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Journal articles on the topic 'Bicycles – Design'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Paudel, Milan, and Fook Fah Yap. "Development of an improved design methodology and front steering design guideline for small-wheel bicycles for better stability and performance." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 234, no. 3 (August 5, 2020): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337120919608.

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The maneuverability and compactness of small-wheel and folding bicycles are greatly appreciated. Nonetheless, the performance of these small-wheel bicycles as compared to the big-wheel bicycles has always been questioned. They are often blamed for being less stable, wobbly, or twitchy. It is still unclear how the performance of the small-wheel bicycle designs can be improved. Both small- and big-wheel bicycles are designed with similar ergonomics; therefore, the focus has been on the front steering design. The steering design parameters of 91 big-wheel and 27 small-wheel bicycles were compared, bearing in mind the available front steering design guidelines to understand: (1) the influence of big-wheel bicycle’s frame design on small-wheel bicycles and (2) most common range of design parameters used in current bicycle designs. The analysis showed a strong influence of current big-wheel bicycle design practice on front frame parameter selection of small-wheel bicycles. Furthermore, the self-stability comparison over the most common design range confirmed the lesser stability in the current small-wheel bicycle designs at normal riding speed. However, it was also found that the lesser stability was not the result of small wheels per se, but rather owing to an inadequacy in the current design approach to addressing the complex influence of reducing wheel size and bicycle frame design on its stability and performance. Therefore, an improved design methodology was adopted by incorporating the bicycle dynamics into the current design approach and the front steering design guidelines for small-wheel bicycles have been developed. The guidelines contradict the current small-wheel bicycle design practice, as they recommend steeper headtube angles for small-wheel bicycles. The guidelines were validated with good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results on two prototype 20-inch-wheel bicycles having counter-intuitive steering geometry.
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2

Hou, Shuai Song. "Design of a Bicycle Wheel with Shock Absorption Ability." Applied Mechanics and Materials 872 (October 2017): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.872.235.

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Wheel is an important part in the overall structure of bicycles. So performances of wheels have a great influence on the performances of bicycles. For example, if we improve the shock absorption of wheels, the bicycle will have better riding comfort. Traditional bicycle wheel absorbs shock from rough roads using the tire. In this paper, we propose a new design concept for the bicycle wheel with shock absorption ability. Firstly, we perform force analysis for the bicycle wheels. In order to verify our calculation, we conduct the finite element simulation analysis. The calculations and simulations have good consistency. Based on the calculations and simulations, we replace the steel spokes with some soft materials. Through impact test, we find that the bicycle with shock absorbing wheels has better riding comfort than traditional one. Meanwhile, the soft materials reduce the weight of wheels. So the overall performances of bicycle are improved significantly.
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3

Wang, Fei Peng, Qian Hui Yang, Ling Chen Zheng, and Hong Li Chen. "The Security Design of Child Seat of Electric Bicycle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 441 (December 2013): 572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.441.572.

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In recent years, with many cities limiting motorcycle-related regulations in China, Electric bicycles due to the inexpensive, easy to maneuver, energy saving and environmental protection, are used by people of all ages. Now, electric bicycles have become one of the main means of transport, back of electric bicycles as "child seat" to carry child travel commonplace, traffic accidents are also frequent. Through the widespread use of electric bicycle child seat from the safety and comfort of both analysis concluded: these structures a variety of seat provides safety and security for their children is very limited. Next child safety seat structure, strength, and to do in-depth research, quality standards and quality control methods.
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4

Stanić, Branimir, and Darko Vujin. "NEW AESTHETICS OF THE CITY – DESIGN OF CYCLISTS TRAFFIC SIGNS." TRANSPORT 20, no. 6 (December 19, 2005): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2005.9638029.

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In a number of towns and cities worldwide development programmes have been initiated to provide designated bike surfaces reserved for the movement of cyclists along city network. There has been an increase in the use of a bicycle as a regular means of personal transport, particularly in recent years when technical solutions and modern materials have allowed more active use of bicycles in big cities. Judging from the perspective of bicycles, Belgrade has undergone several significant changes. In the period preceding the Second World War the number of bicycles in the city (area of which used to be much smaller than today) was considerable, particularly in relation to vehicles. In the following periods, the development of the city has gradually pushed bicycles towards outskirts. Today bicycles are mostly used for recreation purposes. In this process special signalization addressed to cyclists has been mainly neglected. So‐called standard info‐solutions, essentially addressed to drivers, were applied. New aesthetics of the city, as one of possible ideas of the urban space re‐engineering, is based also on the introduction of “Zones 20” 20 mph (30 km/h) zones as well as on more active use of bicycles. In addition, both mentioned measures increase ecological quality of life in the city. A new concept of info‐system addressed to cyclists moving in a street network of a big city (Case Study of Belgrade, 2004) is presented in this paper.
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5

Hsieh, Long Chang, and Tzu Hsia Chen. "The Systematic Design of Multi-Speed Internal Gear Hub for a Bicycle." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.431.

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The bicycle is invented so far more than 200 years. Now, bicycles are used as exercising equipments and traffic vehicles. Planetary gear trains can be used as the transmission systems with multi-speed for bicycles. The purpose of this work is to propose a design methodology for the design of multi-speed internal gear hubs with planetary gear trains for bicycles. Based on the concept of train value equation and the kinematic relationship of the members between the train circuit, we propose a design methodology for the kinematic design of multi-speed gear hubs. One multi-speed internal gear hubs is designed to illustrate the design methodology. Based on the proposed methodology, all multi-speed gear hubs with planetary gear trains can be synthesized.
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6

Mahendra, Marcellino Aditya, and Rini Dharmastiti. "PENGEMBANGAN DESAIN SEPEDA ANAK USIA 7-12 TAHUN MENGGUNAKAN METODE RAPID ETHNOGRAPHY DAN SCAMPER." ATRIUM: Jurnal Arsitektur 6, no. 2 (November 11, 2020): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21460/atrium.v6i2.116.

