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Journal articles on the topic 'BIBLICAL STUDIES LANGUAGE TOOLS GENERAL'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Darkun, M. "Pentingnya Memahami Karakteristik Siswa dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab." An Nabighoh: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab 21, no. 01 (2019): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/an-nabighoh.v21i01.1541.

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In the learning process a teacher is required to know the characteristics of his students, but sometimes he cannot understand the characteristics of students. Understanding of the subject of learning is what teachers or other education personnel must have, to be made a foothold in developing learning models or methods. The purpose of writing this article is to know the importance of understanding the characteristics of students and achieving the learning objectives that have been determined, and knowing the characteristics of students have an important role in the learning process. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods. This research includes textual research or text studies and is purely biblical, because the data sources are various references that discuss student characteristics and student learning models, as well as references related to learning Arabic. Because the results of this study are in the form of an explanation of the systematic description of the word as a result of understanding and analysis of the object of research, the study includes descriptive research. The results of this study are the characteristics of students can be collected in two aspects, namely: learning styles. While children's learning styles in general are learning as character building tools and the best intelligence for students, namely: auditory (learning by hearing), visual (learning by seeing), and kinesthetic (learning by doing). And the application in learning Arabic Language writer adjusts to the model / learning style of students.

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Братухина, Людмила В., та Александр Ю. Братухин. "Конструкции с предлогом О со значением ‘основания деятельности, средства’: инновация или индоевропейское наследие?" Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 64, № 2 (2021): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/060.2019.64203.

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The paper is devoted to analyzing examples of the use of constructions “O + locative”, which have the meaning of “basis of activity, instrument”. Our interest in these examples is due, firstly, to the fact that this meaning of the preposition O is completely absent in modern Russian. Secondly, in some cases, this construction found in Old Slavonic texts is replaced in Church Slavonic by the construction “ВЪ + locative”, which is a calque from the ancient Greek construction “έν + dative” (often having the meaning of “a tool”) but this substitution is inconsistent. Thirdly, the constructions “O + locative” and “BЪ + locative” appear in the Old Slavonic manuscripts in parallel. The main aim of the study is to identify the shades of meaning that the creators of Old Slavonic texts distinguished in the ancient Greek construction “έν + dative”, choosing “O + locative” as a variant of translation; and to determine whether the indicated meaning of the preposition O was original in the Slavic languages or this preposition was acquired in the process of translating Biblical texts.The research is based on the Sinai Psalter, the Zographic and Ostromir Gospels, the Ostroh and Elizabethan Bibles as well as the examples (contained in the dictionaries of the Old Slavic, Old Russian, and Church Slavonic languages) from the Mariinsky Four Gospels, Assemaniev’s Gospel, Savin’s book, Euchology of Sinai, and Supralsky manuscript.The construction “έν + dative” is translated not only by “O + locative”. The former is also regularly translated by constructions of the instrumental case without a preposition (in Old Slavonic and Church Slavonic texts). The possibility of forming of the meaning of the action source under the influence of the construction “OTЪ + genitive” is also considered. In general, the dynamics of evolution of the meaning of “O + locative” is traced in the paper. It is concluded that the analyzed “O + locative” construction acquired the meaning of “basis of activity, instrument” at the time of the creation of Old Slavonic Bible translations. This is due to the process of reflection on the text, which became possible with the appearance of the written Slavonic language and the comparison of this construction with a simple instrumental case, combinations of “OTЪ + genitive” and “BЪ + locative”, which in some cases acted as synonymous and could be chosen by translators either spontaneously or with the aim to express nuances of meaning. This is demonstrated with the elimination of ancient Greek tracing, as well as the reverse replacement of “O + locative” by “BЪ + locative”. The instrumental case without a preposition was similar to “O + locative” in the expression of the causal meaning as well as in indicating the source of the action; the con- struction of “OTЪ + genitive”, in addition to the similarity of meaning, in terms of spelling and phonetics also resembled “O + locative”. The construction “O + locative” turned out to be more stable in the cases of indicating an animate source or basis of activity.

