110 patients (109 female, 1 male) with newly diagnosed pSS fulfilling Russian criteria with the mean age 50,2±14 years (min 18; max 82). Russian criteria for pSS: I) keratoconjunctivitis sicca (stimulated Schirmer’s test <10 mm/5 min or fluorescein staining of the cornea or tear break-up time < 10 sec); II) sialadenitis (sialectasia on parotid sialography (obligatory) +/- stimulated saliva flow test<2,5 ml/ 5min +/- labial salivary gland biopsy with focus score (FS) of ≥2 foci/4mm2); III) positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) or positive ANA with rheumatoid factor (RF) or anti-SSA (anti-Ro) or/and SSB (anti-La). According it pSS is verified if the first two criteria and at least one of the immunological criteria are presented. We evaluated clinical, laboratory and instrumental features (table 1).Table 1.Characteristics of Russian cohort of patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (n = 110)ParametersPatients (n / %)ocular dryness76 (69%)oral dryness88 (80%)anti-SSA (anti-Ro) positive (>25 IU/ml)93 (84.5%)anti-SSB (anti-La) positive (>25 IU/ml)57 (51.8%)RF positive >2UNL (>30 IU/ml)68 (61.8%)ANA ≥1:320110 (100%)(stimulated) Schirmer’s test (≤5 mm/5 minutes)55 (50%)stimulated SFT <2,5ml/5 min77 (70%)OSS ≥528 (25.4%)OSS ≥343 (39%)FS ≥ 1foci/4 mm299 (90%)Sialectasia on parotid sialography110 (100%)In our cohort according to Russian criteria (2001) 94 patients (86%) fulfilled ACR (2012) criteria, 86 (78%) - ACR/EULAR (2016) criteria.Results:In our cohort, 20-30% of patients, according to Russian criteria did not complain of oral or ocular dryness. In 61% of patients, mild eye damage was detected (OSS<3-5), and in half of the cases, the stimulated Schirmer’s test was more than 5.0 mm, but less than 10 mm/5 minutes, while 69% of patients complained of dry eyes. Most patients (84.5%) had positive anti-Ro, just over half (51.8%) had anti-La. All patients had sialectasia of various stages on parotid sialography. Less than 1 FS was detected in 10% of patients.Conclusion:Using Russian criteria (2001), we can identify pSS at an early stage. Our criteria inclusion complex examination in which an immunological sign must be present to confirm the diagnosis. Patients with pSS according to ACR (2012) and/or ACR/EULAR (2016) criteria seem to be diagnosed without specific antibodies and on the more progressive disease stages.References:[1]SC Shiboski, CH Shiboski, LA Criswell, AN Baer, S Challacombe, H Lanfranchi, M Schiødt, H Umehara, F Vivino, Y Zhao, Y Dong, D Greenspan, AM Heidenreich, P Helin, B Kirkham, K Kitagawa, G Larkin, M Li, T Lietman, J Lindegaard, N McNamara, K Sack, P Shirlaw, S Sugai, C Vollenweider, J Whitcher, A Wu, S Zhang, W Zhang, JS Greenspan, and TE Daniels for the Sjögren’s International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA) Research Groups. American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Data-Driven, Expert Consensus Approach in the SICCA Cohort.[2]Caroline H. Shiboski,1 Stephen C. Shiboski,1 Raphae `le Seror,2 Lindsey A. Criswell,1 Marc Labetoulle,2 Thomas M. Lietman,1 Astrid Rasmussen,3 Hal Scofield,4 Claudio Vitali,5 Simon J. Bowman,6 Xavier Mariette,2 and the International Sjogren’s Syndrome Criteria Working Group. 2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Classification Criteria for Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome. ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATOLOGY Vol. 00, No. 00, Month 2016, pp 00–00 DOI 10.1002/art.39859.Disclosure of Interests: :None declared

Le distingué directeur de cette revue— à qui l'on me permettra de rendre hommage pour son éminente contribution, durant quelque trente-cinq années d'un labeur important et fructueux, à une meilleure compréhension des relations de travail dans notre société— m'a invité à laisser un instant mon rôle de juge pour tenter de me rapprocher de celui de « savant », me faisant ainsi un honneur auquel j'aurais mauvaise grâce d'être insensible. Mon premier réflexe était de refuser cette aimable invitation, non pas par modestie ou timidité, mais par crainte des procès d'intention ou autres interprétations ou reproches que pourrait susciter un tel écart de conduite. Pour un juge, la façon normale, sinon la seule, de communiquer avec le monde extérieur n 'est-elle pas la délivrance et la publication de ses jugements? Et les juges du travail n'ont-ils pas mieux à faire qu'à prétendre faire oeuvre scientifique et concurrence aux docteurs du savoir? Chacun son métier, et les vaches n 'en seront que mieux gardées! Pensez, monsieur le juge, aux retards de la justice: que vos jugements courts et vite rendus! Le monde n 'a que faire de vos discours ou dissertations, non plus que de vos inutiles digressions, si justement fustigées sous le vocable d'obiter dictum, qui dérangent la belle ordonnance de la chose jugée et son confort juridique. Et pourtant... S'agit-il, comme l'on m'y invite si aimablement, de « contribuer à faire avancer la science »?— Peut-être bien en définitive, et tant mieux s'il peut en être ainsi. Je me garderai bien, toutefois, d'en avoir la prétention. Mon propos est plus modeste. J'ai accepté cette invitation dans l'espoir d'amorcer ou de renouer un dialogue. Car, dans le domaine des relations du travail tout particulièrement, le dialogue m'apparaît une impérieuse nécessité. Je n 'ai jamais pensé que nos jugements devaient avoir le caractère de vérités absolues ou définitives. Leur autorité est bien relative, non seulement dans les cas d'espèce qu 'ils ont pour première fonction de trancher à l'égard des seules parties en cause, mais surtout dans leur dimension plus générale où ils ne sont que des jalons de recherche vers une meilleure justice et une meilleure compréhension de la réalité vécue. La réalité des relations du travail dépasse largement le cadre judiciaire, même si ce que l'on appelle droit du travail doit y correspondre le plus possible, non seulement en tant que reflet et aboutissement, mais aussi en tant que dynamique d'évolution. C'est pourquoi il m'apparaît essentiel que les acteurs principaux des relations du travail, le patronat et les syndicats, participent à cette dynamique, non seulement en tant que plaideurs ou justiciables, mais aussi comme citoyens, et qu'à ce titre ils prennent part à la réflexion et à la discussion que l'élaboration des politiques administratives ou jurisprudentielles devrait normalement susciter, une part entièrement et « responsablement » assumée. La critique des arrêts, dont il y a lieu de déplorer la pauvreté, voire même l'absence, devrait être un élément particulièrement fécond de ce nécessaire dialogue; et je ne pense pas à la seule critique juridique. C'est dans cet esprit, esprit de recherche, esprit d'ouverture à la critique et au dialogue, non seulement avec les « savants », mais aussi et surtout avec les « acteurs » des relations de travail, que je présente ici, extraites d'un jugement que je commettais le 13 mars 1980 dans une affaire concernant l'INSTITUT DE RÉADAPTATION DE MONTRÉAL, certaines réflexions sur la détermination des unités de négociation. Cette année marque le dixième anniversaire du Tribunal du travail et, l'an dernier, le département des relations industrielles de l'Université Laval soulignait, par son colloque annuel, le quinzième anniversaire de notre Code du travail. Cela pourrait suffire à justifier, pour tous les navigateurs en perpétuel mouvement sur la mer agitée des relations de travail, la nécessité défaire le point. Qu 'en est-il, notamment, de la question fondamentale qu'est la détermination des unités de négociation à l'aube du cinquantenaire du Wagner Act? Quel est le chemin parcouru? Quelle est la destination? Y a-t-il lieu de redresser la course? *BRIÈRE, Marc, juge de la Cour provinciale, Tribunal du travail.

Citrus is grown in Croatia (approximately 1,500 ha of citrus groves) on the Dalmatian Coast and Islands between 42 and 43°30′N. The major species, Citrus unshiu Marc. (Satsuma mandarin), is grafted on trifoliate rootstock. The presence of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in Satsumas in the Neretva Valley Region was previously reported (3). During the course of a biomolecular characterization of isolates from Croatia, 15 budsticks were collected from field-infected, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-positive sources during the autumn of 2003 near Kaštela, Split, Metković (Neretva Valley), and on the island of Vis. Isolates were propagated by graft transmission to Madam Vinous sweet orange (SwO) and maintained in an insect-proof greenhouse at 21 to 33°C. Eight months later, the bark of terminal twigs was peeled off, and the wood was examined for the occurrence of pits. Typical tristeza stem-pitting (SP) was observed in four isolates originating from cvs. Fukumoto navel, Washington navel, and Ichimaru Satsuma and C. wilsonii. The bark from the infected sources was analyzed using immunocapture reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primers CTV1 and CTV10 (1), targeting the whole coat protein (CP) gene. The PCR products of the expected size (669 nucleotides) were obtained and TA cloned (pGEM-T Easy Vector; Promega, Madison, WI) in E. coli cells. Thirty-two clones harboring the CTV CP gene were sequenced. Two of the SP isolates contained four genomic variants that differed an average of 2.0% from the severe SwO SP strains SY568 and Nuaga (4) from California and Japan, respectively. The other two SP isolates contained four variants that differed as little as 1.6% from the severe SwO SP from India, CTV-Puna, and CTV-Bangalore (2). The net average distance between these two clusters of sequences is 5.2%. One sequence from each of the four SP isolates was deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. AY791841 to AY791844). These findings were confirmed by direct observation of SP symptoms in a Satsuma orchard in the Neretva Valley during the spring of 2004. No other conspicuous symptoms that could be attributed to CTV were observed in the field. Most Satsumas were introduced to the Neretva Region from Japan between 1964 and 1984. Together with the fact that the related Nuaga strain was also isolated from Satsumas in Japan (4), our results suggest that SwO SP strains were introduced into Croatia at the same time and have been spreading for several decades. It has been generally believed that this kind of CTV strains either do not exist in the Mediterranean basin or, when found (e.g., Spain), are immediately eradicated. The findings reported here suggest that the epidemiological scenario for the Mediterranean Basin requires revision. References: (1) G. Nolasco et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108:293, 2002. (2) A. Roy et al. Arch. Virol. 148:707, 2003. (3) A. Šarić and I. Dulić. Agric. Conspectus Sci. 55:171, 1990. (4) G. Suastika et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 67:73, 2001.

I Wayan Arka, Malcolm Ross (eds); The many faces of Austronesian voice systems; Some new empirical studies (René van den Berg) H.W. Dick; Surabaya, city of work; A socioeconomic history, 1900-2000 (Peter Boomgaard) Josiane Cauquelin; The aborigines of Taiwan: the Puyuma; From headhunting to the modern world. (Wen-Teh Chen) Mark Turner, Owen Podger (with Maria Sumardjono and Wayan K. Tirthayasa); Decentralisation in Indonesia; Redesigning the state (Dorian Fougères) Jérôme Samuel; Modernisation lexicale et politique terminologique; Le cas de l’Indonésien (Arndt Graf) Nicholas J. White; British business in post-colonial Malaysia, 1957-70: neo-colonialism or disengagement? (Karl Hack) Chin Peng; Alias Chin Peng; My side of history; As told to Ian Ward and Norma Miraflor (Russell Jones) C.C. Chin, Karl Hack (eds); Dialogues with Chin Peng; New light on the Malayan Emergency (Russell Jones) Saw Swee-Hock; Population policies and programmes in Singapore (Santo Koesoebjono) Domenyk Eades; A grammar of Gayo; A language of Aceh, Sumatra (Yuri A. Lander) Derek Johnson, Mark Valencia (eds); Piracy in Southeast Asia; Status, issues, and responses (Carolyn Liss) Niclas Burenhult; A grammar of Jahai (James A. Matisoff) Ann R. Kinney, Marijke J. Klokke, Lydia Kieven (photographs by Rio Helmi); Worshiping Siva and Buddha; The temple art of East Java (Dick van der Meij) Ruben Stoel; Focus in Manado Malay; Grammar, particles, and intonation (Don van Minde) Pamela J. Stewart, Andrew Strathern (eds); Expressive genres and historical change; Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Taiwan. (Dianne van Oosterhout) Johszua Robert Mansoben; Sistem politik tradisional di Irian Jaya, Indonesia; Studi perbandingan (Anton Ploeg) Timothy B. Barnard (ed.); Contesting Malayness; Malay identities across boundaries (Nathan Porath) Joel Bradshaw, Francisc Czobor (eds); Otto Dempwolff’s grammar of the Jabêm language in New Guinea (Ger Reesink) Jon Fraenkel; The manipulation of custom; From uprising to intervention in the Solomon Islands (Jaap Timmer) Clive Moore; Happy isles in crisis; The historical causes for a failing state in Solomon Islands, 1998-2004 (Jaap Timmer) Peter Burns; The Leiden legacy; Concepts of law in Indonesia (Bryan S. Turner) Terry Crowley; Bislama reference grammar (Kees Versteegh) REVIEW ESSAY Matthew Isaac Cohen; Transnational and postcolonial gamelan Lisa Gold; Music in Bali Margaret J. Kartomi; The Gamelan Digul and the prison camp musician who built it; An Australian link with the Indonesian revolution Marc Perlman; Unplayed melodies; Javanese gamelan and the genesis of music theory Ted Solís (ed.); Performing ethnomusicology; Teaching and representation in world music ensembles Henry Spiller; Gamelan; The traditional sounds of Indonesia Andrew N. Weintraub; Power plays; Wayang golek theater of West Java REVIEW ESSAY Victor T. King; People and nature in Borneo Tim Bending; Penan histories; Contentious narratives in upriver Sarawak Rajindra K. Puri; Deadly dances in the Bornean rainforest; Hunting knowledge of the Penan Benalui, 2005 Reed L. Wadley (ed.); Histories of the Borneo environment; Economic, political and social dimensions of change and continuity In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde no. 162 (2006), no: 4, Leiden

(francuski) Dans l'?glise de Ravanica les faces frontales des deux pilastres flanquant l'abside centrale et marquant la limite de la proth?se, respectivement du diaconicon, accueillent deux personnages v?t?rotestamentaires, chacun s?par? de la sc?ne de la Communion des ap?tres par la figure d'un archipr?tre. Sur le pilastre nord se tient Melchis?dek, et sur celui situ? au sud, un homme aux cheveux courts et ? la barbe arrondie, v?tu d'un chiton et d'un hymation, qui tient en mains un objet de forme ronde orn? d'une repr?sentation en buste de la Vierge ? l'Enfant, et ? c?t? duquel subsistent les traces d'une inscription (fig. 1)Selon l'Ancien Testament et l'Ep?tre aux H?breux, le juste Melchis?dek ?tait le sacrificateur du Dieu Tr?s-Haut et sup?rieur aux sacrificateurs l?vitiques. C'est lui qui offre en sacrifice le pain et le vin, et plus tard le Christ lui-m?me est devenu "sacrificateur pour toujours, selon l'ordre de Melchis?dek". Sur le pilastre sud, les restes d'inscription o? l'on reconna?t le d?but d'un nom montre que le personnage ici repr?sent? pourrait ?tre le juste Betsaleel qui est mentionn? ? plusieurs reprises dans l'Exode en tant que fils d'Uri de la tribu de Juda etque Dieu a choisi en lui accordant la sagesse, l'intelligence et le savoir pour toutes sortes d'ouvrages afin qu'il p?t construire l'Arche du t?moignage.Ce personnage biblique n'est pas c?l?br? par le Calendrier de l'Eglise constan-tinopolitaine et, pour autant qu'on le sache, n'est repr?sent? que dans quatre manuscrits: la Sacra parallela (Paris gr. 923), du IX?me si?cle; le psaultier n? 61 du monast?re athonite du Pantocrator, du IX?me si?cle; l'ochtateuque de la Biblioth?que du Vatican gr. 747, du Xl?me si?cle; et l'ochtateuque d'Istanbul Seraglio cod. 8, du Xll?me si?cle, o? il appara?t figur? de diff?rentes fa?ons. Dans le manuscrit la Sacra parallela il a les traits d'un vieillard, dans le psaultier d'un homme d'?ge moyen ? la barbe arrondie et aux cheveux longs, alors que dans les ochtateuques il porte les cheveux courts, lisses et drus, avec la raie sur le c?t?. De toute ?vidence, les peintres avaient toute libert? lors de la repr?sentation de ce juste, et il importe donc, en premier lieu, de rechercher les raisons de la pr?sence ici de ce saint si rarement figur?. En tant que constructeur du Tabernacle, sa place dans le sanctuaire d'une ?glise est tout ? fait justifi?e, puisque on rencontre aussi des repr?sentations du Tabernacle dans le narthex, et plus souvent encore dans l'espace du sanctuaire. Dans ce second espace la pr?sence du Tabernacle est notamment justifi?e par les diff?rents niveaux de sa symbolique puisque les plus anciennes interpr?tations et commentaires le per?oivent comme une pr?figuration du Tabernacle c?leste, comme le sanctuaire dans lequel le Christ se sacrifie et proc?de au sacrifice, puis il est ?galement devenu le symbole de la Vierge, alors que plus tard sont apparues des interpr?tations qui l'ont rattach? au contexte liturgique. Betsaleel n'a pas fait l'objet d'une attention particuli?re de la part de la science et l'on ne peut qu'indiquer la direction dans laquelle est all?e la pens?e th?ologique ? son sujet. A en juger par une observation sommaire des textes, et nonobstant, son ?vocation par les textes philosophiques pr?coces, il n'est que tr?s rarement mentionn? (Philon d'Alexandrie, premi?re moiti? du 1er si?cle, Orig?ne, vers 185-254, Cyrille de J?rusalem, vers 315-386, Basile le Grand, vers 330-379, Th?odoret de Cyr, vers 393 vers 458, Cosmas Indicopleust?s, milieu du Vl?me si?cle). Tous ces ?crits le montrent comme un mod?le d'artisan auquel Dieu, conform?ment au texte biblique de l'Exode, a donn? la sagesse, l'intelligence, le savoir pour toutes sortes d'ouvrages et qu'il a d?sign? pour ?tre le constructeur du Tabernacle, en soulignant toujours le fait que Dieu est celui dont viennent toutes ces vertus. Dans toutes ces interpr?tations il reste dans l'ombre de Dieu en tant que Cr?ateur supr?me. De m?me, Betsaleel est rarement mentionn? dans les autres sources ?crites et, lorsque cela est le cas, il y est d'ordinaire pr?sent? comme un constructeur, comme un mod?le pour les b?tisseurs d'?glises qui sont compar?s ? lui (Eus?be de C?sar?e, vers 260-339; l'hymne syriaque "Sogitha" consacr? ? la sanctification de l'?glise Sainte-Sophie ? Edesse apr?s sa reconstruction en 553/554; la Vie de saint Sim?on le Stylite le Jeune (?592) du diacre St?phane; la pri?re prononc?e par le patriarche lors de la cons?cration de l'?glise et de la sainte table, d'apr?s le plus ancien euchologion enti?rement conserv? de l'?glise Sainte-Sophie de Constantinople, Barb. gr. 336, milieu du VHI?me si?cle; la comm?moraison de la tr?s pieuse imp?ratrice Ir?ne, femmede Jean Comn?ne (1118-1143), dans le Synaxaire de l'Eglise constantinopolitaine; l'inscription m?trique de fondation de l'?glise saint-Nicolas pr?s du village de Place dans la p?ninsule de Mani au sud du P?lopon?se, de 1337/38). A Ravanica Betsaleel ne porte pas le mod?le du tabernacle, mais un objet de forme ronde orn? d'un buste de la Vierge ? l'Enfant (semblable ? l'image de la sainte table dans le sanctuaire de la Chapelle de Mo?se au Sina?). Betsaleel ?tant lou? comme le constructeur du Tabernacle et les cantiques eccl?siastiques c?l?brant la M?re de Dieu comme ?tant elle-m?me le Tabernacle; son image, tenant le Christ dans ses bras, sur l'objet que porte Betsaleel s'en trouve tout ? fait justifi?e, comme sur de nombreuses repr?sentations de la Tente d'assignation o? elle appara?t en m?daillon sur le voile recouvrant l'autel et sur les objets pos?s sur celui-ci. On doit se demander pourquoi le choix du d?corateur s'est ici port? pr?cis?ment sur Melchis?dek et Betsaleel. Le premier, en tant que sacrificateur v?t?rotesta-mentaire sur le mod?le duquel le Christ est lui-m?me devenu sacrificateur, avait d?j? ?t? figur? dans les sanctuaires des premi?res ?glises chr?tiennes, alors que l'image de Betsaleel, pour autant que nous sachions, constitue un exemple unique. Melchis?dek se tient ? proximit? de la partie septentrionale, et c?leste, de la composition de la Communion des ap?tres, o? la communion par le pain est donn?e par un ange-pr?tre, alors que Betsaleel, au sud, c?toie la partie terrestre, montrant un pr?tre, debout dans le sanctuaire, qui tend un calice. Le constructeur du Tabernacle se trouve ainsi ? c?t? d'un l'?v?nement qui se d?roule dans l'?glise, alors que le pr?tre v?t?rotestamentaire se tient ? c?t? de l'?glise c?leste et spirituelle. L'existence d'un fort lien avec la liturgie est ?galement confirm?e par les deux ?v?ques qui se tiennent aux c?t?s de ces justes et les d?signent de la main droite (fig. 2). Leurs inscriptions ont ?t? d?truites, mais leurs tenues, diff?rentes des tenues habituelles d'?v?ques, autorisent ? reconna?tre en eux les premiers ?v?ques de J?rusalem auxquels la haute dignit? d'archi-pr?tre a ?t? transmise, d'apr?s la tradition, par le Christ en personne. En observant les donn?es provenant de la Bible, les ?crits des P?res de l'Eglise et certaines mentions relatives aux constructeurs d'?glises, il est donc possible de supposer que ce juste repr?sent? ? Ravanica est Betsaleel, le constructeur v?t?rotestamentaire du Tabernacle. L'?troit lien le rattachant ? la liturgie justifie pleinement sa pr?sence dans l'espace du sanctuaire. L'hypoth?se ici avanc?e est ?galement confirm?e par l'existence de rapports avec la figure du juste Melchis?dek et celles des premiers ?v?ques de l'Eglise de Sion, ainsi qu'avec la repr?sentation, unique par son iconographique, de la Communion dans l'abside. .