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Title: Design Development of Bike for Kids (7-12 y.o) using Rapid Ethnography and SCAMPER Method Children by nature growth relatively fast. Their body expand in a short time that demand many things that they wear or use to meet their body accordingly. This to include also the need for their bicycle. In order to fulfill the needs of children’s comfort in cycling, some bicycles which are suitable with anthropometry of children’s body are required. With the existence of bicycle’s design which has longer durability than children’s bicycles in general, hence the children’s bicycle which will be designed would have sustainable design concept. Clark et al. (2009) states that sustainable design is a design concept which integrates 3 kinds of elements (people, profit, planet) and not merely an environmental-friendly concept. Developing a product with sustainable concept is not only done with a manipulation on materials which are bio-degradable, but also could be done with extending the lifespan of the product. Respondents which are targeted on this planning are children aged from 7 until 12 with their parents, since the children on this age range experience rapid growth. Not only the interests of the children aged from 7-12 as primer users which are concerned, but also their parents as secondary users. This matter is resulted from how the parents also play a role in choosing and buying the bicycle which will be used by their children.
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7

Gribb, Tye T., F. J. Worzala, and G. W. Gribb. "Modeling Bicycle-Rider Vibrations: Implications for Materials Selection." MRS Bulletin 23, no. 3 (March 1998): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400030013.

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Over the past several years, the number of materials routinely employed for the fabrication of major bicycle components (e.g., frame, fork, and handlebar) has increased from one (steel) to at least five (steel, aluminum, titanium, fiber-reinforced polymers, and magnesium). Historically the primary driving force for implementation of new materials in bicycle manufacture has been the almost fanatical desire to reduce the weight of the bicycle. Although weight reduction of the bicycle will continue to be important, an old design paradigm—driven mostly by the recent popularity of bicycles designed to be ridden off-road (mountain bikes)—has re-emerged: the design of bicycles that minimize the amount of road/trail shock transmitted to the rider.
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8

Jia, Wen Qi, Tao Wu, and Xu Liu. "Development and Design of Rain and Shine Dual-Use Bicycle Based on Solid Edge." Advanced Materials Research 816-817 (September 2013): 691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.816-817.691.

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Responding the green commuting, Solid Edge V18 drawing software for the shape and function improvements of existing bicycle is proposed in this paper. This bicycle achieves the role of rain, shine dual-use and loading. It also satisfies the function requirements that people live in contemporary on bicycles. This article will elaborate the transmission device calculation and bicycle design based on Solid Edge Modeling.
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9

Ashby, M. F. "Materials, Bicycles, and Design." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 26, no. 12 (December 1995): 3057–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02669435.

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10

Ashby, M. F. "Materials, bicycles, and design." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 26, no. 1 (February 1995): 1101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02653994.

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11

Dialynas, Georgios, Riender Happee, and Arend L. Schwab. "Design and hardware selection for a bicycle simulator." Mechanical Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-10-1-2019.

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Abstract. With the resurgence in bicycle ridership in the last decade and the continuous increase of electric bicycles in the streets a better understanding of bicycle rider behaviour is imperative to improve bicycle safety. Unfortunately, these studies are dangerous for the rider, given that the bicycle is a laterally unstable vehicle and most of the time in need for rider balance control. Moreover, the bicycle rider is very vulnerable and not easily protected against impact injuries. A bicycle simulator, on which the rider can balance and manoeuvre a bicycle within a simulated environment and interact with other simulated road users, would solve most of these issues. In this paper, we present a description of a recently build bicycle simulator at TU Delft, were mechanical and mechatronics aspects are discussed in detail.
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12

Hu, Hongyu, Pengfei Tao, Zhenhai Gao, Qingnian Wang, Zhihui Li, and Zhaowei Qu. "Vision-Based Bicycle Detection Using Multiscale Block Local Binary Pattern." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/370685.

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Bicycle traffic has heavy proportion among all travel modes in some developing countries, which is crucial for urban traffic control and management as well as facility design. This paper proposes a real-time multiple bicycle detection algorithm based on video. At first, an effective feature called multiscale block local binary pattern (MBLBP) is extracted for representing the moving object, which is a well-classified feature to distinguish between bicycles and nonbicycles; then, a cascaded bicycle classifier trained by AdaBoost algorithm is proposed, which has a good computation efficiency. Finally, the method is tested with video sequence captured from the real-world traffic scenario. The bicycles in the test scenario are successfully detected.
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13

Doria, Alberto, Sergio Roa, and Luis Muñoz. "Stability analysis of bicycles by means of analytical models with increasing complexity." Mechanical Sciences 10, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-10-229-2019.

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Abstract. The basic Whipple-Carvallo bicycle model for the study of stability takes into account only geometric and mass properties. Analytical bicycle models of increasing complexity are now available, they consider frame compliance, tire properties, and rider posture. From the point of view of the designer, it is important to know if geometric and mass properties affect the stability of an actual bicycle as they affect the stability of a simple bicycle model. This paper addresses this problem in a numeric way by evaluating stability indices from the real parts of the eigenvalues of the bicycle's modes (i.e., weave, capsize, wobble) in a range of forward speeds typical of city bicycles. The sensitivity indices and correlation coefficients between the main geometric and mass properties of the bicycle and the stability indices are calculated by means of bicycle models of increasing complexity. Results show that the simpler models correctly predict the effect of most of geometric and mass properties on the stability of the single modes of the bicycle. Nevertheless, when the global stability indices of the bicycle are considered, often the simpler models fail their prediction. This phenomenon takes place because with the basic model some design parameters have opposite effects on the stability of weave and capsize, but, when tire sliding is included, the capsize mode is always stable and low speed stability is chiefly determined by weave stability.
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14

Chen, Tzu-Hsia, and Long-Chang Hsieh. "On the design and prototype manufacturing of multi-speed transmission device of bicycle." MATEC Web of Conferences 185 (2018): 00035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818500035.