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Jacobs, Jarod. "THE BALANCE OF PROBABILITY: STATISTICS AND THE DIACHRONIC STUDY OF ANCIENT HEBREW." Journal for Semitics 25, no. 2 (2017): 927–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1013-8471/2562.

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In this article, I discuss three statistical tools that have proven pivotal in linguistic research, particularly those studies that seek to evaluate large datasets. These tools are the Gaussian Curve, significance tests, and hierarchical clustering. I present a brief description of these tools and their general uses. Then, I apply them to an analysis of the variations between the “biblical” DSS and our other witnesses, focusing upon variations involving particles. Finally, I engage the recent debate surrounding the diachronic study of Biblical Hebrew. This article serves a dual function. First, it presents statistical tools that are useful for many linguistic studies. Second, it develops an analysis of the he-locale, as it is used in the “biblical” Dead Sea Scrolls, Masoretic Text, and Samaritan Pentateuch. Through that analysis, this article highlights the value of inferential statistical tools as we attempt to better understand the Hebrew of our ancient witnesses.

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Brock, Sebastian. "Syriac Lexicography: Reflections on Resources and Sources." Aramaic Studies 1, no. 2 (2003): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/000000003780492638.

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Abstract In this brief survey of Syriac lexicographic tools, the first half considers the differing characters of the existing dictionaries, while the second discusses some of the more important source materials available for future work on Syriac lexicography: here mention is made of the various concordances (almost all of biblical texts) and word lists available, and of collections of some particular categories of words. By way of conclusion some practical suggestions are offered concerning how progress towards an eventual new Syriac dictionary might be compiled.

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5

Biggs, Robert D. "Who's Who in Biblical Studies and Archaeology." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 56, no. 1 (1997): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468521.

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6

Yovel, Jonathan. "The Creation of Language and Language without Time: Metaphysics and Metapragmatics in Genesis." Biblical Interpretation 20, no. 3 (2012): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851512x651102.

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AbstractThis essay makes two related arguments regarding the relation of the performative language of creation in Genesis 1 to temporality and to existence. The first explores how Biblical Hebrew constructs atemporal language in order to designate divine action that does not presuppose temporality through an under-researched device known as grammatical aspect. The second offers a new explanation of why language was the instrument of creation ex nihilo to begin with. It argues that fiat lux should be understood as the instant of the metalinguistic creation of language itself. Together these claims suggest that standard readings of the biblical creation narrative, especially when relying on translations that presuppose temporal categories in their grammatical forms and thus in their metaphysical commitments (as Germanic languages, such as English, do), fail to express the radical nature of the creation narrative —placing divine creation in time and telling, in essence, a flawed story. While offering primarily a linguistic argument, this essay also adds to the discussion of the relations between language and the metaphysical commitments of mimesis in general.

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7

White, C. Jason. "Is it possible to discover ‘the one’ intended meaning of the biblical authors?" Scottish Journal of Theology 67, no. 2 (2014): 178–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930614000052.

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AbstractA major pursuit of biblical studies, especially since the dawn of the Enlightenment, has been to discover the one, intended, objective meaning of the various biblical texts. Over the last several hundred years, a plethora of methodological paradigms, biblical language and reference tools, historical studies, sociological analyses, comparative linguistic investigations, and anthropological and cultural examinations have all been published through many outlets by a host of people for the purpose of finding THE meaning the biblical authors wished to convey to their respective audiences. Although the results of all these works have positively contributed to our knowledge of scripture in profound ways, the problem is this: none can claim that they have actually discovered this one objective meaning. This is not to say, however, that there are not better understandings of scripture which point more adequately to the originally intended meaning, but simply that the best anyone can do is interpret scripture. The consequence of interpretation, though, is the relativity of meaning. In other words, there are several interpretations of scripture which can validly point to the intended meaning of the biblical authors and texts. One purpose of this article, then, will be to explore why it is not possible to find the one intended meaning of scripture, by defining some key concepts (e.g. tradition and presupposition) in the work of Hans-Georg Gadamer, who is one of the most influential names in the history of philosophical hermeneutics of the twentieth century, as interpreted by Merold Westphal.Some scriptural interpreters, especially evangelicals, are frightened by the idea that biblical meaning is relative because such a pluralistic approach can lead quickly to the demise of biblical infallibility and authority. A second major purpose of this article will be to help ease such fear by offering a biblically grounded theological justification for the interpretative plurality of scripture by looking at the relativity of meaning through the lens of the doctrine of the Trinity. This justification will suggest that the more we rely upon the Holy Spirit and act out our faith in God through Jesus Christ in and outside of the church, the better our interpretation of scripture will become.

