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Journal articles on the topic 'Bigtooth Maple'
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1
Rupp, Larry A., Xin Dai, Melody Richards, Paul Harris, and Richard Anderson. "Propagation of bigtooth maple by layering." Native Plants Journal 22, no. 2 (2021): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/npj.22.2.124.
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Richards, Melody Reed, and Larry A. Rupp. "Etiolation Improves Rooting of Bigtooth Maple Cuttings." HortTechnology 22, no. 3 (2012): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.3.305.
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Bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum) has potential as a small, water conserving landscape tree in western landscapes. This potential has been hindered in part by the difficulty in asexually propagating superior accessions. The ability of etiolation to enhance rooting of softwood cuttings of selected wild accessions was determined by grafting six accessions onto seedling rootstocks to use as stock plants. Etiolation was applied to stock plants by placing open-ended, black, velour, drawstring bags over the end of pruned shoots at bud swell allowing new shoots to develop and grow out the end of the bag while leaving the base of the shoot covered. In 2009 and 2010, cuttings from etiolated and nonetiolated shoots were treated with 4000 ppm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) + 2000 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), stuck in a premoistened 3 perlite:1 peat (by volume) rooting substrate and placed under intermittent mist. After 4 weeks, 89% (2009) and 85% (2010) of the etiolated cuttings rooted and only 47% (2009) and 17% (2010) of the nonetiolated cuttings rooted. Etiolated cuttings produced on average 11.3 (2009) and 7.2 (2010) roots per cutting and nonetiolated 2.1 (2009) and 0.5 (2010) roots per cutting. Etiolation, and its application through the use of black cloth bags, can be an effective way to increase the rooting of bigtooth maple cuttings and the availability of these plants for use in water conserving landscaping.
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Hatter, Marvin D., and David L. Morgan. "Growth and Visual Responses of Three Southwestern Acer Taxa to High-Salt Irrigation Water." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 10, no. 2 (1992): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-10.2.118.
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Abstract The effects of irrigation water high in soluble salts on the establishment of three species of maple trees in a Southwestern landscape were determined. Thirty Drummond red maple, Caddo sugar maple and bigtooth maple trees were irrigated during a 15-month period with either municipal water (pH 7.9, EC=952–1197 mg/l) or rainwater (pH 6.0, EC = 8.4 mg/l) after planting in containers of sandy clay loam soil. Trees of all species irrigated with rainwater had greater height and caliper increases, and better visual appearances than did those watered with municipal water. The Caddo and bigtooth maples were visually superior to the Drummond red maples. Frequency of irrigation had no effect on any measured plant responses, and no differences in leaf areas due to irrigation source or frequency were found.
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St. Hilaire, Rolston. "‘JFS-NuMex 3’: Mesa Glow® Bigtooth Maple." HortScience 53, no. 5 (2018): 734–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12881-18.
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Woodruff, K. J., D. J. Regan, and A. S. Davis. "Propagation protocol for bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum Nutt.)." Native Plants Journal 13, no. 3 (2012): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/npj.13.3.191.
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Bowen-O'Connor, Clare, John Hubstenberger, Dawn Van Leeuwen, and Rolston St Hilaire. "(292) In Vitro Rooting of Bigtooth Maple Microshoots." HortScience 40, no. 4 (2005): 1081D—1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1081d.
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Double-node microshoots of bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum Nutt.) were rooted in vitro on Driver-Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) tissue culture media containing indole acetic acid (IAA). Microshoots represented six sources from three locations within Texas and New Mexico. Microshoots were placed in Phytatrays II™ containing DKW media with no plant growth regulator (DKW0) to reduce the high cytokinin levels used for shoot proliferation. Microshoots were induced to form roots for 15 days by placing them on DKW media containing IAA at 0.01, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 or 20 μmol. Rooting frequency, the number of leaves and callus area were recorded every 30 days for 60 days. Rooting frequency increased up to 29% as IAA concentration increased (P= 0.004). However, as much as 71% of shoots for one of the three Guadalupe Mountain, Texas, sources rooted without auxin treatment after 30 days. The IAA concentration also affected the number of leaves per shoot (P= 0.0228) which averaged seven and callus area (P= <0.0001) which averaged 52 mm2. Average leaf size was 307 mm2. We conclude that IAA induces rooting in microshoots of bigtooth maple after 15 days of root induction. However, one source rooted without auxin treatment. The presence of callus does not interfere with root formation.