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The transmission systems of bicycles are multi-speed systems to satisfy different kinematic requirements. The transmission system of a bicycle can be the external changing-speed system or internal multi-speed system. A complete multi-speed transmission device of a bicycle must contain multi-speed gear unit, control device, and operating device. This paper focused on the systematic design and prototype manufacturing of multi-speed transmission device of a bicycle. Based on the results of kinematic design and meshing efficiency analysis, the systematic design of six-speed transmission device was carried out and prototype was manufactured to verify the design theorem.
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15

Liu, Nien-Te, and Chang-Tzuoh Wu. "ON THE SYMBOLIZED REPRESENTATION OF INNOVATIVE BICYCLE WITH FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS CHARACTERISTICS FOR CREATIVE DESIGN." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 37, no. 3 (September 2013): 949–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2013-0081.

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This paper proposes representations for bicycles. Innovative bicycles are analyzed and arranged one by one to find functional elements of creative characteristics. The elements of bicycles can be classified into three kinds: functional elements, form elements, and material elements. For the functional elements, they are classified into 14 kinds, where controlling, moving, and input elements are necessary for bicycles. By using symbols, bicycles can be represented simply and quickly for innovation design.
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16

Wu, Yi-Chang, and Li-An Chen. "A GEAR-SHIFTING MECHANISM WITH A ROTARY CONFIGURATION FOR APPLICATIONS IN A 16-SPEED BICYCLE TRANSMISSION HUB." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 40, no. 4 (November 2016): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2016-0047.

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A multi-speed bicycle transmission hub includes a geared speed-changing mechanism for providing different speed ratios and a gear-shifting mechanism for controlling the gear stage. This paper focuses on the embodiment design of a mechanical gear-shifting mechanism with a rotary configuration used in a 16-speed transmission hub for bicycles. A 16-link, five-degrees of freedom (DOF) split-power epicyclic gear mechanism, which consists of a gear differential and four sets of parallel-connected basic planetary gear trains, is introduced. Based on the clutching sequence table, a systematic design process is developed to come up with the embodiment design of the gear-shifting mechanism. A feasible and compact 16-speed rear transmission hub for bicycles is presented.
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17

Taylor, Dean B., and Hani S. Mahmassani. "Coordinating Traffic Signals for Bicycle Progression." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1705, no. 1 (January 2000): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1705-13.

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Traffic signal coordination that provides either ( a) progression for bicycles or ( b) simultaneous progression for bicycles and automobiles traveling on the same facility is analyzed. A conceptual foundation, consisting of three primary contributions, is developed for analyzing bicycleautomobile mixed-traffic progression along signalized streets. First, the principal considerations for bicycle progression are articulated. Second, several concepts and techniques that provide improved (or alternative) multiobjective solutions are presented and analyzed. Third, a multiobjective formulation framework for solving the mixed-traffic design problem is proposed. This framework formally incorporates the elements that were introduced as part of the first two contributions and provides a method to handle the inherent competing objectives of the situation. Additionally, important practical aspects of designing and implementing bicycle progression systems, such as handling bicycle speed variability and selecting appropriate facilities for initial (or test) projects, are identified and discussed.
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18

Sibarani, Marlon Tua Pangihutan, and Suprianto. "Electric Bicycle Design with Power Charging by Using Wheel Rotation." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 3122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9147.

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The development of the world of transportation is growing rapidly at this time with all the conveniences offered and very helpful to humans. One of them is an electric bicycle that can be used for everyday vehicles. Electric bicycles are vehicles that do not use fuel and do not cause air pollution or noise. The main components of this electric bicycle are direct current electric motors without brush, controller and generator, and batteries as a substitute for fuel. Based on the above reasons, this study designed an electric bicycle that utilizes wheel rotation as charging so that the electric bicycle can run continuously without charging to the power source. Testing tool on this bicycle consists of two parts, namely: with a load of 55 kg and no load. The maximum speed of this electric bicycle is 40 km/h. From the test results will be obtained the magnitude of speed, voltage and current.
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19

Liu, Kai Chang, Yin Bin Qian, Wen Bin Ma, Zhen Yun Lin, and Yun Jie Wu. "A Creative Design for Assistive Bicycles." Advanced Materials Research 566 (September 2012): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.566.300.

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In order to solve the travel problem of the disabled with good feet but handicapped hands, the patent No.200720006653.6 is redesigned and improved in this paper. What’s more, the conception on a novel assistive bicycle is put forward. The bicycle is constituted of wheels, frame, leg steering control, gear drive mechanisms and a adjustable- height seat，and it can be controlled flexibly and easily by feet. It is light and practical.
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20

Pu, Ziyuan, Zhibin Li, Yong Wang, Mao Ye, and Wei (David) Fan. "Evaluating the Interference of Bicycle Traffic on Vehicle Operation on Urban Streets with Bike Lanes." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6973089.

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Many urban streets are designed with on-street bike lanes to provide right-of-way for bicycle traffic. However, when bicycle flow is large, extensive passing maneuvers could occupy vehicle lanes and thus cause interferences to vehicle traffic. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate how bicycle traffic affects vehicle operation on urban streets with bike lanes. Data were collected on six street segments in Nanjing, China. The cumulative curves were constructed to extract traffic flow information including individual bicycle and vehicle speeds and aggregated traffic parameters such as flow and density. The results showed that as bicycle density on bike lanes continuously increases faster bicycles may run into vehicle lanes causing considerable reductions in vehicle speeds. A generalized linear model was estimated to predict the vehicle delay. Results showed that vehicle delay increases as bicycle flow and vehicle flow increase. Number of vehicle lanes and width of bike lane also have significant impact on vehicle delay. Findings of the study are helpful to regions around the world in bike infrastructure design in order to improve operations of both bicycles and vehicles.
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21

Atmika, I. Ketut Adi, I. Dewa Gede Ary Subagia, I. Wayan Surata, I. Nyoman Sutantra, and I. Gusti Agung Kade Suriadi. "Study of Mechanical Properties of Hemp Fiber Composites for Electric Bicycle Frames." Materials Science Forum 1000 (July 2020): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1000.167.