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Wainwright, Elaine M. "Images, Words and Stories: Exploring their Transformative Power in Reading Biblical Texts Ecologically." Biblical Interpretation 20, no. 3 (2012): 280–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851512x651096.

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AbstractThis essay is theoretical rather than interpretive in that I seek to develop a process or processes for reading biblical texts ecologically. I identify initially a significant epistemic shift that Lorraine Code calls ecological thinking as the context in which ecological reading takes place. I emphasize that reading ecologically is a process rather than a fixed approach, drawing imagery and language from Earth's processes that are characterized by reciprocity and multi-dimensionality. As a critical process, ecological reading will be characterized by suspicion and reconfiguration in their reciprocity. They will inform the range of reading procedures that uncover the inner texture and intertexture of the text. Having borrowed these two aspects of textual reading from Vernon Robbins” socio-rhetorical approach and nuanced them in relation to an ecological reading which recognizes the centrality of “habitat,” I propose a more significant development of Robbins' approach in that I replace his “social and cultural texture” with what I call “ecological texture,” suggesting that “inter-con/textuality” is a way of naming the various tools and procedures that will facilitate a reading of this ecological texture of the biblical text. I name my ecological reading process eco-rhetorical and conclude by noting that it cannot remain text-bound but must be integrated into the praxis of ecocitizenship.

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Cirafesi, Wally V. "The Bilingual Character and Liturgical Function of “Hermeneia” in Johannine Papyrus Manuscripts." Novum Testamentum 56, no. 1 (2014): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685365-12341438.

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Abstract In contrast to previous studies, this article argues that the use of ἑρµηνεῖαι in a group of Johannine papyrus manuscripts is fundamentally characterized by their occurrence in bilingual manuscripts or manuscripts influenced by a bilingual social setting (Greek-Coptic or Greek-Latin). Rather than seeing them as some sort of biblical commentary or oracular statements used for divination, it is suggested that, in light of their bilingual character, the Johannine ἑρµηνεῖαι functioned as liturgical tools to facilitate early Christian worship services needing to accommodate the use of two languages within a particular community.

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10

Rollston, Christopher A. "Daily Life in Biblical Times. By Oded Borowski. Society of Biblical Literature, Archaeology and Biblical Studies, no. 5. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003. Pp. xi + 148. $15.95 (paperback)." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 68, no. 1 (2009): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/598074.

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11

Van Peursen, Wido. "Tracing Text Types in Biblical Hebrew." Vetus Testamentum 70, no. 1 (2020): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12341430.

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Abstract Weinrich’s monograph Tempus: besprochene und erzählte Welt (1964) had a tremendous influence on the study of Biblical Hebrew. Studies by Schneider, Talstra and Niccacci and others are strongly influenced by Weinrich. In the ETCBC database of the Hebrew Bible, initiated by Eep Talstra in the 1970s, some of Weinrich’s insights have been integrated. Amidst hundreds of studies in general linguistics, why was it precisely this book that had such a great impact? How should we evaluate this impact? Are Weinrich’s insights still useful or have they become outdated? In this article we describe the introduction of Weinrich’s insights into Biblical studies and some developments that have taken place since then, both in general linguistics and in Biblical studies. We further describe and evaluate the classification of Biblical Hebrew text types which developed from these insights

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12

Beetley, Michael. "Hebrew for Biblical Interpretation. By Arthur Walker‐Jones. Society of Biblical Literature, Resources for Biblical Study, no. 48. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003. Pp. xviii + 276. $34.95." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 67, no. 2 (2008): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/589258.

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13

Gervasio, Nicole. "The Ruth in (T)ruth: Redactive Reading and Feminist Provocations to History in M. NourbeSe Philip’s Zong!" differences 30, no. 2 (2019): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10407391-7736021.