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Palik, Brian J., and Kurt S. Pregitzer. "The age and height structure of red maple (Acerrubrum) populations in northern Michigan bigtooth aspen (Populusgrandidentata) forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 10 (1992): 1449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-195.
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Red maple (Acerrubrum L.) is often the most abundant later successional tree species recruiting in the understories of aspen and oak dominated forests on dry–mesic sites in eastern North America. Limited evidence suggests that this species is capable of recruiting to dominant canopy positions on these sites. Given the potential for increasing overstory importance of red maple in these forests, detailed population-level examinations are warranted. In this study we examined the age and height structures of red maple populations in a bigtooth aspen (Populusgrandidentata Michx.) dominated landscape in northern lower Michigan, United States. Stem analysis was used to examine relationships between establishment times, heights, and height growth rates for overstory and understory red maple from 20 replicate plots in five stands located within a 18-km2 area. Red maple was a minor overstory component in the forests of the study area. The understories of all stands were overwhelmingly dominated by red maple. The populations were composed of two clearly defined age cohorts. The first cohort contained mostly sprout-origin individuals that established concurrently with bigtooth aspen within a 10-year period, beginning 70 years prior to the time of sampling. Mean age of the sprout-origin red maple cohort was not significantly different among stands, nor did it differ from the mean age of bigtooth aspen. Mean height of the red maple sprout-origin cohort was not significantly different among stands. Within each stand, height growth rates of these individuals were highly variable. The variability was not related to differences in stem age. Recent height growth increment of the sprout-origin stems was weakly related to position of an individual in the overstory, suggesting that most red maple were competitively suppressed by taller bigtooth aspen. Some sprout-origin red maple in all stands did approach the dominant bigtooth aspen in height growth rate. These were likely stems that were never competitively suppressed. The second red maple cohort contained seedling-origin individuals that began establishing 30–35 years after stand initiation, immediately after culmination of height increment in dominant overstory bigtooth aspen and red maple. This suggests that increasing resource availability, as a result of declining overstory vigor and canopy closure, may be a factor triggering understory reinitiation in these even-aged forests. In general, heights of seedling-origin red maple were more dependent on stem age compared with sprout-origin individuals. However, height growth rates for similar-aged individuals within the seedling cohort were still highly variable. The tallest individuals generally had the greatest rates of recent height increment, and thus were at a competitive advantage within the understory environment, but these were not always the oldest stems. There was, in fact, a trend of increasing initial height growth rate over time for the fastest growing seedling-origin individuals, again suggesting that resource availability in the understory was increasing over the course of stand development. Red maple's overwhelming understory dominance and ability to reach dominant canopy positions in the stands examined suggests a potential for increasing overstory importance on dry–mesic sites. Life history attributes, including shade tolerance, vigorous resprouting potential, and the ability to respond with increased growth upon release, may foster the development and maintenance of a red maple dominated cover type in the Great Lakes region.
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Bsoul*, Emad, and Rolston St Hilaire. "Water Relations, Growth, and Carbon Isotope Discrimination of Drought-stressed Bigtooth Maples Indigenous to New Mexico, Texas, and Utah." HortScience 39, no. 4 (2004): 771F—772. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.771f.
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Although valued for its fall foliage color, bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum Nutt.) is not widely used in managed landscapes. Furthermore, information on the tolerance of bigtooth maples to drought is scant. We studied water relations, plant development, and carbon isotope composition of bigtooth maples indigenous to New Mexico, Texas, and Utah. Plants were field grown in New Mexico using a pot-in-pot nursery production system. Plants were maintained as well-irrigated controls or irrigated after the weight of pots decreased by 35% due to evapotranspiration. Drought treatment lasted 71 days. Among the drought-stressed plants, plants native to Logan Canyon in Utah (designated UW2), had the greatest root: shoot dry weight ratio (3.0), while plants with the lowest root: shoot dry weight ratio (0.9) were half siblings from a tree native to the Lost Maples State Park in Texas (designated LMP5). Among the five sources we tested, LMP5 had the greatest (1242 cm2) leaf area, while UW2 plants had the smallest (216 cm2). Regardless of the treatment, plants from LMP5 had the highest shoot dry weight (25.7 g). Plants showed no differences neither among sources nor between treatments in relative water content, specific leaf weight, xylem diameter, root dry weight, plant dry weight, relative growth rate, and carbon isotope discrimination, which averaged - 26.53%. The lack of differences in these parameters might be due to selection of these sources from provenances we deemed to be the most drought tolerant. Our selection was based on the results of a previous greenhouse study of 15 bigtooth maple sources. We conclude that these sources, and in particular, plants from LMP5 in Texas, might hold promise for use in areas prone to drought.