Композиты на основе полианилина и CuCl2·2H2O/ZrOCl2·8H2O, в качестве модифицирующих добавок получены методом химической полимеризации без добавления кислоты. Особенности электронной структуры и химических связей образцов исследованы методами ИК спектроскопии и спектроскопии рентгеновского поглощения. Микроструктура поверхности композитов исследовалась методом сканирующей электронной микроскопии. Полианилин в состав композитов входит в частично окисленной форме, степень окисления полимера зависит от типа модифицирующей добавки. Добавление CuCl2·2H2O/ZrOCl2·8H2O в процессе синтеза увеличивает электропроводность образцов ЛИТЕРАТУРА1. Ćirić-Marjanović G. Recent advances in polyaniline research: Polymerization mechanisms,structural aspects, properties and applications // Synthetic Metals, 2013, v. 177, pp. 1-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2013.06.0042. Боева Ж. А., Сергеев В. Г. Полианилин: синтез, свойства и применение // Высокомолекулярныесоединения. 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Uvod: Diplomirane medicinske sestre se za delo v referenčnih ambulantah dodatno izobražujejo. Namen raziskave je bil preveriti potrebo in oceniti uspešnost izobraževanja za diplomirane medicinske sestre v referenčnih ambulantah za področje arterijske hipertenzije. Metode: Vključene so bile diplomirane medicinske sestre (n = 143), ki so obiskovale petintrideseturno urno izobraževanje o arterijski hipertenziji v času od januarja 2012 do marca 2013. Ugotavljali smo spremembo v znanju o vodenju bolnika z arterijsko hipertenzijo, zadovoljstvo udeležencev s celotnim modulom in posameznimi vsebinami modulov ter izbranimi učnimi metodami. Uporabili smo kvantitativno (deskriptivna statistika, parni t-test, enovzorčni t-test) in kvalitativno analizo podatkov. Rezultati: Z vstopnim testom so bile prepoznane velike razlike v znanju udeležencev (zbrali so med 15,0 % in 100,0 % točk). Z izobraževanjem se je njihovo znanje pomembno izboljšalo (vstopni test 56,6 % vs. končni test 89,1 %, p < 0,001). Zadovoljstvo s celotnim modulom in posameznimi deli modula je bilo visoko: povprečna vrednost za celoten modul na lestvici od 5 do 10 je znašala 8,6 (s = 1,3). Metode poučevanja so bile ocenjene kot ustrezne: povprečna vrednost na lestvici od 1 do 5 je bila 4,6 (s = 0,6). Udeleženci so najbolj pohvalili uporabnost in kakovost predavanj, dostopnost predavateljev in povezovanje teorije s prakso preko prikazov praktičnih primerov. Diskusija in zaključek: Ugotovitve naše raziskave podpirajo potrebo po dodatnem izobraževanju diplomiranih medicinskih sester v referenčnih ambulantah s področja arterijske hipertenzije.

Abstract Background Partial peri-cystectomy (PPC) is one of the major surgical approaches for hepatic cystic echinococcosis (CE) and has been practiced in most centers worldwide. Cysto-biliary communication (fistula, leakage, rupture) is a problematic issue in CE patients. T-tube is a useful technique in situations where an exploration and decompression are needed for common bile duct (CBD). However, postoperative biliary complications for cystic cavity still remains to be studied in depth. Methods A retrospective cohort analysis of CE cases in our single center database from 2007 March to 2012 December was performed. Patients (n = 51) were divided into two cohorts: double T-tube drainage (one at CBD for decompression and one at the fistula for sustaining in cystic cavity, n = 23) group and single T-tube drainage cohort (only one at CBD for decompression, n = 28). Short-/long-term postoperative complications focusing on biliary system was recorded in detail and they were followed-up for median 11 years. Results Overall biliary complication rates for double and single T-tube drainages were 17.4% vs. 39.3% (P > 0.05). Short-term complications ranged from minor to major leakages, cavity infection and abscess formation, and prevalence was 17.4% vs. 21.4% (P > 0.05) respectively for double and single T-tube groups; most importantly, double T-tube drainage group had obvious advantages regarding long-term complications (P < 0.05), which was biliary stricture needing surgery and it was observed only in single T-tube drainage group. Conclusions Double T-tube drainage had better outcomes without procedure-specific postoperative biliary complications than single T-tube drainage. Meanwhile, we recommend long-term follow-up when comparing residual cavity related biliary complications in CE patients as it could happen lately.

The hypothesis offered in this study is that the Johannine texts are authoritative, canononical documents with the inherent potential that is applicable to the practical lives of the faithful. Since Biblical texts are the product of the patriarchal culture within which they originated, a hermeneutic of suspicion becomes essential. In the interaction between the Biblical text and the contemporary context, a creative space is being created which requires a humble attitude from the exegetes to acknowledge the temporary nature of their findings. We need to look past the patriarchal nature and language towards a more inclusive paradigm. The Bible does not bind us to a rigid way of living, but liberates us for the appreciation of the healing power of God�s grace in our context. We need to move past stereotypes and to see others through the eyes of Christ. Jesus took a radical stance against the culture of his day. From the beginning of his public ministry, we find in him the tension between his prophetic role and the dominant culture of day. This tension leads to Jesus becoming a marginalised Jew, who stands outside the Jewish inner circle. He does not fit into the conventional social roles of his day. Jesus rather associates himself with the marginalised. This illustrates Jesus� radical commitment to God and his passionate commitment to the truth of the Gospel.�--- Abstract translated into Sipedi ---T�a lenyalo, seabe sa bong bja motho le t�a bong mo maemong a phosmodene go ya ka JohaneSenaganwaKakanyo ye e fiwago pampiring ye ke go re ditemana t�a puku ya Johane ke dingwalo t�e di nago le maatla, di ka gare ga Bibele yeo e sa �omago ka go ama maphelo a batho thwii, gape di na le khuet�o ye kgolo maphelong a badumedi. Ka ge Bibele e tswalwa ke set�o sa phatriakhi(go ba monna ke seelo mafapheng ka moka a bophelo), go sekaseka Bibele motho a na le maseme go ba bohlokwa mo. Kamanong ya Bibele le maemo ao babadi ba ikhwet�ago ba le go ona, go hlolega sekgoba sa go ikakanyet�a seo se nyakago gore basekaseki ba Bibele ba ikokobet�e ka go amogela gore dikutollo t�a bona ke t�a lebakanyana fela. Re swanela go tlo�a mahlo go sebopego sa phatriakhi gomme re �et�e tsela ya go akaret�a bohle ditshekatshekong t�a rena. Bibele ga e re kgokolele go tsela e tee ya go se �i�inyege ya bophelo, eup�a e a re lokolla gore re bone maatla a pholo ya go tla ka mogau wa Modimo mo maphelong a rena. Re hloka go tlogela go bona bophelo ka mahlo a ditlwaedi t�a ka mehla gomme re bone batho ka fao Kriste a ba bonago ka gona. Jesu o ile a t�ea maemo a e sego a tlwaelo, a thata, kgahlanong le ditlwaedi t�a set�o sa gabo. Go tloga mathomong a mo�omo wa gagwe wa go lokolla batho, re bona mo go Yena ngangego ya go kgala(profeta) le set�o se se bego se rena nakong ya bophelo bja Gagwe. Ngangego ye e dira gore Jesu e be Mojuta yo a hlokolwago, a kgaphelwago ka ntle ga sedikadikwe sa Bajuta ba paale. Ga a swanet�ane le go hlankela set�haba fao go bego go tlwaelegile nakong ya Gagwe. Jesu o ikgethela go tswalana le bao ba hlokolwago set�habeng. Se se laet�a boikgafo bja Gagwe bjo bo tibilego go Modimo le go ikgafa ka phegelelo ye kgolo go there�o ya Ebangedi.--- End of translation ---

To read, see, talk and believe differently � a response to other readers� reading of �Om die Bybel anders te lees: �n Etiek van Bybellees� As any exegesis is necessarily preceded by certain theological convictions, the author of the book Om die Bybel anders te lees: �n Etiek van Bybellees (2007) responds to criticism on the book flowing from a seminar � especially the remarks made by Hans van Deventer and Jurie le Roux. Firstly, the ideas on a changed view of the deity are discussed. This conversation is augmented by a discussion of the criticism levelled at the idea that reading the Bible has consequences for other people, and that a different reading would lead to a different concept of God. Van Deventer�s comments regarding the difficulty of debating theological issues are strengthened by a critical discussion of a debate in Die Kerkblad regarding the grammatical-historical method. His critical remarks regarding the value of a historical consciousness are discussed by way of a question on the relationship between a liberal theology and a conservative political point of view. Le Roux�s struggle with Snyman�s utilisation of apartheid as a rhetorical strategy leads the discussion to a recent example of overcoming racism while using unreflectingly racist imagery. This example indicates how theology effects cosmetic changes, without taking on the real issue. For this reason, the author concludes that a critical reading of the own Western tradition in Africa has become necessary.�--- Abstract translated into Sipedi ---Go bala, go bona, go bolela le go dumela ka go fapana - go arabela go balwa ga 'Om die Bybel anders te lees: �n Etiek van Bybellees' ke babadi ba bangweBjale ka ge go fetleka Bibele go etwa pele ke ditumelo t�a go tiba t�a teologi, mongwadi wa Om die Bybel anders te lees: �n Etiek van Bybellees (2007) o arabela ditsholo t�a puku ye t�eo di tswet�wego ke seminare ye e fetilego - kudu ditshwayotshwayo t�a Hans van Deventer le Jurie le Roux. Sa pele, go ahlaahlwa dikgopolo t�e fetogilego ka Modimo. Poledi�ano ye e tlat�wa ke go ahlaahla tsholo ye e lebanywago le gore go bala Bibele go na le khuet�o ye itsego go batho ba bangwe, le gore go bala ka tsela ya go fapana go tlo tli�a kgopolo ya go fo�agala ka Modimo. Ditshwayotshwayo t�a Van Deventer mabapi le bothata bja go ngangi�ana ka ditaba t�a teologi di loi�wa ke go ahlaahla ka tsholo ka go Die Kerkblad poledi�ano mabapi le mokgwa wa go hlatholla Bibele ka go sekaseka popopolelo(gramatika) le histori ya tlholego ya yona. Ditshwayotshwayo t�a gagwe mabapi le mohola wa boitemogo bja go tli�wa ke histori di ahlaahlwa ka tsela ya pot�i�o tswalanong ya teologi ya tokologo le kgopolo ya sepoloiki ya go gana diphetogo. Bothata bja Le Roux mabapi le kgopolo ya Snyman ya go re kgethollo go ya ka merafe e �omi�wa e le tsela ya go t�hela phori mahlong e i�a poledi�ano ye go mohlala wo e sego wa kgale wa go fenya semorafe ka go �omi�a seswant�hokgopolo sa semorafe sa pepeneng. Mohlala wo o laet�a ka fao teologi e amago diphetogo t�a ka mehla maphelong a batho ntle le go lebanya ditaba t�a paale thwii. Ka lona lebaka leo, mongwadi o ruma ka go re go bala set�o sa batho ba Bodikela mo Afrika ka tshekatsheko le phetleko ya go tiba go tloga go nyakega.--- End of translation ---

Abstract Objectives The FIFA-Medical and Assessment Research Centre (F-MARC) introduced the warm-up FIFA 11+ program to reduce injuries and promote fair play. Although the FIFA11+ program is a well-established warm-up protocol for injury prevention, studies on the program’s performance enhancement aspects have had controversial results. Therefore, the objective of the study is to investigate the efficacy of FIFA11+ program on sports performance parameters such as running speed, agility, and vertical jump performance in amateur female basketball players. Methods In this study, 59 amateur female basketball players were recruited and randomized into an experimental group (n=30) and a control group (n=29). The experimental group completed the FIFA 11+ program for 12 weeks (three times/week), while the control group members completed their regular training programs. The study adopted a pretest-posttest design. 20-yard sprint run, t test and vertical jump test were the outcome measures Results No statistically significant difference in the sports performance parameters (sprint test p=0.21, t test p=0.16, vertical jump test p=0.09) was found between groups’ post-test measurements. The paired sample t test revealed that the 12-week FIFA 11+ program did not demonstrate any significant improvement in the participants’ sprint, agility, and vertical jump performance (p>0.05). Conclusions The present study showed no enhancement in sports performance parameters such as sprint speed, agility, and vertical jump performance in amateur female basketball players. This lack of improvement in performance measures suggests that the program cannot be used as a training strategy for the targeted sports performance parameters.

Rather different than elsewhere: Gerrie Snyman�s contribution in the context of Reformed theology Prof Gerrie Snyman�s book Om die Bybel anders te lees: �n etiek van Bybellees (2007) attracted considerable attention in Afrikaans-speaking reformed circles in South Africa. In this article, some of the responses to and reviews of the book are studied in order to assess the publication�s impact. Moreover, the article aims to determine whether the book will contribute to future reflections and discussions on the use of the Bible in this context. It is concluded that the preferred method of interpretation in the Reformed Church in South Africa calls for a thorough revision. The so-called �grammatical-historical method� of interpretation can no longer be regarded as the most appropriate and sole �Reformed method� of interpretation.�--- Abstract translated into Sipedi ---Go fapana le t�e dingwe: seabe sa Gerrie Snyman go teologie ya RefomoPuku ya Profesa Gerrie Snyman, Om die Bybel anders te lees: �n Etiek van Bybellees (2007), e gogile �edi ye kgolo ya maloko a kereke ya Refomo mo Afrika-Borwa(RCSA/GKSA). Mo pampiring ye re ithuta t�e dingwe t�a dikarabo le ditshekatsheko t�a puku ye go ela khuet�o ya yona. Go feta fao, pampiri ye e nepile go bona ge e ba puku ye e tlo ba le seabe go dikakanyo le dipoledi�ano mabapi le t�homi�o ya Beibele ditabeng t�a mohuta wo. Re ruma ka go re, mokgwa wa tshekatsheko ya Bibele wa Kereke ya Refomo mo Afrika-Borwa o hloka go lekodi�i�wa le go boelet�wa. Mokgwa wa go hlatholla Bibele ka go sekaseka popopolelo(gramatika) le histori ya tlholego ya yona, o ka se sa t�ewa e le wona wa maleba o nno�i wa tshekatsheko goba go ba wona �Mokgwa wa Refomo� wa go fetleka Bibele.--- End of translation ---

Quantification of Human Opiate Receptor Concentration and Affinity Using High and Low Specific Activity [11C]Diprenorphine and Positron Emission Tomography Bernard Sadzot, Julie C. Price, Helen S. Mayberg, Kenneth H. Douglass, Robert F. Dannals, John R. Lever, Hayden T. Ravert, Alan A. Wilson, Henry N. Wagner, Jr., Marc A. Feldman, and J. James Frost [originally published in Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 1991;11(2):204–219] Due to errors in the PET calibration factors, the published values of some of the parameter estimates are inaccurate. The correct values of Bmax and KD are 1.4 times and 0.4 times the published value, respectively. The correct values of Kl and Ktfk2 are 3.2 times the published value. Accordingly, the values of konf2 and f2 are 0.7 and 0.3 times the published value, respectively. The values of k2′ k3′ and k4 are correct. These quantitative errors in the parameter estimates do not affect the overall strategy for the application of tracer kinetic modeling nor the identification of the optimal fitting strategy. The authors regret these errors.

The article deals with the comparative characteristics of rendering proper names in the most widespread English and Ukrainian translations of the Old Testament (Pentateuch). The author makes some generalizations concerning the lexical and semantic groups of nominations, characteristic of the confessional style, as well as its typical groups of lexis with the proper names being a major constituent among them. A comparative analysis of 586 proper names from each target text allowed to the make some conclusion concerning the ways of their rendering and correlation in the target languages. Though transliteration is the main technique in both languages, the correlation of the same letters in English and Ukrainian is not always consistent. The consistency has been found to be invariable only concerning the following English-Ukrainian pairs of letters: d – д, k – к, l – л, m – м, n – н, o – o, p – п, r – р, t – т, v – в. Other letters, as well as digraphs ch, sh, ph and th, do not have consistent counterparts and are characterized by a varying degree of inconsistency. This may be accounted for by a variety of reasons, among them: a considerable (450 years) gap between the first English and Ukrainian translations, which may have contributed to the changes in the approaches to transliteration; following in the different traditions (Western or Eastern) of transliteration in rendering certain letters, specifically concerning the pair of the letters b – в, or th digraph; a greater impact on the Ukrainian translator on the part of numerous Bible translations into other languages (particularly into Russian), which were absent at the time the first English translation was done etc. Other reasons for the discrepancies might include the translators’ individual characteristics, failure to maintain the same strategy throughout the entire translation, their striving to create euphony and to avoid the sound combinations undesirable in the target language.