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This essay coins the concept of redactive reading to describe a method for interpreting women’s absences in racialized and gendered histories of collective trauma through M. NourbeSe Philip’s 2008 poem, Zong! In 1781, the Zong crew murdered as many as 150 African captives following a water shortage and tried to claim insurance on victims. Gregson v. Gilbert denied plaintiffs the right to profit from murder without indicting anyone for the atrocity. This diasporic Caribbean poet revives mythological figures—notably, the biblical Ruth—to expose Western law and the English language as insidious tools of epistemic violence. In naming three archetypes that reincarnate “ruth”— the rebellious slave, the lady of society, and the raped whore—this article interrogates the white, patriarchal, imperialist imaginary behind the massacre. Redactive reading is a strategy for reading femininity as a structuring absence on which canons of exclusion—from legal rights to representational politics and the sympathetic imagination—are built.

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Pardee, Dennis. "Society of Biblical Literature 1998 Seminar Papers.Society of Biblical Literature 1999 Seminar Papers." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 61, no. 2 (2002): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/469014.

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15

Poelstra, Paul L. "Making Life Connections in Experimental Psychology." Journal of Psychology and Theology 23, no. 4 (1995): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164719502300411.

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One of the concerns or goals of a Christian college is character formation. Instructors in the experimental areas of psychology with an interest in nurturing the spiritual life of their students will find unique opportunities to integrate their material with biblical truth. Courses in experimental psychology offer another language and new metaphors that can bring fresh insights and perspectives for a biblical understanding of life. Specific illustrations taken from subject matter in statistics, learning, and experimental psychology courses are discussed and applied. Students’ responses to this type of integration are also presented.

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16

Goerwitz, Richard L. "Linguistics and Biblical Hebrew. Walter Bodine." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 55, no. 3 (1996): 208–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373834.

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17

Kulik, Alexander. "The господь–господинъ Dichotomy and the Cyrillo-Methodian Linguo-Theological Innovation". Slovene 9, № 1 (2019): 25–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2019.8.1.2.

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This article investigates early Slavic exegesis and its influence on Slavic languages (and, more broadly, models for transferring Judeo-Christian thought onto the Slavic soil). The investigation is based on an example of a unique phenomenon related to the sacro-secular homonymy in the terminology defining the God of monotheistic religions. Out of all the languages of Christian civilization, only the languages belonging to Slavia Orthodoxa depart from this general pattern. The development of a dichotomy between the forms gospod’ (“lord”) and gospodin” (“master”) is connected with a particular translational exegesis unknown in other early ecclesiastical traditions. This therefore stands as a unique and, at any rate, independent Slavic innovation in the interpretation of the biblical text. This new Slavic dichotomy compensated for the ambiguous polysemy of the underlying Greek term, κύριος (kyrios), and restored a semantic distinction present in the original Biblical Hebrew text. This phenomenon represents one of the not yet completely elucidated and comprehended cases of independent Slavic exegetical thought, which at this early stage manifested itself not so much in the composition of biblical commentaries and theological works as in translational and editorial choices. It is also significant that certain processes in the allocation of meanings depending on the grammatical form, attested already in early Slavic biblical texts, are cognate with analogous processes in contemporary Slavic languages. Moreover, such semantic distinction between related and highly cognate forms has even enriched the modern Slavic languages connected to this tradition, thus creating means of artistic expression that remain impossible in most other languages of Christian civilization.

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Clemens, D. M. "Beyond Babel: A Handbook for Biblical Hebrew and Related Languages. Edited by John Kaltner and Steven L. McKenzie. Society of Biblical Literature, Resources for Biblical Study 42. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2002. Pp. xiii + 241. $29.95." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 65, no. 4 (2006): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/511105.

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Joffe, Alexander H. "Biblical Archaeology Today, 1990: Proceedings of the Second International Congress on Biblical Archaeology. Avraham Biran , Joseph Aviram." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 56, no. 4 (1997): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468578.

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20

Cole, Dick T. "A Response to Foster and Moron's “Pioget and Parables: The Convergence of Secular and Scriptural Views of Learning”." Journal of Psychology and Theology 14, no. 1 (1986): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164718601400106.