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Bowen-O'Connor*, Clare A., Rolston St Hilaire, John Hubsten-berger, and Dawn VanLeeuwen. "Enhanced Axillary Branching and Pigment Development of Double-Node Explants of Bigtooth Maple." HortScience 39, no. 4 (2004): 755D—755. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.755d.
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Bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum Nutt.) is indigenous to the southwestern United States. This species is not widely used in managed landscapes but the plant holds promise as a useful ornamental tree. Micropropagation might provide additional sources of selected genotypes for the nursery industry, but tissue culture has not been used successfully to propagate this species. We cultured double-node explants from greenhouse-grown, 2-year old seedlings of bigtooth maples that originated from Utah, Texas and New Mexico. Seedling height ranged from 15-90 cm. The shoot region was divided into three equal zones designated as terminal, intermediate and basal. Explants were selected from each of those zones. Explants were established on Murashige-Skoog (MS), Linsmaier-Skoog (LS), Woody Plant Medium (WPM) and Driver-Kuniyuki (DKW) tissue culture media. Shoot proliferation, area of the plate covered by callus and foliar pigment development (hue as determined by Royal Horticultural Society Color charts) were monitored for 17 weeks. Media affected shoot proliferation (P = 0.0042) but the zone of origin (P = 0.6664) of the explant did not. Callus area showed no significant difference among the four media and three zones (P = 0.2091) and averaged 3.60 centimeters2. After four subcultures, each lasting 30 days, explants on DKW media produced 10 shoots per explant. This media might hold promise for the micropropagation of bigtooth maple. Twenty-nine percent of all explants expressed foliar pigmentation, which ranged from red-purple to orange-red. Whether foliar pigment development in tissue culture correlates with expressed pigmentation in nature warrants further investigation.
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Richards, Melody Reed, Larry A. Rupp, Roger Kjelgren, and V. Philip Rasmussen. "Selection and Budding Propagation of Native Bigtooth Maple for Water-conserving Landscapes." HortTechnology 22, no. 5 (2012): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.5.669.
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The potential of bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum) as a small, water-conserving landscape tree for the western United States is limited by the selection of superior accessions from a morphologically diverse gene pool and the ability to propagate wild plants in a nursery environment. Superior accessions were selected based primarily on red fall color. Aerial digital images taken during peak fall color in 2007 and 2008 were synchronized with flight global positioning system (GPS) track files using digital image editor software and visually compared with corresponding satellite images to determine the exact latitude and longitude of selected trees on the ground. Trees were physically located using GPS technology then visually evaluated for initial selection. Criteria included fall color, habitat, relative disease and insect resistance, bud quality, and plant form. From 56 observed trees of interest, six were selected for propagation. Through time-course experiments using multistemmed, bigtooth maple seedling rootstocks in a coppiced stoolbed, the optimum time for chip budding scions of wild accessions in northern Utah was determined to be July through mid-August. Further evaluation of accessions for use in the landscape industry is required.
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Bsoul, Emad, Rachel Gioannini, and Rolston St. Hilaire. "Bigtooth Maples from Three Geographically Different Origins Endure Root Zone Salinity." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 34, no. 4 (2016): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-34.4.111.
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The contiguous geographic range of bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum Nutt.) covers Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas and suggests that this deciduous tree is a potential landscape plant for many regions. Using bigtooth maples selected from provenances in New Mexico (NM), Utah (UT) and Texas (TX), we evaluated physiological and growth traits of plants subjected to root zone salinity treatments at concentrations 0 (control), 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0 dS·m−1 (0, 1,600, 3,200, or 6,400 ppm). At harvest, foliar Kjeldahl nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium concentrations of salinity-treated plants were not different from control plants. Plants from the TX provenance had the highest leaf dry weight (DW) (15.7 g [0.55 oz]), larger stem diameter (11.4 mm [0.45 in]), less foliar injury, and less negative midday stem water potentials while accumulating three and two times more foliar sodium than plants from the UT and NM provenance plants, respectively. Total DW (95.9 g [3.4 oz]) of TX plants was triple that of the other two provenances. While bigtooth maples from the three provenances tolerated salinity, those from the TX provenance show enhanced resiliency to root zone salinity.