Alex Abou-Chebl, MD Michael Abraham, MD Joseph E. Acker, III, EMT-P, MPH Robert Adams, MD, MS, FAHA Eric Adelman, MD Opeolu Adeoye, MD DeAnna L. Adkins, PhD Maria Aguilar, MD Absar Ahmed, MD Naveed Akhtar, MD Rufus Akinyemi, MBBS, MSc, MWACP, FMCP(Nig) Karen C. Albright, DO, MPH Felipe Albuquerque, MD Andrei V. Alexandrov, MD Abdulnasser Alhajeri, MD Latisha Ali, MD Nabil J. Alkayed, MD, PhD, FAHA Amer Alshekhlee, MD, MSc Irfan Altafullah, MD Arun Paul Amar, MD Pierre Amarenco, MD, FAHA, FAAN Sepideh Amin-Hanjani, MD, FAANS, FACS, FAHA Catherine Amlie-Lefond, MD Aaron M. Anderson, MD David C. Anderson, MD, FAHA Sameer A. Ansari, MD, PhD Ken Arai, PhD Agnieszka Ardelt, MD, PhD Juan Arenillas, MD PhD William Armstead, PhD, FAHA Jennifer L. Armstrong-Wells, MD, MPH Negar Asdaghi, MD, MSc, FRCPC Nancy D. Ashley, APRN,BC, CEN,CCRN,CNRN Stephen Ashwal, MD Andrew Asimos, MD Rand Askalan, MD, PhD Kjell Asplund, MD Richard P. Atkinson, MD, FAHA Issam A. Awad, MD, MSc, FACS, MA (hon) Hakan Ay, MD, FAHA Michael Ayad, MD, PhD Cenk Ayata, MD Aamir Badruddin, MD Hee Joon Bae, MD, PhD Mark Bain, MD Tamilyn Bakas, PhD, RN, FAHA, FAAN Frank Barone, BA, DPhil Andrew Barreto, MD William G. Barsan, MD, FACEP, FAHA Nicolas G. Bazan, MD, PhD Kyra Becker, MD, FAHA Ludmila Belayev, MD Rodney Bell, MD Andrei B. Belousov, PhD Susan L. Benedict, MD Larry Benowitz, PhD Rohit Bhatia, MBBS, MD, DM, DNB Pratik Bhattacharya, MD MPh James A. Bibb, PhD Jose Biller, MD, FACP, FAAN, FAHA Randie Black Schaffer, MD, MA Kristine Blackham, MD Bernadette Boden-Albala, DrPH Cesar Borlongan, MA, PhD Susana M. Bowling, MD Monique M. B. Breteler, MD, PhD Jonathan Brisman, MD Allan L. Brook, MD, FSIR Robert D. Brown, MD, MPH Devin L. Brown, MD, MS Ketan R. Bulsara, MD James Burke, MD Cheryl Bushnell, MD, MHSc, FAHA Ken Butcher, MD, PhD, FRCPC Livia Candelise, MD S Thomas Carmichael, MD, PhD Bob S. Carter, MD, PhD Angel Chamorro, MD, PhD Pak H. Chan, PhD, FAHA Seemant Chaturvedi, MD, FAHA, FAAN Peng Roc Chen, MD Jun Chen, MD Eric Cheng, MD, MS Huimahn Alex Choi, MD Sherry Chou, MD, MMSc Michael Chow, MD, FRCS(C), MPH Marilyn Cipolla, PhD, MS, FAHA Kevin Cockroft, MD, MSc, FACS Domingos Coiteiro, MD Alexander Coon, MD Robert Cooney, MD Shelagh B. Coutts, BSc, MB.ChB., MD, FRCPC, FRCP(Glasg.) Elizabeth Crago, RN, MSN Steven C. Cramer, MD Carolyn Cronin, MD, PhD Dewitte T. Cross, MD Salvador Cruz-Flores, MD, FAHA Brett L. Cucchiara, MD, FAHA Guilherme Dabus, MD M Ziad Darkhabani, MD Stephen M. Davis, MD, FRCP, Edin FRACP, FAHA Deidre De Silva, MBBS, MRCP Amir R. Dehdashti, MD Gregory J. del Zoppo, MD, MS, FAHA Bart M. Demaerschalk, MD, MSc, FRCPC Andrew M. Demchuk, MD Andrew J. DeNardo, MD Laurent Derex, MD, PhD Gabrielle deVeber, MD Helen Dewey, MB, BS, PhD, FRACP, FAFRM(RACP) Mandip Dhamoon, MD, MPH Orlando Diaz, MD Martin Dichgans, MD Rick M. Dijkhuizen, PhD Michael Diringer, MD Jodi Dodds, MD Eamon Dolan, MD, MRCPI Amish Doshi, MD Dariush Dowlatshahi, MD, PhD, FRCPC Alexander Dressel, MD Carole Dufouil, MD Dylan Edwards, PhD Mitchell Elkind, MD, MS, FAAN Matthias Endres, MD Joey English, MD, PhD Conrado J. Estol, MD, PhD Mustapha Ezzeddine, MD, FAHA Susan C. Fagan, PharmD, FAHA Pierre B. Fayad, MD, FAHA Wende Fedder, RN, MBA, FAHA Valery Feigin, MD, PhD Johanna Fifi, MD Jessica Filosa, PhD David Fiorella, MD, PhD Urs Fischer, MD, MSc Matthew L. Flaherty, MD Christian Foerch, MD Gregg C. Fonarow, MD, FAHA Andria Ford, MD Christine Fox, MD, MAS Isabel Fragata, MD Justin Fraser, MD Don Frei, MD Gary H. Friday, MD, MPH, FAAN, FAHA Neil Friedman, MBChB Michael Froehler, MD, PhD Chirag D. Gandhi, MD Hannah Gardener, ScD Madeline Geraghty, MD Daniel P. Gibson, MD Glen Gillen, EdD, OTR James Kyle Goddard, III, MD Daniel A. Godoy, MD, FCCM Joshua Goldstein, MD, PhD, FAHA Nicole R. Gonzales, MD Hector Gonzalez, PhD Marlis Gonzalez-Fernandez, MD, PhD Philip B. Gorelick, MD, MPH, FAHA Matthew Gounis, PhD Prasanthi Govindarajan, MD Manu Goyal, MD, MSc Glenn D. Graham, MD, PhD Armin J. Grau, MD, PhD Joel Greenberg, PhD, FAHA Steven M. Greenberg, MD, PhD, FAHA David M. Greer, MD, MA, FCCM James C. Grotta, MD, FAHA Jaime Grutzendler, MD Rishi Gupta, MD Andrew Gyorke, MD Mary N. Haan, MPH, DrPH Roman Haberl, MD Maree Hackett, PhD Elliot Clark Haley, MD, FAHA Hen Hallevi, MD Edith Hamel, PhD Graeme J. Hankey, MBBS, MD, FRCP, FRCP, FRACP Amer Haque, MD Richard L. Harvey, MD Don Heck, MD Cathy M. Helgason, MD Thomas Hemmen, MD, PhD Dirk M. Hermann, MD Marta Hernandez, MD Paco Herson, PhD Michael D. Hill, MD, MSc, FRCPC Nancy K. Hills, PhD, MBA Robin C. Hilsabeck, PhD, ABPP-CN Judith A. Hinchey, MD, MS, FAHA Robert G. Holloway, MD, MPH William Holloway, MD Sherril K. Hopper, RN Jonathan Hosey, MD, FAAN George Howard, DPH, FAHA Virginia J. Howard, PhD, FAHA David Huang, MD, PhD Daniel Huddle, DO Richard L. Hughes, MD, FAHA, FAAN Lynn Hundley, RN, MSN, ARNP, CCRN, CNRN, CCNS Patricia D. Hurn, PhD, FAHA Muhammad Shazam Hussain, MD, FRCPC Costantino Iadecola, MD Rebecca N. Ichord, MD M. Arfan Ikram, MD Kachi Illoh, MD Pascal Jabbour, MD Bharathi D. Jagadeesan, MD Vivek Jain, MD Dara G. Jamieson, MD, FAHA Brian T. Jankowitz, MD Edward C. Jauch, MD, MS, FAHA, FACEP David Jeck, MD Sayona John, MD Karen C. Johnston, MD, FAHA S Claiborne Johnston, MD, FAHA Jukka Jolkkonen, PhD Stephen C. Jones, PhD, SM, BSc Theresa Jones, PhD Anne Joutel, MD, PhD Tudor G. Jovin, MD Mouhammed R. Kabbani, MD Yasha Kadkhodayan, MD Mary A. Kalafut, MD, FAHA Amit Kansara, MD Moira Kapral, MD, MS Navaz P. Karanjia, MD Wendy Kartje, MD, PhD Carlos S. Kase, MD, FAHA Scott E. Kasner, MD, MS, FAHA Markku Kaste, MD, PhD, FESO, FAHA Prasad Katakam, MD, PhD Zvonimir S. Katusic, MD Irene Katzan, MD, MS, FAHA James E. Kelly, MD Michael Kelly, MD, PhD, FRCSC Peter J. Kelly, MD, MS, FRCPI, ABPN (Dip) Margaret Kelly-Hayes, EdD, RN, FAAN David M. Kent, MD Thomas A. Kent, MD Walter Kernan, MD Salomeh Keyhani, MD, MPH Alexander Khalessi, MD, MS Nadia Khan, MD, FRCPC, MSc Naim Naji Khoury, MD, MS Chelsea Kidwell, MD, FAHA Anthony Kim, MD Howard S. Kirshner, MD, FAHA Adam Kirton, MD, MSc, FRCPC Brett M. Kissela, MD Takanari Kitazono, MD, PhD Steven Kittner, MD, MPH Jeffrey Kleim, PhD Dawn Kleindorfer, MD, FAHA N. Jennifer Klinedinst, PhD, MPH, MSN, RN William Knight, MD Adam Kobayashi, MD, PhD Sebastian Koch, MD Raymond C. Koehler, PhD, FAHA Ines P. Koerner, MD, PhD Martin Köhrmann, MD Anneli Kolk, PhD, MD John B. Kostis, MD Tobias Kurth, MD, ScD Peter Kvamme, MD Eduardo Labat, MD, DABR Daniel T. Lackland, BA, DPH, FAHA Kamakshi Lakshminarayan, MD, PhD Joseph C. LaManna, PhD Catherine E. Lang, PT, PhD Maarten G. Lansberg, MD, PhD, MS Giuseppe Lanzino, MD Paul A. Lapchak, PhD, FAHA Sean Lavine, MD Ronald M. Lazar, PhD Marc Lazzaro, MD Jin-Moo Lee, MD, PhD Meng Lee, MD Ting-Yim Lee, PhD Erica Leifheit-Limson, PhD Enrique Leira, MD, FAHA Deborah Levine, MD, MPh Joshua M. Levine, MD Steven R. Levine, MD Christopher Lewandowski, MD Daniel J. Licht, MD Judith H. Lichtman, PhD, MPH David S. Liebeskind, MD, FAHA Shao-Pow Lin, MD, PhD Weili Lin, PhD Ute Lindauer, PhD Italo Linfante, MD Lynda Lisabeth, PhD, FAHA Alice Liskay, RN, BSN, MPA, CCRC Warren Lo, MD W. T. Longstreth, MD, MPH, FAHA George A. Lopez, MD, PhD David Loy, MD, PhD Andreas R. Luft, MD Helmi Lutsep, MD, FAHA William Mack, MD Mark MacKay, MBBS, FRACP Jennifer Juhl Majersik, MD Marc D. Malkoff, MD, FAHA Randolph S. Marshall, MD John H. Martin, PhD Alexander Mason, MD Masayasu Matsumoto, MD, PhD Elizabeth Mayeda, MPH William G. Mayhan, PhD Avi Mazumdar, MD Louise D. McCullough, MD, PhD Erin McDonough, MD Lisa Merck, MD, MPH James F. Meschia, MD, FAHA Steven R. Messe, MD Joseph Mettenburg, MD,PhD William Meurer, MD BA Brett C. Meyer, MD Robert Mikulik, MD, PhD James M. Milburn, MD Kazuo Minematsu, MD, PhD J Mocco, MD, MS Yousef Mohammad, MD MSc FAAN Mahendranath Moharir, MD, MSc, FRACP Carlos A. Molina, MD Joan Montaner, MD PhD Majaz Moonis, MD, MRCP Christopher J. Moran, MD Henry Moyle, MD, PhD Susanne Muehlschlegel, MD, MPH Susanne Muehlschlegel, MD, MPH Yuichi Murayama, MD Stephanie J. Murphy, VMD, PhD, DACLAM, FAHA Fadi Nahab, MD Andrew M. Naidech, MD, MPh Ashish Nanda, MD Sandra Narayanan, MD William Neil, MD Edwin Nemoto, PhD, FAHA Lauren M. Nentwich, MD Perry P. Ng, MD Al C. Ngai, PhD Andrew D. Nguyen, MD, PhD Thanh Nguyen, MD, FRCPC Mai Nguyen-Huynh, MD, MAS Raul G. Nogueira, MD Bo Norrving, MD Robin Novakovic, MD Thaddeus Nowak, PhD David Nyenhuis, PhD Michelle C. Odden, PhD Michael O'Dell, MD Christopher S. Ogilvy, MD Jamary Oliveira-Filho, MD, PhD Jean Marc Olivot, MD, PhD Brian O'Neil, MD, FACEP Bruce Ovbiagele, MD, MSc, FAHA Shahram Oveisgharan, MD Mayowa Owolabi, MBBS,MWACP,FMCP Aditya S. Pandey, MD Dhruvil J. Pandya, MD Nancy D. Papesh, BSN, RN, CFRN, EMT-B Helena Parfenova, PhD Min S. Park, MD Matthew S. Parsons, MD Aman B. Patel, MD Srinivas Peddi, MD Joanne Penko, MS, MPH Miguel A. Perez-Pinzon, PhD, FAHA Paola Pergami, MD, PhD Michael Phipps, MD Anna M. Planas, PhD Octavio Pontes-Neto, MD Shyam Prabhakaran, MD, MS Kameshwar Prasad, MD, DM, MMSc, FRCP, FAMS Charles Prestigiacomo, MD, FAANS, FACS G. Lee Pride, MD Janet Prvu Bettger, ScD, FAHA Volker Puetz, MD, PhD Svetlana Pundik, MD Terence Quinn, MD, MRCP, MBChb (hons), BSc (hons) Alejandro Rabinstein, MD Mubeen Rafay, MB.BS, FCPS, MSc Preeti Raghavan, MD Venkatakrishna Rajajee, MD Kumar Rajamani, MD Peter A. Rasmussen, MD Kumar Reddy, MD Michael J. Reding, MD Bruce R. Reed, PhD Mathew J. Reeves, BVSc, PhD, FAHA Martin Reis, MD Marc Ribo, MD, PhD David Rodriguez-Luna, MD, PhD Charles Romero, MD Jonathan Rosand, MD Gary A. Rosenberg, MD Michael Ross, MD, FACEP Natalia S. Rost, MD, MA Elliot J. Roth, MD, FAHA Christianne L. Roumie, MD, MPH Marilyn M. Rymer, MD, FAHA Ralph L. Sacco, MS, MD, FAAN, FAHA Edgar A. Samaniego, MD, MS Navdeep Sangha, BS, MD Nerses Sanossian, MD Lauren Sansing, MD, MSTR Gustavo Saposnik, MD, MSc, FAHA Eric Sauvageau, MD Jeffrey L. Saver, MD, FAHA, FAAN Sean I. Savitz, MD, FAHA Judith D. Schaechter, PhD Lee H. Schwamm, MD, FAHA Phillip Scott, MD, FAHA Magdy Selim, MD, PhD, FAHA Warren R. Selman, MD, FAHA Souvik Sen, MD, MS, MPH, FAHA Frank Sharp, MD, FAHA, FAAN George Shaw, MD, PhD Kevin N. Sheth, MD Vilaas Shetty, MD Joshua Shimony, MD, PhD Yukito Shinohara, MD, PhD Ashfaq Shuaib, MD, FAHA Lori A. Shutter, MD Cathy A. Sila, MD, FAAN Gisele S. Silva, MD Brian Silver, MD Daniel E. Singer, MD Robert Singer, MD Aneesh B. Singhal, MD Lesli Skolarus, MD Eric E. Smith, MD Sabrina E. Smith, MD, PhD Christopher Sobey, PhD, FAHA J David Spence, MD Christian Stapf, MD Joel Stein, MD Michael F. Stiefel, MD, PhD Sophia Sundararajan, MD, PhD David Tanne, MD Robert W. Tarr, MD Turgut Tatlisumak, MD, PhD, FAHA, FESO Charles H. Tegeler, MD Mohamed S. Teleb, MD Fernando Testai, MD, PhD Ajith Thomas, MD Stephen Thomas, MD, MPH Bradford B. Thompson, MD Amanda Thrift, PhD, PGDipBiostat David Tong, MD Michel Torbey, MD, MPH, FCCM, FAHA Emmanuel Touze, MD, PhD Amytis Towfighi, MD Richard J. Traystman, PhD, FAHA Margaret F. Tremwel, MD, PhD, FAHA Brian Trimble, MD Georgios Tsivgoulis, MD Tanya Turan, MD, FAHA Aquilla S. Turk, DO Michael Tymianski, MD, PhD, FRCSC Philippa Tyrrell, MB, MD, FRCP Shinichiro Uchiyama, MD, FAHA Luis Vaca, MD Renee Van Stavern, MD Susan J. Vannucci, PhD Dale Vaslow, MD, PHD Zena Vexler, PhD Barbara Vickrey, MD, MPH Ryan Viets, MD Anand Viswanathan, MD, PhD Salina Waddy, MD Kenneth R. Wagner, PhD Lawrence R. Wechsler, MD Ling Wei, MD Theodore Wein, MD, FRCPC, FAHA Babu Welch, MD David Werring, PhD Justin Whisenant, MD Christine Anne Wijman, MD, PhD Michael Wilder, MD Joshua Willey, MD, MS David Williams, MB, BAO, BCh, PhD, Dip.Med.Tox, FRCPE, FRCPI Linda Williams, MD Olajide Williams, MD, MS Dianna Willis, PhD John A. Wilson, MD, FACS Jeffrey James Wing, MPH Carolee J. Winstein, PhD, PT, FAPTA Max Wintermark, MD Charles Wira, MD Robert J. Wityk, MD, FAHA Thomas J. Wolfe, MD Lawrence Wong, MD Daniel Woo, MD, MS Clinton Wright, MD, MS Guohua Xi, MD Ying Xian, MD, PhD Dileep R. Yavagal, MD Midori A. Yenari, MD, FAHA William L. Young, MD Darin Zahuranec, MD Allyson Zazulia, MD, FAHA Adina Zeki Al Hazzouri, PhD John H. Zhang, MD, PhD Justin Zivin, MD, PhD, FAHA Richard Zorowitz, MD, FAHA Maria Cristina Zurru, MD