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Foster and Moran (1985) assert that a convergence between Piaget's theory and the teaching style of Jesus will give us confidence in Piagetian theory. This response challenges their assertion on the grounds that: (a) the task of Christian psychology is to unfold the psychological dimension of God's creation, (b) it is inappropriate to use the Bible to confirm a psychological theory, and (c) critical analysis is what is needed in order to gain confidence in psychological theories. This response concludes that: (a) the approach taken by Foster and Moran (1985) hides certain weaknesses in Piaget's theory in the garb of biblical language, and (b) the Christian psychological community should engage in the critical analysis of psychological theories before it looks for biblical convergences.

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21

Pardee, Dennis. "Biblical and Related Studies Presented to Samuel Iwry. Ann Kort , Scott Morschauser." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 49, no. 1 (1990): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373424.

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22

Cason, Thomas Scott. "John C. ReevesTrajectories in Near Eastern Apocalyptic: A Postrabbinic Jewish Apocalypse Reader.2005 Society of Biblical Literature Society of Biblical Literature, Resources for Biblical Study, no. 45. Atlanta $29.95." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 69, no. 1 (2010): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/654949.

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23

Bembry, Jason. "Mark Roncace and Patrick GrayTeaching the Bible: Practical Strategies for Classroom Instruction.2005 Society of Biblical Literature Society of Biblical Literature, Resources for Biblical Study, no. 49. Atlanta $39.95." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 69, no. 1 (2010): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/654950.

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Pardee, Dennis. "A Catalogue of Biblical Passages in the Dead Sea Scrolls. By David L. Washburn. Society of Biblical Literature, Text-Critical Studies, vol. 2. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2002. Pp. ix + 161." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 66, no. 1 (2007): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/512224.

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Reymond, Eric D. "Forgiveness in a Wounded World: Jonah’s Dilemma. By Janet Howe Gaines. Society of Biblical Literature, Studies in Biblical Literature, no. 5. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003. Pp. xi + 179. $26.95 (paperback)." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 66, no. 3 (2007): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/521765.

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DaDon, Agnes E., and Kotel DaDon. "Značenje i prednost proučavanja židovske Biblije na biblijskom hebrejskom jeziku." Nova prisutnost XVII, no. 2 (2019): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.31192/np.17.2.9.

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In this article the authors analyse the importance of the study of the Old Testament in its original language, Biblical Hebrew. The first part of the article consists of a general introduction followed by the explanation of the main linguistic differences between Biblical and Modern Hebrew, as one of the factors contributing to the difficulty of understanding the Bible even for native Israelis. This part ends with a brief description of the first Modern Hebrew translation of the Bible and the intentions behind this translation, as presented by the translator and the publisher. The central part of this article discusses the following issues: the need of a translation of the Bible from Biblical Hebrew into modern spoken Hebrew, the importance of the Bible and the Biblical text, continues with a general introduction to translation, provides arguments in favour and against the translation of the text from Biblical Hebrew into Modern spoken Hebrew or other languages. The end of this part exposes the difficulties involved in Bible translation, providing examples of major problems in the translation of the Bible. In this context, the background of Torah translations into Aramaic is explained. Finally, in the conclusion, the authors give their recommendations for the school curriculum in Croatia, based on their experiences as teachers and parents. In their work, the authors use many sources from the rabbinical literature since the Talmudic time through the Middle Ages until modern times. Much of this literature is translated into Croatian from Hebrew and Aramaic for the first time by the authors.

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Pardee, Dennis. "Studies in Verbal Aspect and Narrative Technique in Biblical Hebrew Prose. Mats Eskhult." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 54, no. 1 (1995): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373731.

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Edelman, Diana. "Borders and Districts in Biblical Historiography. N. Naʾaman". Journal of Near Eastern Studies 49, № 1 (1990): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373423.

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Pardee, Dennis. "A Grammar for Biblical Hebrew. C. L. Seow." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 52, no. 1 (1993): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373607.

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Creason, Stuart. "Biblical Hebrew and Discourse Linguistics. Robert D. Bergen." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 58, no. 2 (1999): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468697.

