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Suzuki, Shigenori, Hiromi Kimoto-Nira, Hiroyuki Suganuma, Chise Suzuki, Tadao Saito, and Nobuhiro Yajima. "Cellular fatty acid composition and exopolysaccharide contribute to bile tolerance in Lactobacillus brevis strains isolated from fermented Japanese pickles." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 60, no. 4 (April 2014): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2014-0043.
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Bile tolerance is a fundamental ability of probiotic bacteria. We examined this property in 56 Lactobacillus brevis strains isolated from Japanese pickles and also evaluated cellular fatty acid composition and cell-bound exopolysaccharide (EPS-b) production. The bile tolerance of these strains was significantly lower in modified de Man – Rogosa – Sharpe (MRS) medium (without Tween 80 or sodium acetate) than in standard MRS medium. Aggregating strains showed significantly higher bile tolerance than nonaggregating strains in MRS medium, but there was no significant difference in the modified MRS media. The relative octadecenoic acid (C18:1) content of the 3 most tolerant aggregating and nonaggregating strains was significantly higher when bile was added to MRS. In MRS without Tween 80, the relative C18:1 content was only marginally affected by addition of bile. In MRS without sodium acetate, only the 3 most tolerant nonaggregating strains increased their relative C18:1 content in the presence of bile. Meanwhile, culture in MRS without sodium acetate reduced EPS-b production in aggregating strains. In conclusion, both EPS-b and cellular fatty acid composition play important roles in bile tolerance of pickle-derived L. brevis.
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Mulaw, Guesh, Tesfaye Sisay Tessema, Diriba Muleta, and Anteneh Tesfaye. "In Vitro Evaluation of Probiotic Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Some Traditionally Fermented Ethiopian Food Products." International Journal of Microbiology 2019 (August 25, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7179514.
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Probiotics are live microorganisms which when consumed in large number together with a food promote the health of the consumer. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from traditional Ethiopian fermented Teff injera dough, Ergo, and Kocho products. A total of 90 LAB were isolated, of which 4 (4.44%) isolates showed 45.35–97.11% and 38.40–90.49% survival rates at pH values (2, 2.5, and 3) for 3 and 6 h, in that order. The four acid-tolerant isolates were found tolerant to 0.3% bile salt for 24 h with 91.37 to 97.22% rate of survival. The acid-and-bile salt-tolerant LAB isolates were found inhibiting some food-borne test pathogenic bacteria to varying degrees. All acid-and-bile-tolerant isolates displayed varying sensitivity to different antibiotics. The in vitro adherence to stainless steel plates of the 4 screened probiotic LAB isolates were ranged from 32.75 to 36.30% adhesion rate. The four efficient probiotic LAB isolates that belonged to Lactobacillus species were identified to the strain level using 16S rDNA gene sequence comparisons and, namely, were Lactobacillus plantarum strain CIP 103151, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans strain NBRC 15906, Lactobacillus paracasei strain NBRC 15889, and Lactobacillus plantarum strain JCM 1149. The four Lactobacillus strains were found to be potentially useful to produce probiotic products.
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CHARTERIS, WILLIAM P., PHILLIP M. KELLY, LORENZO MORELLI, and J. KEVIN COLLINS. "Effect of Conjugated Bile Salts on Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bile Salt–Tolerant Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Isolates." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 10 (October 1, 2000): 1369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.10.1369.
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Virtually every antibiotic may cause in vivo alterations in the number, level, and composition of the indigenous microbiotae. The degree to which the microbiotae are disturbed depends on many factors. Although bile may augment antibiotic activity, studies on the effect of bile on the antibiotic susceptibility of indigenous and exogenous probiotic microorganisms are lacking. It was against this background that the antibiotic susceptibility of 37 bile salt–tolerant Lactobacillus and 11 Bifidobacterium isolates from human and other sources was determined in the presence of 0.5% wt/wt oxgall (conjugated bile salts). Oxgall did not affect the intrinsic resistance of lactobacilli to metronidazole (5 μg), vancomycin (30 μg), and cotrimoxazole (25 μg), whereas it resulted in a complete loss of resistance to polymyxin B (300 μg) and the aminoglycosides gentamicin (10 μg), kanamycin (30 μg), and streptomycin (10 μg) for most strains studied (P < 0.001). Oxgall did not affect the intrinsic resistance of bifidobacteria to metronidazole and vancomycin, whereas polymyxin B and co-trimoxazole resistance was diminished (P < 0.05) and aminoglycoside resistance was lost (P < 0.001). Seven lactobacilli, but no bifidobacteria strain, showed unaltered intrinsic antibiotic resistance profiles in the presence of oxgall. Oxgall affected the extrinsic susceptibility of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria to penicillin G (10 μg), ampicillin (10 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), erythromycin (15 μg), and rifampicin (5 μg) in a source- and strain-dependent manner. Human strain–drug combinations of lactobacilli (P < 0.05) and bifidobacteria (P < 0.01) were more likely to show no change or decreased susceptibility compared with other strain-drug combinations. The antimicrobial activity spectra of polymyxin B and the aminoglycosides should not be considered limited to gram-negative bacteria but extended to include gram-positive genera of the indigenous and transiting microbiotae in the presence of conjugated bile salts. Those lactobacilli (7 of 37) that show unaltered intrinsic and diminished extrinsic antibiotic susceptibility in the presence of oxgall may possess greater upper gastrointestinal tract transit tolerance in the presence of antibiotics.
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Kumar, M., P. K. Sharma, P. K. Sharma, and N. Kumar. "Molecular identification of bile tolerant Lactobacillus fermentum strains isolated from Human Faeces." International Journal of Agricultural Invention 1, no. 02 (December 31, 2016): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2016.1.2.11.
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Conventional procedures of identification are laborious and time consuming because they depend on growth of microorganism in that particular environment and hence, sometimes, give misleading results while molecular methods relies upon generating a large number of copies of a specific part of its genome for identification of unknown isolates and enables the problem of poor identification. The identification of a microbial isolate to genus level imparts a partial characterization of the isolate revealing a lot of information about that organism. Lactic acid bacteria are very significant to human health due to their probiotic attributes, production of antimicrobial substances and subsequently to inhibit pathogenic bacteria. Bile tolerance has been one of the major probiotic criterion while selecting the isolate for probiotic properties. This work aims at looking directly at the genome of bile tolerant Lactobacillus isolates using genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. The isolates were identified by sequencing specific region of 16 S r DNA segment, after amplification by PCR, and then comparing the results to sequences from related database. The results from both conventional and molecular methods were then compared. Twenty five isolates (25) of Lactobacillus fermentum were isolated from fecal samples and identified using API- 50 CH. The isolates were further identified using molecular methods using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplification of 16S rRNA gene to confirm their identities. The genotypic characterization however showed that 84% of the organisms identified using conventional method as L. fermentum correlated, while 16% did not correlate; 2 were identified as Lactobacillus planterum, 01 as L. delbrueckiiand 01 as L.paraplanterum.
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Chen, Sheng, Yu Li, Wen Bin Jin, Yan Chen, Xiao Guang Liu, and Fu Ping Lu. "Selective Breeding of Oxygen-Tolerant and Oxalate-Degrading Lactic Acid Bacteria by Protoplast Fusion." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 1489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1489.
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Bifidobacterium lactiswith oxalate-degrading capacity can efficiently reduce the oxalate in vivo, and it can be used to prevent and treat kidney stone diseases. WhileBifidobacterium lactisis poorly oxygen-tolerant, which hinders it from being as microbial ecological agents. To obtain oxygen-tolerant and oxalate-degrading lactic acid bacteria, protoplast fusion technology was used betweenB. lactisandL. acidophilus.Under the optimum conditions of protoplast fusion with PEG 6000 concentration 50%, the fusion time 7 min, the fusion temperature 30°C, the concentration of CaCl20. 02mol/ L and the concentration of MgCl20.5mol/ L, the fusion rate reached 7.6%, and three oxygen-tolerant fusant showing that the level of oxalate degradation were similar withB. lactiswas obtained. The fusants of SZY1-7 and SZY2-1 could tolerance to pH 2.5 and 0.5% (w/v) bile salt.
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Menconi, Anita, Marion J. Morgan, Neil R. Pumford, Billy M. Hargis, and Guillermo Tellez. "Physiological Properties and Salmonella Growth Inhibition of Probiotic Bacillus Strains Isolated from Environmental and Poultry Sources." International Journal of Bacteriology 2013 (May 26, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/958408.