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Bsoul, Emad, Rolston St Hilaire, and Dawn M. VanLeeuwen. "Bigtooth Maples Exposed to Asynchronous Cyclic Irrigation Show Provenance Differences in Drought Adaptation Mechanisms." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 131, no. 4 (2006): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.131.4.459.
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Ecological traits such as an extensive range of natural distribution and tolerance to varying soil conditions, suggest that bigtooth maples (Acer grandidentatum Nutt.) could be popular landscape trees. But information on the tolerance of bigtooth maples to environmental stresses, such as drought, is virtually nonexistent. We studied physiological, growth and developmental traits of bigtooth maple plants from 15 trees native to Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Utah. Plants were grown in pots in a greenhouse and maintained as well-irrigated controls or exposed to drought and irrigated in cycles based on evapotranspiration. The ratio of variable to maximal fluorescence (Fv/Fm) was not different between drought-stressed and control plants, but the low Fv/Fm in plants designated as LM2 from the Lost Maples State Natural Area in Vanderpool, Tex., suggests these plants were relatively inefficient in capturing energy at PSII. Plants from another tree (LM5) originating from Lost Maples State Natural Area maintained similar predawn water potentials between drought-stressed and control plants after five cycles of drought. Plants from Dripping Springs State Park in Las Cruces, N.M., and those from LM2 had a strong, significant linear relationship between transpiration and stomatal conductance. Drought-stressed plants from Dripping Springs State Park, two plant sources from the Guadalupe Mountains in Salt Flat, Tex., designated as GM3 and GM4, and plants from trees designated as LM1 and LM2, had high relative growth rates and net assimilation rates. Drought-stressed plants from three of the four Guadalupe Mountain sources (GM1, GM3, GM4) had among the longest and thickest stems. Drought reduced shoot and root dry weight (DW). Although bigtooth maples showed several provenance differences in drought adaptation mechanisms, the lack of an irrigation effect on biomass allocation parameters such as root to shoot DW ratio and leaf area ratio implies that altered biomass allocation patterns may not be a common drought adaptation mechanism in bigtooth maples. Plants from selected provenances from the Guadalupe Mountains and Lost Maples State Natural Area in Texas, and to a lesser extent, provenances from Dripping Springs State Park in New Mexico might hold promise for selecting bigtooth maples for arid environments.
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Rupp, Larry A., William A. Varga, and Roger Kjelgren. "(178) Layering Propagation of Big tooth Maple, Acer grandidentatum." HortScience 40, no. 4 (2005): 1053A—1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1053a.
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Bigtoothmaple(Acer grandidentatum Nutt.) is of interest for its fall color and potential use in water-conserving landscapes. Clonal propagation of desirable selections would be beneficial. Since bigtooth maple commonly self-propagates by layering, we explored mound layering as a means of vegetative propagation. A stool bed was established in 1999 with seedlings grown from northern Utah seed. Beginning in 2001, seedlings were dormant pruned to their base and shoots allowed to grow until early July, when treatments were applied. At the time of treatment application for the reported experiments, shoot bases were girdled with 24-gauge copper wire, covered with conifer wood shavings, and kept moist during the growing season. The effects of rooting hormones and enclosure of the rooting environment on rooting were examined. On 7 July 2002, 32 trees were randomly selected and the four tallest shoots within each tree were treated with either 0, 1:5, 1:10, or 1:20 (v/v) solutions of Dip-N-Gro© rooting hormone (1% IBA, 0.5% NAA, boron). There was no significant difference in rooted shoots between treatments and 81% of the trees had at least one rooted shoot. On 9 July 2004, 39 trees were selected and two shoots per tree were girdled. One-half of the stool bed area was treated by underlaying the shavings with BioBarrier© (17.5% trifluralin a.i.). Measurements on 12 Nov. 2004 showed no apparent treatment effect on rooting and 90% of the trees had at least one rooted shoot. This research demonstrates that mound layering is an effective means of rooting shoots of juvenile bigtooth maples. Further research will examine the effectiveness of the technique in propagating mature clones.
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Bsoul, Emad, Rolston St. Hilaire, and Dawn M. VanLeeuwen. "Bigtooth Maples from Selected Provenances Effectively Endure Deficit Irrigation." HortScience 42, no. 5 (2007): 1167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.5.1167.
