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Journal articles on the topic 'Bikini Atoll (Marshall Islands)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Abella, Maveric K. I. L., Monica Rouco Molina, Ivana Nikolić-Hughes, Emlyn W. Hughes, and Malvin A. Ruderman. "Background gamma radiation and soil activity measurements in the northern Marshall Islands." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 31 (July 15, 2019): 15425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903421116.

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We report on measurements of external gamma radiation on 9 islands in 4 atolls in the northern Marshall Islands, all of which were affected by the US nuclear testing program from 1946 to 1958 (Enjebi, Ikuren, and Japtan in Enewetak Atoll; Bikini and Enyu in Bikini Atoll; Naen in Rongelap Atoll; and Aon, Elluk, and Utirik in Utirik Atoll). We also report americium-241, cesium-137, plutonium-238, and plutonium-239,240 activity concentrations in the soil samples for 11 islands in 4 northern atolls (Enewetak, Japtan, Medren, and Runit in Enewetak Atoll; Bikini and Enyu in Bikini Atoll; Naen and Rongelap in Rongelap Atoll; and Aon, Elluk, and Utirik in Utirik Atoll) and from Majuro Island, Majuro Atoll in the southern Marshall Islands. Our results show low external gamma radiation levels on some islands in the Enewetak Atoll and Utirik Atoll, and elevated levels on Enjebi Island in the Enewetak Atoll, on Bikini Atoll, and on Naen Island in the Rongelap Atoll. We perform ordinary kriging on external gamma radiation measurements to provide interpolated maps. We find that radionuclides are absent from all Majuro soil samples, and that they are present at highest activity concentrations in samples from Runit and Enjebi islands (Enewetak Atoll), Bikini Island (Bikini Atoll), and Naen Island (Rongelap Atoll). We contextualize all results by making comparisons between islands and to various standards, as well as to regions of the world affected by nuclear accidents. We also discuss implications for informed decision-making by the Marshallese and local atoll governments and their people on issues pertaining to island resettlement.

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2

Bordner, Autumn S., Danielle A. Crosswell, Ainsley O. Katz, Jill T. Shah, Catherine R. Zhang, Ivana Nikolic-Hughes, Emlyn W. Hughes, and Malvin A. Ruderman. "Measurement of background gamma radiation in the northern Marshall Islands." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 25 (June 6, 2016): 6833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605535113.

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We report measurements of background gamma radiation levels on six islands in the northern Marshall Islands (Enewetak, Medren, and Runit onEnewetak Atoll; Bikini and Nam on Bikini Atoll; and Rongelap on Rongelap Atoll). Measurable excess radiation could be expected from the decay of 137Cs produced by the US nuclear testing program there from 1946 to 1958. These recordings are of relevance to safety of human habitation and resettlement. We find low levels of gamma radiation for the settled island of Enewetak [mean = 7.6 millirem/year (mrem/y) = 0.076 millisievert/year (mSv/y)], larger levels of gamma radiation for the island of Rongelap (mean = 19.8 mrem/y = 0.198 mSv/y), and relatively high gamma radiation on the island of Bikini (mean = 184 mrem/y = 1.84 mSv/y). Distributions of gamma radiation levels are provided, and hot spots are discussed. We provide interpolated maps for four islands (Enewetak, Medren, Bikini, and Rongelap), and make comparisons to control measurements performed on the island of Majuro in the southern Marshall Islands, measurements made in Central Park in New York City, and the standard agreed upon by the United States and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) governments (100 mrem/y = 1 mSv/y). External gamma radiation levels on Bikini Island significantly exceed this standard (P = <<0.01), and external gamma radiation levels on the other islands are below the standard. To determine conclusively whether these islands are safe for habitation, radiation exposure through additional pathways such as food ingestion must be considered.

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3

Topping, Carlisle E. W., Maveric K. I. L. Abella, Michael E. Berkowitz, Monica Rouco Molina, Ivana Nikolić-Hughes, Emlyn W. Hughes, and Malvin A. Ruderman. "In situ measurement of cesium-137 contamination in fruits from the northern Marshall Islands." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 31 (July 15, 2019): 15414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903481116.