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The objective of the present study was to describe the physiological properties of seven potential probiotic strains of Bacillus spp. Isolates were characterized morphologically, biochemically, and by 16S rRNA sequence analyses for identification. Tolerance to acidic pH, high osmotic concentrations of NaCl, and bile salts were tested. Isolates were also evaluated for their ability to metabolize different carbohydrates sources. The antimicrobial sensitivity profiles were determined. Inhibition of gastrointestinal Salmonella colonization in an avian model was also evaluated. Five strains of Bacillus were tolerant to acidic conditions (pH 2.0) and all strains were tolerant to a high osmotic pressure (NaCl at 6.5%). Moreover, all strains were able to tolerate concentration of 0.037% bile salts after 24 h of incubation. Three strains were able to significantly reduce Salmonella Typhimurium levels in the crop and in the ceca of broiler-type chickens. Among the 12 antibiotics tested for antibiotic resistance, all strains were resistant to bacitracin and susceptible to gentamycin, neomycin, ormethoprim, triple sulfa, and spectinomycin. Bacterial spore formers have been shown to prevent gastrointestinal diseases in animals and humans. The results obtained in this study show important characteristics to be evaluated when selecting Bacillus spp. candidates to be used as probiotics.
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Chou, Lan-Szu, and Bart Weimer. "Isolation and Characterization of Acid- and Bile-Tolerant Isolates from Strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus." Journal of Dairy Science 82, no. 1 (January 1999): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75204-5.
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Bae, H. C., M. S. Nam, and J. Y. Lee. "Probiotic Characterization of Acid- and Bile-tolerant Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius from Korean Faeces." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 15, no. 12 (January 1, 2002): 1798–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2002.1798.
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OTSUKA, Makoto, Tomoko MUTO, Yu KATSUNUMA, Yutaka NAKAMURA, Ryozo TAKADA, and Hajime MINATO. "Effect of administration of acid- and bile-tolerant lactobacilli on pigs intestinal microbial population." Animal Science Journal 73, no. 6 (December 2002): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1344-3941.2002.00068.x.
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Watson, Debbie, Roy D. Sleator, Pat G. Casey, Colin Hill, and Cormac G. M. Gahan. "Specific Osmolyte Transporters Mediate Bile Tolerance in Listeria monocytogenes." Infection and Immunity 77, no. 11 (September 8, 2009): 4895–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00153-09.
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ABSTRACT The food-borne pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes has the potential to adapt to an array of suboptimal growth environments encountered within the host. The pathogen is relatively bile tolerant and has the capacity to survive and grow within both the small intestine and the gallbladder in murine models of oral infection. We have previously demonstrated a role for the principal carnitine transport system of L. monocytogenes (OpuC) in gastrointestinal survival of the pathogen (R. Sleator, J. Wouters, C. G. M. Gahan, T. Abee, and C. Hill, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:2692-2698, 2001). However, the mechanisms by which OpuC, or indeed carnitine, protects the pathogen in this environment are unclear. In the current study, systematic analysis of strains with mutations in osmolyte transporters revealed a role for OpuC in resisting the acute toxicity of bile, with a minor role also played by BetL, a secondary betaine uptake system which also exhibits a low affinity for carnitine. In addition, the toxic effects of bile on wild-type L. monocytogenes cells were ameliorated when carnitine (but not betaine) was added to the medium. lux-promoter fusions to the promoters of the genes encoding the principal osmolyte uptake systems Gbu, BetL, and OpuC and the known bile tolerance system BilE were constructed. Promoter activity for all systems was significantly induced in the presence of bile, with the opuC and bilE promoters exhibiting the highest levels of bile-dependent expression in vitro and the betL and bilE promoters showing the highest expression levels in the intestines of orally inoculated mice. A direct comparison of all osmolyte transporter mutants in a murine oral infection model confirmed a major role for OpuC in intestinal persistence and systemic invasion and a minor role for the BetL transporter in fecal carriage. This study therefore demonstrates a previously unrecognized function for osmolyte uptake systems in bile tolerance in L. monocytogenes.
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ALVAREZ, GENOVEVA, NORMA HEREDIA, and SANTOS GARCÍA. "Relationship between the Effects of Stress Induced by Human Bile Juice and Acid Treatment in Vibrio cholerae." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 2283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.12.2283.
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The effects of low pH and human bile juice on Vibrio cholerae were investigated. A mild stress condition (exposure to acid shock at pH 5.5 or exposure to 3 mg of bile per ml for 20 min) slightly decreased (by ≤1 log unit) V. cholerae cell viability. However, these treatments induced tolerance to subsequent exposures to more severe stress. In the O1 strain, four proteins were induced in response to acid shock (ca. 101, 94, 90, and 75 kDa), whereas only one protein (ca. 101 kDa) was induced in response to acid shock in the O139 strain. Eleven proteins were induced in response to bile shock in the O1 strain (ca. 106, 103, 101, 96, 88, 86, 84, 80, 66, 56, and 46 kDa), whereas only one protein was induced in response to bile shock in the O139 strain (ca. 88 kDa). V. cholerae O1 and O139 cells that had been preexposed to mild acid shock were twofold more resistant to pH 4.5 (with times required to inactivate 90% of the cell population [D-values] of 59 to 73 min) than were control cells (with D-values of 24 to 27 min). Likewise, cells that were preexposed to mild bile shock (3 mg/ml) were almost twofold more tolerant of severe bile shock (30 mg/ml; D-values, 68 to 87 min) than were control cells (with D-values of 37 to 43 min). These protective effects persisted for at least 1 h after the initial shock but were abolished when chloramphenicol was added to the culture during the shock. Cells preexposed to acid shock exhibited cross-protection against subsequent bile shock. However, cells preexposed to bile shock exhibited no changes in acid tolerance. Bile shock induced a modest reduction (0 to 20%) in enterotoxin production in V. cholerae, whereas acid shock had no effect on enterotoxin levels. Adaptation to acid and bile juice and protection against bile shock in response to preexposure to acid shock would be predicted to enhance the survival of V. cholerae in hosts and in foods. Thus, these adaptations may play an important role in the development of cholera disease.
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Bae, Hyoung Churl, Seong Hyun Choi, and Myoung Soo Nam. "Isolation and Identification of Acid- and Bile-Tolerant Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius from Human Faeces." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2001.1170.
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Damayanti, E., H. Julendra, A. Sofyan, and S. N. Hayati. "Bile Salt and Acid Tolerant of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Proventriculus of Broiler Chicken." Media Peternakan 37, no. 2 (August 2014): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2014.37.2.80.
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Seo, Byeong Joo, Mi Ran Mun, Rejish Kumar V. J, Chul-Joong Kim, Insun Lee, Young-Hyo Chang, and Yong-Ha Park. "Bile tolerant Lactobacillus reuteri isolated from pig feces inhibits enteric bacterial pathogens and porcine rotavirus." Veterinary Research Communications 34, no. 4 (April 2010): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11259-010-9357-6.
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Ahmed, Zulfiqar, Muhammad Sufyan Vohra, Muhammad Noman Khan, Ayaz Ahmed, and Taseer Ahmed Khan. "Antimicrobial role of Lactobacillus species as potential probiotics against enteropathogenic bacteria in chickens." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, no. 02 (February 28, 2019): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.10542.
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Introduction: The emergence of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial community resulted in a ban on drugs as the growth promoter in poultry feed. This situation demands to explore alternatives as food supplements with health benefit to poultry. Therefore, probiotic microorganisms, which are considered as safe and possess various health benefits can be a choice. Present study was designed to explore the probiotic potential of the isolated lactobacillus species in chickens.
Methodology: Out of 220 samples, 100 Lactobacillus species were isolated from various regions of chicken intestine. They were further characterized on the basis of morphology, staining and catalase test. Species-level identification was made by amplifying Lactobacillus specific 16S rRNA gene. Out of 100 isolates, 21 were selected for sequencing on the basis of band intensity.
Results: Among 21 sequences, 16 were identified as L. paracasei (n = 6), L. salivarius (n = 3), L. johnsonii (n = 3), and L. agilis, L. fermentum, L. sakei, and L. curvatus (n = 1 each). These strains were found to be significantly acid-tolerant with 81.68 - 85.01% survival rate at pH 2)and bile-tolerant with 81.96 -84.65% survival rate at 0.3% bile. Except three; all strains showed salt tolerance to 2% and 4% NaCl. Among 21 Lactobacillus strains, 6 showed good antimicrobial activities against S. aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli.