Carty, R. Kenneth, William Cross and Lisa Young. Rebuilding Canadian Party Politics. By Miriam Lapp 631Broadbent, Edward, ed. Democratic Equality: What Went Wrong? By Rodney Haddow 633Boyd, Susan S., Dorothy E. Chunn and Robert Menzies, eds. (Ab)Using Power: The Canadian Experience. By Audrey Doerr 635Pal, Leslie A., ed.. How Ottawa Spends 2000-2001: Past Imperfect, Future Tense. By Nelson Wiseman 636Chennells, David. The Politics of Nationalism in Canada: Cultural Conflict since 1760. By Richard Vengroff 638Helly, Denise et Nicolas Van Schendel. Appartenir au Québec. Citoyenneté, nation et société civile. Enquête à Montréal, 1995. Par Guy Chiasson 639Rose, Alex. Spirit Dance at Meziadin: Chief Joseph Gosnell and the Nisga'a Treaty. By Michael J. Prince 640Cardinal, Linda, en collaboration avec Caroline Andrew et Michèle Kérisit. Chroniques d'une vie politique mouvementée. L'Ontario francophone de 1986 à 1996. Par Simon Langlois 642Kreinin, Mordechai, ed. Building a Partnership: The Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement. By Stephen Clarkson 643Clingermayer, James C. and Richard C. Feiock. Institutional Constraints and Policy Choice: An Exploration of Local Governance. By John J. Kirlin 645Muxel, Anne. L'expérience politique des jeunes. Par Marc Molgat 647Sowerwine, Charles. France since 1870: Culture, Politics and Society. By Robert Elgie 650Sniderman, Paul M., Pierangelo Peri, Rui J. P. de Figueiredo, Jr. and Thomas Piazza. The Outsider: Prejudice and Politics in Italy. By Stephen Hellman 651Gardet, Claudie, avec une préface de Marie-Claire Bergère. Les relations de la République populaire de Chine et de la République démocratique allemande (1949-1989). Par André Laliberté 653Katsiaficas, George, ed. After the Fall: 1989 and the Future of Freedom. By Barbara J. Falk 655Quesney, Chantale. Kosovo, les mémoires qui tuent. La guerre vue sur Internet. Par Dany Deschênes 657Moser, Robert G. Unexpected Outcomes: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Representation in Russia. By Jody Baumgartner 660Powers, Nancy R. Grassroots Expectations of Democracy and Economy: Argentina in Comparative Perspective. By Jeffery R. Webber 661Kymlicka, Will. La citoyenneté multiculturelle. Une théorie libérale du droit des minorités. Par France Gagnon 663Kymlicka, Will. Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Citizenship. By Ciaran Cronin 665Schmid, Carol L. The Politics of Language: Conflict, Identity, and Cultural Pluralism in Comparative Perspective. By Ines Molinaro 667Merad, Ali. La tradition musulmane. Par Chedly Belkhodja 668Kaufman, Stuart J. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. By Crawford Young 671Baum, Gregory. Le nationalisme: perspectives éthiques et religieuses. Par Frédérick Boily 672Keating, Michael and John McGarry, eds. Minority Nationalism and the Changing International Order. By Stefan Wolff 674Gurr, Ted Robert. Peoples versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century. By John A. Hall 676Biggar, Nigel, ed. Burying the Past: Making Peace and Doing Justice after Civil Conflict. By Steven M. Delue 677Kruks, Sonia. Retrieving Experience: Subjectivity and Recognition in Feminist Politics. By Lorraine Code 679Kinzer, Bruce L. England's Disgrace? J. S. Mill and the Irish Question. By Samuel V. Laselva 681Kahan, Alan S. Aristocratic Liberalism: The Social and Political Thought of Jacob Burkhardt, John Stuart Mill, and Alexis de Tocqueville. By Brian Richardson 682Passet, René. L'illusion néo-libérale. Par Marcel Filion 684Andrew, Edward G. Conscience and Its Critics: Protestant Conscience, Enlightenment Reason, and Modern Subjectivity. By Jason Neidleman 687Villa, Dana, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Hannah Arendt. By Robert Pirro 689Pirro, Robert C. Hannah Arendt and the Politics of Tragedy. By Pamela S. Leach 691Davis, Arthur and Peter C. Emberley, eds. Collected Works of George Grant:Vol. 1: 1933-1950. By Ron Dart 692Owen, J. Judd. Religion and the Demise of Liberal Rationalism: The Foundational Crisis of the Separation of Church and State. By Emily R. Gill 694Gray, John. Two Faces of Liberalism. By Brian Donohue 695Lom, Petr. The Limits of Doubt: The Moral and Political Implications of Skepticism. By Craig Beam 696Parekh, Bhikhu. Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory. By Jonathan Quong 698Heath, Joseph. Communicative Action and Rational Choice. By Bryce Weber 699Franke, Mark F. N. Global Limits: Immanuel Kant, International Relations, and Critique of World Politics. By Brian Orend 702Philpott, Daniel. Revolutions in Sovereignty: How Ideas Shaped Modern International Relations. By Chris Brown 703Aleinikoff, T. Alexander and Douglas Klusmeyer, eds. Citizenship Today: Global Perspectives and Practices. By Patrizia Longo 705Sommier, Isabelle. 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Abstract INTRODUCTION Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) have become a revolutionary milestone in the immune-oncology field and have shown a significant improvement in survival rates and outcomes of advanced malignancies. ICIs including: Ipilimumab (1) - monoclonal antibody that inhibits Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte associated Antigen 4 (CTLA4) - Nivolumab (2) - monoclonal antibody that blocks Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PDL1) - and others turn off the tumor mediated immune system inhibition and boost the immune response against tumor cells resulting in decreased tumor growth. However, targeted immunotherapy has a wide spectrum of immune related side effects (3) that can affect various body organs ranging from mild skin rash to a critical immunotherapy induced pneumonitis and severe colitis. We present a case report of Ipilimumab/Nivolumab induced fulminant DKA in a non-diabetic patient. CASE PRESENTATION We present a case of a 71 year old male with a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hemorrhagic stroke and stage 4 renal cancer with metastasis to the lungs who presented to the Emergency Department with altered mental status for 1 day and respiratory depression. He was accompanied by his wife who provided most of the history and denied any head trauma, seizure, uncontrolled hypertension, recent infections, arrhythmias, endocrine diseases or alcohol/drug use. Initial blood glucose was 1052, pH 7.11, bicarbonate 6, potassium 6.7, CO2 20.1, anion gap of 29 and WBCs 19.3 without any source of infections. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) protocol was started and patient was intubated for worsening respiratory depression. Patient’s wife denied any personal or family history of diabetes mellitus and stated that his Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) has always been below 6% during his follow ups. Upon further questioning about any new medications, she stated that 15 years ago he had renal cell carcinoma treated with left radical nephrectomy and was recently discovered to have pulmonary nodules that were biopsy positive for renal cell carcinoma, to which he recently started Ipilimumab and Nivolumab immunotherapy about 2 month and last received doses was 3 days prior to presentation. She also reported one-month history of lethargy, polyuria and polydipsia. HbA1c was found to be 8.0% and lipase enzyme &gt; 4000 u/L without any pancreatic changes or inflammation on Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen. Insulin autoantibodies, islet cells antibodies and serum C-peptide were undetectable. During the admission DKA and respiratory depression resolved but the patient continued to have hyperglycemia with blood glucose level of 300-400 and was treated with correctional insulin scale. Patient was discharged on long acting and regular insulin after appropriate education. DISCUSSION Ipilimumab and Nivolumab; the novel revolutionary targeted immunotherapy have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 2011 (4) and 2014 (5) respectively. They enhance the immune response against tumor cells through blocking the immune checkpoints CTLA4 and PDL1 which are activated by the tumor cells as an inhibitory mechanism to interrupt the T lymphocyte - tumor cell destruction pathway (6-7). Ipilimumab and Nivolumab are used in combination for inoperable or metastatic melanoma (8-9), advanced renal cell carcinoma (10), metastatic squamous non-small cell lung cancer (11) and currently in trials for recurrent small cell lung cancer treatment (12-13). They are also used for primary or metastatic urothelial carcinoma and prostate cancer (14). As ICIs enhance T lymphocytes immunity by disrupting the inhibitory signaling, they also decrease immune tolerance and, thereby; cause autoimmune toxicities. Yet, ICIs are usually not stopped since their beneficial outcomes seem to outweigh the adverse events. Immunotherapy related adverse events (irAEs) includes: systemic symptoms of fatigue, weakness, muscle and joint pain, dermatological: rash and itchy skin - reported in 10% of patients in trials for melanoma and lung cancer (15) - pneumonitis (16) (4%), gastrointestinal: decreased appetite, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, colitis (17) (10%), hepatic toxicity (18) (1-17%), and endocrinopathies: hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism (19) (8.5% and 3.7% respectively). Severe neurologic disorders including acute demyelination polyneuropathy, ascending motor paralysis and myasthenia gravis have been reported (20). Although there are no guidelines for managing irEAs, most of them are managed with high-dose corticosteroids. Several cases of autoimmune diabetes mellitus have been reported (2% of cases) as endocrinologic irEAs, most of them were genetically susceptible to type 1 diabetes mellitus. Less than 1% of cases had diabetes mellitus of rapid onset and complete insulin insufficiency leading to fulminant DKA (19). However, the clinical course of their insulin secretion disruption was not well studied. To our knowledge, the case that we are presenting here is one of a few cases described in literature of fulminant diabetes/DKA caused by immunotherapy. In fulminant diabetes, patients present with severely elevated blood glucose or DKA; however, their HbA1c is unexpectedly low (7-8%) due to the abrupt onset of presentation. C-peptide and Islet cell autoantibodies levels are low or even undetectable which suggest that pancreatic B-cells are totally destroyed via a process that is not completely understood and not similar to the one causing classic autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus. In fulminant diabetes/DKA pancreatic islet cells are attacked by autoreactive T lymphocytes. Thiswas initially thought to be a cell-mediated phenomenon; however, some reported cases had 1 or more islet cell autoantibodies which suggests the implication of a humoral immune response component as well. Diagnosis of such an endocrinopathy should be proper and prompt due to the increased risk of death within the first 24 hours. CONCLUSION Identification of rare but serious irAEs like DKA, is very important. This requires a multi-dimensional approach involving effective education about the symptoms of DKA and hyperglycemia in patients receiving immunotherapy along with close monitoring of these patients. More research is needed in this area to clarify the frequency of this entity and its mechanism. DISCLAIMER This research was supported (in whole or in part) by HCA Healthcare and/or HCA Healthcare affiliated entity. The views expressed in this publication represent those of author(s) and do not necessarily the official views if HCA Healthcare or any of its affiliated entities. REFRENCES 1-Tarhini A., Lo E., Minor D.R. Releasing the brake on the immune system: Ipilimumab in melanoma and other tumors. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 2010;25:601-613. doi: 10.1089/cbr.2010.0865. 2-Guo L, Zhang H, Chen B. Nivolumab as programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor for targeted immunotherapy in tumor. J Cancer. 2017;8(3):410-416. doi: 10.7150/jca.17144. 3-Kadono T. Immune-related adverse events by immune checkpoint inhibitors. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi. (2017) 40:83-9. 10.2177/jsci.40.83 4-Lacroix, Marc (2014). Targeted Therapies in Cancer. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Sciences Publishers. ISBN 978-1-63321-687-7. 5-“Nivolumab Monograph for Professionals”. Drugs.com. Retrieved 14 November 2019. 6-Rotte, A. Combination of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockers for treatment of cancer. 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Introduction In The World Is Not a Desktop, Marc Weisner, the principal scientist and manager of the computer science laboratory at Xerox PARC, stated that, “a good tool is an invisible tool.” Weisner cited eyeglasses as an ideal technology because with spectacles, he argued, “you look at the world, not the eyeglasses.” Although Weisner’s work at PARC played an important role in the creation of the field of “ubiquitous computing”, his ideal is widespread in many areas of technology design. Through repetition, and by design, technologies blend into our lives. While technologies, and communications technologies in particular, have a powerful mediating impact, many of the most pervasive effects are taken for granted by most users. When technology works smoothly, its nature and effects are invisible. But technologies do not always work smoothly. A tiny fracture or a smudge on a lens renders glasses quite visible to the wearer. The Microsoft Windows “Blue Screen of Death” on subway in Seoul (Photo credit Wikimedia Commons). Anyone who has seen a famous “Blue Screen of Death”—the iconic signal of a Microsoft Windows crash—on a public screen or terminal knows how errors can thrust the technical details of previously invisible systems into view. Nobody knows that their ATM runs Windows until the system crashes. Of course, the operating system chosen for a sign or bank machine has important implications for its users. Windows, or an alternative operating system, creates affordances and imposes limitations. Faced with a crashed ATM, a consumer might ask herself if, with its rampant viruses and security holes, she should really trust an ATM running Windows? Technologies make previously impossible actions possible and many actions easier. In the process, they frame and constrain possible actions. They mediate. Communication technologies allow users to communicate in new ways but constrain communication in the process. In a very fundamental way, communication technologies define what their users can say, to whom they say it, and how they can say it—and what, to whom, and how they cannot. Humanities scholars understand the power, importance, and limitations of technology and technological mediation. Weisner hypothesised that, “to understand invisibility the humanities and social sciences are especially valuable, because they specialise in exposing the otherwise invisible.” However, technology activists, like those at the Free Software Foundation (FSF) and the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), understand this power of technology as well. Largely constituted by technical members, both organisations, like humanists studying technology, have struggled to communicate their messages to a less-technical public. Before one can argue for the importance of individual control over who owns technology, as both FSF and EFF do, an audience must first appreciate the power and effect that their technology and its designers have. To understand the power that technology has on its users, users must first see the technology in question. Most users do not. Errors are under-appreciated and under-utilised in their ability to reveal technology around us. By painting a picture of how certain technologies facilitate certain mistakes, one can better show how technology mediates. By revealing errors, scholars and activists can reveal previously invisible technologies and their effects more generally. Errors can reveal technology—and its power and can do so in ways that users of technologies confront daily and understand intimately. The Misprinted Word Catalysed by Elizabeth Eisenstein, the last 35 years of print history scholarship provides both a richly described example of technological change and an analysis of its effects. Unemphasised in discussions of the revolutionary social, economic, and political impact of printing technologies is the fact that, especially in the early days of a major technological change, the artifacts of print are often quite similar to those produced by a new printing technology’s predecessors. From a reader’s purely material perspective, books are books; the press that created the book is invisible or irrelevant. Yet, while the specifics of print technologies are often hidden, they are often exposed by errors. While the shift from a scribal to print culture revolutionised culture, politics, and economics in early modern Europe, it was near-invisible to early readers (Eisenstein). Early printed books were the same books printed in the same way; the early press was conceived as a “mechanical scriptorium.” Shown below, Gutenberg’s black-letter Gothic typeface closely reproduced a scribal hand. Of course, handwriting and type were easily distinguishable; errors and irregularities were inherent in relatively unsteady human hands. Side-by-side comparisons of the hand-copied Malmesbury Bible (left) and the black letter typeface in the Gutenberg Bible (right) (Photo credits Wikimedia Commons & Wikimedia Commons). Printing, of course, introduced its own errors. As pages were produced en masse from a single block of type, so were mistakes. While a scribe would re-read and correct errors as they transcribed a second copy, no printing press would. More revealingly, print opened the door to whole new categories of errors. For example, printers setting type might confuse an inverted n with a u—and many did. Of course, no scribe made this mistake. An inverted u is only confused with an n due to the technological possibility of letter flipping in movable type. As print moved from Monotype and Linotype machines, to computerised typesetting, and eventually to desktop publishing, an accidentally flipped u retreated back into the realm of impossibility (Mergenthaler, Swank). Most readers do not know how their books are printed. The output of letterpresses, Monotypes, and laser printers are carefully designed to produce near-uniform output. To the degree that they succeed, the technologies themselves, and the specific nature of the mediation, becomes invisible to readers. But each technology is revealed in errors like the upside-down u, the output of a mispoured slug of Monotype, or streaks of toner from a laser printer. Changes in printing technologies after the press have also had profound effects. The creation of hot-metal Monotype and Linotype, for example, affected decisions to print and reprint and changed how and when it is done. New mass printing technologies allowed for the printing of works that, for economic reasons, would not have been published before. While personal computers, desktop publishing software, and laser printers make publishing accessible in new ways, it also places real limits on what can be printed. Print runs of a single copy—unheard of before the invention of the type-writer—are commonplace. But computers, like Linotypes, render certain formatting and presentation difficult and impossible. Errors provide a space where the particulars of printing make technologies visible in their products. An inverted u exposes a human typesetter, a letterpress, and a hasty error in judgment. Encoding errors and botched smart quotation marks—a ? in place of a “—are only possible with a computer. Streaks of toner are only produced by malfunctioning laser printers. Dust can reveal the photocopied provenance of a document. Few readers reflect on the power or importance of the particulars of the technologies that produced their books. In part, this is because the technologies are so hidden behind their products. Through errors, these technologies and the power they have on the “what” and “how” of printing are exposed. For scholars and activists attempting to expose exactly this, errors are an under-exploited opportunity. Typing Mistyping While errors have a profound effect on media consumption, their effect is equally important, and perhaps more strongly felt, when they occur during media creation. Like all mediating technologies, input technologies make it easier or more difficult to create certain messages. It is, for example, much easier to write a letter with a keyboard than it is to type a picture. It is much more difficult to write in languages with frequent use of accents on an English language keyboard than it is on a European keyboard. But while input systems like keyboards have a powerful effect on the nature of the messages they produce, they are invisible to recipients of messages. Except when the messages contains errors. Typists are much more likely to confuse letters in close proximity on a keyboard than people writing by hand or setting type. As keyboard layouts switch between countries and languages, new errors appear. The following is from a personal email: hez, if there’s not a subversion server handz, can i at least have the root password for one of our machines? I read through the instructions for setting one up and i think i could do it. [emphasis added] The email was quickly typed and, in two places, confuses the character y with z. Separated by five characters on QWERTY keyboards, these two letters are not easily mistaken or mistyped. However, their positions are swapped on German and English keyboards. In fact, the author was an American typing in a Viennese Internet cafe. The source of his repeated error was his false expectations—his familiarity with one keyboard layout in the context of another. The error revealed the context, both keyboard layouts, and his dependence on a particular keyboard. With the error, the keyboard, previously invisible, was exposed as an inter-mediator with its own particularities and effects. This effect does not change in mobile devices where new input methods have introduced powerful new ways of communicating. SMS messages on mobile phones are constrained in length to 160 characters. The result has been new styles of communication using SMS that some have gone so far as to call a new language or dialect called TXTSPK (Thurlow). Yet while they are obvious to social scientists, the profound effects of text message technologies on communication is unfelt by most users who simply see the messages themselves. More visible is the fact that input from a phone keypad has opened the door to errors which reveal input technology and its effects. In the standard method of SMS input, users press or hold buttons to cycle through the letters associated with numbers on a numeric keyboard (e.g., 2 represents A, B, and C; to produce a single C, a user presses 2 three times). This system makes it easy to confuse characters based on a shared association with a single number. Tegic’s popular T9 software allows users to type in words by pressing the number associated with each letter of each word in quick succession. T9 uses a database to pick the most likely word that maps to that sequence of numbers. While the system allows for quick input of words and phrases on a phone keypad, it also allows for the creation of new types of errors. A user trying to type me might accidentally write of because both words are mapped to the combination of 6 and 3 and because of is a more common word in English. T9 might confuse snow and pony while no human, and no other input method, would. Users composing SMS’s are constrained by its technology and its design. The fact that text messages must be short and the difficult nature of phone-based input methods has led to unique and highly constrained forms of communication like TXTSPK (Sutherland). Yet, while the influence of these input technologies is profound, users are rarely aware of it. Errors provide a situation where the particularities of a technology become visible and an opportunity for users to connect with scholars exposing the effect of technology and activists arguing for increased user control. Google News Denuded As technologies become more complex, they often become more mysterious to their users. While not invisible, users know little about the way that complex technologies work both because they become accustomed to them and because the technological specifics are hidden inside companies, behind web interfaces, within compiled software, and in “black boxes” (Latour). Errors can help reveal these technologies and expose their nature and effects. One such system, Google’s News, aggregates news stories and is designed to make it easy to read multiple stories on the same topic. The system works with “topic clusters” that attempt to group articles covering the same news event. The more items in a news cluster (especially from popular sources) and the closer together they appear in time, the higher confidence Google’s algorithms have in the “importance” of a story and the higher the likelihood that the cluster of stories will be listed on the Google News page. While the decision to include or remove individual sources is made by humans, the act of clustering is left to Google’s software. Because computers cannot “understand” the text of the articles being aggregated, clustering happens less intelligently. We know that clustering is primarily based on comparison of shared text and keywords—especially proper nouns. This process is aided by the widespread use of wire services like the Associated Press and Reuters which provide article text used, at least in part, by large numbers of news sources. Google has been reticent to divulge the implementation details of its clustering engine but users have been able to deduce the description above, and much more, by watching how Google News works and, more importantly, how it fails. For example, we know that Google News looks for shared text and keywords because text that deviates heavily from other articles is not “clustered” appropriately—even if it is extremely similar semantically. In this vein, blogger Philipp Lenssen gives advice to news sites who want to stand out in Google News: Of course, stories don’t have to be exactly the same to be matched—but if they are too different, they’ll also not appear in the same group. If you want to stand out in Google News search results, make your article be original, or else you’ll be collapsed into a cluster where you may or may not appear on the first results page. While a human editor has no trouble understanding that an article using different terms (and different, but equally appropriate, proper nouns) is discussing the same issue, the software behind Google News is more fragile. As a result, Google News fails to connect linked stories that no human editor would miss. A section of a screenshot of Google News clustering aggregation showcasing what appears to be an error. But just as importantly, Google News can connect stories that most human editors will not. Google News’s clustering of two stories by Al Jazeera on how “Iran offers to share nuclear technology,” and by the Guardian on how “Iran threatens to hide nuclear program,” seem at first glance to be a mistake. Hiding and sharing are diametrically opposed and mutually exclusive. But while it is true that most human editors would not cluster these stories, it is less clear that it is, in fact, an error. Investigation shows that the two articles are about the release of a single statement by the government of Iran on the same day. The spin is significant enough, and significantly different, that it could be argued that the aggregation of those stories was incorrect—or not. The error reveals details about the way that Google News works and about its limitations. It reminds readers of Google News of the technological nature of their news’ meditation and gives them a taste of the type of selection—and mis-selection—that goes on out of view. Users of Google News might be prompted to compare the system to other, more human methods. Ultimately it can remind them of the power that Google News (and humans in similar roles) have over our understanding of news and the world around us. These are all familiar arguments to social scientists of technology and echo the arguments of technology activists. By focusing on similar errors, both groups can connect to users less used to thinking in these terms. Conclusion Reflecting on the role of the humanities in a world of increasingly invisible technology for the blog, “Humanities, Arts, Science and Technology Advanced Collaboratory,” Duke English professor Cathy Davidson writes: When technology is accepted, when it becomes invisible, [humanists] really need to be paying attention. This is one reason why the humanities are more important than ever. Analysis—qualitative, deep, interpretive analysis—of social relations, social conditions, in a historical and philosophical perspective is what we do so well. The more technology is part of our lives, the less we think about it, the more we need rigorous humanistic thinking that reminds us that our behaviours are not natural but social, cultural, economic, and with consequences for us all. Davidson concisely points out the strength and importance of the humanities in evaluating technology. She is correct; users of technologies do not frequently analyse the social relations, conditions, and effects of the technology they use. Activists at the EFF and FSF argue that this lack of critical perspective leads to exploitation of users (Stallman). But users, and the technology they use, are only susceptible to this type of analysis when they understand the applicability of these analyses to their technologies. 