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Radioactive contamination of fruits in the northern Marshall Islands, resulting from the US nuclear weapons testing program in the 1940s and 1950s, is still a human health concern, in particular pertaining to island population resettlement and the economic benefit from farming. Over 200 fruits, primarily coconuts and pandanus, were collected on 11 islands from four atolls in the northern Marshall Islands in 2017. The energy spectra from nuclear gamma decays were measured on a research vessel for each fruit in situ. From these recordings, the level of cesium-137 (137Cs) contamination was determined for individual fruits. Comparisons of the results are made to past studies and international food safety standards. There is a broad distribution of values, ranging from below detectable radiation levels to relatively high levels; safety concerns are largest for Bikini Island. A noticeable fraction of fruits from Bikini have significantly higher levels of 137Cs contamination compared with those from all other measured islands.

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4

Hughes, Emlyn W., Monica Rouco Molina, Maveric K. I. L. Abella, Ivana Nikolić-Hughes, and Malvin A. Ruderman. "Radiation maps of ocean sediment from the Castle Bravo crater." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 31 (July 15, 2019): 15420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903478116.

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On March 1, 1954, the United States conducted its largest thermonuclear weapon test in Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands; the detonation was code-named “Castle Bravo.” Radioactive deposits in the ocean sediment at the bomb crater are widespread and high levels of contamination remain today. One hundred thirty cores were collected from the top 25 cm of surface sediment at ocean depths approaching 60 m over a ∼2-km2 area, allowing for a presentation of radiation maps of the Bravo crater site. Radiochemical analyses were performed on the following radionuclides: plutonium-(239,240), plutonium-238, americium-241, bismuth-207, and cesium-137. Large values of plutonium-(239,240), americium-241, and bismuth-207 are found. Comparisons are made to core sample results from other areas in the northern Marshall Islands.

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5

Brown, Steve. "Archaeology of brutal encounter: heritage and bomb testing on Bikini Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands." Archaeology in Oceania 48, no. 1 (April 2013): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arco.5000.

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6

Hallmann, Nadine, Gilbert Camoin, Jody M. Webster, and Marc Humblet. "A standardized database of Marine Isotopic Stage 5e sea-level proxies on tropical Pacific islands." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 6 (June 14, 2021): 2651–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2651-2021.

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Abstract. Marine Isotope Stage 5 deposits have been reported on many tropical Pacific islands. This paper presents a database compiled through the review of MIS 5e (last interglacial – LIG) coral reef records from islands belonging to French Polynesia (Anaa, Niau, Makatea, Moruroa, Takapoto, Bora Bora), the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Lanai, Midway Atoll), Tuvalu, Kiribati (Christmas Island, Tarawa), the Cook Islands (Mangaia, Atiu, Mitiaro, Mauke, Pukapuka, Rakahanga, Rarotonga), Tonga, Samoa, the Federal States of Micronesia, the Mariana Islands, the Marshall Islands (Enewetak, Bikini), New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji and Niue. Studies reporting other sea-level indicators dated to other Pleistocene interglacials and Holocene sea-level indicators were not inserted in the database but are included in this data description paper for completeness. Overall, about 300 studies concerning Pleistocene and Holocene sea-level indicators have been reviewed, and finally 163 age data points and 94 relative sea-level (RSL) data points from 38 studies on the MIS 5e have been inserted in the database. An additional 155 age data points have been reviewed; i.e. the tropical Pacific islands database contains 318 age data points. The main sea-level indicators include emerged coral reef terraces, but also reef units recovered in drill cores from a few islands, thus reflecting the diversity of tectonic settings and sampling approaches. Future research should be directed towards better constrained RSL reconstructions, including more precise chronological data, more accurate elevation measurements and a better refinement of the palaeo-water-depth significance of coralgal assemblages. The database for tropical Pacific islands is available open access at this link: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3991672 (Hallmann and Camoin, 2020).