Conclusion: Lactobacillus species with probiotic property can be used in poultry feed formulation for their health benefit to combat gastrointestinal infections.
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Ahmed, Sangita, Md Rafiqul Islam, Jannatul Ferdousi, and Tabassum Samia Iqbal. "Probiotic Lactobacillus sp. with bioremediation potential of toxic heavy metals." Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v34i1.39605.
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Pollution of the environment and food with toxic heavy metals is being intensified in Bangladesh with industrial development. Consumption of foods and water contaminated with heavy metals imposes threat to human health. Aiming to find a solution to this problem, the present study focuses on probiotic Lactobacillus spp. with potential to remove heavy metals from environment as well as human body. A total of three Lactobacillus spp were isolated from curd samples and were identified based on their morphological and biochemical properties. These isolates were tolerant to low pH and bile salt which aids in their application in human gut. All isolates could tolerate 600 ppm chromium, 400 ppm lead, 400 ppm copper and 400 ppm zinc. The heavy metal tolerant Lactobacillus spp were also multi drug resistant and showed 100% resistance to Azithromycin, Cloxacillin, Gentamicin, Vancomycin, Streptomycin, Nalidixic acid, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole and Penicillin, while 100% sensitivity was observed to Imipenem.
Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 34 Number 1 June 2017, pp 43-46
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Ananieva, Olga, Ingrid Nilsson, Tamara Vorobjova, Raivo Uibo, and Torkel Wadström. "Immune Responses to Bile-Tolerant Helicobacter Species in Patients with Chronic Liver Diseases, a Randomized Population Group, and Healthy Blood Donors." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 9, no. 6 (November 2002): 1160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.9.6.1160-1164.2002.
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ABSTRACT Bile-tolerant Helicobacter species such as Helicobacter pullorum, Helicobacter bilis, and Helicobacter hepaticus are associated with hepatic disorders in animals and may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases (CLD) in humans. Antibody responses to cell surface proteins of H. pullorum, H. bilis, and H. hepaticus in serum samples from patients with CLD, a randomized population group, and healthy blood donors were evaluated by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results were compared with the antibody responses to Helicobacter pylori. For analysis of a possible cross-reactivity between bile-tolerant Helicobacter species and H. pylori, sera from a subpopulation of each group were absorbed with a whole-cell extract of H. pylori and retested by ELISA. Results before absorption showed that the mean value of the ELISA units for H. pullorum was significantly higher in patients with CLD than in healthy blood donors (P = 0.01). Antibody reactivity to cell surface protein of H. hepaticus was also significantly higher in the CLD patients than in the healthy blood donors and the population group (P = 0.005 and P = 0.002, respectively). Following the absorption, antibody responses to H. pullorum decreased significantly in all three groups (P = 0.0001 for CLD patients, P = 0.0005 for the population group, and P < 0.0001 for the blood donors), indicating that cross-reactivity between H. pylori and other Helicobacter spp. occurs. The antibody responses to H. hepaticus and H. bilis in CLD patients remained high following absorption experiments compared to ELISA results before absorption. The significance of this finding requires further investigations.
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Unban, Kridsada, Pratthana Kodchasee, Kalidas Shetty, and Chartchai Khanongnuch. "Tannin-tolerant and Extracellular Tannase Producing Bacillus Isolated from Traditional Fermented Tea Leaves and Their Probiotic Functional Properties." Foods 9, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9040490.
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A total of 117 Bacillus strains were isolated from Miang, a culture relevant fermented tea of northern Thailand. These strains were collected from 16 sampling sites in north Thailand. In this collection 95 isolates were tannin-tolerant Bacillus capable of growth on nutrient agar supplemented with 0.5% (w/v) total tannins from tea leaves extract (TE). The strains were also positive for pectinase, xylanase and amylase activity, while 91 and 86 isolates were positive for cellulase and β-mannanase, respectively. Only 21 isolates producing extracellular tannase were selected for further characterization. Identification by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that more than 50% (11 of 21 isolates) were Bacillus tequilensis, whereas the remaining were B. siamensis (3), B. megaterium (3), B. aryabhattai (3) and B. toyonensis (1). B. tequilensis K34.2 produced the highest extracellular tannase activity of 0.60 U/mL after cultivation at 37 °C for 48 h. In addition, all 21 isolates were resistant to 0.3% (w/v) bile salt, sensitive to gentamicin, erythromycin, vancomycin and kanamycin and also tolerant to acidic condition. Cell hydrophobicity varied from 9.4 to 80.4% and neutralized culture supernatants of some Bacillus isolates showed bacteriocin producing potentiality against Samonella enterica serovar Typhimurium TISTR 292. All tested probiotic properties indicated that B. tequilensis K19.3, B. tequilensis K34.2 and B. siamensis K19.1 had high probiotic potential. This is the first report describing tannin-tolerant Bacillus and their extracellular tannase producing capability in Miang, a traditional fermented tea of Thailand.
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Muthusamy, Karnan, Ilavenil Soundharrajan, Srigopalram Srisesharam, Dahye Kim, Palaniselvam Kuppusamy, Kyung Dong Lee, and Ki Choon Choi. "Probiotic Characteristics and Antifungal Activity of Lactobacillus plantarum and Its Impact on Fermentation of Italian Ryegrass at Low Moisture." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010417.
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The study aimed to investigate probiotic characteristics, and low moisture silage fermentation capability of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L). Morphological and physiological properties, carbohydrates fermentation, enzymes, and organic acids production, anti-fungal activity, antibiotic sensitivity patterns, and probiotic characteristics (acidic and bile salt tolerances, hydrophobicity and aggregations natures) of LAB were examined. 16SrRNA sequencing was carried out to identify isolated strains. The identified strains Lactobacillus plantarum (KCC-37) and Lactobacillus plantarum (KCC-38) showed intense antifungal activity, survival tolerant in acidic and bile salt environments, cell surface and auto aggregations ability, enzymes and organic acids productions. At ensiled condition, KCC-37 and KCC-38 enhanced acidification of Italian ryegrass silages by producing a higher amount of lactic acid, a key acid for indicating silage quality with less extent to acetic acid and succinic acid at low moisture level than non-inoculated silages. Notably, the addition of mixed strains of KCC-37 and KCC-38 more potentially enhanced acidification of silage and organic acid productions than the single-culture inoculation. The overall data suggested that these strains could be used as an additive for improving the quality of the fermentation process in low moisture silage with significant probiotic characteristics.
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XU, SHUANG, TAIGANG LIU, CHIRAZ AKOREDE IBINKE RADJI, JING YANG, and LANMING CHEN. "Isolation, Identification, and Evaluation of New Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains with Both Cellular Antioxidant and Bile Salt Hydrolase Activities In Vitro." Journal of Food Protection 79, no. 11 (November 1, 2016): 1919–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-096.
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ABSTRACT In this study, we analyzed Chinese traditional fermented food to isolate and identify new lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains with novel functional properties and to evaluate their cellular antioxidant and bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activities in vitro. A sequential screening strategy was developed to efficiently isolate and obtain 261 LAB strains tolerant of bile salt, acid, and H2O2 from nine Chinese traditional fermented foods. Among these strains, 70 were identified as having 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and/or BSH activity. These strains belonged to eight species: Enterococcus faecium (33% of the strains), Lactobacillus plantarum (26%), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (14%), Pediococcus pentosaceus (6%), Enterococcus durans (9%), Lactobacillus brevis (9%), Pediococcus ethanolidurans (3%), and Lactobacillus casei (1%). The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genome fingerprinting profiles of these strains revealed 38 distinct pulsotypes, indicating a high level of genomic diversity among the tested strains. Twenty strains were further evaluated for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and ferrous ion chelating activity exerted by both viable intact cells and/or intracellular cell-free extracts. Some strains, such as L. plantarum D28 and E. faecium B28, had high levels of both cellular antioxidant and BSH activities in vitro. These strains are promising probiotic components for health-promoting functional foods.
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Byakika, Stellah, Ivan Muzira Mukisa, Yusuf Byenkya Byaruhanga, and Charles Muyanja. "Probiotic Potential of Lactic Acid Starter Cultures Isolated from a Traditional Fermented Sorghum-Millet Beverage." International Journal of Microbiology 2020 (August 4, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7825943.