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Electric bicycles are one of the two-wheeled transportation that has been widely used. The structure of the bicycle is generally composed of several components, one of which is the frame. The frame serves to support the load on the bicycle. At present, many changes in design, geometry and bicycle-forming materials have been carried out. In general, bicycle frames are made of metal and alloy because they have good strength to support the load of the driver. Lately, the use of composites has begun to develop as a bicycle frame material, because the frame of the bicycle has become lighter but still has the strength to support the load. This paper presents a study of the structure of electric bicycles using composite material based on epoxy matrices with rami fiber reinforcement. This study used an experimental and simulation method by designing composite laminates with A(90o/90o/90o), B(90o/45o/90o), and C(45o/45o/45o) fiber webbing layout and then carried out free compressive strength (UCS), optical microscopy and simulation using ANSYS 19.0 software. The results obtained are composite laminate design with a woven fiber layout (45o/45o/45o) having the highest strength value with a compressive stress value σ=58.64 MPa in the axial compressive plane, and σ=1.539 MPa in the tangential compressive plane. Likewise, the simulation results also obtained the highest strength in the webbing design (45o/45o/45o) which is equal σs=58.72 MPa in the axial compressive plane and σs=1.531 MPa in the tangential compressive plane.
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22

Xiaobao, Yang, Huan Mei, and Gao Ziyou. "Car Delay Model near Bus Stops with Mixed Traffic Flow." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/437637.

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This paper proposes a model for estimating car delays at bus stops under mixed traffic using probability theory and queuing theory. The roadway is divided to serve motorized and nonmotorized traffic streams. Bus stops are located on the nonmotorized lanes. When buses dwell at the stop, they block the bicycles. Thus, two conflict points between car stream and other traffic stream are identified. The first conflict point occurs as bicycles merge to the motorized lane to avoid waiting behind the stopping buses. The second occurs as buses merge back to the motorized lane. The average car delay is estimated as the sum of the average delay at these two conflict points and the delay resulting from following the slower bicycles that merged into the motorized lane. Data are collected to calibrate and validate the developed model from one site in Beijing. The sensitivity of car delay to various operation conditions is examined. The results show that both bus stream and bicycle stream have significant effects on car delay. At bus volumes above 200 vehicles per hour, the curbside stop design is not appropriate because of the long car delays. It can be replaced by the bus bay design.
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23

Shyu, Jenq Huey, I. Tsung Lai, Ta Chang, Yun Cheng Wang, and Ta Wei Lin. "Research of the Joint Workspaces and Kinematic Efficiency of Man-Machine Systems of Bicycles." Key Engineering Materials 450 (November 2010): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.450.13.

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Bicycle design largely contradicts human motion, necessitating consideration of both the bicycle structure and the kinematic efficiency in the dimensions of the rider’s limbs, as well as human factor engineering, i.e. comfortability. By focusing on the kinematic model of 5-bar linkage and joints workspace, this study examines the most appropriate bicycle design and the riding posture to ensure that muscles can produce the effective moment and increase driving efficiency of a crank necessary. For upright, racing and recumbent bicycle types, assumptions are made regarding mobility analysis and the system of man-machine systems of bicycles estimated as well. Simulation results can identify the major dimensions of bicycle designing for different riders efficiently by inputting physical measurements of the rider and the angle range of driving force, subsequently increasing the riding efficiency to decrease the load of lower limbs of riders and satisfying ergonomic requirements of bicycle riders.
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24

Sun, Qian, Qing Sen Xie, and Zhuang Li. "Application of TRIZ Methodology in Solving Technology Conflicts of Rapid Folding Bicycle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 288 (February 2013): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.288.313.

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In this paper, integrated TRIZ with industrial design practice, aimed at changing the shortcomings of the traditional folding structures of bicycles and making folding speed faster than before. Applied the technology conflict resolution method of TRIZ to analysis and transform the contradictions of rapid folding bicycle, and selected the appropriate innovative principles to resolve these conflicts, so as to balance parameters existed in the product optimization and find out the direction of inventing and improving rapid folding bicycle.
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25

Ding, Haoyang, Wei Wang, Tianming Luo, Zhen Yang, Ye Li, and Zhibin Li. "Cellular Automata Based Modeling for Evaluating Different Bus Stop Designs in China." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/365412.

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A cellular automaton model is proposed to simulate mixed traffic flow composed of motor vehicles and bicycles near bus stops. Three typical types of bus stops which are common in China are considered in the model, including two types of curbside bus stops and one type of bus bay stops. Passenger transport capacity of three types of bus stops, which is applied to evaluate the bus stop design, is calculated based on the corresponding traffic flow rate. According to the simulation results, the flow rates of both motor vehicles and bicycles exhibit phase transition from free flow to the saturation one at the critical point. The results also show that the larger the interaction between motor vehicle and bicycle flow is near curbside bus stops, the more the value of saturated flows drops. Curbside bus stops are more suitable when the conflicts between two flows are small and the inflow rate of motor vehicles is low. On the contrary, bus bay stops should be applied due to their ability to reduce traffic conflicts. Findings of this study can provide useful suggestions on bus stop selection considering different inflow rate of motor vehicles and bicycles simultaneously.
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26

Hill, R. D. "The Design and Development of the LotusSport Pursuit Bicycle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 207, no. 4 (October 1993): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1993_207_194_02.