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7

Wang, Jun, Sarah A. L. Caccamise, Liejun Wu, Lee Ann Woodward, and Qing X. Li. "Spatial distribution of organochlorine contaminants in soil, sediment, and fish in Bikini and Enewetak Atolls of the Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean." Chemosphere 84, no. 7 (August 2011): 1002–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.001.

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8

Bailey-Brock, Julie H., Wagner F. Magalhães, and Richard E. Brock. "Coral reef inhabiting tubeworms (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from Enewetak, Kwajalein, Rongelap and Utirik Atolls, Marshall Islands." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92, no. 5 (February 6, 2012): 967–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315411001950.

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The coral reef inhabiting tubeworms from the Marshall Islands have been studied by few authors mainly by samplings in Enewetak Atoll. We report several new records of serpuline and spirorbine tubeworms from Enewetak Atoll as well as from Kwajalein, Utirik and Rongelap Atolls. Twenty-one species of Serpulinae and seven species of Spirorbinae are described and illustrated with line drawings, colour and/or scanning electron microscopy photographs.Neodexiospira turritanom. nov. is proposed to replaceNeodexiospira preacuta. Enewetak Atoll still represents the most species-rich atoll in the Marshall Islands but this is most likely the result of a greater sampling effort in this atoll for the last few decades.

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9

Sato, Daisaku, and Hiromune Yokoki. "NUMERICAL CALCULATION ON SHORELINE CONSERVATION IN MAJURO ATOLL, THE MARSHALL ISLANDS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (January 23, 2011): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.sediment.94.

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Development of a numerical model for future estimation of morphological changes in Majuro atoll were carried out, and, at the same time, examination of beach nourishment for sustainable island conservation plan was examined by the developed model. Identified erosion and accretion area from calculated shoreline indicated that the northern tip of Laura and some areas in LongIsland had severe erosion until 100 years later as well as large accretion in northern part of the atoll. Three beach nourishment scenarios using eroded sediments, which were accreted in deep lagoon in northern part of atoll, were examined and they decreased 30% of accumulative erosion volume compared with the non-conservation result. This result shows that the beach nourishment is an effective option to sustainable island conservation plan in Majuro atoll.

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10

Clapp, Roger B. "Notes on the birds of Kwajalein atoll, Marshall Islands." Atoll Research Bulletin 342 (1990): 1–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.342.1.

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11

Nakayama, Mikiyasu, Scott Drinkall, and Daisuke Sasaki. "Climate Change, Migration, and Vulnerability: Overview of the Special Issue." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 9 (December 1, 2019): 1246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p1246.

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Atoll countries in the Pacific, namely Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, and Tuvalu, will become sources of climate migrants in the foreseeable future. This study aimed to examine if people in these atoll countries were, are, or will be ready to successfully relocate to foreign countries by re-establishing their lives and livelihoods in a new environment. An international collaborative research project was launched and implemented from 2017 to 2019. Case studies were conducted in Micronesia, Kiribati, and the Marshall Islands as the origin of climate migrants and in Fiji and the USA as their destination. It was found that a number of legal tools and practical policy measures are available for countries to alleviate the struggles of environmental migrants, despite the lack of a comprehensive legal framework that protects environmental migrants by allowing them to move to other countries. In addition, 65% of the college and university students in the Marshall Islands indicated education as their primary reason to migrate abroad, followed by work (15%), health (8%), family (7%), climate change (3%), and natural disasters (2%). The ratios of students who wished to migrate because of climate change were similar between the Marshall Islands (3%) and Micronesia (4%), despite the fact that the former is an atoll country and the latter is mostly composed of “high-lying islands.” As for the migrants from the Marshall Islands and Micronesia to the USA, climate change was revealed to be a contributing factor for some in their decision to migrate, and more so as a factor for not returning home. It was also found that education had more influence than religion or culture on people’s perception of climate change and its implications in the Marshall Islands and Kiribati. The policy implemented in Vienna, Austria was proved to be effective in avoiding the emergence of society and culture-bound mental illness, which is inherent to large, isolated ethnic communities.