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The purpose of this study was to establish the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter cultures, Lb. plantarum MNC 21, L. lactis MNC 24, and W. confusa MNC 20, isolated from a traditionally fermented sorghum-millet beverage from Uganda. The cultures were examined for tolerance to acid and bile salts, bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, antibiotic susceptibility, biogenic amine production, mucin degradation, hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, adherence to the ileum, coaggregation, and antimicrobial properties against selected pathogenic species. Lb. rhamnosus yoba 2012, a known probiotic, was the reference. The isolates were tolerant to acid (pH = 3) and bile (1%). W. confusa MNC 20 and Lb. plantarum MNC 21 exhibited medium BSH activity (11–15 mm diameter of hydrolysis zone) while L. lactis and Lb. rhamnosus yoba 2012 exhibited low BSH activity (<10 mm diameter of hydrolysis zone). All isolates lacked mucolytic activity. Lb. plantarum MNC 21 and W. confusa MNC 20 produced agmatine. The candidate and reference microorganisms were resistant to 10 of 21 and 5 of 21 antibiotics, respectively. The isolates exhibited hydrophobic, auto-aggregation and coaggregation properties. These three properties were exhibited more (p<0.05) by the reference than the potential probiotics. The ability of the potential probiotics to attach onto the goat ileum (7.3–8.0 log cfu/cm2) was comparable to that of Lb. rhamnosus yoba 2012 (7.6 log cfu/cm2). The four LAB inhibited E. coli, S. aureus, and S. enterica to the same extent (p<0.05). The findings indicated potential probiotic activity of the starter cultures. However, further in vivo examination of these isolates is required to confirm their probiotic capabilities.
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Pak, Dolar, Arunachalam Muthaiyan, Robert S. Story, Corliss A. O'Bryan, Sun-Ok Lee, Philip G. Crandall, and Steven C. Ricke. "Fermentative Capacity of Three Strains of Lactobacillus Using Different Sources of Carbohydrates: In Vitro Evaluation of Synbiotic Effects, Resistance and Tolerance to Bile and Gastric Juices." Journal of Food Research 2, no. 1 (January 28, 2013): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v2n1p158.
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<p>A fermentation study of three probiotic <em>Lactobacillus</em> strains was conducted on individual carbohydrates including glucose (GLU) high methoxy pectin (HMP), sugar beet pectin (SBP), fructooligosaccharide (FOS), galactooligosaccharide (GOS), and inulin agave (IA) as the sole carbon sources. It was observed that <em>Lactobacillus bulgaricus </em>(LB), <em>Lactobacillus casei</em> (LC) and <em>Lactobacillus delbruckii</em> (LD) achieved the highest growth rates when they were grown in the presence of GLU, FOS, and IA, but LB had a slower growth rate in these substrates compared to LC and LD. Only LC had a statistically significantly higher growth rate in GOS than in the basal medium which contained no carbohydrate source. Exposure to bile caused a significant reduction of log colony forming units/ml of all 3 strains, with LD grown in HMP exhibiting the highest survival followed by LC and LD grown in GLU, and LD grown on IA. Although HMP was not fermented by the test organisms, results indicate that HMP may in fact help certain probiotic bacteria to survive exposure to bile. Exposure to simulated gastric juices indicated that the studied <em>Lactobacilli</em> are tolerant to simulated gastric juice.</p>
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Devkota, Suzanne, and Eugene B. Chang. "Interactions between Diet, Bile Acid Metabolism, Gut Microbiota, and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases." Digestive Diseases 33, no. 3 (2015): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000371687.
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The composite human gut microbiomes of Western populations have changed over the past century, brought on by new environmental triggers that often have a negative impact on human health. Diets high in saturated fats and refined sugars and low in fiber are leading candidates for these events and for triggering the increased prevalence of immune-mediated diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our studies have shown that consumption of a ‘Western' diet high in saturated (milk-derived) fat (MF) or n-6 polyunsaturated (safflower oil) fat have similar effects on the structure of the colonic microbiome of wild-type and IL- 10-/- mice, characterized by increased Bacteroidetes and decreased Firmicutes. However, the MF diet uniquely promotes the expansion of an immunogenic sulfite-reducing pathobiont, Bilophila wadsworthia, a member of the Deltaproteobacteria and minor component of the gut microbiome. This bacterial bloom results from a MF diet-induced shift in hepatic conjugation of bile acids, from glycocholic to taurocholic (TC) acid, which is important for solubilizing the more hydrophobic MF diet. However, it is also responsible for delivery of taurine-derived sulfur to the distal bowel, promoting the assemblage of bile-tolerant microbes such as B. wadsworthia. The bloom of this species promotes a Th1-mediated immune response and the development of colitis in IL-10-/- mice. A similar bloom of B. wadsworthia is seen when IL-10-/- mice are fed a low-fat diet supplemented with TC. B. wadsworthia colonization of monoassociated germ-free IL-10-/- mice was dependent on the host consuming either a high-saturated MF diet or the gavage with TC. Together, these data provide a plausible explanation for the link between diseases such as IBD and dietary-mediated selection of gut microbial pathobionts in genetically susceptible hosts. With this knowledge, it may be possible to mitigate the bloom of these types of pathobionts by modifying the conjugation states of bile acids.
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CHENG, HSIN-YI, HSIN-YI YANG, and CHENG-CHUN CHOU. "Influence of Acid Adaptation on the Tolerance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to Some Subsequent Stresses." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.2.260.
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Three stains of Escherichia coli O157:H7, including ATCC 43889, ATCC 43895, and 933, were first subjected to acid adaptation at a pH of 5.0 for 4 h. Thermal tolerance at 52°C and survival of the acid-adapted as well as the nonadapted cells of E. coli O157:H7 in the presence of 10% sodium chloride, 0.85% bile salt, or 15.0% ethanol were investigated. Results showed that the effect of acid adaptation on the survival of E. coli O157:H7 varied with the strains and types of subsequent stress. Acid adaptation caused an increase in the thermal tolerance of E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43889 and ATCC 43895, but no significant difference in the thermal tolerance was noted between acid-adapted and nonadapted cells of E. coli O157:H7 933. Although the magnitude of increase varied with strains of test organisms, acid adaptation generally led to an increase in the tolerance of E. coli O157:H7 to sodium chloride. On the other hand, the susceptibility of acid-adapted cells of the three strains of E. coli O157:H7 tested did not show a significant difference from that of their nonadapted counterparts when stressed with bile salt. The acid-adapted cells of E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43889 and ATCC 43895 were less tolerant than the nonadapted cells to ethanol, whereas the tolerance of adapted and nonadapted cells of E. coli O157:H7 933 showed no significant differences.
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FERENC, JASON, JASON OLIVER, RUTH WITKOWSKI, LYNNE McLANDSBOROUGH, and ROBERT E. LEVIN. "Studies on the Growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains at 45.5°C." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 1173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.9.1173.
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The objectives of the present report were to examine the ability of 18 strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to grow in EC broth at 42.4, 43.5, 44.5, and 45.5°C, and to document the incidence of phenotypic variants present in low numbers that are capable of growth at 45.5°C in EC broth. Among the 18 strains of E. coli O157:H7 studied, only 3 were capable of producing turbid growth with gas formation in EC broth at 45.5°C with 1 × 102 initial CFU/ml. Higher initial densities of CFU resulted in turbid growth and gas formation in EC broth at 45.5°C with all strains. The presence of bile salts #3 in EC broth was found to be inhibitory at 45.5° C. All 18 strains were found to be capable of growth at 45.5°C in nonselective media. The ability of at least one sensitive strain to grow in EC broth at 45.5°C was found to be dependent on the initial number of CFU/ml. Prior growth of cells of a sensitive strain in EC broth at 45.5°C from a cell density of 2.0 × 107 to 8.0 × 107 CFU/ml followed by removal of cells and reinoculation at a cell density of 2.0 × 106 CFU/ml resulted in growth at 45.5°C that did not occur without such conditioning of the inhibitory medium. These results indicate that the ability of most strains of E. coli O157:H7 to grow in EC broth at 45.5°C is dependent on the initial density of CFU and that at low densities of CFU the ability to initiate growth is dependent on either low numbers of phenotypic variants tolerant to the presence of bile salts #3 in EC broth at 45.5°C or to conditioning of the medium with prior elevated numbers of cells.