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Introduction Sharing food is central to culture. Indeed, according to Montanari, “food is culture” (xii). Ways of sharing knowledge about food, such as the exchange of recipes, give longevity to food sharing. Recipes, an important cultural technology, expand the practice of sharing food beyond specific times and places. The means through which recipes, and information about food, is shared has historically been communicated through whatever medium is available at the time. Cookbooks were among the first printed books, with the first known cookbook published in 1485 at Nuremberg, which set a trend in which cookbooks were published in most of the languages across Western Europe by the mid 16th century (Mennell). Since then, recipe collections have found a comfortable home in new and emerging media, from radio, to television, and now, online. The proliferation of cookbooks and other forms of food-related media “can be interpreted as a reflection of culinary inexperience, if not also incompetence—otherwise why so much reliance on outside advice?” (Belasco 46). Food-related media has also been argued to reflect both what people eat and what they might wish they could eat (Neuhaus, in Belasco). As such, cookbooks, television cooking shows, and food websites help shape our identity and, as Gallegos notes, play “a role in inscribing the self with a sense of place, belonging and achievement” (99). Food writing has expanded beyond the instructional form common to cookbooks and television cooking shows and, according to Hughes, “has insinuated itself into every aspect of the literary imagination” (online) from academic writing through to memoir, fiction, and travel writing. Hughes argues that concerns that people are actually now cooking less that ever, despite this influx of food-related media, miss the point that “food writing is a literary activity […] the best of it does what good writing always does, which is to create an alternative world to the one you currently inhabit” (online). While pragmatic, this argument also reinforces the common perception that food writing is a professional pursuit. It is important to note that while cookbooks and other forms of food-related media are well established as a means for recipes to be communicated, recipes have a longer history of being shared between individuals, that is, within families and communities. In helping to expand recipe-sharing practices, food-related media has also both professionalised and depersonalised this activity. As perhaps a reaction to this, or through a desire to re-establish communal recipe-sharing traditions, blogging, and specifically food blogging, has emerged as a new and viable way for people to share information about food in a non-professional capacity. Blogging has long been celebrated for its capacity to give “ordinary” people a voice (Nilsson). Due to their social nature (Walker Rettberg) and the ability for bloggers to create “networks for sharing ideas, trends and information” (Walker Rettberg 60), blogs are a natural fit for sharing recipes and information about food. Additionally, blogs, like food-related media forms such as cookbooks, are also used as tools for identity building. Blogger’s identities may be closely tied to their offline identity (Baumer, Sueyoshi and Tomlinson), forged through discussions about their everyday lives (Lövheim) or used in a professional capacity (Kedrowicz and Sullivan). Food blogs, broadly defined as blogs primarily focused on food, are one of the most prominent means through which so-called “ordinary” people can share recipes online, and can be seen to challenge perceptions that food writing is a professional activity. They may focus specifically on recipes, restaurant reviews, travel, food ethics, or aesthetic concerns such as food styling and photography. Since food blogs began to appear in the early 2000s, their number has steadily increased, and the community has become more established and structured. In my interview with the writer of the popular blog Chocolate & Zucchini, she noted that when she started blogging about food in 2003 there were perhaps a dozen other food bloggers. Since then, this blogger has become a professional food writer, published author, and recipe developer, while the number of food bloggers has grown dramatically. It is difficult to know the precise number of food blogs—as at July 2012, Technorati ranked more than 16,000 food blogs, including both recipe and restaurant review blogs (online)—but it is clear that they are both increasing in number and have become a common and popular blog genre. For the purposes of this article, food blogs are understood as those blogs that mostly feature recipes. The term “recipe blog” could be used, but food bloggers make little distinction between different topic categories—whether someone writes recipes or reviews, they are referred to as a food blogger. As such, I have used the term “food blog” in keeping with the community’s own terminology and practices. Recipes published on blogs reach a wider audience than those shared between individuals within a family or in a community, but are not as exclusive or professional, in most instances, as traditional food-related media. Blogging allows for the compression of time and space, as people can connect with others from around the world, and respond and reinvigorate posts sometimes several years after they have been written. In this sense, food blogs are more dynamic than cookbooks, with multiple entry points and means for people to discover them—through search engines as well as through traditional word of mouth referrals. This dynamism allows food bloggers to form an active community through which “ordinary” people can share their passion for food and the pleasures of cooking, seek advice, give feedback, and discuss such issues as seasonality, locality, and diet. This article is based on research I conducted on food blogs between 2010 and 2012, which used an ethnographic, cultural studies approach to online community studies to provide a rich description of the food blogging community. It examines how food blogging provides insight into the eating habits of “ordinary” people in a more broad-based manner than traditional food-related media such as cookbooks. It looks at how food blogging has evolved from a subcultural activity to an established and recognised element of the wider food-related media ecology, and in this way has been transformed from a hobbyist activity to a cottage industry. It discusses how food blogs have influenced food-related media and the potential they have to drive food trends. In doing so, this research does not consider the Internet, or online communities, as separate or distinct from offline culture. Instead, it follows Richard Rogers’s argument for a new approach to Internet studies, in which “one is not so much researching the Internet, and its users, as studying culture and society with the Internet” (29). A cultural studies approach is useful for understanding food blogs in a broader historical and cultural context, since it considers the Internet as “a rich arena for thinking about how contemporary culture is constituted” (Hine et al. 2). Food Blogging: From Hobbyist Activity to Cottage Industry Benkler argues that “people have always created their own culture” (296); however, as folk culture has gradually been replaced by mass-produced popular culture, we have come to expect certain production values in culture, and lost confidence in creating or sharing it ourselves, for fear of it not meeting these high standards. Such mass-produced popular culture includes food-related media and recipes, as developing and sharing recipes has become the domain of celebrity chefs. Food blogs are created by “ordinary” people, and in this way continue the tradition of community cookbooks and reflect an increased interest in both the do-it-yourself phenomena, and a resurgence of a desire to share and contribute to folk culture. Jenkins argues that “a thriving culture needs spaces where people can do bad art, get feedback, and get better” (140-1). He notes that the Internet has drastically expanded the availability of these spaces, and argues that: "some of what amateurs create will be surprisingly good, and some artists will be recruited into commercial entertainment or the art world. Much of it will be good enough to engage the interest of some modest public, to inspire someone else to create, to provide new content which, when polished through many hands, may turn into something more valuable down the line" (140-1). Food blogs provide such a space for amateurs to share their creations and get feedback. Additionally, some food bloggers, like the artists to whom Jenkins refers, do create recipes, writing, and images that are “surprisingly good”, and are recruited, not into commercial entertainment or the art world, but into food-related media. Some food bloggers publish cookbooks (for example, Clotilde Dusoulier of Chocolate & Zucchini), or food-related memoirs (for example, Molly Wizenberg of Orangette), and some become food celebrities in their own right, as guests on high profile television shows such as Martha Stewart (Matt Armendariz of mattbites) or with their own cooking shows (Ree Drummond of The Pioneer Woman Cooks). Others, while not reaching these levels of success, do manage to inspire others to create, or recreate their, recipes. Mainstream media has a tendency to suggest that all food bloggers have professional aspirations (see, for example, Phipps). Yet, it is important to note that, many food bloggers are content to remain hobbyists. These food bloggers form the majority of the community, and blog about food because they are interested in food, and enjoy sharing recipes and discussing their interest with like-minded people. In this way, they are contributing to, and engaging with, folk culture within the blogging community. However, this does not mean that they do not have a broader impact on mainstream food-related media. Food-Related Media Response As the food blogging community has grown, food-related media and other industries have responded with attempts to understand, engage with, and manage food bloggers. Food blogs are increasingly recognised as an aspect of the broader food-related media and, as such, provide both competition and opportunities for media and other industries. Just as food blogs offer individuals opportunities for entry into food-related media professions, they also offer media and other industries opportunities to promote products, reach broader audiences, and source new talent. While food bloggers do not necessarily challenge existing food-related media, they increasingly see themselves as a part of it, and expect to be viewed as a legitimate part of the media landscape and as an alternative source of food-related information. As such, they respond positively to the inclusion of bloggers in food-related media and in other food-related environments. Engaging with the food blogging community allows the wider food-related media to subtly regulate blogger behaviour. It can also provide opportunities for some bloggers to be recruited in a professional capacity into food-related media. In a sense, food-related media attempt to “tame” food bloggers by suggesting that if bloggers behave in a way that they deem is acceptable, they may be able to transition into the professional world of food writing. The most notable example of this response to food blogs by food-related media is the decision to publish blogger’s work. While not all food bloggers have professional aspirations, being published is generally viewed within the community as a positive outcome. Food bloggers are sometimes profiled in food-related media, such as in the Good Weekend magazine in The Sydney Morning Herald (Karnikowski), and in MasterChef Magazine, which profiles a different food blogger each month (T. Jenkins). Food bloggers are also occasionally commissioned to write features for food-related media, as Katie Quinn Davies, of the blog What Katie Ate, who is a regular contributor to delicious magazine. Other food bloggers have been published in their own right. These food bloggers have transitioned from hobbyists to professionals, moving beyond blogging spaces into professional food-related media, and they could be, in Abercrombie and Longhurst’s terms, described as “petty producers” (140). As professionals, they have become a sort of “brand”, which their blog supports and promotes. This is not to say they are no longer interested in food or blogging on a personal level, but their relationship to these activities has shifted. For example, Dusoulier has published numerous books, and was one of the first food bloggers to transition into professional food-related media. However, her career in food-related media—as a food writer, recipe developer and author—goes beyond the work of a petty producer. Dusoulier edited the first English-language edition of I Know How To Cook (Mathiot), which, first published in 1932 (in French), has been described as the “bible” of traditional French cookery. Her work revising this classic book reveals that, beyond being a high-profile member of the food blogging community, she is a key figure in wider food culture. Such professional food bloggers achieve a certain level of celebrity both within the food blogging community and in food-related media. This is reflective of broader media trends in which “ordinary” people are “plucked from obscurity to enjoy a highly circumscribed celebrity” (Turner 12), and, in this way, food bloggers challenge the idea that you need to be an “expert” to talk publicly about food. Food Blogging as an Established Genre Food blogs are often included alongside traditional food-related media as another source of food-related information. For example, the site Eat your books, which indexes cookbooks, providing users with an online tool for searching the recipes in the books they own, has begun to index food blogs as well. Likewise, in 2010, the James Beard Foundation announced that their prestigious journalism awards had “mostly abolished separate categories based on publishing platforms”, although they still have an award for best food blog (Fox online). This inclusion reflects how established food blogging has become. Over time, food blogs have co-evolved and converged with food-related media, offering greater diversity of opinion. Ganda Suthivarakom, a food blogger and now director of the SAVEUR website, says that “in 2004, to be a food blogger was to be an outsider in the world of food media. Today, it couldn’t be more different” (online). She argues that “food blogs leveled the playing field […] Instead of a rarefied and inaccessible group of print reviewers having a say, suddenly thousands of voices of varying skill levels and interests chimed in, and the conversation became livelier” (Suthivarakom online). It is worthwhile noting that while there are more voices and more diversity in traditional food-related media, food blogging has also become somewhat of a cliché: it has even been satirised in an episode of The Simpsons (Bailey and Anderson). As food blogging has evolved it has developed into an established and recognised genre, which may be nuanced to the bloggers themselves, but often appears generic to outsiders. Food blogging has, as it were, gone mainstream. As such, the thousands of voices are also somewhat of an echo chamber. In becoming established as a genre, food blogs reflect the gradual convergence of different types of food-related media. Food blogs are part of a wider trend towards user-generated, food-related online content. It could also be argued that reality shows take cues from food blogs in terms of their active audiences and use of social media. MasterChef in particular is supported by a website, a magazine, and active social media channels, reflecting an increasing expectation of audience participation and interactivity in the delivery of food-related information. Food bloggers have also arguably contributed to the increasingly image-driven nature of food-related media. They have also played a key role in the popularity of sharing photos of food through platforms such as Instagram and Pinterest. Food Blogs and Food Trends Food blogs, like cookbooks, can be seen to both reflect and shape culture (Gallegos). In addition to providing an archive of what “ordinary” people are cooking on a scale not previously available, they have potential to influence food trends. Food bloggers are essentially food enthusiasts or “foodies”. According to De Solier, “most foodies see themselves as culturalists rather than materialists, people whose self-making is bound up in the acquisition of cultural experiences and knowledge, rather than the accumulation of material things” (16). As foodies, food bloggers are deeply engaged with food, keen to share their knowledge and, due to the essential and convivial nature of food, are afforded many opportunities to do so. As such, food blogs have influence beyond the food blogging community. For example, food bloggers could be seen to be responsible, in part at least, for the current popularity of macarons. These sweet, meringue-based biscuits were featured on the blog A la cuisine! in 2004—one of the earliest examples of the recipe in the food blogging community. Its popularity then steadily grew throughout the community, and has since been featured on high-profile and popular blogs such as David Lebovitz (2005), The Traveller’s Lunchbox (2005), and La Tartine Gourmand (2006). Creating and posting a recipe for macarons became almost a rite of passage for food bloggers. At a food blogging conference I attended in 2011, one blogger confided to me that she did not feel like a proper blogger because she had not yet made macarons. The popularity of macarons then extended beyond the food blogging community. They were the subject of a book, I Love Macarons (Ogita), first published in Japanese in 2006 and then in English in 2009, and featured in a cooking challenge on MasterChef (Byrnes), which propelled their popularity into mainstream food culture. Macarons, which could have once been seen as exclusive, delicate, and expensive (Jargon and Passariello) are now readily available, and can even be purchased at MacDonalds. Beyond the popularity of specific foods, the influence of food bloggers can be seen in the growing interest in where, and how, food is produced, coupled with concerns around food wastage (see, for example, Tristram). Concerns about food production are sometimes countered by the trend of making foods “from scratch,” a popular topic on food blogs, and such trends can also be seen in wider food culture, such as with classes on topics ranging from cheese making to butchering (Severson). These concerns are also evident in the growing interest in organic and ethical produce (Paish). Conclusion Food blogs have demonstrably revitalised an interest in recipe sharing among “ordinary” people. The evolution of food blogs, however, is just one part of the ongoing evolution of food-related media and recipe sharing technologies. Food blogs are also an important part of food culture, and indeed, culture more broadly. They reflect a renewed interest in folk culture and the trend towards “do-it-yourself”, seen in online and offline communities. Beyond this, food blogs provide a useful case study for understanding how our online and offline lives have become intertwined, and showcase the Internet as a part of everyday life. They remind us that new means of sharing food and culture will continue to emerge, and that our relationships to food and technology, and our interactions with food-related media, must be continually examined if we are to understand the ways they both shape and reflect culture. References Abercrombie, Nicholas, and Brian Longhurst. Audiences: A Sociological Theory of Performance and Imagination. London: Sage, 1998. Armendariz, Matt. Mattbites. 21 Apr. 2013 ‹http://mattbites.com/›. Bailey, Timothy, and Mike B. Anderson. “The Food Wife.” The Simpsons. 2011. 13 Nov. Baumer, Eric, Mark Sueyoshi, and Bill Tomlinson. "Exploring the Role of the Reader in the Activity of Blogging." ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2008. Belasco, Warren. Food: The Key Concepts. Oxford: Berg, 2008. Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale U P, 2006. Byrnes, Holly. "Masterchef's Macaron Madness." The Daily Telegraph (2010). 6 Jul. ‹http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/masterchefs-macaroon-madness/story-e6frewyr-1225888378794%3E. Clement. “Macarons (IMBB 10).” A La Cuisine!. 21 Nov. 2004. 21 Apr. 2013 ‹http://www.alacuisine.org/alacuisine/2004/11/macarons_imbb_1.html›. DeSolier, Isabelle. "Making the Self in a Material World: Food and Moralities of Consumption." Cultural Studies Review 19.1 (2013): 9–27. Drummond, Ree. The Pioneer Woman Cooks!. 21 Apr. 2013 ‹http://thepioneerwoman.com/cooking/›. Dusoulier, Clotilde. Chocolate and Zucchini. 21 Apr. 2013. ‹http://chocolateandzucchini.com/›. Fox, Nick. "Beard Awards Will Not Distinguish between Online and Print Journalism." New York Times (2010). 14 Oct. ‹http://dinersjournal.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/14/beard-awards-will-not-distinguish-between-online-and-print-journalism/%3E›.. Gallegos, Danielle. "Cookbooks as Manuals of Taste." Ordinary Lifestyles: Popular Media, Consumption and Taste. Eds. Bell, David and Joanne Hollows. Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2005. 99–110. Hine, Christine, Lori Kendall, and Danah Boyd. "Question One: How Can Qualitative Internet Researchers Define the Boundaries of Their Projects?" Internet Inquiry: Conversations About Method. Eds. Baym, Nancy K. and Annette N. Markham. Los Angeles: Sage, 2009. 1-32. Hughes, Kathryn. "Food Writing Moves from Kitchen to Bookshelf." guardian.co.uk (2010). 19 June ‹http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/jun/19/anthony-bourdain-food-writing. Jargon, Julie, and Christina Passariello. "Mon Dieu! Will Newfound Popularity Spoil the Dainty Macaron?" Wall Street Journal. 2 March (2010). 21 April 2013 ‹http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704269004575073843836895952.html›. Jenkins, Henry. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New York U P, 2008. Jenkins, Trudi. "Blog File." MasterChef Magazine 2010: 20. Karnikowski, Nina. "Eat, Cook, Blog." Good Weekend 18 Feb. 2012: 29–33. Kedrowicz, April Ann, and Katie Rose Sullivan. "Professional Identity on the Web: Engineering Blogs and Public Engagement." Engineering Studies 4.1 (2012). Lebovitz, David. David Lebovitz. 21 Apr. 2013. ‹http://www.davidlebovitz.com›. Lebovitz, David. “French Chocolate Macaron Recipe.” David Lebovitz. 26 Oct. 2005. 21 Apr. 2013. ‹http://www.davidlebovitz.com/2005/10/french-chocolat/›. Lövheim, Mia. "Young Women's Blogs as Ethical Spaces." Information, Communication & Society 14.3 (2011): 338–54. Mathiot, Ginette. I Know How to Cook. Trans. Forster, Imogen. UK ed. London: Phaidon Press Limited, 2009. Melissa. “The Mighty Macaron.” The Traveller’s Lunchbox. 27 Sep. 2005. 21 April 2013. ‹http://www.travelerslunchbox.com/journal/2005/9/27/the-mighty-macaron.html Mennell, Stephen. All Manners of Food. 2nd ed. U of Illinois P, 1996. Montanari, Massimo. Food Is Culture. Trans. Albert Sonnenfeld. New York: Columbia U P, 2006. Nilsson, Bo. "Politicians’ Blogs: Strategic Self-Presentations and Identities." Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research 12.3 (2012): 247–65. Ogita, Hisako. I Love Macarons. San Francisco: Chronicle Books LLC, 2009. Paish, Matt. "Ethical Food Choices Influencing Product Development, Research Finds." Australian Food News 21 Dec. 2011. ‹http://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/2011/12/21/ethical-food-choices-influencing-product-development-research-finds.html›. Peltre, Béatrice. “Macarons or Victim of a Food fashion—Les macarons ou victime d’une mode culinaire.” La Tartine Gourmande. 10 Dec. 2006. 21 Apr. 2013. ‹http://www.latartinegourmande.com/2006/12/10/macarons-or-victim-of-a-food-fashion-les-macarons-ou-victime-dune-mode-culinaire/›. Phipps, Catherine. "From Blogs to Books." The Guardian (2011). 6 June ‹http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2011/jun/06/from-blogs-to-books›. Quinn Davies, Katie. "Brunch Time." delicious. 2012: 98–106. Rogers, Richard. The End of the Virtual: Digital Methods. Inaugural Lecture: Delivered on the Appointment to the Chair of New Media & Digital Culture. 8 May 2009. Vossiuspers UvA. Severson, Kim. "Don't Tell the Kids." The New York Times. 2 Mar. 2010. sec. Dining & Wine. Suthivarakom, Ganda. "How Food Blogging Changed My Life " Saveur. 9 May 2011. Technorati. "Blog Directory / Living". 2012. 22 Jul. 2012. ‹http://technorati.com/blogs/directory/living/food/%3E. Tristram, Stuart. Waste: Uncovering the Global Food Scandal. London: Penguin, 2009. Turner, Graeme. Ordinary People and the Media: The Demotic Turn. Theory, Culture & Society. Ed. Featherstone, Mike. London: Sage, 2010. Walker Rettberg, Jill. Blogging. Digital Media and Society Series. Cambridge: Polity, 2008. Wizenberg, Molly. Orangette. 21 Apr. 2013. ‹http://orangette.blogspot.com.au/›.