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12

Weisler, Marshall I., Quan Hua, Jian-xin Zhao, Ai Duc Nguyen, Luke Nothdurft, Hiroya Yamano, and Morana Mihaljević. "Marine Reservoir Correction for the Southern Marshall Islands for the Past 2500 Years." Radiocarbon 60, no. 1 (July 27, 2017): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2017.63.

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AbstractA robust marine radiocarbon (14C) reservoir correction (ΔR) is essential for calibrating14C dates of marine mollusks and fish bones routinely found in archaeological sites as discarded food remains and bones of terrestrial animals (including humans) with an appreciable marine diet. New ΔR values are reported for the atoll archipelago of the Marshall Islands, eastern Micronesia. Atolls consist of biogenetic material—mostly coral and foraminifera—that can be directly dated for establishing sequences of atoll emergence and islet development. After sectioning and examination using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to screen for sample diagenesis, 6 pristine branch coral samples were selected from the modern oceanside beach, 3 archaeological sites, and islet developmental facies from Ebon Atoll (4º34′N, 168º41′E). Each sample was analyzed by U-series and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)14C showing no substantial temporal ΔR variations and yielding a weighted mean ΔR of 41±42 yr1spanning ~500 yr before earliest human colonization (the period when islets first became habitable) through the entire 2000-yr occupation sequence. Reliable published ΔR values for Micronesia and Δ14C data for Palmyra Island, together with our results for Ebon Atoll, indicate that the Pacific North Equatorial Counter Current is almost stable for the past 2500 yr.

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13

Ford, Murray. "Shoreline Changes on an Urban Atoll in the Central Pacific Ocean: Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands." Journal of Coastal Research 279 (January 2012): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/jcoastres-d-11-00008.1.

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14

Berta, Ola Gunhildrud. "From Arrival Stories to Origin Mythmaking: Missionaries in the Marshall Islands." Ethnohistory 68, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-8702342.

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Abstract In December 1857, Protestant missionaries arrived on Epoon Atoll to establish the first mission station in the Marshall Islands. The story of their arrival has historical interest and contemporary importance in the Marshalls because it has been used to form local theology and to shape contemporary identities. Thus, the arrival story of the first missionaries to the Marshall Islands functions as an origin story that serves religiously anchored identity construction on Epoon today. This article illuminates aspects of the arrival story that have been purposefully forgotten by Marshall Islanders and overlooked by academic historians and historically minded scholars.

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15

Mückler, Hermann. "Wilhelm Knappe’s photo album as an early testimony of German colonization of the Marshall Islands1." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00037_1.

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Wilhelm Knappe (1855–1910), the first German administrator (imperial commissioner) assigned to the newly acquired Marshall Islands in 1886, created a photo album with pictures, presumably taken by New Zealand photographer Thomas Andrew in the same year. There are at least three existing copies of these albums and a bundle of loose photographs identical to those in the album in question. At the time of Knappe’s arrival in the Marshall Islands, Germany was still in the process of consolidating its newest colonial acquisition. The photographs show both Marshall Islanders untouched by Christian missions and colonial influence, and already ‘civilized’ Indigenous people from various atoll islands of the Ralik- and Ratak-group. The importance of this album results from the fact that it is one of the earliest pictorial records of the Marshall Islands and it probably represents the first documentation of German activities on the eastern Micronesian archipelago. This article highlights the history of the album and the photographs as well as their importance for a reconstruction of Marshall Islands’ history in the late nineteenth century.

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16

Davisson, M. Lee, Terry F. Hamilton, and Andrew F. B. Tompson. "Radioactive waste buried beneath Runit Dome on Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 49, no. 3/4 (2012): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2012.050897.

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17

Ito, Lisa, Toru Yamaguchi, Ryuta Kobayashi, Yasuko Terada, and Yoshio Takahashi. "Influence of Acidification on Carbonate Sediments of Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands." Chemistry Letters 47, no. 4 (April 5, 2018): 566–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.171236.

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18

Velde, Nancy V. "The vascular plants of Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands." Atoll Research Bulletin 503 (2003): 1–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.503.1.

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19

Dvorak, Greg. "Kwajalein Atoll, the Marshall Islands, and American Policy in the Pacific." Journal of Pacific History 53, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2018.1501651.