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Although bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum Nutt.) is an ornamental plant that might thrive in managed landscapes in arid and semiarid regions, little information on the drought tolerance of bigtooth maples appears to be available. We studied water relations, plant development, and carbon isotope composition of bigtooth maples indigenous to New Mexico, Texas, and Utah that were field-grown in New Mexico using a pot-in-pot nursery production system. Plants were maintained as well-irrigated controls or irrigated after the weight of pots decreased by 35% due to evapotranspiration. Bigtooth maples subjected to drought had more negative predawn leaf water potentials (−0.76 MPa) than the plants in the control treatment (−0.64 MPa). Drought did not affect midday leaf water potential of seed sources. Trees native to the Lost Maples State Natural Area in Vanderpool, TX (designated LMP5), had the greatest leaf area (1236 cm2) among plants from all sources, while those native to Logan Canyon in Cache County, UT (designated UW2), had among the smallest leaf area (216 cm2). Leaf area ratio (LAR) was highest in plants from LMP5 (24.23 cm2·g−1), which suggests that they have potential for more carbon assimilation than the other plants tested. Plants from LMP5 had the highest leaf area/xylem diameter ratio (135 cm−2·mm−1). This ratio was 5.8 times higher than that of UW2, which had among the lowest leaf area/xylem diameter ratios. The high leaf area/xylem diameter ratio of LMP5 plants relative to UW2 plants indicates that LMP5 plants had a larger surface area of tissues that transpire relative to those that transport water. Treatment did not affect stomatal conductance (g S) or transpiration, but g S and transpiration were positively correlated for both drought-stressed (r 2 = 0.801) and well-irrigated plants (r 2 = 0.759). Plants from New Mexico (designated DS) had the lowest transpiration rate (2.32 mmol·m−2·s−1), lowest g s (52.1 mmol·m−2·s−1), largest xylem diameter (11 mm), and had among the largest shoot dry weight (DW) and plant height. Plants did not differ either among sources or between treatments in the ratio of variable to maximal fluorescence (mean = 0.64), relative water content (averaged 57%), specific leaf weight, stem DW, root DW, and plant DW. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) averaged −26.53‰ and did not differ among plant sources or irrigation treatments. This suggests that Δ might not be effective in screening bigtooth maples for drought tolerance. Low transpiration rate, g S, and high shoot dry weight in DS plants and traits, such as a high LAR in plants from LMP5, suggest that plants selected from these provenances might effectively endure deficit irrigation.
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Safford, L. O., and M. M. Czapowskyj. "Fertilizer stimulates growth and mortality in a young Populus–Betula stand: 10-year results." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 4 (1986): 807–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-143.
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Following a uniform thinning, a young bigtooth aspen (Populusgrandidentata Michx.), quaking aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.), paper birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.), and red maple (Acerrubrum L.) stand was treated with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and lime, singly and combined. Nitrogen increased the growth of all species. Lime and P also tended to increase the growth of bigtooth aspen and paper birch. Nitrogen increased mortality and lime reduced mortality. Quaking aspen suffered proportionally greater mortality than other species. The results suggest that both N and lime will be required for an optimum response of aspen and birch growing on acid spodosols in the Northeast, but the cause of and a means to avoid increased mortality caused by fertilizer needs to be determined before large-scale N fertilizer treatments are adopted.
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Dickinson, Terri L. Nelson, and O. W. Van Auken. "Survival, Growth, and Recruitment of Bigtooth Maple (Acer grandidentatum) in Central Texas Relict Communities." Natural Areas Journal 36, no. 2 (2016): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3375/043.036.0209.
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Barney, K. E., and C. Nischwitz. "First Report of Powdery Mildew (Sawadaea bicornis) on Bigtooth Maple (Acer grandidentatum) in the U.S.A." Plant Disease 104, no. 5 (2020): 1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-19-2638-pdn.
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Van Auken, O. W., and D. L. Taylor. "Survival of Juvenile <i>Acer grandidentatum</i> Nutt. (Bigtooth Maple, Aceraceae) in Central Texas Woodlands." American Journal of Plant Sciences 11, no. 03 (2020): 413–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2020.113030.
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Manion, Paul D., David H. Griffin, and Benjamin D. Rubin. "Ice damage impacts on the health of the northern New York State forest." Forestry Chronicle 77, no. 4 (2001): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc77619-4.