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Aerodynamic drag constitutes over 96 per cent of the overall resistance to motion for a typical rider and bicycle combination. Although the rider of a typical track pursuit bicycle constitutes approximately two-thirds of the overall aerodynamic drag, the bicycle itself still contributes one-third. Any reduction in the drag generated by the bicycle can therefore have a significant effect on the maximum attainable speed for a given power input, and thus the time to cover a given race distance. At the same time it is important to optimize the riding position so as to minimize both the rider drag and any interference effects between the rider and bicycle. Cross-wind conditions are also of vital importance to cyclists. For most conventional tubular framed bicycles any wind on a velodrome will result in significantly slower times due to the increased drag. For a properly designed monocoque aero bicycle, however, a cross-wind can mean faster times on a velodrome due to a ‘sail’ effect being generated. The LotusSport monocoque pursuit cycle has been designed and developed to gain maximum benefit from aerodynamic drag reduction and sail effects. It was produced for, and used at, the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games where it was ridden to the gold medal in the 4000 metre individual pursuit event.
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27

Dieltiens, Sien, Carlos Jiménez-Peña, Senne Van Loon, Jordi D’hondt, Kurt Claeys, and Eric Demeester. "Influence of Electrically Powered Pedal Assistance on User-Induced Cycling Loads and Muscle Activity during Cycling." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052032.

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Bicycles with electrically powered pedal assistance (PA) show great potential as ecological alternatives for engine-based vehicles. There is plenty of research available about the influence of various bicycle parameters on cycling technique. Though, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is none about the influence of PA. In this study, a recreational bicycle is equipped with PA and unique instrumentation to measure the user-induced loads on seat, steer and pedals. Joint loading is derived in the sagittal plane from inverse dynamics and muscle activity of the lower limbs is recorded with an electromyography system integrated in cycling pants. An experiment is set up, in which volunteers cycle on an athletics track, with a varying level of PA and a varying seat height. An ANOVA is conducted to determine significant differences due to the level of PA and seat height and to analyze the interaction effect. No interaction effect was found and only differences due to the level of PA were significant. Knowledge about the influence of PA provides insights into (i) electric bicycle design; (ii) the usage of electric bicycle for physically challenged people; (iii) the usage of electric bicycles as a rehabilitation tool.
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28

Umer, Afaque, Adil Ata Azmi, and Mohd Reyaz-Ur-Rahim. "Strength and Stiffness Optimization of Diamond Frame using Corrugated Tube." Technological Engineering 15, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teen-2018-0002.

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Abstract Road bicycles form an intrinsic part of economic transportation. The overall efficiency and performance depend solely on the weight and frame structure. The benchmarks for an innovative frame design are kept in terms of lightweight, fatigue failure, lateral stiffness, torsional stiffness, impact forces and loading capabilities. The deformation and propulsion of bicycle consume rider’s energy, a reduction in deformation and mass of the frame is therefore necessary. In the present work, the structural design and a quasi static vertical load analysis of the bicycle frame are presented using finite element analysis. Corrugated tubes are introduced into the main triangle with different sets of combination and the numerical result thus obtained was compared against the standard tubular bicycle frame.
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Hsieh, Long Chang, and Hsiu Chen Tang. "The Kinematics of Eight-Speed Planetary Gear Hubs for Bicycles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 232 (November 2012): 955–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.232.955.

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Recently, bicycles are used as exercising machines and traffic vehicles. Planetary gear trains can be used as the transmission systems with multi-speed for bicycles. The purpose of this work is to propose a design methodology for the design of eight-speed internal gear hubs with planetary gear trains for bicycles. First, we propose a design concept for the design of eight-speed planetary gear hub. Then, based on this design concept and train value equation of planetary gear train, the kinematic design of eight-speed planetary gear hub is accomplished. One eight-speed planetary gear hub is synthesized to illustrate the design methodology. Based on the proposed design methodology, many eight-speed internal gear hubs with planetary gear trains can be synthesized.
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Yan, Xingchen, Jun Chen, Hua Bai, Tao Wang, and Zhen Yang. "Influence Factor Analysis of Bicycle Free-Flow Speed for Determining the Design Speeds of Separated Bicycle Lanes." Information 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11100459.

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To provide a knowledge basis for updating the design speed in bicycle facility codes, this paper examines factors that influence bicycle free-flow speed. We investigated six segments of Nanjing’s separated bicycle lane and established a generalized linear model of the relationship between bicycle free-flow speed and bicyclists’ gender, age, bicycle type, lane width, bicycle lateral position, and travel period. With the model, we determined the statistical significance of each factor and assessed each factor’s impact extent. Through comparing the 85th percentile speeds of different groups, we proposed the recommended values and a method for calculating the design speed of separate bicycle lanes. The following results and conclusions were obtained: (1) The significant influential factors of bicycle free-flow speed were bicyclists’ gender and age, bicycle type, lane width, and bicycles’ lateral position. (2) Bicycle type had the greatest impact on bicycle free-flow speed, following by bicycle lateral position, gender, age, and lane width in sequence. (3) The recommended design speeds for separate lanes of less than 3.5 m and the wider lanes were 25 km/h and 30 km/h, respectively.
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Wu, Yi-Chang, and Tze-Cheng Wu. "EMBODIMENT DESIGN OF NOVEL 5-SPEED REAR DRIVE HUBS FOR BICYCLES." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 39, no. 3 (September 2015): 431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2015-0032.