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BRASHEARS, M. M., D. JARONI, and J. TRIMBLE. "Isolation, Selection, and Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria for a Competitive Exclusion Product To Reduce Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Cattle." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.3.355.
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Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were selected on the basis of characteristics indicating that they would be good candidates for a competitive exclusion product (CEP) that would inhibit Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the intestinal tract of live cattle. Fecal samples from cattle that were culture negative for E. coli O157:H7 were collected. LAB were isolated from cattle feces by repeated plating on deMan Rogosa Sharpe agar and lactobacillus selection agar. Six hundred eighty-six pure colonies were isolated, and an agar spot test was used to test each isolate for its inhibition of a four-strain mixture of E. coli O157:H7. Three hundred fifty-five isolates (52%) showed significant inhibition. Seventy-five isolates showing maximum inhibition were screened for acid and bile tolerance. Most isolates were tolerant of acid at pH levels of 2, 4, 5, and 7 and at bile levels of 0.05, 0.15, and 0.3% (oxgall) and were subsequently identified with the API system. Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus delbreukii, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus cellobiosus, Leuconostoc spp., and Pediococcus acidilactici were the most commonly identified LAB. Nineteen strains were further tested for antibiotic resistance and inhibition of E. coli O157:H7 in manure and rumen fluid. Four of these 19 strains showed susceptibility to all of the antibiotics, 13 significantly reduced E. coli counts in manure, and 15 significantly reduced E. coli counts in rumen fluid (P < 0.05) during at least one of the sampling periods. One of the strains, M35, was selected as the best candidate for a CEP. A 16S rRNA sequence analysis of M35 revealed its close homology to Lactobacillus crispatus. The CEP developed will be used in cattle-feeding trials.
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Zalizar, Lili, Khusnul Rahmawati, and Abubakar Yaro. "Fasciolosis Infection Level of Various Breed Cattle in Batu and Pujon District, East Java, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 226 (2021): 00029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202122600029.
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Fasciolosis is a disease caused by Fasciola gigantica (Cobbold, 1855) or Fasciola hepatica (Linnaeus, 1758) that infected ruminants and caused liver damaged and loss of productivity. To control Fasciola disease in cattle, it is necessary to consider differences in the prevalence or number of cases in various cattle breed. This research was conducted in two slaughterhouses in Batu and Pujon District, Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia involving 50 livestock in each slaughterhouse, either beef or dairy cattle. Observation was done for 2 mo by performing liver necropsy, observing the presence of fibrosis and calcification of the bile duct, counting the number of worms and weighing the removed liver tissue. Result of this research the number of fasciolosis in Ongole and Limousin cattle (30.95 % and 35.94 %) was fewer compared to Simmental and Frisian Holstein (58.33 %). Average number of worms head–1 in each cattle breed; Limousin, Simmental, Ongole, and FH were (105, 49, 27 and 129) worms. Meanwhile, fibrosis score in each group were 1.48, 1.89, 1.33 and 1.75 respectively. It is suspected that differences in cattle breed had correlation with susceptibility towards infection. It is indicated that Limousin cattle are more tolerant against liver worm infection.
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Kuda, Takashi, Sarengaole, Hajime Takahashi, and Bon Kimura. "Alcohol-brewing properties of acid- and bile-tolerant yeasts co-cultured with lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional handmade domestic dairy products from Inner Mongolia." LWT - Food Science and Technology 65 (January 2016): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.07.065.
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Schifano, Emily, Paola Zinno, Barbara Guantario, Marianna Roselli, Sante Marcoccia, Chiara Devirgiliis, and Daniela Uccelletti. "The Foodborne Strain Lactobacillus fermentum MBC2 Triggers pept-1-Dependent Pro-Longevity Effects in Caenorhabditis elegans." Microorganisms 7, no. 2 (February 7, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7020045.
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Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are involved in several food fermentations and many of them provide strain-specific health benefits. Herein, the probiotic potential of the foodborne strain Lactobacillus fermentum MBC2 was investigated through in vitro and in vivo approaches. Caenorhabditis elegans was used as an in vivo model to analyze pro-longevity and anti-aging effects. L. fermentum MBC2 showed a high gut colonization capability compared to E. coli OP50 (OP50) or L. rhamnosus GG (LGG). Moreover, analysis of pumping rate, lipofuscin accumulation, and body bending showed anti-aging effects in L. fermentum MBC2-fed worms. Studies on PEPT-1 mutants demonstrated that pept-1 gene was involved in the anti-aging processes mediated by this bacterial strain through DAF-16, whereas the oxidative stress protection was PEPT-1 independent. Moreover, analysis of acid tolerance, bile tolerance, and antibiotic susceptibility were evaluated. L. fermentum MBC2 exerted beneficial effects on nematode lifespan, influencing energy metabolism and oxidative stress resistance, resulted in being tolerant to acidic pH and able to adhere to Caco-2 cells. Overall, these findings provide new insight for application of this strain in the food industry as a newly isolated functional starter. Furthermore, these results will also shed light on C. elegans molecular players involved in host-microbe interactions.
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ALzaidi1, Rahem E., Hanaa D. Al-Mozan, and Nuha Alrikabi. "Eukaryotic Probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii Application in Clinical Trails: A Review." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance 11, no. 01 (January 25, 2013): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.11.1.25.
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Probiotics are live microbes that assist in restoring the symbiotic intestinal gut flora balance and thus bestow health benefits to the host. The most commonly used human probiotics are members of the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. Besides these bacteria, Saccharomyces boulardii, a yeast strain, is also widely used as a probiotic to treat a variety of conditions, including antibiotics-associated diarrhea and recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. A primary advantage of using Saccharomyces boulardii as a probiotic is that it can be used by patients undergoing antibiotic regimen due to its natural resistance to antibiotics. The genetic transfer of antibiotic resistance genes, a frequent event between pathogenic and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) bacteria, is not as frequent between yeast and bacteria. Furthermore, Saccharomyces boulardii is also tolerant to various local stresses such as the presence of gastrointestinal (GI) enzymes, bile salts, organic acids, etc. and can withstand considerable variations in pH and temperature while transiting through the human GIT. Saccharomyces boulardii is known as generally regarded as safe (GRAS)with probiotic activity against a wide range of pathogens. This yeast is often marketed in a lyophilized form, “ S. boulardii lyo”, complete sequence of the genome was performed, and a comparative analysis of the genome was performed. From clinical studies, the results of randomized controlled trials in patients repeatedly confirmed the significant positive effect in the treatment of acute and chronic diseases.
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de Oliveira Coelho, Bruna, Fernanda Fiorda-Mello, Gilberto de Melo Pereira, Vanete Thomaz-Soccol, Sudip Rakshit, Júlio de Carvalho, and Carlos Soccol. "In Vitro Probiotic Properties and DNA Protection Activity of Yeast and Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from A Honey-Based Kefir Beverage." Foods 8, no. 10 (October 12, 2019): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8100485.
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The probiotic characteristics of three acid-tolerant microbial strains, viz., Lactobacillus satsumensis LPBF1, Leuconostoc mesenteroides LPBF2 and Saccharomyes cerevisiae LPBF3, isolated from a honey-based kefir functional beverage, were studied following the requirements established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO), including host-associated stress resistance, epithelium adhesion ability, and antimicrobial activity. The three microbial strains tolerated different pH values (2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 7.0) and bile salt concentrations (0.3% and 0.6%), and survive in the presence of simulated gastric juice, which are conditions imposed by the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, they showed high percentages of hydrophobicity, auto aggregation and anti-pathogenic against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with no hemolytic activity. The protective capacity of human DNA through microbial treatment was investigated by single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) comet assay. The three selected strains showed DNA protection effect against damage caused by hydroxyl radical (H2O2). However, when the S. cerevisiae treatment was applied, the most effective DNA protection index was observed, which can be associated to its high production of extracellular antioxidants as reveled by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazylhydrate (DPPH) method. These results indicated that the three selected microbial strains could be useful for preventing oxidative DNA damage and cellular oxidation in food products. As well-adapted microbial cells, the selected strains can be used for production of non-dairy functional beverages, especially for vegans and/or vegetarians and lactose intolerants.
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Vilander and Dean. "Adjuvant Strategies for Lactic Acid Bacterial Mucosal Vaccines." Vaccines 7, no. 4 (October 16, 2019): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7040150.