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20

Ford, Murray, Mark A. Merrifield, and Janet M. Becker. "Inundation of a low-lying urban atoll island: Majuro, Marshall Islands." Natural Hazards 91, no. 3 (January 24, 2018): 1273–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3183-5.

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21

Beck, Harold L., André Bouville, Brian E. Moroz, and Steven L. Simon. "FALLOUT DEPOSITION IN THE MARSHALL ISLANDS FROM BIKINI AND ENEWETAK NUCLEAR WEAPONS TESTS." Health Physics 99, no. 2 (August 2010): 124–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hp.0b013e3181bbbfbd.

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22

Bell, Lori J., and Patrick L. Colin. "Mass spawning of Caesio teres (Pisces: Caesionidae) at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands." Environmental Biology of Fishes 15, no. 1 (January 1986): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00005390.

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23

Ford, Murray, Janet M. Becker, Mark A. Merrifield, and Y. Tony Song. "Marshall Islands Fringing Reef and Atoll Lagoon Observations of the Tohoku Tsunami." Pure and Applied Geophysics 171, no. 12 (December 22, 2013): 3351–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-013-0757-8.

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24

Franke, B., R. Schupfner, H. Schüttelkopf, and D. H. R. Spennemann. "Transuranics in bone of deceased former residents of Rongelap Atoll, Marshall islands." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 46, no. 11 (November 1995): 1253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-8043(95)00168-d.

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25

Spennemann, Dirk H. R., and Wal R. Ambrose. "Floating obsidian and its implications for the interpretation of Pacific prehistory." Antiquity 71, no. 271 (March 1997): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00084684.

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A piece of pumice among drift material on Nadikdik Atoll, Marshall Islands, in far Micronesia had a large chunk of flakeable obsidian attached. As the atoll had been devastated by a typhoon and associated storm surge in 1905, the piece must have arrived by sea within the last 90 years. This and similar incidences of raw materials distributed by ocean drift show how sea-borne dispersal cannot be excluded offhand in the occurrence of obsidian in far-flung places, commonly attributed to human transport.

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26

Ford, Murray R., and Paul S. Kench. "Formation and adjustment of typhoon-impacted reef islands interpreted from remote imagery: Nadikdik Atoll, Marshall Islands." Geomorphology 214 (June 2014): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.02.006.

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27

HARRIS, MATTHEW, and MARSHALL WEISLER. "Two millennia of mollusc foraging on Ebon Atoll, Marshall Islands: Sustained marine resource use on a Pacific atoll." Archaeology in Oceania 53, no. 1 (August 6, 2017): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arco.5134.

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28

Niedenthal, Jack. "A History of the People of Bikini Following Nuclear Weapons Testing in the Marshall Islands." Health Physics 73, no. 1 (July 1997): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199707000-00003.

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29

Gesch, Dean, Monica Palaseanu-Lovejoy, Jeffrey Danielson, Charles Fletcher, Maria Kottermair, Matthew Barbee, and Andrea Jalandoni. "Inundation Exposure Assessment for Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands Using A High-Accuracy Digital Elevation Model." Remote Sensing 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12010154.

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Majuro Atoll in the central Pacific has high coastal vulnerability due to low-lying islands, rising sea level, high wave events, eroding shorelines, a dense population center, and limited freshwater resources. Land elevation is the primary geophysical variable that determines exposure to inundation in coastal settings. Accordingly, coastal elevation data (with accuracy information) are critical for assessments of inundation exposure. Previous research has demonstrated the importance of using high-accuracy elevation data and rigorously accounting for uncertainty in inundation assessments. A quantitative analysis of inundation exposure was conducted for Majuro Atoll, including accounting for the cumulative vertical uncertainty from the input digital elevation model (DEM) and datum transformation. The project employed a recently produced and validated DEM derived from structure-from-motion processing of very-high-resolution aerial imagery. Areas subject to marine inundation (direct hydrologic connection to the ocean) and low-lying lands (disconnected hydrologically from the ocean) were mapped and characterized for three inundation levels using deterministic and probabilistic methods. At the highest water level modeled (3.75 ft, or 1.143 m), more than 34% of the atoll study area is likely to be exposed to inundation (68% chance or greater), while more than 20% of the atoll is extremely likely to be exposed (95% chance or greater). The study demonstrates the substantial value of a high-accuracy DEM for assessing inundation exposure of low-relief islands and the enhanced information from accounting for vertical uncertainty.