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This paper presents embodiment design of 5-speed rear drive hubs for bicycles. A 7-link, 2-degrees of freedom (DOF) compound planetary gear train as the main body of a rear drive hub is introduced. The relationship between the number of coaxial links of a planetary gear train and the number of gear stages that a drive hub can provide with is discussed. By means of kinematic analysis, four speed ratios of the planetary gear train are derived, which represents four forward gears of the rear drive hub. By adding a direct-drive gear, five forward gears can be provided and two feasible clutching sequence tables are synthesized. Manual translational-type gear-shifting mechanisms are further designed to incorporate with the planetary gear train for appropriately controlling the gear stage. The power-flow path at each gear stage is checked to verify the feasibility of the proposed design. Finally, two novel 5-speed bicycle rear drive hubs are presented.
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32

Zhou, Hao Bin. "Fuzzy-Sliding Mode Controller Design for Electric Bicycles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 339 (July 2013): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.339.74.

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The control system is the core of an electric bicycles. Properties of the controller are among the most important factors determining the performance of the Electric bicycles. In this paper, we design a new energy regenerating brake controller based on the driving and regenerating circuit topology for permanent brushless DC motor (BLDCM). A Fuzzy-Sliding Mode Control (Fuzzy-SMC) algorithm is applied to the inner loop (current loop) of the closed speed-current double loop system to improve the stability and reliability. Experiments and simulations show that the Fuzzy-Sliding Mode controller is superior to the traditional PID controller on many performance measurements including perturbation resistancesteady-state errorresponse speed and the extended driving distance per battery charge.
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Shen, Jia Jun, Qun Wang, and Zhi Ming Cao. "Correlation Model between Speed and Density of Electric Bicycles at Signalized Intersections." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 1803–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.1803.

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In order to explore the characteristics of electric bicycles at urban intersections, the model between speed and density was developed. Coordinates of electric bicycles were obtained based on photogrammetry, and 85% riding width was proposed to be the design width through the analysis of relationship between cycle volume and riding width. In addition, the model between speed and density were obtained through data fitting, which was almost a linear function. The speed and riding width can be obtained through the model on the basis of the volume of electric bicycles, which can provide theoretical support for the control and design of urban intersections..
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34

Zhu, Lijuan, Hong Xu, Yan Long, Junying Luo, Yujie Chen, and Xia Yang. "Research and Suggestions on the Present Situation of Shared Bicycle Parking Spot on University Campus." MATEC Web of Conferences 267 (2019): 04015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926704015.

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As an important means of short-distance travel for college students, sharing bicycle parking and planning is particularly noteworthy. This requires not only considering the layout of buildings and environment on campus, but also systematically improving and designing with the combination of behavior characteristics and human factors. Based on the research and analysis of the current situation of sharing bicycles among college students, this paper puts forward some suggestions for improving the design of parking spaces in College campuses.
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Caggiani, Leonardo, and Rosalia Camporeale. "Toward Sustainability: Bike-Sharing Systems Design, Simulation and Management." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 7519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147519.

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36

Aultman-Hall, Lisa, and Fred L. Hall. "Research Design Insights from a Survey of Urban Bicycle Commuters." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1636, no. 1 (January 1998): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1636-04.

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A bicycle route and safety survey was distributed to 6,000 bicycle commuters in Ontario in 1995. The objective of the survey was to collect both collision/fall histories and detailed travel behavior information. A description is provided of the questionnaire development, which included a map for route tracing, as well as the sampling procedures that involved attaching the mail-back survey to the crossbars of parked bicycles. The resulting analyses, which address methodological issues, are presented. No differential response rates between men and women were found. No evidence was found to suggest that cyclists who had experienced accidents were more likely to respond. A slight decrease in incidents was found as one moves backward in the time, suggesting slight recall bias, but, overall, the time period over which information was collected (3 years for collisions and 1 year for falls) was deemed appropriate. The measure of travel exposure combined information from the map with estimates of commute trips per month. The aggregate overall estimate was deemed satisfactory but the ability of cyclists to recall commute trips on exact days even in the near past was inadequate. Overall, the survey was successful, and the insights should provide helpful guidance to others who seek to gather bicycle travel information.
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37

Mas’ud, Endang Mien, Hasbiah Hasbiah, and Hendrik Padang. "The Effect of Straight Leg Raise Exercise with Static Bicycles on Increasing Quadriceps Muscle Strength in Knee Osteoarthritis Patients." Health Notions 5, no. 4 (March 3, 2021): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33846/hn50404.

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Knee osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease characterized by pain and limited motion of the joints resulting in muscle weakness. Late consequences can lead to limited motion and shortening of intra and extra joint components. This study aimed to analyze the effect of straight leg raise and static bicycles on the increase in quadriceps muscle strength in patients with knee osteoarthritis. This study was an experimental study with a two-group pretest-posttest design. The research was conducted at the Salewangan Maros Hospital. The population was knee joint osteoarthritis patients aged 40-60 years and experienced quadriceps muscle weakness. The sample met the inclusion criteria obtained by simple random sampling technique so that sample size was 28 subjects, then randomized into two treatment groups, each of 14 subjects. The research data was the strength of the quadriceps muscles using manual muscle testing which was done twice, namely before and after the straight leg raise exercise with a static bicycle. Because the data distribution were not normal, the nonparametric analysis was used. The results of the Wilcoxon test analysis showed that there was a significant effect of giving straight leg raise (p = 0.002) and static bicycles (p = 0.005) training on increasing quadriceps muscle strength. The results of the Mann-Whitney test showed no significant differences between groups on the increase in quadriceps muscle strength (p = 0.481). The results showed that straight leg raises and static bicycles increased muscle strength and there was no difference between the two exercises. Keywords: knee osteoarthritis; exercise; muscle strength, static bicycle; straight leg raise
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38

Wu, Yi-Chang, and Zi-Heng Sun. "Design and Analysis of a Novel Speed-Changing Wheel Hub with an Integrated Electric Motor for Electric Bicycles." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/369504.