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Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are Gram-positive, acid-tolerant bacteria that have long been used in food fermentation and are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). LAB are a part of a normal microbiome and act as probiotics, improving the gastrointestinal microbiome and health when consumed. An increasing body of research has shown the importance of the microbiome on both mucosal immune heath and immune response to pathogens and oral vaccines. Currently, there are few approved mucosal vaccines, and most are attenuated viruses or bacteria, which necessitates cold chain, carries the risk of reversion to virulence, and can have limited efficacy in individuals with poor mucosal health. On account of these limitations, new types of mucosal vaccine vectors are necessary. There has been increasing interest and success in developing recombinant LAB as next generation mucosal vaccine vectors due to their natural acid and bile resistance, stability at room temperature, endogenous activation of innate and adaptive immune responses, and the development of molecular techniques that allow for manipulation of their genomes. To enhance the immunogenicity of these LAB vaccines, numerous adjuvant strategies have been successfully employed. Here, we review these adjuvant strategies and their mechanisms of action which include: Toll-like receptor ligands, secretion of bacterial toxins, secretion of cytokines, direct delivery to antigen presenting cells, and enterocyte targeting. The ability to increase the immune response to LAB vaccines gives them the potential to be powerful mucosal vaccine vectors against mucosal pathogens.
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García-Vega, Ángela S., Vanessa Corrales-Agudelo, Alejandro Reyes, and Juan S. Escobar. "Diet Quality, Food Groups and Nutrients Associated with the Gut Microbiota in a Nonwestern Population." Nutrients 12, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 2938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12102938.
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Diet plays an important role in shaping gut microbiota. However, much remains to be learned regarding this association. We analyzed dietary intake and gut microbiota in a community-dwelling cohort of 441 Colombians. Diet quality, intake of food groups and nutrient consumption were paired with microbial diversity and composition using linear regressions, Procrustes analyses and a random-forest machine-learning algorithm. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders, including the five cities from where the participants originated, sex (male, female), age group (18–40 and 41–62 years), BMI (lean, overweight, obese) and socioeconomic status. Microbial diversity was higher in individuals with increased intake of nutrients obtained from plant-food sources, whereas the intake of food groups and nutrients correlated with microbiota structure. Random-forest regressions identified microbial communities associated with different diet components. Two remarkable results confirmed previous expectations regarding the link between diet and microbiota: communities composed of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers were more prevalent in the microbiota of individuals consuming diets rich in fiber and plant-food sources, such as fruits, vegetables and beans. In contrast, an inflammatory microbiota composed of bile-tolerant and putrefactive microorganisms along with opportunistic pathogens thrived in individuals consuming diets enriched in animal-food sources and of low quality, i.e., enriched in ultraprocessed foods and depleted in dietary fiber. This study expands our understanding of the relationship between dietary intake and gut microbiota. We provide evidence that diet is strongly associated with the gut microbial community and highlight generalizable connections between them.
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Diguță, Camelia Filofteia, George Daniel Nițoi, Florentina Matei, Gabriela Luță, and Călina Petruța Cornea. "The Biotechnological Potential of Pediococcus spp. Isolated from Kombucha Microbial Consortium." Foods 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 1780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9121780.
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In the past decade, the probiotic market has grown rapidly, both for foods and supplements intended to enhance wellness in healthy individuals. Different lactic acid bacteria (LAB), especially Lactobacillus spp., of different origins have already been used to develop commercial probiotic products. Nowadays, LAB new alternative sources, such as non-dairy fermented food products, are being exploited. One such source is Kombucha, a fermented low-alcohol beverage made of tea leaves. In this regard, we tested seven Pediococcus spp. strains isolated from a local industrial Kombucha for their biotechnological potential. Two, out of the seven isolates, identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus (L3) and Pediococcus acidiliactici (L5), were selected as successful candidates for the food industry, due to their probiotic and technological properties. In regard to their resistance in the gastro-intestinal tract, both selected strains were tolerant to a pH of 3.5, presence of 0.3% pepsin, and 0.5% bile salt concentration. On the antagonistic side, the fresh suspension of selected isolates had high inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria ivanovii, Bacillus cereus, Proteus hauseri, and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, moderate to high inhibitory activity was noticed against foodborne molds (e.g., Penicillium expansum and Penicillium digitatum). These safety issues were supported by their negative hemolytic activity and good antioxidant potential (56–58%). Selected isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin, erythromycin, and lincomycin, while a broad range of other antibiotics were not effective inhibitors. On the technological side, both strains tolerated 5% NaCl and, during the freeze-drying process, had a good survival rate (86–92%). The selected Pediococcus strains have proven properties to be used for further development of functional products.
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Zielińska, Dorota, and Danuta Kolożyn-Krajewska. "Food-Origin Lactic Acid Bacteria May Exhibit Probiotic Properties: Review." BioMed Research International 2018 (October 1, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5063185.
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One of the most promising areas of development in the human nutritional field over the last two decades has been the use of probiotics and recognition of their role in human health and disease. Lactic acid-producing bacteria are the most commonly used probiotics in foods. It is well known that probiotics have a number of beneficial health effects in humans and animals. They play an important role in the protection of the host against harmful microorganisms and also strengthen the immune system. Some probiotics have also been found to improve feed digestibility and reduce metabolic disorders. They must be safe, acid and bile tolerant, and able to adhere and colonize the intestinal tract. The means by which probiotic bacteria elicit their health effects are not understood fully, but may include competitive exclusion of enteric pathogens, neutralization of dietary carcinogens, production of antimicrobial metabolites, and modulation of mucosal and systemic immune function. So far, lactic acid bacteria isolated only from the human gastrointestinal tract are recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) for use as probiotics by humans. However, more and more studies suggest that strains considered to be probiotics could be isolated from fermented products of animal origin, as well as from non-dairy fermented products. Traditional fermented products are a rich source of microorganisms, some of which may exhibit probiotic properties. They conform to the FAO/WHO recommendation, with one exception; they have not been isolated from human gastrointestinal tract. In light of extensive new scientific evidence, should the possibility of changing the current FAO/WHO requirements for the definition of probiotic bacteria be considered?
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Stackhouse, Robert R., Nancy G. Faith, Charles W. Kaspar, Charles J. Czuprynski, and Amy C. Lee Wong. "Survival and Virulence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Filaments Induced by Reduced Water Activity." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 7 (January 27, 2012): 2213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.06774-11.
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ABSTRACTSalmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis strain E40 filaments were developed under conditions of a reduced water activity (aw) of 0.95 in tryptic soy broth (TSB) or tryptic soy agar (TSA) supplemented with 8% or 7% NaCl, respectively. Filament formation was accompanied by an increase of biomass without an increase in CFU and was affected by incubation temperature and the physical milieu. The greatest amount of filaments was recovered from TSA with 7% NaCl and incubation at 30°C. Within 2 h of transfer to fresh TSB, filaments started to septate into normal-sized cells, resulting in a rapid increase in CFU.S. Enteritidis E40 filaments were not more tolerant of low- or high-temperature stresses than nonfilamented control cells. However, there was greater survival of filaments in 10% bile salts after 24 to 48 h of incubation, during pH 2.0 acid challenge for 10 min, and under desiccation on stainless steel surfaces at 25°C and 75.5% relative humidity for 7 days.S. Enteritidis E40 filaments invaded and multiplied within Caco-2 human intestinal epithelial cells to a similar degree as control cells when a comparable CFU of filaments and control cells was used.S. Enteritidis E40 filaments established a successful infection in mice via intragastric inoculation. The filaments colonized the gastrointestinal tract and disseminated to the spleen and liver at levels comparable to those attained by control cells, even when animals were inoculated with 10- to 100-fold fewer CFU. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of virulence of stress-inducedSalmonellafilamentsin vitroandin vivo. Formation of filaments bySalmonellain food products and food processing environments is significant to food safety, because detection and quantitation of the pathogen may be compromised. The finding that these filaments are virulent further enhances their potential public health impact.
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Millette, Mathieu, Gilbert Cornut, Claude Dupont, François Shareck, Denis Archambault, and Monique Lacroix. "Capacity of Human Nisin- and Pediocin-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria To Reduce Intestinal Colonization by Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 7 (February 1, 2008): 1997–2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02150-07.