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Detailed crown condition information, including numbers of broken branches ≥ 5 cm diameter, broken tops, and healthy branches, were recorded for 5434 living trees > 9 cm dbh from 603 ten-basal-area-factor prism plots (three per forest stand) at 201 random points (stands) throughout the ice damage region of northern New York State. Twenty five percent of the sample stands had ≥ 20% branch breakage. Bigtooth aspen, red oak, red maple, and white pine had the most breakage. Comparison of potential mortality of trees associated with ≥ 75% ice damage (severe damage) to baseline (predicted) mortality to maintain the existing forest structure suggests that ice damage may alter the health of 18% of the forest stands but this is not sufficient to alter the health (sustainability) of the larger forest system. Key words: ice storm, forest health, sustainability, growth, mortality, dbh classes
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Kjelgren, R., and L. A. Rupp. "Shelters Improve Tree Establishment under Herbaceous Competition." HortScience 30, no. 4 (1995): 895A—895. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.895a.
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We investigated how shelters and competing herbaceous vegetation affected tree growth and water relations during establishment. A bunch-type forage grass was concurrently seeded around 1-year-old bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum) and gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) planted in a silt loam field soil. During the second year following planting, irrigation was withheld, and midday water potential was measured twice to determine differences in water stress. At the end of the season, we measured total survival, elongative growth, and leaf area, as well as root growth of trees without competition. In the presence of competing vegetation, trees in shelters were less water stressed by –1.0 MPa than those without shelters. All maples without shelters and with competition died, and oak survival was 28%. Survival of both species in shelters was 86%. All trees without competing vegetation survived, but shelters affected maples differently than oaks. Maples without shelters had multiple stems that resulted in less shoot elongation and coarse roots but higher leaf area than those in shelters, and there were no differences in midday water potential. By contrast leaf area, elongation, and root growth of oaks in shelters were not different from those without shelters, but water potential was less negative. Tree shelters mitigated the effects of competition during establishment, but overall growth in shelters varied with species as oaks did not grow as well as maples.
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Wang, Wei, Laurens Ganzeveld, Samuel Rossabi, Jacques Hueber, and Detlev Helmig. "Measurement report: Leaf-scale gas exchange of atmospheric reactive trace species (NO<sub>2</sub>, NO, O<sub>3</sub>) at a northern hardwood forest in Michigan." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 19 (2020): 11287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11287-2020.
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Abstract. During the Program for Research on Oxidants: PHotochemistry, Emissions, and Transport (PROPHET) campaign from 21 July to 3 August 2016, field experiments on leaf-level trace gas exchange of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) were conducted for the first time on the native American tree species Pinus strobus (eastern white pine), Acer rubrum (red maple), Populus grandidentata (bigtooth aspen), and Quercus rubra (red oak) in a temperate hardwood forest in Michigan, USA. We measured the leaf-level trace gas exchange rates and investigated the existence of an NO2 compensation point, hypothesized based on a comparison of a previously observed average diurnal cycle of NOx (NO2+NO) concentrations with that simulated using a multi-layer canopy exchange model. Known amounts of trace gases were introduced into a tree branch enclosure and a paired blank reference enclosure. The trace gas concentrations before and after the enclosures were measured, as well as the enclosed leaf area (single-sided) and gas flow rate to obtain the trace gas fluxes with respect to leaf surface. There was no detectable NO uptake for all tree types. The foliar NO2 and O3 uptake largely followed a diurnal cycle, correlating with that of the leaf stomatal conductance. NO2 and O3 fluxes were driven by their concentration gradient from ambient to leaf internal space. The NO2 loss rate at the leaf surface, equivalently the foliar NO2 deposition velocity toward the leaf surface, ranged from 0 to 3.6 mm s−1 for bigtooth aspen and from 0 to 0.76 mm s−1 for red oak, both of which are ∼90 % of the expected values based on the stomatal conductance of water. The deposition velocities for red maple and white pine ranged from 0.3 to 1.6 and from 0.01 to 1.1 mm s−1, respectively, and were lower than predicted from the stomatal conductance, implying a mesophyll resistance to the uptake. Additionally, for white pine, the extrapolated velocity at zero stomatal conductance was 0.4±0.08 mm s−1, indicating a non-stomatal uptake pathway. The NO2 compensation point was ≤60 ppt for all four tree species and indistinguishable from zero at the 95 % confidence level. This agrees with recent reports for several European and California tree species but contradicts some earlier experimental results where the compensation points were found to be on the order of 1 ppb or higher. Given that the sampled tree types represent 80 %–90 % of the total leaf area at this site, these results negate the previously hypothesized important role of a leaf-scale NO2 compensation point. Consequently, to reconcile these findings, further detailed comparisons between the observed and simulated in- and above-canopy NOx concentrations and the leaf- and canopy-scale NOx fluxes, using the multi-layer canopy exchange model with consideration of the leaf-scale NOx deposition velocities as well as stomatal conductances reported here, are recommended.