Let us work backwards from what we know, from personal experience: the photograph of which we have each been the subject. Roland Barthes says of this photograph that it transforms "the subject into object": one begins aping the mask one wants to assume, one begins, in other words, to make oneself conform in appearance to the disguise of an identity (Camera Lucida 11). A quick glance back at your most recent holiday gathering will no doubt confirm his diagnosis. Barthes gives to this subject-object the title of Spectrum in order to neatly join the idea of spectacle with the fearsome spectre, what he calls that "terrible thing which is there in every photograph: the return of the dead" (Camera Lucida 9). Cathy Davidson points out that in "photocentric culture, we can no longer even see that we see ourselves primarily as seen, imaged, the photograph as the evidential proof of existence"; photocentric culture thus generates "a profound confusion of image and afterlife" (669 672). Andre Bazin announces that the medium "embalms time, rescuing it simply from its proper corruption" (242), while Susan Sontag points out that it may "assassinate" (13). What photography mummifies, distorts and murders, among other things, is the sense that the reality of the self resides in the body, the corporeal and temporal boundaries of personhood. The spectral haunting of the photograph is familiar to anyone who has ever looked at snapshots in a family album. How much more present it was to the producers and consumers of early photography who engineered the genre of the memento mori, portraits taken of the dead or in imitation of death. Despite the acknowledged 'eeriness' of our own recorded and vanished pasts, such pictures seem grotesquely morbid to us now -- for what we cannot recover is the absolute novelty of photography in its early days, or the vehicle that it provided in the nineteenth century for a whole set of concerns about selfhood that begin, ironically, with death. Those early photographs bring to mind another death, that of the author. Re-enter Barthes, for it is he who definitively announces the new textual paradigm in which the author disappears. In "Death of the Author," Barthes calls the author tyrannical and adopts liberationist rhetoric in unseating him. But what cult is Barthes actually countering? His essay begins and ends with Balzac, and includes Baudelaire, Van Gogh and Tchaikovsky, while his heroes are Mallarmé, Valéry and Proust. Barthes' notion of the author is implicitly a nineteenth-century construction, to be undone by modernist writing against the grain. And what distinguishes the nineteenth-century author from his predecessors? His portrait, of course. Thanks to the surge of visual and reproductive technologies culminating in the mechanised printing process and photography, the nineteenth-century author is suddenly widely available to readers as an image. The author literally becomes a face hovering above the text; it is this omnipresence that Barthes objects to. Photography gives new momentum to the cult of the author, but this is not mere historical coincidence -- that the photograph is developed at a point in history when authorship is particularly mobile: in between the Romantic individualism that transforms authorship from a craft to a calling, and the modernist interrogation of ontology and representation that explodes such notions from within. However, the opposite is also true. Photography as we know it is a product of the institution of authorship. Photography is founded on and makes available, through the democratisation and dissemination of a certain technology, a concept of public selfhood that hitherto had been reserved for those in charge of textual representation, of themselves as well as of other subjects. Primarily this is because the ideological, technological and material vehicles of the photograph -- identities, characters, scenes, the properties of chemical interaction, the invention of specialised apparatus, poses, props, and photo albums -- were closely related to book culture. How did photography change the notion of the author? It did so by commandeering truth claims -- by serving as the scientific illustration of divinely-ordained natural laws. The art of chemically fixing the image obtained through a camera obscura was perfected in 1839 by Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre and William Fox Talbot, separately, with different techniques.1 Daguerre's method caught on quickly, partly because his daguerreotype recorded such exquisite detail. The daguerreotype surface was reflective and sharply etched; inspection with a magnifying glass disclosed minutiae -- insects, eyelashes, objects in the far distance. The daguerreotype, popularly nicknamed "the pencil of the sun," seemed like a miniaturised and complete mirror of the world, a representation without human intervention.2 In 1839, and throughout the 1840's and '50's, photography transparently supported the notion that the discoveries of science would help reveal God's secrets, not disprove them -- a view that suffered but continued on after the publication of The Origin of the Species in 1859. Its presumed objectivity and comprehensive truthfulness made photography immediately appealing as a scientific and artistic tool. Although it was used to record geologic formations and vegetation, the bulky apparatus of the early photographic methods meant that it was better suited to the indoor studio -- and the portrait, in which the truth of human character could be made visible. It served as a means of defining normality and deviation; it was central to the project of identifying physical characteristics of the insane and the criminal, and of classifying racial features, as in the daguerreotypes made of slaves in the United States by J. T. Zealy in 1850, which the natural scientist Louis Aggasiz used as independent evidence of the natural differences between the races in order to endorse the doctrine of "separate creation" (Trachtenberg 53) So perceptive and penetrating did the photograph seem, it was even deemed capable of revealing vice and virtue, and it was in this way that the photographer moved onto the terrain of the author. The truth-telling properties of photography seemed to corroborate the authorial estimation of character that was a central element of nineteenth-century fiction. In texts where photography is itself on display this property is especially obvious -- in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The House of the Seven Gables, for example, where true and secret characters are only discerned in daguerreotype portraits. But photography did more than divinely and scientifically confirm fictional character; the venerated author's ability to delineate moral qualities made him, or her, an exemplary character as well. The Victorians prized "sincerity," the criterion by which they measured their authors. Especially in the influential pronouncements of Carlyle, the Victorian notion of sincerity "makes man and artist inseparable" (Ball 155). An exemplary moral life was particularly powerful in the form of an author. Indeed, it was through authorship of some kind that such lives could take the public form they needed in order to fulfill their function as models. And so photography appears not just in the text but on its margins, framing and qualifying it: the portrait of the author, already a bibliographic convention, gains additional authority through the objective lens of the camera, in which the author's character is exhibited as a kind of testimony to his or her truth-telling abilities. The frontispiece guarantees the right of the author to moral leadership. As literacy and readership expanded and exceeded former class distinctions, the nineteenth-century author began to need to market himself in order to find and keep an audience. But since the source of the author's authority was sincerity, the commodification of the authorial self presented a dilemma. Some writers, such as Dickens, embraced this role; others withdrew from the task of performing a public self, but their refusal of the public's gaze was itself often dramatised, as for Tennyson, Elizabeth Barret Browning and, after her death, Emily Dickinson. The photograph portrait of the artist, as well as other likenesses of his visage, was a particularly convenient piece of authorial paraphernalia because it sustained the idea of the author as moral exemplar, but in fact it was only one of the many ways in which nineteenth-century readers kept the author before their eyes. Souvenirs such as autographs, original manuscripts and other tokens testifying to the presence of the author's body, as well as gift books and precious editions designed to generate and satisfy fans, were mainstays of Victorian keepsake culture. The photograph as corporeal souvenir signals the point where we must turn around and consider the question of photography and authorship from the other direction: that is, how the institution of authorship constructs photography. Given that photography as an art developed out of the desire to eliminate the human hand, to trace directly from nature, it seems ironic that photography could have an author. And yet it was the notion of a public and visible self, associated primarily with authorship, which accounted for the widespread popularity of photography. When the daguerreotype was introduced in 1839, enterprising amateurs in Europe and the United States transformed it from a tricky chemical procedure into a practical art, a livelihood. Daguerrean saloons appeared in the cities and in rural areas, itinerant daguerreotypists set up temporary headquarters. But every daguerreotype studio had two purposes, whether it was the high-end urban atelier of Southworth and Hawes in Boston or a peddler's rented room: it was the place where one went to have one's picture taken and it was also a public gallery, where the portraits of former customers were displayed. In an urban gallery, those portraits might include the poets, ministers and politicians of the day, but even in a village studio, one could see exhibited the portraits of the local beauties, the town big-wigs. Entering the studio as a customer or a spectator, anyone could imaginatively take his or her place among an assembly of eminent personages. More importantly, the daguerreotype and later forms of photography made portraiture accessible to the middle and working classes for the first time. The studio was a democratic space where one could entertain the fantasy of a different self, and in fact one could literally enact that fantasy through the props and accessories of identity that the studio provided. In borrowed hats and canes, sitting stiffly in chairs or standing against painted backdrops, holding books, flowers, candles, and even other daguerreotypes, the sitter could assume the persona he or she would like others to see. Often the sitter composes an obvious gender performance, other times the sitter exhibits himself as the master of a certain occupation. With the invention of the wet plate collodion process in 1851, which made it possible to reproduce quantities of images from a single negative, the public went in for the carte-de-visite, on which one's very own portrait was imprinted and handed out like a postcard souvenir. The carte-de-visite necessitated a new way of keeping and displaying multiple photographs, and thus the photo album was born. But in fact the paradigm of the book already governed photographic display and the storage of the personal collection. When the Bible was the only book a family might own, it served as the cabinet of memorable dates and events. Other kinds of mementoes were stored in lockets and books: locks of hair, painted miniatures, pressed flowers. Daguerreotypes were kept in small codex-like cases or in hinged lockets. The souvenir and its symbolic connection to the body (one's own or that of a beloved) was of course not limited to the cult of the author but was available as a mode of identity to anybody who read novels. The culture of the souvenir, the keepsake, the personal precious object stored in a book, offered a means of articulating the self that readily accommodated the photograph, and in that context, the photograph took on the properties of a personal talisman. In the wake of photography, the scrapbook, the flower album, the signature album -- all those vehicles for collecting and displaying the ephemera of a lifetime -- flourished. Books were no longer mainly devoted to dense layers of print but could consist of open space to be filled in by their owners, who would thereby become authors of their own works and incidentally of their own identities. The popularity of the album was partly due to developments in printing, which was changing from a text-based industry to one increasingly concerned with images, a shift that culminated in photo-offset printing and photoduplication. But the popularity of the album and other biblioform containers for the personal collection also has something to do with the culture of the souvenir, which prepared the way for the photograph as personal talisman and then accomodated the tremendous expansion photography offered to the self. Via the photograph, a self that was allied with its own mementoes would be transformed: selfhood formerly attached to an object intended for private contemplation was subsequently attached to an object intended for exhibition. Via the photograph, the same publicity attendant on the circulation of the author was incorporated into the stuff of the ordinary subject, who regarded his or her own image and offered it up to history. The reflexive spectacle of visible selfhood brings us back to the return of the dead, that feature of the photograph which seems to persist, and perhaps illuminates the difference between the kind of death it spooks us with now and the kind of 150 years ago. For our ancestors, the photograph was a way to cheat death, to manipulate the strict boundaries of identity, to become memorable, to catch a heady glimpse of absolute truth; but for us it is different. We can see how much we are the creations of photography, and how much we surrender to the public self it burdens us with. Notes 1. The technological history of photography is of course much complicated by issues of competition, technological "prehistory" and intellectual property—for example, there is the matter of the disappearance of Daguerre's partner Niepce. However, Daguerre is generally credited with "inventing" the medium. See Gernsheim, Greenough et al and Newhall. 2. The phrase and others like it were not only popularised by influential critic-practitioners of photography such as Oliver Wendell Holmes, Fox Talbot, in The Pencil of Nature, and Marcus Aurelius Root, in The Camera and the Pencil, but were perpetuated in the everyday language of commerce—for example, the portrait studio that advertised its "Sun Drawn Miniatures" (Gernsheim 106). References Ball, Patricia. The Central Self: A Study in Romantic and Victorian Imagination. London: Athlone Press, 1968. Barthes, Roland. Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography. Trans. Richard Howard. New York: Hill and Wang, 1981. ---. "The Death of the Author." Image, Music, Text. Trans. Stephen Heath. New York: Hill and Wang, 1977. Bazin, André. "The Ontology of the Photographic Image." Classic Essays on Photography. Ed. Alan Trachtenberg. New Haven, Conn: Leete's Island Books, 1980. 237-244. Davidson, Cathy N. "Photographs of the Dead: Sherman, Daguerre, Hawthorne." South Atlantic Quarterly 89.4 (Fall 1990): 667-701. Gernsheim, Helmut. The Origins of Photography. London: Thames and Hudson, 1982. Greenough, Sarah, Joel Snyder, David Travis and Colin Westerbeck. On the Art of Fixing a Shadow: One Hundred and Fifty Years of Photography. Boston: Little, Brown, 1989. Newhall, Beaumont. The History of Photography, From 1839 to the Present. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1982. Sontag, Susan. On Photography. New York: Dell, 1977. Trachtenberg, Alan. Reading American Photographs: Images as History, Mathew Brady to the Present. New York: Hill and Wang, 1989. Citation reference for this article Substitute your date of access for Dn Month Year etc... MLA Style Dean, Gabrielle. "Portrait of the Self" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5.5 (2002). [your date of access] < http://www.media-culture.org.au/mc/0210/Dean.html &gt. Chicago Style Dean, Gabrielle, "Portrait of the Self" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5, no. 5 (2002), < http://www.media-culture.org.au/mc/0210/Dean.html &gt ([your date of access]). APA Style Dean, Gabrielle. (2002) Portrait of the Self. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5(5). < http://www.media-culture.org.au/mc/0210/Dean.html &gt ([your date of access]).