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ABSTRACT This study demonstrated the capacity of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to reduce intestinal colonization by vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in a mouse model. Lactococcus lactis MM19 and Pediococcus acidilactici MM33 are bacteriocin producers isolated from human feces. The bacteriocin secreted by P. acidilactici is identical to pediocin PA-1/AcH, while PCR analysis demonstrated that L. lactis harbors the nisin Z gene. LAB were acid and bile tolerant when assayed under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. A well diffusion assay using supernatants from LAB demonstrated strong activity against a clinical isolate of VRE. A first in vivo study was done using C57BL/6 mice that received daily intragastric doses of L. lactis MM19, P. acidilactici MM33, P. acidilactici MM33A (a pediocin mutant that had lost its ability to produce pediocin), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 18 days. This study showed that L. lactis and P. acidilactici MM33A increased the concentrations of total LAB and anaerobes while P. acidilactici MM33 decreased the Enterobacteriaceae populations. A second in vivo study was done using VRE-colonized mice that received the same inocula as those in the previous study for 16 days. In L. lactis-fed mice, fecal VRE levels 1.73 and 2.50 log10 CFU/g lower than those in the PBS group were observed at 1 and 3 days postinfection. In the P. acidilactici MM33-fed mice, no reduction was observed at 1 day postinfection but a reduction of 1.85 log10 CFU/g was measured at 3 days postinfection. Levels of VRE in both groups of mice treated with bacteriocin-producing LAB were undetectable at 6 days postinfection. No significant difference in mice fed the pediocin-negative strain compared to the control group was observed. This is the first demonstration that human L. lactis and P. acidilactici nisin- and pediocin-producing strains can reduce VRE intestinal colonization.
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Moore, John E., and Jacqueline C. Rendall. "Comparison of susceptibility of cystic-fibrosis-related and non-cystic-fibrosis-related Pseudomonas aeruginosa to chlorine-based disinfecting solutions: implications for infection prevention and ward disinfection." Journal of Medical Microbiology 63, no. 9 (September 1, 2014): 1214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.071050-0.
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Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis (CF) sputum was shown to be more tolerant to the most commonly used chlorine-based disinfecting agent in the UK, with approximately 7 out of 10 isolates surviving a residual free chlorine (RFC) concentration of 500 p.p.m., when compared with antibiotic-sensitive invasive P. aeruginosa from a non-CF blood culture source, where 8 out of 10 isolates were killed at a RFC concentration of 100 p.p.m. All CF isolates were killed at 1000 p.p.m. chlorine. Additional studies were performed to examine factors that influenced the concentration of RFC from chlorine-based (sodium dichloroisocyanurate) disinfecting agents in contact with CF sputum and their components (bacterial cells, glycocalyx) to assess the reduction of the bactericidal activity of such disinfecting agents. Pseudomonas glycocalyx had a greater inhibitory effect of chlorine deactivation than bacterial cells. Calibration curves demonstrated the relative deactivating capacity on RFC from clinical soils, in the order pus>CF sputum>wound discharge fluid/synovial fluid>ascites fluid>bile, where quantitatively each 1 % (w/v) CF sputum reduced the RFC by 43 p.p.m. Sublethal stressing of P. aeruginosa with chlorine resulted in lowered susceptibility to colistin (P = 0.0326) but not to meropenem, tobramycin or ciprofloxacin. In conclusion, heavy contamination of healthcare fomites with CF sputum containing MDR P. aeruginosa may result in exhaustion of RFC, and this, combined with an increased resistance to chlorine with such strains, may lead to their survival and increased antibiotic resistance in such environments. CF infection prevention strategies in such scenarios should therefore target interventions with increased concentrations of chlorine to ensure the eradication of MDR P. aeruginosa from the CF healthcare environment.
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Baldeon, Alexis, Jordan Lovett, and Hannah Holscher. "Diet Quality and the Fecal Microbiota in Healthy Adults in the American Gut Project." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa062_003.
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Abstract Objectives The human gastrointestinal microbiota contributes to the relationship between diet and health via microbial metabolism of undigested food components. Thus, it is valuable to understand the relations between gut microorganisms and diet quality. Herein, we examined the associations between compliance to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, as measured by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2010 scores, and the fecal microbiota in a subset of healthy adults in the American Gut Project cohort. Methods This was a cross-sectional observational study of healthy adults (n = 1,573 (984 females); BMI:18.5-29.9 kg/m2; 20–90 years of age) from the American Gut Project cohort who provided a stool sample and completed a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ; VioScreen). Fecal samples were processed using Earth Microbiome Project protocols. Briefly, DNA was extracted from the stool samples and the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. Taxonomies were determined using Greengenes 13_8. HEI-2010 scores were calculated by VioScreen, and for the purposes of this study, further divided into tertiles. Bacterial genera that were present in at least 50% of the cohort were assessed. Bacterial relative abundances between high and low tertiles of HEI total score were compared using the Mann-Whitney test. Corrections for multiple comparisons were made using a false discovery rate of 5%. Results Greater abundances of the genera Faecalibacterium, Coprococcus, and Lachnospira were detected among participants within the highest HEI total score tertile (q < 0.03). Alternatively, the relative abundances of Bacteroides, Alistipes, Bilophila, and Collinsella were greatest among those with the lowest HEI total score (q < 0.03). Conclusions These results reveal that higher HEI-2010 total scores were associated with greater abundances of SCFA-producing microorganisms but inversely associated with bile-tolerant taxa. Ongoing analyses include further examination of relations between the 12 different components of the HEI-2010, as well as examining differences among demographic groups. Funding Sources USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch Project 1009249.
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O'Flaherty, Sarah, and Todd R. Klaenhammer. "Multivalent Chromosomal Expression of the Clostridium botulinum Serotype A Neurotoxin Heavy-Chain Antigen and the Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen in Lactobacillus acidophilus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 20 (August 5, 2016): 6091–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01533-16.
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ABSTRACTClostridium botulinumandBacillus anthracisproduce potent toxins that cause severe disease in humans. New and improved vaccines are needed for both of these pathogens. For mucosal vaccine delivery using lactic acid bacteria, chromosomal expression of antigens is preferred over plasmid-based expression systems, as chromosomal expression circumvents plasmid instability and the need for antibiotic pressure. In this study, we constructed three strains ofLactobacillus acidophilusNCFM expressing from the chromosome (i) the nontoxic host receptor-binding domain of the heavy chain ofClostridium botulinumserotype A neurotoxin (BoNT/A-Hc), (ii) the anthrax protective antigen (PA), and (iii) both the BoNT/A-Hc and the PA. The BoNT/A-Hc vaccine cassette was engineered to contain the signal peptide from the S-layer protein A fromL. acidophilusand a dendritic-cell-targeting peptide. A chromosomal region downstream oflba0889carrying a highly expressed enolase gene was selected for insertion of the vaccine cassettes. Western blot analysis confirmed the heterologous expression of the two antigens from plasmid and chromosome locations. Stability assays demonstrated loss of the vaccine cassettes from expression plasmids without antibiotic maintenance. RNA sequencing showed high expression of each antigen and that insertion of the vaccine cassettes had little to no effect on the transcription of other genes in the chromosome. This study demonstrated that chromosomal integrative recombinant strains are promising vaccine delivery vehicles when targeted into high-expression chromosomal regions. Levels of expression match high-copy-number plasmids and eliminate the requirement for antibiotic selective maintenance of recombinant plasmids.IMPORTANCEClostridium botulinumandBacillus anthracisproduce potent neurotoxins that pose a biochemical warfare concern; therefore, effective vaccines against these bacteria are required. Chromosomal expression of antigens is preferred over plasmid-based expression systems since expressing antigens from a chromosomal location confers an advantage to the vaccine strains by eliminating the antibiotic maintenance required for plasmids and negates issues with plasmid instability that would result in loss of the antigen. Lactic acid bacteria, includingLactobacillus acidophilus, have shown potential for mucosal vaccine delivery, asL. acidophilusis bile and acid tolerant, allowing transit through the gastrointestinal tract where cells interact with host epithelial and immune cells, including dendritic cells. In this study, we successfully expressedC. botulinumandB. anthracisantigens in the probioticL. acidophilusstrain NCFM. Both antigens were highly expressed individually or in tandem from the chromosome ofL. acidophilus.
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Kou, Xiaohong, Qiong Chen, Xiaoying Ju, Huiping Liu, Wenrong Chen, and Zhaohui Xue. "A tolerant lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus paracasei, and its immunoregulatory function." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 60, no. 11 (November 2014): 729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2014-0383.