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30

Yamaguchi, Toru, Hajime Kayanne, and Hiroya Yamano. "Archaeological Investigation of the Landscape History of an Oceanic Atoll: Majuro, Marshall Islands." Pacific Science 63, no. 4 (October 2009): 537–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2984/049.063.0405.

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31

Ford, Murray R., and Paul S. Kench. "Spatiotemporal variability of typhoon impacts and relaxation intervals on Jaluit Atoll, Marshall Islands." Geology 44, no. 2 (January 4, 2016): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g37402.1.

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32

Harris, Matthew, and Marshall Weisler. "Intertidal Foraging on Atolls: Prehistoric Forager Decision-Making at Ebon Atoll, Marshall Islands." Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 12, no. 2 (April 14, 2016): 200–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2016.1167140.

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33

Hanlon, David. "Coral and Concrete: Remembering Kwajalein Atoll Between Japan, America, and the Marshall Islands." Journal of Pacific History 54, no. 3 (May 26, 2019): 437–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2019.1603584.

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34

Takahashi, T., K. R. Trott, K. Fujimori, S. L. Simon, H. Ohtomo, N. Nakashima, K. Takaya, N. Kimura, S. Satomi, and M. J. Schoemaker. "An Investigation Into the Prevalence of Thyroid Disease on Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands." Health Physics 73, no. 1 (July 1997): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199707000-00017.

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35

Szabo, B. J., J. I. Tracey, and E. R. Goter. "Ages of Subsurface Stratigraphic Intervals in the Quaternary of Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands." Quaternary Research 23, no. 1 (January 1985): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(85)90071-7.

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Drill cores of Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands, reveal six stratigraphic intervals, numbered in downward sequence, which represent vertical coral growth during Quaternary interglaciations. Radiocarbon dates indicate that the Holocene sea transgressed the emergent reef platform by about 8000 yr B.P. The reef grew rapidly upward (about 5 to 10 mm/yr) until about 6500 yr B.P. Afterward vertical growth slowed to about 0.5 mm/yr, then lateral development became dominant during the last several thousand years. The second interval is dated at 131,000 ± 3000 yr B.P. by uranium series. This unit correlates with oxygen-isotope substage 5e and with terrace VIIa of Huon Peninsula, New Guinea, and of Main Reef-2 terrace at Atauro Island. The third interval is not dated because corals were recrystallized and it is tentatively correlated with either oxygen-isotope stages 7 or 9. The age of the fourth interval is estimated at 454,000 ± 100,000 yr B.P. from measured 234U238U activity ratios. This unit is correlated with either oxygen-isotope stage 9, 11, or 13.

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36

Spennemann, Dirk HR, and Jon O’Neill. "Curating books on remote islands: the fate of the de Brum Library on Likiep Atoll, Marshall Islands." Australian Library Journal 53, no. 4 (November 2004): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049670.2004.10721686.

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37

Hunter-Anderson, Rosalind L. "On the Margins of Sustainability, Prehistoric Settlement or Utrok Atoll, Northern Marshall Islands (review)." Asian Perspectives 43, no. 1 (2004): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/asi.2004.0003.

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38

Weisler, Marshall I. "Life on the edge: prehistoric settlement and economy on Utrōk Atoll, northern Marshall Islands." Archaeology in Oceania 36, no. 3 (October 2001): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.2001.tb00486.x.

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39

Deenik, J. L., and R. S. Yost. "Chemical properties of atoll soils in the Marshall Islands and constraints to crop production." Geoderma 136, no. 3-4 (December 2006): 666–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.05.005.

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Sato, Daisaku. "NEURAL NETWORK MODEL FOR IDENTIFYING THE COASTAL SAND AREA USING THE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS PICTURED BY UAV." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.sediment.10.