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The aim of this paper is to present an innovative electromechanical device which integrates a brushless DC (BLDC) hub motor with a speed-changing wheel hub stored on the rear wheel of an electric bicycle. It combines a power source and a speed-changing mechanism to simultaneously provide functions of power generation and transmission for electric bicycles. As part of the proposed integrated device, the wheel hub consists of a basic planetary gear train providing three forward speeds including a low-speed gear, a direct drive, and a high-speed gear. Each gear is manually controlled by the shift control sleeve to selectively engage or disengage four pawl-and-ratchet clutches based on its clutching sequence table. The number of gear teeth of each gear element of the wheel hub is synthesized. The BLDC hub motor is an exterior-rotor-type permanent-magnet synchronous motor. Two-dimensional finite-element analysis (FEA) software is employed to facilitate the motor design and performance analysis. An analysis of the power transmission path at each gear is provided to verify the validity of the proposed design. The results of this work are beneficial to the embodiment, design, and development of novel electromechanical devices for the power and transmission systems of electric bicycles.
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39

Boccaletti, C., G. Duni, P. Petrucci, and E. Santini. "Design of an electrical drive for motorized bicycles." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 1, no. 06 (March 2008): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj06.296.

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40

Margolin, Victor. "The Bicycles of China." Design Issues 32, no. 3 (July 2016): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/desi_a_00402.

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41

Dong, Peng, Xifu Wang, Lifen Yun, and Hongqiang Fan. "Research on the characteristics of mixed traffic flow based on an improved bicycle model." SIMULATION 94, no. 5 (October 30, 2017): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549717736947.

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Mixed traffic flow is a main feature of urban traffic in developing countries. Mixed bicycle flow includes human-powered and electric-powered bicycles and plays an important role in this mixed traffic flow. In mixed bicycle flow, cyclist behavior is flexible and variable. Cyclists move arbitrarily in the road and may influence the vehicle flow at intersections. Therefore, we first propose an improved bicycle model that can reproduce the main features of cyclist behavior, such as overtaking and self-protection. Then a simulation model based on the improved bicycle model is proposed to research the characteristics of mixed traffic flow in intersections. The conflict avoidance rules are then applied in the simulation model to eliminate traffic accidents. The simulation results indicate that the improved bicycle model is practical and that the density–velocity diagram of bicycle flow is similar to real traffic data. The existence of bicycle flow decreases vehicle velocity and worsens traffic flow in mixed traffic flow. However, the influence of bicycle flow might disappear at a particular vehicle density.
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42

Covill, Derek, Jean-Marc Drouet, and Andrés Arregui Velázquez. "The Steel Bicycle Project: Bringing Together Tube Manufacturers, Frame Builders, and Engineers through Sports Engineering." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049166.

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Steel, being the most commonly used bicycle frame material, has a major role to play in future developments within the bicycle industry, and there is scope to enhance the role of engineering in the development of steel bicycles. This paper introduces The Steel Bicycle Project (TSBP), an open-ended project which aims to raise awareness of engineering principles that relate to steel bicycle frames and aims to support frame builders in designing and fabricating better and safer products. In this paper, we give details of the main project themes (Design and simulation, Materials and fabrication, Testing and measurements, Knowledge and education) and outcomes. We also present some initial activities from the early stages of the project and will discuss general models to bring together key partners under the umbrella of the sports engineering community.
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43

Chen, June Wen, Hao Sheng Hsieh, Yi Hsien Chen, Shih Jui Wu, and Li An Chiu. "A Novel Extremity Balance System-Design and Manufacturing." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 895–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.895.

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Integrating the Hall sensors to the extremity balance system of exercise and rehabilitation bicycles was developed and examined in detail. We have accomplished and manufactured a complete system which is user friendly, multi-functional, highly stabilized and inexpensive.
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44

Freudenstein, F., and Ching-Kong Chen. "Variable-Ratio Chain Drives With Noncircular Sprockets and Minimum Slack-Theory and Application." Journal of Mechanical Design 113, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2912777.

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The theory has been developed for the design of a new mechanical component: variable-ratio chain drives with noncircular sprockets and minimum slack. The theory is based on a kinematic correspondence between noncircular chain drives and noncircular gears. This in turn permits the development of an algorithm for minimizing chain slack. The theory is applicable to a wide range of mechanical equipment, including bicycles and nonuniform motion transmissions involving band drives, tape drives, and timing belts. Such drives may or may not require a tensioner, but if they do, tensioner displacement will be minimal. Numerical examples illustrate applications to the design of an optimum bicycle configuration and a harmonic-motion generator.
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45

Wu, Yi-Chang, and Bo-Wei Lin. "Design of a six-speed transmission hub with an integrated brushless permanent-magnet motor used for electric bicycles." Engineering Computations 31, no. 2 (February 25, 2014): 160–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-01-2013-0017.

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Purpose – The electric motor and multi-speed transmission hub are essential components for an electric bicycle. Traditionally, these two devices have been designed and manufactured independently. The purpose of this study is to propose a novel electromechanical device that artfully integrates an exterior-rotor brushless permanent-magnet (BLPM) motor into a transmission hub to become a compact structural assembly. Design/methodology/approach – A novel design that integrates a three-phase, 20-pole/18-slot exterior-rotor BLPM motor with a multi-speed transmission hub composed of a six-link, two-degrees-of-freedom (2-DOF) compound planetary gear train (PGT) is presented in this study to overcome inherent drawbacks of existing designs. An analytical approach, based on fundamental circuits, is developed to synthesize the clutching sequences and numbers of teeth of all gears of the PGT. Findings – The integrated device provides six forward speeds, including two underdrives, two direct drives, and two overdrives, as well as two drive modes: the motor-drive mode and the human-drive mode, for electric bicycles. The main feature of the proposed design is the spur gear teeth merged with the pole shoes of the stator to dramatically minimize the detent torque, which is an oscillatory torque that always induces vibration and acoustic noise of the BLPM motor. Originality/value – The gear teeth on the pole shoes of the stator provide functions not only for transmission, but also act as dummy slots for adjusting the magnetostatic field of the BLPM motor to effectively reduce the detent torque. The peak value of the detent torque of the integrated design is only 9 percent of the original BLPM motor with identical magnet properties and motor dimensions. Such a feature is contributive in suppressing the vibration and acoustic noise of the electric bicycle's BLPM motor. A BLPM motor rated at 310 W and 250 r/min for the integrated device is presented and analyzed by using the commercial finite-element package Ansoft/Maxwell 2D Field Simulator.
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46