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Zhao, Liping, Waad Alhoshan, Alessio Ferrari, et al. "Natural Language Processing for Requirements Engineering." ACM Computing Surveys 54, no. 3 (2021): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3444689.

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Natural Language Processing for Requirements Engineering (NLP4RE) is an area of research and development that seeks to apply natural language processing (NLP) techniques, tools, and resources to the requirements engineering (RE) process, to support human analysts to carry out various linguistic analysis tasks on textual requirements documents, such as detecting language issues, identifying key domain concepts, and establishing requirements traceability links. This article reports on a mapping study that surveys the landscape of NLP4RE research to provide a holistic understanding of the field. Following the guidance of systematic review, the mapping study is directed by five research questions, cutting across five aspects of NLP4RE research, concerning the state of the literature, the state of empirical research, the research focus, the state of tool development, and the usage of NLP technologies. Our main results are as follows: (i) we identify a total of 404 primary studies relevant to NLP4RE, which were published over the past 36 years and from 170 different venues; (ii) most of these studies (67.08%) are solution proposals, assessed by a laboratory experiment or an example application, while only a small percentage (7%) are assessed in industrial settings; (iii) a large proportion of the studies (42.70%) focus on the requirements analysis phase, with quality defect detection as their central task and requirements specification as their commonly processed document type; (iv) 130 NLP4RE tools (i.e., RE specific NLP tools) are extracted from these studies, but only 17 of them (13.08%) are available for download; (v) 231 different NLP technologies are also identified, comprising 140 NLP techniques, 66 NLP tools, and 25 NLP resources, but most of them—particularly those novel NLP techniques and specialized tools—are used infrequently; by contrast, commonly used NLP technologies are traditional analysis techniques (e.g., POS tagging and tokenization), general-purpose tools (e.g., Stanford CoreNLP and GATE) and generic language lexicons (WordNet and British National Corpus). The mapping study not only provides a collection of the literature in NLP4RE but also, more importantly, establishes a structure to frame the existing literature through categorization, synthesis and conceptualization of the main theoretical concepts and relationships that encompass both RE and NLP aspects. Our work thus produces a conceptual framework of NLP4RE. The framework is used to identify research gaps and directions, highlight technology transfer needs, and encourage more synergies between the RE community, the NLP one, and the software and systems practitioners. Our results can be used as a starting point to frame future studies according to a well-defined terminology and can be expanded as new technologies and novel solutions emerge.

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Stout, Dietrich, and Thierry Chaminade. "Stone tools, language and the brain in human evolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1585 (2012): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0099.

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Long-standing speculations and more recent hypotheses propose a variety of possible evolutionary connections between language, gesture and tool use. These arguments have received important new support from neuroscientific research on praxis, observational action understanding and vocal language demonstrating substantial functional/anatomical overlap between these behaviours. However, valid reasons for scepticism remain as well as substantial differences in detail between alternative evolutionary hypotheses. Here, we review the current status of alternative ‘gestural’ and ‘technological’ hypotheses of language origins, drawing on current evidence of the neural bases of speech and tool use generally, and on recent studies of the neural correlates of Palaeolithic technology specifically.

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Michońska-Stadnik, Anna. "Positive psychology and its role in foreign language learning studies." Oblicza Komunikacji 12 (June 24, 2021): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2083-5345.12.19.

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Positive psychology is a new subfield in general psychology which developed under the influence of humanistic approach at the end of the 20th century. Its subject-matter concerns human well-being, its sources and sustainable growth. This type of psychology distinguishes six positive human features: knowledge and wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance and transcendence. In foreign language learning in formal classroom conditions, which is different from learning other school subjects because it requires skill attainment, positive psychology, and its research methods could propose tools to more efficiently investigate determinants of differential success in the process of language acquisition.

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Joffe, Alexander H. "Mikhail Bakhtin and Biblical Scholarship: An Introduction. By Barbara Green. Semeia Studies no. 38. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2000. Pp. vii + 205. $34.95. $29.95." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 62, no. 4 (2003): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/380368.

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35

Edelman, Diana. "Recent Archaeological Discoveries and Biblical Research. William G. Dever." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 53, no. 2 (1994): 148–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373685.