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Eberhardt, Laurie S. "Use and Selection of Sap Trees by Yellow-Bellied Sapsuckers." Auk 117, no. 1 (2000): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.1.41.
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Abstract Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus varius) obtain phloem sap from clusters of holes that they peck in living trees. I examined trees that sapsuckers used for sap extraction in northern Michigan and tested several hypotheses to explain why they choose specific trees for attack and why they cluster their holes in one place on the bole of each of these focal trees. Sapsuckers preferentially attacked individuals of paper birch (Betula papyrifera), red maple (Acer rubrum), juneberry (Amelanchier sp.) and bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata). They made clusters of sap holes an average of 7.13 m from the ground and within 1 m of a live branch; most clusters were located above old holes or other wounds from previous years. Each new sap incision through the bark to the phloem stream was made above a previous one and was enlarged for an average of 3.1 days before being abandoned for a new, higher hole. The resulting long vertical chains of holes were made alongside others to form tight clusters of holes at a single spot on the tree. Sapsuckers did not select trees for sap extraction based on location relative to nesting sites or on microclimate conditions of water availability and tree density. Individual trees used for sap extraction did not have thinner bark, more moisture in bark samples, or larger crowns, but they did score lower in an index of overall tree health. Experimental evidence suggested that sapsuckers cluster their holes to induce the accumulation of sap in bark that they will attack for future sap extraction. Thus, sapsuckers appear to overcome some of the difficulties in obtaining phloem sap by choosing specific species and individuals, clustering sap holes above previous wounds, and possibly by farming their resource throughout the season by girdling the tree's phloem stream with each successive sap incision. I attempted to duplicate the wounding techniques and patterns of wounding of sapsuckers but was unable to induce sap flow from the same or similar trees in the area.
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VanLeeuwen, Dawn M., Rolston St Hilaire, and Emad Y. Bsoul. "Statistical Analysis of Mixed Model Factorial Experiments with Missing Factor Combinations: The Case of Asynchronous Cyclic Drought Data." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 131, no. 2 (2006): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.131.2.201.
Full textAbstract:
Statistical analysis of data from repeated measures experiments with missing factor combinations encounters multiple complications. Data from asynchronous cyclic drought experiments incorporate unequal numbers of drought cycles for different sources and provide an example of data both with repeated measures and missing factor combinations. Repeated measures data are problematic because typical analyses with PROC GLM do not allow the researcher to compare candidate covariance structures. In contrast, PROC MIXED allows comparison of covariance structures and several options for modeling serial correlation and variance heterogeneity. When there are missing factor combinations, the cross-classified model traditionally used for synchronized trials is inappropriate. For asynchronous data, some least squares means estimates for treatment and source main effects, and treatment by source interaction effects are inestimable. The objectives of this paper were to use an asynchronous drought cycle data set to 1) model an appropriate covariance structure using mixed models, and 2) compare the cross-classified fixed effects model to drought cycle nested within source models. We used a data set of midday water potential measurements taken during a cyclic drought study of 15 half-siblings of bigtooth maples (Acer grandidentatum Nutt.) indigenous to Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Utah. Data were analyzed using SAS PROC MIXED software. Information criteria lead to the selection of a model incorporating separate compound symmetric covariance structures for the two irrigation treatment groups. When using nested models in the fixed portion of the model, there are no missing factors because drought cycle is not treated as a crossed experimental factor. Nested models provided meaningful F tests and estimated all the least squares means, but the cross-classified model did not. Furthermore, the nested models adequately compared the treatment effect of sources subjected to asynchronous drought events. We conclude that researchers wishing to analyze data from asynchronous drought trials must consider using mixed models with nested fixed effects.
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Phillips, SusanL, and JamesR Ehleringer. "Limited uptake of summer precipitation by bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum Nutt) and Gambel's oak (Quereus gambelii Nutt)." Trees 9, no. 4 (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00195275.
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