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Small island states formed by atolls such as Marshall Islands, Kiribati and Tuvalu require useful and efficiency method of coastal monitoring for coastal management because of lack of human resources and budget. In atoll islands, the identification of shape of sandy beach and temporally accumulation area of sand has high importance in coastal management. In this study, neural network model to classify the aerial photographs pictured by UAV was established for identifying the sand area in the coastal zone of Fongafale island in Funafuti atoll, Tuvalu. Photographs of coastal sediments especially sand, in Fongafale island were collected by digital camera. These photographs were used to make the data set for training and testing of the constructed neural network model. Additionally, aerial photographs pictured by UAV were collected to apply to the constructed neural network model. In this study the convolution neural network was constructed to classify the aerial photographs.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/trHQOmsFpD4

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Smith, Roy. "Options and Choices in Relation to Adopting Healthy Lifestyles in the Pacific Islands Region." Journal of Developing Societies 35, no. 1 (March 2019): 62–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x19826733.

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The low-lying atoll states of the Pacific region, including Kiribati, Tuvalu, and the Republic of the Marshall Islands, face numerous challenges as a result of climate change and the related rise in sea level. A health transition from communicable to noncommunicable lifestyle-related diseases among these communities is placing a significant burden on medical services and broader welfare provision. This article considers the broad range of both internal and external factors that influence the options available and choices made in relation to being able to maintain a healthy lifestyle in these communities.

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Ford, Murray R., Janet M. Becker, and Mark A. Merrifield. "Reef Flat Wave Processes and Excavation Pits: Observations and Implications for Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands." Journal of Coastal Research 288 (May 2013): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/jcoastres-d-12-00097.1.

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Spennemann, Dirk H. R. "Nontraditional settlement patterns and typhoon hazard on contemporary Majuro atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands." Environmental Management 20, no. 3 (May 1996): 337–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01203842.

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Ito, Lisa, Takayuki Omori, Minoru Yoneda, Toru Yamaguchi, Ryuta Kobayashi, and Yoshio Takahashi. "Origin and migration of trace elements in the surface sediments of Majuro Atoll, Marshall Islands." Chemosphere 202 (July 2018): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.083.

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Saller, Arthur H., and Clyde H. Moore. "Meteoric diagenesis, marine diagenesis, and microporosity in Pleistocene and Oligocene limestones, Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands." Sedimentary Geology 63, no. 3-4 (July 1989): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(89)90135-8.

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Yoshioka, Nagisa, Irene Taafaki, and Yolanda McKay. "Higher Education and Destination of the Youth in the Republic of the Marshall Islands: Implication for Climate-Induced Migration." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 9 (December 1, 2019): 1287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p1287.

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Little is known about the extent to which climate change drives migration from the Pacific atoll nation of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). How and to what extent the youth of RMI aspire to migrate to other countries was investigated through a survey of 106 students at the Marshall Islands Campus of the University of the South Pacific (RMI-USP). While 44% of respondents indicated an aspiration to move abroad either for study or employment, and most students were well aware of the adverse effects of climate change, climate change was not cited as the primary reason or motivation for migration. Analysis of data in a second study explored the University’s tracking data of Foundation Year graduates from the RMI-USP Joint Education Program. This analysis found that students who have studied abroad are more likely to have the opportunity to either stay abroad or to migrate at some time after their studies.

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Poteate, Aaron S., Scott M. Fitzpatrick, William S. Ayres, and Adam Thompson. "First Radiocarbon Chronology for Mwoakilloa (Mokil) Atoll, Eastern Caroline Islands, Micronesia." Radiocarbon 58, no. 1 (January 19, 2016): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2015.16.