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Pardee, Dennis. "A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Paul Joüon , T. Muraoka." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 56, no. 2 (1997): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468544.

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Addinall, Peter. "Exodus III 19B and the Interpretation of Biblical Narrative." Vetus Testamentum 49, no. 3 (1999): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853399774227994.

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AbstractGod tells Moses that the king of Egypt will not let the Hebrews go, not even by a mighty hand. It is, however, a basic theme of the Exodus narrative that the king of Egypt is in fact compelled to let the Hebrews go by the mighty hand of Yahweh. From ancient times to the present commentators and translators have in general either eliminated the contradiction by re-writing the text or adopting a forced interpretation of it. A different but by no means novel approach to the text removes the contradiction and at the same time poses a challenge to much generally accepted analysis of biblical narrative.

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Husain, Fatemah, and Ozlem Uzuner. "A Survey of Offensive Language Detection for the Arabic Language." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 20, no. 1 (2021): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3421504.

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The use of offensive language in user-generated content is a serious problem that needs to be addressed with the latest technology. The field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) can support the automatic detection of offensive language. In this survey, we review previous NLP studies that cover Arabic offensive language detection. This survey investigates the state-of-the-art in offensive language detection for the Arabic language, providing a structured overview of previous approaches, including core techniques, tools, resources, methods, and main features used. This work also discusses the limitations and gaps of the previous studies. Findings from this survey emphasize the importance of investing further effort in detecting Arabic offensive language, including the development of benchmark resources and the invention of novel preprocessing and feature extraction techniques.

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Pardee, Dennis. "Directions in Biblical Hebrew Poetry. Elaine R. FollisThe Structural Analysis of Biblical and Canaanite Poetry. W. van der Meer , J. C. de Moor." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 52, no. 2 (1993): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373619.

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Inowlocki, Sabrina. "Josephus' Rewriting of the Babel Narrative (Gen 11:1-9)." Journal for the Study of Judaism 37, no. 2 (2006): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006306776564674.

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AbstractThis paper analyzes Josephus' appropriation of the biblical episode of the tower of Babel. It aims to highlight its originality as well as its purposes. Its methodology is two-fold: firstly, it recasts Josephus' passage in the context of the contemporary Jewish literature in general and of Josephus' writings in particular; secondly, it closely examines its language. This analysis reveals that Josephus was inspired by his own experience during the war in Judaea, and therefore presents the episode of Babel as a political-theological myth. In addition, this study explores the manner in which Josephus used the biblical narrative in order to polemicize against the Greeks.

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Edelman, Diana. "The Early Biblical Period. Benjamin Mazar , S. Ahituv , B. Levine." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 48, no. 1 (1989): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373347.

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Ahlström, Gösta W. "Biblical Archaeology: Documents from the British Museum. T. C. Mitchell." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 51, no. 3 (1992): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373559.

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Naʾaman, Nadav. "Gibeah: The Search for a Biblical City. Patrick M. Arnold." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 54, no. 2 (1995): 150–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373748.

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Weitzman, Steven. "The Shifting Syntax of Numerals in Biblical Hebrew: A Reassessment." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 55, no. 3 (1996): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373824.

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Pardee, Dennis. "The Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls. By C. D. Elledge. Archaeology and Biblical Studies 14. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2005. Pp. xii + 148. $15.95 (paperback)." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 70, no. 1 (2011): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/658851.

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Cranmer, David J., and Brian E. Eck. "God Said it: Psychology and Biblical Interpretation, How Text and Reader Interact through the Glass Darkly." Journal of Psychology and Theology 22, no. 3 (1994): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009164719402200306.

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Psychologists often encounter clients or students who have questions that relate to particular passages of Scripture. Because the Bible is often an important part of their organizing worldview, it becomes imperative that both the therapist and client develop an accurate understanding of how to read and apply the Scriptures correctly. Reading and applying Scripture brings together a text (the Bible) and a reader (the individual's cognitive structures). For the accurate understanding and application of biblical passages the therapist and client need to examine textual matters and reader issues such as language, culture, and situational context, as well as personal and group presuppositions, expectations, history and experience. This article is an attempt to further clarify the significance of these interpretation issues for the therapeutic relationship.