IntroductionThe 2009 American film Trash Humpers, directed by Harmony Korine, was released at a time when the hipster had become a ubiquitous concept, entering into the common vernacular of numerous cultures throughout the world, and gaining significant press, social media and academic attention (see Žižek; Arsel and Thompson; Greif et al.; Stahl; Ouellette; Reeve; Schiermer; Maly and Varis). Trash Humpers emerged soon after the 2008 Global Financial Crisis triggered Occupy movements in numerous cities, aided by social media platforms, reported on by blogs such as Gawker, and stylized by multi-national youth-subculture brands such as Vice, American Apparel, Urban Outfitters and a plethora of localised variants.Korine’s film, which is made to resemble found VHS footage of old-aged vandals, epitomises the ironic, retro stylizations and “counterculture-meets-kitsch” aesthetics so familiar to hipster culture. As a creative stereotype from 1940s and ‘50s jazz and beatnik subcultures, the hipster re-emerged in the twenty-first century as a negative embodiment of alternative culture in the age of the Internet. As well as plumbing the recent past for things not yet incorporated into contemporary marketing mechanisms, the hipster also signifies the blurring of irony and authenticity. Such “outsiderness as insiderness” postures can be regarded as a continuation of the marginality-from-the-centre logic of cool capitalism that emerged after World War Two. Particularly between 2007 and 2015, the post-postmodern concept of the hipster was a resonant cultural trope in Western and non-Western cultures alike, coinciding with the normalisation of the new digital terrain and the establishment of mobile social media as an integral aspect of many people’s daily lives. While Korine’s 79-minute feature could be thought of as following in the schlocky footsteps of the likes of Rob Zombie’s The Devil’s Rejects (2006), it is decidedly more arthouse, and more attuned to the influence of contemporary alternative media brands and independent film history alike – as if the love child of Jack Smith’s Flaming Creatures (1963) and Vice Video, the latter having been labelled as “devil-may-care hipsterism” (Carr). Upon release, Trash Humpers was described by Gene McHugh as “a mildly hip take on Jackass”; by Mike D’Angelo as “an empty hipster pose”; and by Aaron Hillis as either “the work of an insincere hipster or an eccentric provocateur”. Lacking any semblance of a conventional plot, Trash Humpers essentially revolves around four elderly-looking protagonists – three men and a woman – who document themselves with a low-quality video camera as they go about behaving badly in the suburbs of Nashville, Tennessee, where Korine still lives. They cackle eerily to themselves as they try to stave off boredom, masturbating frantically on rubbish bins, defecating and drinking alcohol in public, fellating foliage, smashing televisions, playing ten-pin bowling, lighting firecrackers and telling gay “hate” jokes to camera with no punchlines. In one purposefully undramatic scene half-way through the film, the humpers are shown in the aftermath of an attack on a man wearing a French maid’s outfit; he lies dead in a pool of blood on their kitchen floor with a hammer at his feet. The humpers are consummate “bad” performers in every sense of the term, and they are joined by a range of other, apparently lower-class, misfits with whom they stage tap dance routines and repetitively sing nursery-rhyme-styled raps such as: “make it, make it, don’t break it; make it, make it, don’t fake it; make it, make it, don’t take it”, which acts as a surrogate theme song for the film. Korine sometimes depicts his main characters on crutches or in a wheelchair, and a baby doll is never too far away from the action, as a silent and Surrealist witness to their weird, sinister and sometimes very funny exploits. The film cuts from scene to scene as if edited on a video recorder, utilising in-house VHS titling sequences, audio glitches and video static to create the sense that one is engaging voyeuristically with a found video document rather than a scripted movie. Mainstream AlternativesAs a viewer of Trash Humpers, one has to try hard to suspend disbelief if one is to see the humpers as genuine geriatric peeping Toms rather than as hipsters in old-man masks trying to be rebellious. However, as Korine’s earlier films such as Gummo (1997) attest, he clearly delights in blurring the line between failure and transcendence, or, in this case, between pretentious art-school bravado and authentic redneck ennui. As noted in a review by Jeannette Catsoulis, writing for the New York Times: “Much of this is just so much juvenile posturing, but every so often the screen freezes into something approximating beauty: a blurry, spaced-out, yellow-green landscape, as alien as an ancient photograph”. Korine has made a career out of generating this wavering uncertainty in his work, polarising audiences with a mix of critical, cinema-verité styles and cynical exploitations. His work has consistently revelled in ethical ambiguities, creating environments where teenagers take Ritalin for kicks, kill cats, wage war with their families and engage in acts of sexual deviancy – all of which are depicted with a photographer’s eye for the uncanny.The elusive and contradictory aspects of Korine’s work – at once ugly and beautiful, abstract and commercial, pessimistic and nostalgic – are evident not just in films such as Gummo, Julien Donkey Boy (1999) and Mister Lonely (2007) but also in his screenplay for Kids (1995), his performance-like appearances on The Tonight Show with David Letterman (1993-2015) and in publications such as A Crackup at the Race Riots (1998) and Pass the Bitch Chicken (2001). As well as these outputs, Korine is also a painter who is represented by Gagosian Gallery – one of the world’s leading art galleries – and he has directed numerous music videos, documentaries and commercials throughout his career. More than just update of the traditional figure of the auteur, Korine, instead, resembles a contemporary media artist whose avant-garde and grotesque treatments of Americana permeate almost everything he does. Korine wrote the screenplay for Kids when he was just 19, and subsequently built his reputation on the paradoxical mainstreaming of alternative culture in the 1990s. This is exemplified by the establishment of music and film genres such “alternative” and “independent”; the popularity of the slacker ethos attributed to Generation X; the increased visibility of alternative press zines; the birth of grunge in fashion and music; and the coining of “cool hunting” – a bottom-up market research phenomenon that aimed to discover new trends in urban subcultures for the purpose of mass marketing. Key to “alternative culture”, and its related categories such as “indie” and “arthouse”, is the idea of evoking artistic authenticity while covertly maintaining a parasitic relationship with the mainstream. As Holly Kruse notes in her account of the indie music scenes of the 1990s, which gained tremendous popularity in the wake of grunge bands such as Nirvana: without dominant, mainstream musics against which to react, independent music cannot be independent. Its existence depends upon dominant music structures and practices against which to define itself. Indie music has therefore been continually engaged in an economic and ideological struggle in which its ‘outsider’ status is re-examined, re-defined, and re-articulated to sets of musical practices. (Kruse 149)Alternative culture follows a similar, highly contentious, logic, appearing as a nebulous, authentic and artistic “other” whose exponents risk being entirely defined by the mainstream markets they profess to oppose. Kids was directed by the artist cum indie-director Larry Clark, who discovered Korine riding his skateboard with a group of friends in New York’s Washington Square in the early 1990s, before commissioning him to write a script. The then subcultural community of skating – which gained prominence in the 1990s amidst the increased visibility of “alternative sports” – provides an important backdrop to the film, which documents a group of disaffected New York teenagers at a time of the Aids crisis in America. Korine has been active in promoting the DIY ethos, creativity and anti-authoritarian branding of skate culture since this time – an industry that, in its attempts to maintain a non-mainstream profile while also being highly branded, has become emblematic of the category of “alternative culture”. Korine has undertaken commercial projects with an array skate-wear brands, but he is particularly associated with Supreme, a so-called “guerrilla fashion” label originating in 1994 that credits Clark and other 1990s indie darlings, and Korine cohorts, Chloë Sevigny and Terry Richardson, as former models and collaborators (Williams). The company is well known for its designer skateboard decks, its collaborations with prominent contemporary visual artists, its hip-hop branding and “inscrutable” web videos. It is also well known for its limited runs of new clothing lines, which help to stoke demand through one-offs – blending street-wear accessibility with the restricted-market and anti-authoritarian sensibility of avant-garde art.Of course, “alternative culture” poses a notorious conundrum for analysis, involving highly subjective demarcations of “mainstream” from “subversive” culture, not to mention “genuine subversion” from mere “corporate alternatives”. As Pierre Bourdieu has argued, the roots of alternative culture lie in the Western tradition of the avant-garde and the “aesthetic gaze” that developed in the nineteenth century (Field 36). In analysing the modernist notion of advanced cultural practice – where art is presented as an alternative to bourgeois academic taste and to the common realm of cultural commodities – Bourdieu proposed a distinction between two types of “fields”, or logics of cultural production. Alternative culture follows what Bourdieu called “the field of restricted production”, which adheres to “art for art’s sake” ideals, where audiences are targeted as if like-minded peers (Field 50). In contrast, the “field of large-scale production” reflects the commercial imperatives of mainstream culture, in which goods are produced for the general public at large. The latter field of large-scale production tends to service pre-established markets, operating in response to public demand. Furthermore, whereas success in the field of restricted production is often indirect, and latent – involving artists who create niche markets without making any concessions to those markets – success in the field of large-scale production is typically more immediate and quantifiable (Field 39). Here we can see that central to the branding of “alternative culture” is the perceived refusal to conform to popular taste and the logic of capitalism more generally is. As Supreme founder James Jebbia stated about his brand in a rare interview: “The less known the better” (Williams). On this, Bourdieu states that, in the field of restricted production, the fundamental principles of all ordinary economies are inversed to create a “loser wins” scenario (Field 39). Profit and cultural esteem become detrimental attributes in this context, potentially tainting the integrity and marginalisation on which alternative products depend. As one ironic hipster t-shirt puts it: “Nothing is any good if other people like it” (Diesel Sweeties).Trash HipstersIn abandoning linear narrative for rough assemblages of vignettes – or “moments” – recorded with an unsteady handheld camera, Trash Humpers positions itself in ironic opposition to mainstream filmmaking, refusing the narrative arcs and unwritten rules of Hollywood film, save for its opening and closing credits. Given Korine’s much publicized appreciation of cinema pioneers, we can understand Trash Humpers as paying homage to independent and DIY film history, including Jack Smith’s Flaming Creatures, William Eggleston’s Stranded in Canton (1973), Andy Warhol’s and Paul Morrissey’s Lonesome Cowboys (1967) and Trash (1970), and John Waters’s Pink Flamingos (1972), all of which jubilantly embraced the “bad” aesthetic of home movies. Posed as fantasized substitutions for mainstream movie-making, such works were also underwritten by the legitimacy of camp as a form of counter-culture critique, blurring parody and documentary to give voice to an array of non-mainstream and counter-cultural identities. The employment of camp in postmodern culture became known not merely as an aesthetic subversion of cultural mores but also as “a gesture of self-legitimation” (Derrida 290), its “failed seriousness” regarded as a critical response to the specific historical problem of being a “culturally over-saturated” subject (Sontag 288).The significant difference between Korine’s film and those of his 1970s-era forbears is precisely the attention he pays to the formal aspects of his medium, revelling in analogue editing glitches to the point of fetishism, in some cases lasting as long as the scenes themselves. Consciously working out-of-step with the media of his day, Trash Humpers in imbued with nostalgia from its very beginning. Whereas Smith, Eggleston, Warhol, Morrissey and Waters blurred fantasy and documentary in ways that raised the social and political identities of their subjects, Korine seems much more interested in “trash” as an aesthetic trope. In following this interest, he rightfully pays homage to the tropes of queer cinema, however, he conveniently leaves behind their underlying commentaries about (hetero-) normative culture. A sequence where the trash humpers visit a whorehouse and amuse themselves by smoking cigars and slapping the ample bottoms of prostitutes in G-strings confirms the heterosexual tenor of the film, which is reiterated throughout by numerous deadpan gay jokes and slurs.Trash Humpers can be understood precisely in terms of Korine’s desire to maintain the aesthetic imperatives of alternative culture, where formal experimentation and the subverting of mainstream genres can provide a certain amount of freedom from explicated meaning, and, in particular, from socio-political commentary. Bourdieu rightly points out how the pleasures of the aesthetic gaze often manifest themselves curiously as form of “deferred pleasure” (353) or “pleasure without enjoyment” (495), which corresponds to Immanuel Kant’s notion of the disinterested nature of aesthetic judgement. Aesthetic dispositions posed in the negative – as in the avant-garde artists who mined primitive and ugly cultural stereotypes – typically use as reference points “facile” or “vulgar” (393) working-class tropes that refer negatively to sensuous pleasure as their major criterion of judgment. For Bourdieu, the pleasures provided by the aesthetic gaze in such instances are not sensual pleasures so much as the pleasures of social distinction – signifying the author’s distance from taste as a form of gratification. Here, it is easy to see how the orgiastic central characters in Trash Humpers might be employed by Korine for a similar end-result. As noted by Jeremiah Kipp in a review of the film: “You don't ‘like’ a movie like Trash Humpers, but I’m very happy such films exist”. Propelled by aesthetic, rather than by social, questions of value, those that “get” the obscure works of alternative culture have a tendency to legitimize them on the basis of the high-degree of formal analysis skills they require. For Bourdieu, this obscures the fact that one’s aesthetic “‘eye’ is a product of history reproduced by education” – a privileged mode of looking, estranged from those unfamiliar with the internal logic of decoding presupposed by the very notion of “aesthetic enjoyment” (2).The rhetorical priority of alternative culture is, in Bourdieu’s terms, the “autonomous” perfection of the form rather than the “heteronomous” attempt to monopolise on it (Field 40). However, such distinctions are, in actuality, more nuanced than Bourdieu sometimes assumed. This is especially true in the context of global digital culture, which makes explicit how the same cultural signs can have vastly different meanings and motivations across different social contexts. This has arguably resulted in the destabilisation of prescriptive analyses of cultural taste, and has contributed to recent “post-critical” advances, in which academics such as Bruno Latour and Rita Felski advocate for cultural analyses and practices that promote relationality and attachment rather than suspicious (critical) dispositions towards marginal and popular subjects alike. Latour’s call for a move away from the “sledge hammer” of critique applies as much to cultural practice as it does to written analysis. Rather than maintaining hierarchical oppositions between authentic versus inauthentic taste, Latour understands culture – and the material world more generally – as having agency alongside, and with, that of the social world.Hipsters with No AlternativeIf, as Karl Spracklen suggests, alternativism is thought of “as a political project of resistance to capitalism, with communicative oppositionality as its defining feature” (254), it is clear that there has been a progressive waning in relevance of the category of “alternative culture” in the age of the Internet, which coincides with the triumph of so-called “neoliberal individualism” (258). To this end, Korine has lost some of his artistic credibility over the course of the 2000s. If viewed negatively, icons of 1990s alternative culture such as Korine can be seen as merely exploiting Dada-like techniques of mimetic exacerbation and symbolic détournement for the purpose of alternative, “arty” branding rather than pertaining to a counter-hegemonic cultural movement (Foster 31). It is within this context of heightened scepticism surrounding alternative culture that the hipster stereotype emerged in cultures throughout the world, as if a contested symbol of the aesthetic gaze in an era of neoliberal identity politics. Whatever the psychological motivations underpinning one’s use of the term, to call someone a hipster is typically to point out that their distinctive alternative or “arty” status appears overstated; their creative decisions considered as if a type of bathos. For detractors of alternative cultural producers such as Korine, he is trying too hard to be different, using the stylised codes of “alternative” to conceal what is essentially his cultural and political immaturity. The hipster – who is rarely ever self-identified – re-emerged in the 2000s to operate as a scapegoat for inauthentic markers of alternative culture, associated with men and women who appear to embrace Realpolitik, sincerity and authentic expressions of identity while remaining tethered to irony, autonomous aesthetics and self-design. Perhaps the real irony of the hipster is the pervasiveness of irony in contemporary culture. R. J Magill Jnr. has argued that “a certain cultural bitterness legitimated through trenchant disbelief” (xi) has come to define the dominant mode of political engagement in many societies since the early 2000s, in response to mass digital information, twenty-four-hour news cycles, and the climate of suspicion produced by information about terrorism threats. He analyses the prominence of political irony in American TV shows including The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, The Simpsons, South Park, The Chappelle Show and The Colbert Report but he also notes its pervasiveness as a twenty-first-century worldview – a distancing that “paradoxically and secretly preserves the ideals of sincerity, honesty and authenticity by momentarily belying its own appearance” (x). Crucially, then, the utterance “hipster” has come to signify instances when irony and aesthetic distance are perceived to have been taken too far, generating the most disdain from those for whom irony, aesthetic discernment and cultural connoisseurship still provide much-needed moments of disconnection from capitalist cultures drowning in commercial hyperbole and grave news hype. Korine himself has acknowledged that Spring Breakers (2013) – his follow-up feature film to Trash Humpers – was created in response to the notion that “alternative culture”, once a legitimate challenge to mainstream taste, had lost its oppositional power with the decentralization of digital culture. He states that he made Spring Breakers at a moment “when there’s no such thing as high or low, it’s all been exploded. There is no underground or above-ground, there’s nothing that’s alternative. We’re at a point of post-everything, so it’s all about finding the spirit inside, and the logic, and making your own connections” (Hawker). In this context, we can understand Trash Humpers as the last of the Korine films to be branded with the authenticity of alternative culture. In Spring Breakers Korine moved from the gritty low-fi sensibility of his previous films and adopted a more digital, light-filled and pastel-coloured palette. Focussing more conventionally on plot than ever before, Spring Breakers follows four college girls who hold up a restaurant in order to fund their spring break vacation. Critic Michael Chaiken noted that the film marks a shift in Korine’s career, from the alternative stylings of the pre-Internet generation to “the cultural heirs [of] the doomed protagonists of Kids: nineties babies, who grew up with the Internet, whose sensibilities have been shaped by the sweeping technological changes that have taken place in the interval between the Clinton and Obama eras” (33).By the end of the 2000s, an entire generation came of age having not experienced a time when the obscure films, music or art of the past took more effort to track down. Having been a key participant in the branding of alternative culture, Korine is in a good position to recall a different, pre-YouTube time – when cultural discernment was still caught up in the authenticity of artistic identity, and when one’s cultural tastes could still operate with a certain amount of freedom from sociological scrutiny. Such ideas seem a long way away from today’s cultural environments, which have been shaped not only by digital media’s promotion of cultural interconnection and mass information, but also by social media’s emphasis on mobilization and ethical awareness. ConclusionI should reiterate here that is not Korine’s lack of seriousness, or irony, alone that marks Trash Humpers as a response to the scepticism surrounding alternative culture symbolised by the figure of the hipster. It is, rather, that Korine’s mock-documentary about juvenile geriatrics works too hard to obscure its implicit social commentary, appearing driven to condemn contemporary capitalism’s exploitations of youthfulness only to divert such “uncool” critical commentaries through unsubtle formal distractions, visual poetics and “bad boy” avant-garde signifiers of authenticity. Before being bludgeoned to death, the unnamed man in the French maid’s outfit recites a poem on a bridge amidst a barrage of fire crackers let off by a nearby humper in a wheelchair. Although easily overlooked, it could, in fact, be a pivotal scene in the film. Spoken with mock high-art pretentions, the final lines of the poem are: So what? Why, I ask, why? Why castigate these creatures whose angelic features are bumping and grinding on trash? Are they not spawned by our greed? Are they not our true seed? Are they not what we’ve bought for our cash? We’ve created this lot, of the ooze and the rot, deliberately and unabashed. Whose orgiastic elation and one mission in creation is to savagely fornicate TRASH!Here, the character’s warning of capitalist overabundance is drowned out by the (aesthetic) shocks of the fire crackers, just as the stereotypical hipster’s ethical ideals are drowned out by their aesthetic excess. The scene also functions as a metaphor for the humpers themselves, whose elderly masks – embodiments of nostalgia – temporarily suspend their real socio-political identities for the sake of role-play. It is in this sense that Trash Humpers is too enamoured with its own artifices – including its anonymous “boys club” mentality – to suggest anything other than the aesthetic distance that has come to mark the failings of the “alternative culture” category. In such instances, alternative taste appears as a rhetorical posture, with Korine asking us to gawk knowingly at the hedonistic and destructive pleasures pursued by the humpers while factoring in, and accepting, our likely disapproval.ReferencesArsel, Zeynep, and Craig J. Thompson. “Demythologizing Consumption Practices: How Consumers Protect Their Field-Dependent Identity Investments from Devaluing Marketplace Myths.” Journal of Consumer Research 37.5 (2011): 791-806.Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.Bourdieu, Pierre. The Field of Cultural Production Essays on Art and Literature. Edited by Randal Johnson. London: Polity Press, 1993.Carr, David. “Its Edge Intact, Vice Is Chasing Hard News.” New York Times 24 Aug. 2014. 12 Nov. 2016 <https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/25/business/media/its-edge-intact-vice-is-chasing-hard-news-.html>.Catsoulis, Jeannette. “Geriatric Delinquents, Rampaging through Suburbia.” New York Times 6 May 2010. 1` Nov. 2016 <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/07/movies/07trash.html>.Chaiken, Michael. “The Dream Life.” Film Comment (Mar./Apr. 2013): 30-33.D’Angelo, Mike. “Trash Humpers.” Not Coming 18 Sep. 2009. 12 Nov. 2016 <http://www.notcoming.com/reviews/trashhumpers>.Derrida, Jacques. Positions. London: Athlone, 1981.Diesel Sweeties. 1 Nov. 2016 <https://store.dieselsweeties.com/products/nothing-is-any-good-if-other-people-like-it-shirt>.Felski, Rita. The Limits of Critique. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.Greif, Mark. What Was the Hipster? A Sociological Investigation. New York: n+1 Foundation, 2010.Hawker, Philippa. “Telling Tales Out of School.” Sydney Morning Herald 4 May 2013. 12 Nov. 2016 <http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/telling-tales-out-of-school-20130503-2ixc3.html>.Hillis, Aaron. “Harmony Korine on Trash Humpers.” IFC 6 May 2009. 12 Nov. 2016 <http://www.ifc.com/2010/05/harmony-korine-2>.Jay Magill Jr., R. Chic Ironic Bitterness. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007.Kipp, Jeremiah. “Clean Off the Dirt, Scrape Off the Blood: An Interview with Trash Humpers Director Harmony Korine.” Slant Magazine 18 Mar. 2011. 1 Nov. 2016 <http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/clean-off-the-dirt-scrape-off-the-blood-an-interview-with-trash-humpers-director-harmony-korine>.Latour, Bruno. “Why Has Critique Run Out of Steam? From Matters of Fact to Matters of Concern.” Critical Inquiry 30.2 (2004): 225-248.Maly, Ico, and Varis, Piia. “The 21st-Century Hipster: On Micro-Populations in Times of Superdiversity.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 19.6 (2016): 637–653.McHugh, Gene. “Monday May 10th 2010.” Post Internet. New York: Lulu Press, 2010.Ouellette, Marc. “‘I Know It When I See It’: Style, Simulation and the ‘Short-Circuit Sign’.” Semiotic Review 3 (2013): 1–15.Reeve, Michael. “The Hipster as the Postmodern Dandy: Towards an Extensive Study.” 2013. 12 Nov. 2016. <http://www.academia.edu/3589528/The_hipster_as_the_postmodern_dandy_towards_an_extensive_study>.Schiermer, Bjørn. “Late-Modern Hipsters: New Tendencies in Popular Culture.” Acta Sociologica 57.2 (2014): 167–181.Sontag, Susan. “Notes on Camp.” Against Interpretation. New York: Octagon, 1964/1982. 275-92. Stahl, Geoff. “Mile-End Hipsters and the Unmasking of Montreal’s Proletaroid Intelligentsia; Or How a Bohemia Becomes BOHO.” Adam Art Gallery, Apr. 2010. 12 May 2015 <http://www.adamartgallery.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/adamartgallery_vuwsalecture_geoffstahl.pdf>.Williams, Alex. “Guerrilla Fashion: The Story of Supreme.” New York Times 21 Nov. 2012. 1 Nov. 2016 <http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/22/fashion/guerrilla-fashion-the-story-of-supreme.html>.Žižek, Slavoj. “L’Etat d’Hipster.” Rhinocerotique. Trans. Henry Brulard. Sep. 2009. 3-10.