Harkey, David L., Donald W. Reinfurt, and Matthew Knuiman. "Development of the Bicycle Compatibility Index." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1636, no. 1 (January 1998): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1636-03.

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Presently, there is no methodology that is widely accepted by engineers, planners, or bicycle coordinators that will allow them to determine how compatible a roadway is for allowing efficient operation of both bicycles and motor vehicles. Determining how existing traffic operations and geometric conditions affect a bicyclist’s decision to use or not use a specific roadway is the first step in determining the bicycle compatibility of the roadway. The Federal Highway Administration sponsored a study in which a methodology for deriving a bicycle compatibility index was developed. This tool can be used by bicycle coordinators, transportation planners, traffic engineers, and others to evaluate the capability of specific roadways to accommodate both motorists and bicyclists. It is intended to provide practitioners with the ability to assess the bicycle level of service present on existing facilities or on proposed facilities and can be used for operational, design, and planning analyses.
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47

Riggs, William, Megyn Rugh, Kelly Chung, and Jana Schwartz. "Bicycling and Gender: Targeting Guides to Women." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 24, no. 2 (October 2016): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2015-0020.

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As the usage of bicycles increases, cities are transforming their planning processes to incorporate this sustainable mode of transportation. In spite of bicycling’s importance to communities, there is a gender gap. Data indicates that only a small number of cyclists are women. This paper addresses that gender gap with an eye toward the marketing strategy known as transportation demand management (TDM). TDM provides lessons for communities looking to encourage greater levels of bicycle riding. To do this we review the literature on best practices in marketing to women, and evaluate different bicycle marketing guides. We find, after an analysis to pinpoint best practices, that only 15% of the marketing guides are targeted to women. The lessons learned from our study provide information for the design of future bicycle guides that will appeal to women consumers.
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48

Roemer, Felix, Marius Mrosek, Simon Schmalfuss, and Markus Lienkamp. "New Approach for an Easily Detachable Electric Drive Unit for Off-the-Shelf Bicycles." World Electric Vehicle Journal 9, no. 3 (August 23, 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj9030037.

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While an increasing number of electric bicycles are sold, the majority is still conventional, i.e., pedal powered.Electric bicycles could raise the share of people cycling in place of more inefficient modes of transportation. This paper investigates and proposes a new approach for an electric drive unit that can easily be attached and detached to a large majority of existing off-the-shelf bicycles to convert them into legal electric assisted bicycles (pedelecs). Different drive mechanisms were investigated and a design with a friction roller at the rear wheel showed the greatest potential. A good solution is achieved with a single unit that incorporates batteries, electronics, motors and sensors in a single enclosure to minimize the mounting time. With a fastening on the seat stay tube using a simple clamp mechanism it can assist the cyclist on most existing bicycles. The legally-required pedal detection is done with an integrated proximity sensor. A prototype is built to prove a simple and nonspecific installation and convenient usage.
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49

Suyitno and Urip Agus Salim. "Fabrication of Bicycle Frame of A356 Aluminum Alloys by Using Sand Casting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 758 (April 2015): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.758.131.

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Bicycle frames on the market are generally made from a pipe connected by welding process. Bicycles are made by big companies, because it requires forming technology of raw materials for the pipe production and complex welding technologies. In order to reduce the dependence on raw materials and pipe welding processes, an alternative technology for bicycle frame manufacturing process is investigated. This study is aimed to examine the use of casting technology in the manufacturing process of bicycle frame. Production of bicycle frames in limited quantities is possible by using the casting process. To achieve these objectives, it is necessary to redesign the bicycle frame suitable for the casting process. Prototypes have been produced and the first bike is in the testing phase. Initilly , the bicycle is relatively heavy (7 kg). The optimization of the design reduces to a light and strong frame. The frame has a weight of 3.74 kg. The prototype of the frame has been succesfully casted by sand casting method.
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Zhang, Jian, Zhibin Li, Fangwei Zhang, Yong Qi, Wenzhu Zhou, Yong Wang, De Zhao, and Wei Wang. "Evaluating the Impacts of Bus Stop Design and Bus Dwelling on Operations of Multitype Road Users." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (December 10, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4702517.

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On urban streets with bus stops, bus arrivals can disrupt traffic flows in the neighboring areas. Different stop designs have distinct influences on the road users. This study aims to evaluate how different types of bus stops affect the operations of vehicles, bicycles, and buses that pass by. Four types of stops that differ in geometric layout are examined. They are termed the shared bike/bus (Type 1), separated shared bike/bus (Type 2), vehicle/bus with inboard bike lane (Type 3), and bus bay with inboard bike lane (Type 4). Data are collected from eight sites in two cities of China. Results of data analysis show that different bus stop designs have quite different impacts on the neighboring traffic flows. More specifically, Type 3 stops create the least bicycle delay but the largest vehicle delay. Type 4 stops have the least impact on bicycle and vehicle operations, but occupy the most road space. Traffic operations are less affected by Type 1 stops than by Type 2 stops. Policy suggestions are discussed regarding the optimal design of bus stops that minimizes the total vehicle delay of all modes.
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