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Goldberg, Harvey E. "Anthropology and the Study of Traditional Jewish Societies." AJS Review 15, no. 1 (1990): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009400002798.

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The analytic tools of anthropology originally were fashioned on smallscale tribal groups that possessed no written traditions. After World War II, as anthropologists became involved in the study of complex societies in different “developing areas,” the discipline began to relate its findings to the concerns of other fields. Simultaneously, scholars from other social and humanist disciplines, who previously had assumed that anthropologists focused only on “primitives,” began to incorporate anthropological methods and concepts into their tool kits. As part of these general trends, there were anthropologists who turned to the study of Jewish society and culture. One natural expression of this trend has been the study of contemporary Jewish communities. There are now dozens of studies of Jewish life from one or another anthropological perspective, most of them dealing mainly with Jews in the United States of Ashkenazi background or with communities in Israel whose origins were in the Middle East. A very different trend is found in the analysis of classic texts, notably the Bible but with some attention being given to rabbinic literature, using structuralism and related methodologies. At first initiated by anthropologists who were not themselves specialists in the biblical period, these approaches have now been adopted by some students of ancient Judaism, who combine them with the more standard methods used in research on biblical and rabbinic texts.

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Malone, Joseph L. "An Introduction to Aramaic. Frederick E. Greenspahn. Society of Biblical Literature, Resources for Biblical Study, no. 38. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998. Pp. xi + 230. $54.95." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 63, no. 1 (2004): 64–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/382574.

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DeWitt, Dorothy, and Suet Fong Chan. "Developing Intercultural Communicative Competence: Formative Assessment Tools for Mandarin as a Foreign Language." Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction (MJLI) Vol. 16, (No.2) Dec 2019 16, Number 2 (2019): 97–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/mjli2019.16.2.4.

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Purpose - Intercultural communicative competence (ICC) is important in intercultural exchange, to address problems and conflicts which may arise due to miscommunication that results from interlocutors’ diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Interlocutors may have different perceptions and interpretations of communicative behaviour. However, cultural and intercultural aspects seem to be ignored in teaching Mandarin as a foreign language (MFL) in Malaysian higher education institutions. Hence, the ICC level among local MFL learners is unknown. In this study, formative assessments were designed in a culturally integrated MFL module to investigate learners’ level of ICC in a selected Malaysian polytechnic. Methodology - The polytechnic was selected as cultural competency was incorporated in the MFL course. A design and developmental research was carried out to design formative assessment for ICC based on experts’ feedback. The assessment comprised Intercultural Discussion and Reflections, Cultural Discovery, Cultural Quizzes and an Intercultural Communicative Task. They were implemented to assess learners’ ICC. Findings - The results indicate that different forms of assessment were suitable for assessing the respective competences, and that multiple forms of formative assessment should be employed to assess and improve MFL learners’ ICC. Significance - Instructors in higher education could apply these forms of formative assessment to develop ICC among their MFL learners. The assessments could also be extended to intercultural communication competence development in other languages, which is important in a multicultural and globalized society.

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Bergström, Ulf. "The Discourse Functions of Overspecified Anaphoric Expressions in Biblical Hebrew Narrative: Genesis 12-24 as a Test Case1." Journal of Semitic Studies 65, no. 2 (2020): 275–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgaa001.

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Abstract In Biblical Hebrew, as in other languages, anaphoric reference is often overspecified; that is, an anaphoric noun (lexical anaphora) is used in a place where the inflection of the verb (inflectional anaphora) would be a sufficient indicator as to who is being referred to. The present study investigates the function of overspecified subject referents in Biblical Hebrew narrative discourse. It is found that overspecification can be associated with three main textual phenomena, namely, events of general relevance, subject referent initiative, and various textual discontinuities. The function of indicating subject referent initiative lies behind many of the occurrences of lexical anaphora at the beginning of episodic units, but it may also occur within episodes. The different functions of overspecification and inflectional anaphora arise as a result of the different mental processes triggered by lexical and deictic anaphora, whereby the former evokes general, contextindependent knowledge about the referent and impedes the access to the information contained in the previous clause, whereas the latter makes it immediately available.

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