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AbstractGiven their sheer number and evidence for long-term prehistoric occupation, atolls occupy a unique position in the peopling of the Pacific. However, they have frequently been overlooked in favor of larger islands due to a host of logistical and other issues. Once viewed as marginal environments, current research is now showing that small islands like these may have been more attractive to settlers than once thought. A new research program in Micronesia is dedicated to examining atolls to better develop baseline chronologies and investigate long-term human adaptations. As part of the initial stage of the project, we present the first radiocarbon dates (n=10) from Mwoakilloa (Mokil) atoll, which support a continuous occupation beginning between 1700–1560 cal BP (2σ). When compared to the settlement of other atoll groups in Micronesia such as the Marshall Islands—along with the nearby high volcanic islands of Pohnpei and Kosrae at approximately 2000–1800 yr ago—the dates from Mwoakilloa suggest a nearly contemporaneous or only slightly later occupation. The recovery of faunal material also demonstrates the translocation of at least two animals (Pacific rat and dog) to the island by humans that was coeval with early settlement. Additionally, there is evidence of landscape transformation in the form of a relatively large artificial mound created by debris and platform accumulation unseen elsewhere in central-eastern Micronesia, but common to atolls. These new dates reinforce the notion that Mwoakilloa and other atolls are integral to understanding prehistoric adaptations across the vast Pacific, though many questions still remain such as to the degree of interaction that occurred with nearby islands and whether settlement was continuous or intermittent through time.

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Boswell, Jacob. "“Post-Quantal Garden” Annotated." eTropic: electronic journal of studies in the Tropics 20, no. 2 (September 10, 2021): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/etropic.20.2.2021.3817.

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The Post-Quantal Garden is a work of speculative fiction based on J.G. Ballard’s short story “The Terminal Beach” first published in 1964. Set within Donna Haraway’s climate-changed Chthulucene, the work is intended as an elliptical rumination on the history of nuclear testing in the Pacific, bio-hacking, tropicality, and apocalyptic narrative. Moving between historical fact and speculative fiction, the story takes the form of a scholarly introduction to and contextualization of fictional passages from an imaginary journal supposedly found during the very real radiological clean-up of Enewetak Atoll. Enewetak, an atoll in the Marshall Islands group, was used by the US for nuclear testing and was the site of operation Ivy-Mike, the first fusion bomb test, and is the setting for Ballard’s Terminal Beach.

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Humes, AG. "Poecilostomatoid Copepods associated with the Scleractinian coral Acropora in the tropical western Pacific Ocean." Invertebrate Systematics 7, no. 4 (1993): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9930805.

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Nine new lichomolgid copepods, including two new genera, Ecphysarion and Unicispina, are described, all associated with various species of the scleractinian genus Acropora in New Caledonia, at Ceram and Obi in the Moluccas, and at Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands: Schedomolgus idanus, S. majusculus, S. insignellus, S. exiliculus, Scyphuliger eumorphus, S. aristoides, Ecphysarion ampullulum, E. spinulatum, and Unicispina latigenitalis. New records are given for Ecphysarion lobophomm (Humes & Ho, 1968), comb. nov., Scyphuliger concavipes Humes, 1991, S. manifestus Humes, 1991, and S. tenuatus (Humes, 1990).

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Smith-Norris, Martha. "American Cold War Policies and the Enewetakese: Community Displacement, Environmental Degradation, and Indigenous Resistance in the Marshall Islands." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 22, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 195–236. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1008982ar.

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During the Cold War, the United States conducted 43 nuclear shots, 12 chemical explosions, and numerous missile tests on the Enewetak Atoll of the Marshall Islands. Based mainly on archival documents and congressional hearings, this case study focuses on the human and environmental consequences of these American policies. To begin with, the essay highlights U.S. interests and authority in the Marshalls. As the United Nations trustee of the region, the United States conducted these military experiments with a great deal of secrecy and little interference from the outside world. Secondly, the essay examines the significance of these tests for the Enewetakese and their removal to Ujelang, a nearby atoll, for more than three decades. Thirdly, the paper emphasizes the various forms of resistance practised by the Enewetakese. By utilizing a number of political and legal methods, this tiny indigenous community drew attention to their plight in Washington and the United Nations. Finally, the essay discusses the islanders’ attempts to gain compensation from the U.S. Congress for the profound damages caused by the testing program. To date, Washington has failed to provide enough funds to adequately restore the environment of Enewetak or to fully compensate the islanders for their losses.

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