Historians of Modern Architecture have cultivated the image of the architect as a temperamental genius, unconcerned by issues of politeness or pragmatics—a reading reinforced in cultural representations of Modern Architects, such as Howard Roark, the protagonist in Ayn Rand’s 1943 novel The Fountainhead (a character widely believed to be based on the architect Frank Lloyd Wright). The perception of the Modern Architect as an artistic hero or genius has also influenced the reception of their work. Despite their indisputable place within the architectural canon, many important works of Modern Architecture were contested on pragmatic grounds, such as cost, brief and particularly concerning issues of suitability and effectiveness in relation to climate and weather. A number of famed cases resulted in legal action between clients and architects, and in many more examples historians have critically framed these accounts to highlight alternate issues and agendas. “Complaints about the weather,” in relation to architecture, inevitably raise issues regarding a work’s “success,” particularly in view of the tensions between artistry and functionality inherent in the discipline of architecture. While in more recent decades these ideas have been framed around ideas of sustainability—particularly in relation to contemporary buildings—more traditionally they have been engaged through discussions of an architect’s ethical responsibility to deliver a habitable building that meets the client’s needs. This paper suggests these complaints often raise a broader range of issues and are used to highlight tensions inherent in the discipline. In the history of Modern Architecture, these complaints are often framed through gender studies, ethics and, more recently, artistic asceticism. Accounts of complaints and disputes are often invoked in the social construction (or deconstruction) of artistic genius – whether in a positive or negative light. Through its discussion of a number of famed examples, this paper will discuss the framing of climate in relation to the figure of the Modern Architect and the reception of the architectural “masterpiece.” Dear Monsieur Le Corbusier … In June 1930 Mme Savoye, the patron of the famed Villa Savoye on the outskirts of Paris, wrote to her architect, Le Corbusier, stating: “it is still raining in our garage” (Sbriglio 144)—a persistent theme in their correspondence. This letter followed another sent in March after discovering leaks in the garage and several bedrooms following a visit during inclement weather. While sent prior to the building’s completion, she also noted that rainfall on the bathroom skylight “makes a terrible noise […] which prevents us from sleeping in bad weather” (Sbriglio 142). Claiming to have warned Le Corbusier about the concern, the contractor refused to accept responsibility, prompting some rather fiery correspondence between the two. This problem, compounded by issues with the heating system, resulted in the house feeling, as Sbriglio notes, “cold and damp” and subject to “substantial heat loss due to the large glazing”—a cause for particular concern given the health problems of the clients’ only child, Roger Savoye, that saw him spend time in a French Sanatorium (Sbriglio 145). While the cause of Roger’s illness is not clear, at least one writer (albeit with a noticeable lack of footnotes or supporting evidence) has linked this directly to the villa (de Botton 65). Mme Savoye’s complaints about dampness, humidity, condensation and leaking in her home persisted in subsequent years, prompting Benton to summarise in 1987, “every autumn […] there were cries of distress from the Savoye family with the first rains” (Villas 204). These also extended to discussion of the heating system, which while proving insufficient was also causing flooding (Benton, "Villa" 93). In 1935 Savoye again wrote to Le Corbusier, wearily stating: It is raining in the hall, it’s raining on the ramp and the wall of the garage is absolutely soaked [….] it’s still raining in my bathroom, which floods in bad weather, as the water comes in through the skylight. The gardener’s walls are also wet through. (Sbriglio 146-7) Savoye’s understandable vexation with waterproofing problems in her home continued to escalate. With a mixture of gratitude and frustration, a letter sent two years later stated: “After innumerable demands you have finally accepted that this house which you built in 1929 in uninhabitable…. Please render it inhabitable immediately. I sincerely hope that I will not have to take recourse to legal action” (Sbriglio 147). Paradoxically, Le Corbusier was interested in the potential of architecture and urban planning to facilitate health and well-being, as well as the effects that climate may play in this. Early twentieth century medical thought advocated heliotherary (therapeutic exposure to sunlight) for a diverse range of medical conditions, ranging from rickets to tuberculosis. Similarly the health benefits of climate, such as the dryness of mountain air, had been recognised for much longer, and had led to burgeoning industries associated with health, travel and climate. The dangers of damp environments had also long been medically recognised. Le Corbusier’s awareness of the health benefits of sunshine led to the inclusion of a solarium in the villa that afforded both framed and unframed views of the surrounding countryside, such as those that were advocated in the seventeenth century as an antidote to melancholy (Burton 65-66). Both Benton and Sbriglio present Mme Savoye’s complaints as part of their comprehensive histories of an important and influential work of Modern Architecture. Each reproduce excerpts from archival letters that are not widely translated or accessible, and Benton’s 1984 essay is the source other authors generally cite in discussing these matters. In contrast, for example, Murphy’s 2002 account of the villa’s conversion from “house” to “historical monument” cites the same letters (via Benton) as part of a broader argument that highlights the “undomestic” or “unhomely” nature of the work by cataloguing such accounts of the client’s experience of discomfort while residing in the space – thus revisiting a number of common criticisms of Modern Architecture. Le Corbusier’s reputation for designing buildings that responded poorly to climate is often referenced in popular accounts of his work. For example, a 1935 article published in Time states: Though the great expanses of glass that he favors may occasionally turn his rooms into hothouses, his flat roofs may leak and his plans may be wasteful of space, it was Architect Le Corbusier who in 1923 put the entire philosophy of modern architecture into a single sentence: “A house is a machine to live in.” Reference to these issues are usually made rather minimally in academic accounts of his work, and few would agree with this article’s assertion that Le Corbusier’s influence as a phrasemaker would rival the impact of his architecture. In contrast, such issues, in relation to other architects, are often invoked more rhetorically as part of a variety of historical agendas, particularly in constructing feminist histories of architecture. While Corbusier and his work have often been the source of intellectual contention from feminist scholars—for example in regard to authorial disputes and fractious relationships with the likes of Eileen Gray or Charlotte Perriand – discussion of the functional failures in the Villa Savoye are rarely addressed from this perspective. Rather, feminist scholars have focussed their attention on a number of other projects, most notably the case of the Farnsworth House, another canonical work of Modernism. Dear Herr Mies van der Rohe … Mies van der Rohe’s Farnsworth House, completed in 1951 in Plano Illinois, was commissioned as a country weekend residence by an unmarried female doctor, a brief credited with freeing the architect from many of the usual pragmatic requirements of a permanent city residence. In response Mies designed a rectilinear steel and glass pavilion, which hovered (to avoid the flood levels) above the landscape, sheltered by maple trees, in close proximity to the Fox River. The refined architectural detail, elegant formal properties, and poetic relationship with the surrounding landscape – whether in its autumnal splendour or covered in a thick blanket of snow – captivated architects seeing it become, like the Villa Savoye, one of the most revered architectural works of the twentieth century. Prior to construction a model was exhibited in the Museum of Modern Art in New York and, upon completion the building became a pilgrimage site for architects and admirers. The exhibition of the design later fuelled debate about whether Dr Farnsworth constituted a patron or a client (Friedman 134); a distinction generating very different expectations for the responsibilities of the architect, particularly regarding the production of a habitable home that met the client’s brief versus producing a design of architectural merit. The house was intended as a frame for viewing and contemplating nature, thus seeing nature and climate aligned with the transcendental qualities of the design. Following a visit during construction, Farnsworth described the building’s relationship to the elements, writing: “the two horizontal planes of the unfinished building, floating over the meadows, were unearthly beautiful under a sun which glowed like a wild rose” (5). Similarly, in 1951, Arthur Drexler described the building as “a quantity of air caught between a floor and a roof” (Vandenberg 6). Seven years later the architect himself asserted that nature “gained a more profound significance” when viewed from within the house (Friedman 139). While the transparency of the house was “forgiven” by its isolated location and the lack of visibility from neighbouring properties, the issues a glass and steel box might pose for the thermal comfort of its occupant are not difficult to imagine. Following the house’s completion, Farnsworth fitted windows with insect screens and blinds (although Mies intended for curtains to be installed) that clumsily undermined the refined and minimalistic architectural details. Controversy surrounding the house was, in part, the result of its bold new architectural language. However, it was also due to the architect-client relationship, which turned acrimonious in a very public manner. A dispute between Mies and Farnsworth regarding unpaid fees was fought both in the courtroom and the media, becoming a forum for broader debate as various journals (for example, House Beautiful), publicly took sides. The professional female client versus the male architect and the framing of their dispute by historians and the media has seen this project become a seminal case-study in feminist architectural histories, such as Friedman’s Women and the Making of the Modern House of 1998. Beyond the conflict and speculation about the individuals involved, at the core of these discussions were the inadequacies of the project in relation to comfort and climate. For example, Farnsworth describes in her journal finding the house awash with several inches of water, leading to a court session being convened on the rooftop in order to properly ascertain the defects (14). Written retrospectively, after their relationship soured, Farnsworth’s journal delights in recounting any errors or misjudgements made by Mies during construction. For example, she described testing the fireplace to find “the house was sealed so hermetically that the attempt of a flame to go up the chimney caused an interior negative pressure” (2). Further, her growing disenchantment was reflected in bleak descriptions aligning the building with the weather. Describing her first night camping in her home, she wrote: “the expanses of the glass walls and the sills were covered with ice. The silent meadows outside white with old and hardened snow reflected the bleak [light] bulb within, as if the glass house itself were an unshaded bulb of uncalculated watts lighting the winter plains” (9). In an April 1953 article in House Beautiful, Elizabeth Gordon publicly sided with Farnsworth as part of a broader campaign against the International Style. She condemned the home, and its ‘type’ as “unlivable”, writing: “You burn up in the summer and freeze in the winter, because nothing must interfere with the ‘pure’ form of their rectangles” (250). Gordon included the lack of “overhanging roofs to shade you from the sun” among a catalogue of “human qualities” she believed architects sacrificed for the expression of composition—a list that also included possessions, children, pets and adequate kitchen facilities (250). In 1998 excerpts from this article were reproduced by Friedman, in her seminal work of feminist architectural history, and were central in her discussion of the way that debates surrounding this house were framed through notions of gender. Responding to this conflict, and its media coverage, in 1960 Peter Blake wrote: All great houses by great architects tend to be somewhat impractical; many of Corbu’s and Wright’s house clients find that they are living in too expensive and too inefficient buildings. Yet many of these clients would never exchange their houses for the most workable piece of mediocrity. (88) Far from complaining about the weather, the writings of its second owner, Peter Palumbo, poetically meditate the building’s relationship to the seasons and the elements. In his foreword to a 2003 monograph, he wrote: life inside the house is very much a balance with nature, and an extension of nature. A change in the season or an alteration of the landscape creates a marked change in the mood inside the house. With an electric storm of Wagnerian proportions illuminating the night sky and shaking the foundations of the house to their very core, it is possible to remain quite dry! When, with the melting snows of spring, the Fox River becomes a roaring torrent that bursts its banks, the house assumes a character of a house-boat, the water level sometimes rising perilously close to the front door. On such occasions, the approach to the house is by canoe, which is tied to the steps of the upper terrace. (Vandenberg 5) Palumbo purchased the house from Farnsworth and commissioned Mies’s grandson to restore it to its original condition, removing the blinds and insect screens, and installing an air-conditioning system. The critical positioning of Palumbo has been quite different from that of Farnsworth. His restoration and writings on the project have in some ways seen him positioned as the “real” architectural patron. Furthermore, his willingness to tolerate some discomfort in his inhabitation has seen him in some ways prefigure the type of resident that will be next be discussed in reference to recent owners of Wright properties. Dear Mr Wright … Accounts of weatherproofing problems in buildings designed by Frank Lloyd Wright have become the basis of mythology in the architectural discipline. For example, in 1936 Herbert Johnson and J. Vernon Steinle visited Wright’s Richard Lloyd Jones house in Oklahoma. As Jonathan Lipman wrote, “Steinle’s most prominent recollection of the house was that there were scores of tubs and canning jars in the house catching water leaking through the roof” (45). While Lipman notes the irony that both the house and office Wright designed for Johnson would suffer the same problem, it is the anecdotal accounts of the former that have perhaps attracted the most interest. An oft-recounted story tells of Johnson telephoning Wright, during a dinner party, with regard to water dripping from the ceiling into his guest-of-honour’s soup; the complaint was reportedly rebuffed unsympathetically by Wright who suggested the lady should move her chair (Farr 272). Wright himself addressed his reputation for designing buildings that leaked in his Autobiography. In reference to La Miniatura in Pasadena, of 1923, he contextualised difficulties with the local climate, which he suggested was prone to causing leaks, writing: “The sun bakes the roof for eleven months, two weeks and five days, shrinking it to a shrivel. Then giving the roof no warning whatever to get back to normal if it could, the clouds burst. Unsuspecting roof surfaces are deluged by a three inch downpour.” He continued, stating: I knew all this. And I know there are more leaking roofs in Southern California than in all the rest of the world put together. I knew that the citizens come to look upon water thus in a singularly ungrateful mood. I knew that water is all that enables them to have their being there, but let any of it through on them from above, unexpectedly, in their houses and they go mad. It is a kind of phobia. I knew all this and I have taken seriously precautions in the details of this little house to avoid such scenes as a result of negligible roofs. This is the truth. (250) Wright was quick to attribute blame—directed squarely at the builder. Never one for quiet diplomacy, he complained that the “builder had lied to [him] about the flashing under and within the coping walls” (250) and he was ignorant of the incident because the client had not informed him of the leak. He suggested the client’s silence was undoubtedly due to her “not wishing to hurt [his] feelings”. Although given earlier statements it might be speculated that she did not wish to be accused of pandering to a phobia of leaks. Wright was dismissive of the client’s inconvenience, suggesting she would be able to continue as normal until the next rains the following year and claiming he “fixed the house” once he “found out about it” (250). Implicit in this justification was the idea that it was not unreasonable to expect the client to bear a few days of “discomfort” each year in tolerance of the local climate. In true Wright style, discussions of these problems in his autobiography were self-constructive concessions. While Wright refused to take responsibility for climate-related issues in La Minatura, he was more forthcoming in appreciating the triumphs of his Imperial Hotel in Japan—one of the only buildings in the vicinity to survive the 1923 earthquake. In a chapter of his autobiography titled “Building against Doomsday (Why the Great Earthquake did not destroy the Imperial Hotel),” Wright reproduced a telegram sent by Okura Impeho stating: “Hotel stands undamaged as monument of your genius hundreds of homeless provided perfectly maintained service. Congratulations” (222). Far from unconcerned by nature or climate, Wright’s works celebrated and often went to great effort to accommodate the poetic qualities of these. In reference to his own home, Taliesin, Wright wrote: I wanted a home where icicles by invitation might beautify the eaves. So there were no gutters. And when the snow piled deep on the roofs […] icicles came to hang staccato from the eaves. Prismatic crystal pendants sometimes six feet long, glittered between the landscape and the eyes inside. Taliesin in winter was a frosted palace roofed and walled with snow, hung with iridescent fringes. (173) This description was, in part, included as a demonstration of his “superior” understanding and appreciation of nature and its poetic possibilities; an understanding not always mirrored by his clients. Discussing the Lloyd Lewis House in Libertyville, Illinois of 1939, Wright described his endeavours to keep the house comfortable (and avoid flooding) in Spring, Autumn and Summer months which, he conceded, left the house more vulnerable to winter conditions. Utilising an underfloor heating system, which he argued created a more healthful natural climate rather than an “artificial condition,” he conceded this may feel inadequate upon first entering the space (495). Following the client’s complaints that this system and the fireplace were insufficient, particularly in comparison with the temperature levels he was accustomed to in his workplace (at The Daily News), Wright playfully wrote: I thought of various ways of keeping the writer warm, I thought of wiring him to an electric pad inside his vest, allowing lots of lead wire so he could get around. But he waved the idea aside with contempt. […] Then I suggested we appeal to Secretary Knox to turn down the heat at the daily news […] so he could become acclimated. (497) Due to the client’s disinclination to bear this discomfort or use any such alternate schemes, Wright reluctantly refit the house with double-glazing (at the clients expense). In such cases, discussion of leaks or thermal discomfort were not always negative, but were cited rhetorically implying that perfunctory building techniques were not yet advanced enough to meet the architect’s expectations, or that their creative abilities were suppressed by conservative or difficult clients. Thus discussions of building failures have often been invoked in the social construction of the “architect-genius.” Interestingly accounts of the permeability of Wright’s buildings are more often included in biographical rather that architectural writings. In recent years, these accounts of weatherproofing problems have transformed from accusing letters or statements implying failure to a “badge of honour” among occupants who endure discomfort for the sake of art. This changing perspective is usually more pronounced in second generation owners, like Peter Palumbo (who has also owned Corbusier and Wright designed homes), who are either more aware of the potential problems in owning such a house or are more tolerant given an understanding of the historical worth of these projects. This is nowhere more evident than in a profile published in the real estate section of the New York Times. Rather than concealing these issues to preserve the resale value of the property, weatherproofing problems are presented as an endearing quirk. The new owners of Wright’s Prefab No. 1 of 1959, on Staten Island declared they initially did not have enough pots to place under the fifty separate leaks in their home, but in December 2005 proudly boasted they were ‘down to only one leak’ (Bernstein, "Living"). Similarly, in 2003 the resident of a Long Island Wright-designed property, optimistically claimed that while his children often complained their bedrooms were uncomfortably cold, this encouraged the family to spend more time in the warmer communal spaces (Bernstein, "In a House"). This client, more than simply optimistic, (perhaps unwittingly) implies an awareness of the importance of “the hearth” in Wright’s architecture. In such cases complaints about the weather are re-framed. The leaking roof is no longer representative of gender or power relationships between the client and the uncompromising artistic genius. Rather, it actually empowers the inhabitant who rises above their circumstances for the sake of art, invoking a kind of artistic asceticism. While “enlightened” clients of famed architects may be willing to suffer the effects of climate in the interiors of their homes, their neighbours are less tolerant as suggested in a more recent example. Complaints about the alteration of the micro-climate surrounding Frank Gehry’s Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles prompted the sandblasting of part of the exterior cladding to reduce glare. In 2004, USA Today reported that reflections from the stainless steel cladding were responsible for raising the temperature in neighbouring buildings by more than 9° Celsius, forcing neighbours to close their blinds and operate their air-conditioners. There were also fears that the glare might inadvertently cause traffic problems. Further, one report found that average ground temperatures adjacent to the building peaked at approximately 58° Celsius (Schiler and Valmont). Unlike the Modernist examples, this more recent project has not yet been framed in aid of a critical agenda, and has seemingly been reported simply for being “newsworthy.” Benign Conversation Discussion of the suitability of Modern Architecture in relation to climate has proven a perennial topic of conversation, invoked in the course of recurring debates and criticisms. The fascination with accounts of climate-related problems—particularly in discussing the work of the great Modernist Architects like Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe and Frank Lloyd Wright—is in part due to a certain Schadenfreude in debunking the esteem and authority of a canonical figure. This is particularly the case with one, such as Wright, who was characterised by significant self-confidence and an acerbic wit often applied at the expense of others. Yet these accounts have been invoked as much in the construction of the figure of the architect as a creative genius as they have been in the deconstruction of this figure—as well as the historical construction of the client and the historians involved. In view of the growing awareness of the threats and realities of climate change, complaints about the weather are destined to adopt a new significance and be invoked in support of a different range of agendas. While it may be somewhat anachronistic to interpret the designs of Frank Lloyd Wright or Mies van der Rohe in terms of current discussions about sustainability in architecture, these topics are often broached when restoring, renovating or adapting the designs of such architects for new or contemporary usage. In contrast, the climatic problems caused by Gehry’s concert hall are destined to be framed according to a different set of values—such as the relationship of his work to the time, or perhaps in relation to contemporary technology. While discussion of the weather is, in the conversational arts, credited as benign topic, this is rarely the case in architectural history. References Benton, Tim. The Villas of Le Corbusier 1920-1930. New Haven: Yale UP, 1987. ———. “Villa Savoye and the Architects’ Practice (1984).” Le Corbusier: The Garland Essays. Ed. H. Allen Brooks. New York: Garland, 1987. 83-105. Bernstein, Fred A. “In a House That Wright Built.” New York Times 21 Sept. 2003. 3 Aug. 2009 < http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/21/nyregion/in-a-house-that-wright-built.html >. ———. “Living with Frank Lloyd Wright.” New York Times 18 Dec. 2005. 30 July 2009 < http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/18/realestate/18habi.html >. Blake, Peter. Mies van der Rohe: Architecture and Structure. 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Gordon, Elizabeth. “The Threat to the Next America.” House Beautiful 95.4 (1953): 126-30, 250-51. Excerpts reproduced in Friedman. Women and the Making of the Modern House. 140-141. Hardarson, Ævar. “All Good Architecture Leaks—Witticism or Word of Wisdom?” Proceedings of the CIB Joint Symposium 13-16 June 2005, Helsinki < http://www.metamorfose.ntnu.no/Artikler/Hardarson_all_good_architecture_leaks.pdf >. Huck, Peter. “Gehry’s Hall Feels Heat.” The Age 1 March 2004. 22 Aug. 2009 < http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/02 /27/1077676955090.html >. Lipman, Jonathan. Frank Lloyd Wright and the Johnson Wax Buildings. Introduction by Kenneth Frampton. London: Architectural Press, 1984. Murphy, Kevin D. “The Villa Savoye and the Modernist Historic Monument.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 61.1 (2002): 68-89. “New L.A. Concert Hall Raises Temperatures of Neighbours.” USA Today 24 Feb. 2004. 24 Aug. 2009 < http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2004-02-24-concert-hall_x.htm >. Owens, Mitchell. “A Wright House, Not a Shrine.” New York Times 25 July 1996. 30 July 2009 . Sbriglio, Jacques. Le Corbusier: La Villa Savoye, The Villa Savoye. Paris: Fondation Le Corbusier; Basel: Birkhäuser, 1999. Schiler, Marc, and Elizabeth Valmont. “Microclimatic Impact: Glare around the Walt Disney Concert Hall.” 2005. 24 Aug. 2009 < http://www.sbse.org/awards/docs/2005/1187.pdf >. Vandenberg, Maritz. Farnsworth House. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Foreword by Lord Peter Palumbo. London: Phaidon Press, 2003. Wright, Frank Lloyd. An Autobiography. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1943.