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The aim of the present investigation was to isolate a probiotic strain from 23 samples of yurts cheese and 21 samples of kumiss (collected from scattered households in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia), and from eN-Lac Capsules, a health-promoting product. The isolates were subjected to biochemical characterization analysis and were tested for tolerance to low pH, sodium salt, bile salt, pepsin, and trypsin. 16S DNA sequence analysis was conducted to identify the strain. The possible dose-dependent role of strain LP2 in immunomodulation was investigated using the ICR mouse model (from the Institute of Cancer Research). Daily, we conducted clinical observations, a carbon clearance test, a spleen lymphocyte proliferation test, and measurements of body mass and lymphoid organ index. Natural killer cell activity and delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction were determined. The results showed that 3 selected strains (LP2, LP4, and LP9) had high tolerance to low pH, sodium chloride, and bile salt and were not significantly different from Lactobacillus paracasei in terms of morphology, colony, and biochemistry characterizations. A further tolerance test showed that LP2 had the highest survival rate (90%) under the conditions of pH 3.0, 0.3% bile salt, 10 mg/mL pepsin, and 10 mg/mL trypsin for 24 h. The sequence heterogeneities within the 16S rDNA genes molecularly elucidated that the LP2 belongs to the L. paracasei family, on the basis of a homology of 99.6%. A significant enhanced footpad swelling reaction and natural killer cell activity in the middle-dose (108 cfu/mL) and the high-dose (109 cfu/mL) groups were observed but without obvious dose dependence (P < 0.05). Lymphocyte proliferation was also increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01) compared with that of the control group, indicating a positive immunoregulatory effect.
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Iwańska, Marzena, and Michał Stępień. "The effect of soil and weather conditions on yields of winter wheat in multi-environmental trials." Biometrical Letters 56, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 263–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bile-2019-0016.
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SummaryDrought reduces crop yields not only in areas of arid climate. The impact of droughts depends on the crop growth stage and soil properties. The frequency of droughts will increase due to climate change. It is important to determine the environmental variables that have the strongest effect on wheat yields in dry years. The effect of soil and weather on wheat yield was evaluated in 2018, which was considered a very dry year in Europe. The winter wheat yield data from 19 trial locations of the Research Center of Cultivar Testing (COBORU), Poland, were used. Soil data from the trial locations, mean air temperature (T) and precipitation (P) were considered as environmental factors, as well as the climatic water balance (CWB). The hydrothermal coefficient (HTC), which is based on P and T, was also used. The effect of these factors on winter wheat yield was related to the weather conditions at particular growth stages. The soil had a greater effect than the weather conditions. CWB, P, T and HTC showed a clear relationship with winter wheat yield. Soil data and HTC are the factors most recommended for models predicting crop yields. In the selection of drought-tolerant genotypes, the plants should be subjected to stress especially during the heading and grain filling growth stages.
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Kuppusamy, Palaniselvam, Dahye Kim, Ilavenil Soundharrajan, Hyung Soo Park, Jeong Sung Jung, Seung Hak Yang, and Ki Choon Choi. "Low-Carbohydrate Tolerant LAB Strains Identified from Rumen Fluid: Investigation of Probiotic Activity and Legume Silage Fermentation." Microorganisms 8, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8071044.
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The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with low carbohydrate tolerance from rumen fluid and to elucidate their probiotic properties and the quality of fermentation of Medicago sativa L. and Trifolium incarnatum L. silage in vitro. We isolated 39 LAB strains and screened for growth in MRS broth and a low-carbohydrate supplemented medium; among them, two strains, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (Lactobacillus plantarum) RJ1 and Pediococcus pentosaceus S22, were able to grow faster in the low-carbohydrate medium. Both strains have promising probiotic characteristics including antagonistic activity against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, and E. faecalis; the ability to survive in simulated gastric-intestinal fluid; tolerance to bile salts; and proteolytic activity. Furthermore, an in vitro silage fermentation study revealed that alfalfa and crimson clover silage inoculated with RJ1 and S22 showed significantly decreased pH and an increased LAB population at the end of fermentation. Also, the highest lactic acid production was noted (p < 0.05) in LAB-inoculated silage vs. non-inoculated legume silage at high moisture. Overall, the data suggest that RJ1 and S22 could be effective strains for fermentation of legume silage.
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Molinero, Natalia, Elena Conti, Borja Sánchez, Alan W. Walker, Abelardo Margolles, Sylvia H. Duncan, and Susana Delgado. "Ruminococcoides bili gen. nov., sp. nov., a bile-resistant bacterium from human bile with autolytic behavior." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 71, no. 8 (August 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.004960.
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A strictly anaerobic, resistant starch-degrading, bile-tolerant, autolytic strain, IPLA60002T, belonging to the family Ruminococcaceae , was isolated from a human bile sample of a liver donor without hepatobiliary disease. Cells were Gram-stain-positive cocci, and 16S rRNA gene and whole genome analyses showed that Ruminococcus bromii was the phylogenetically closest related species to the novel strain IPLA60002T, though with average nucleotide identity values below 90 %. Biochemically, the new isolate has metabolic features similar to those described previously for gut R. bromii strains, including the ability to degrade a range of different starches. The new isolate, however, produces lactate and shows distinct resistance to the presence of bile salts. Additionally, the novel bile isolate displays an autolytic phenotype after growing in different media. Strain IPLA60002T is phylogenetically distinct from other species within the genus Ruminococcus . Therefore, we propose on the basis of phylogenetic, genomic and metabolic data that the novel IPLA60002T strain isolated from human bile be given the name Ruminococcoides bili gen. nov., sp. nov., within the new proposed genus Ruminococcoides and the family Ruminococcaceae . Strain IPLA60002T (=DSM 110008T=LMG 31505T) is proposed as the type strain of Ruminococcoides bili.
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Wahlig, Taylor A., Eliot Stanton, Jared J. Godfrey, Andrew J. Stasic, Amy C. L. Wong, and Charles W. Kaspar. "A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in lptG Increases Tolerance to Bile Salts, Acid, and Staining of Calcofluor-Binding Polysaccharides in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium E40." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (June 2, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.671453.
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The outer membrane of Salmonella enterica plays an important role in combating stress encountered in the environment and hosts. The transport and insertion of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) into the outer membrane involves lipopolysaccharide transport proteins (LptA-F) and mutations in the genes encoding for these proteins are often lethal or result in the transport of atypical LPS that can alter stress tolerance in bacteria. During studies of heterogeneity in bile salts tolerance, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium E40 was segregated into bile salts tolerant and sensitive cells by screening for growth in TSB with 10% bile salts. An isolate (E40V) with a bile salts MIC >20% was selected for further characterization. Whole-genome sequencing of E40 and E40V using Illumina and PacBio SMRT technologies revealed a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in lptG. Leucine at residue 26 in E40 was substituted with proline in E40V. In addition to growth in the presence of 10% bile salts, E40V was susceptible to novobiocin while E40 was not. Transcriptional analysis of E40 and E40V, in the absence of bile salts, revealed significantly greater (p < 0.05) levels of transcript in three genes in E40V; yjbE (encoding for an extracellular polymeric substance production protein), yciE (encoding for a putative stress response protein), and an uncharacterized gene annotated as an acid shock protein precursor (ASPP). No transcripts of genes were present at a greater level in E40 compared to E40V. Corresponding with the greater level of these transcripts, E40V had greater survival at pH 3.35 and staining of Calcofluor-binding polysaccharide (CBPS). To confirm the SNP in lptG was associated with these phenotypes, strain E40E was engineered from E40 to encode for the variant form of LptG (L26P). E40E exhibited the same differences in gene transcripts and phenotypes as E40V, including susceptibility to novobiocin, confirming the SNP was responsible for these differences.
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Berebon, D. P., K. C. Ofokansi, A. A. Attama, C. O. Eze, R. C. Onwusoba, and I. C. Ugwoke. "Preliminary Studies on Isolation, Bile Tolerance and Antibiogram of Potential Probiotics (Probionts) from Locally Fermented Food Products at Beach Market, Nsukka Metropolis, Enugu State, Nigeria." Biotechnology Journal International, March 6, 2019, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bji/2018/v22i330060.
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Aims: The study aims to isolate, evaluate bile tolerance and antibiogram studies of potential probiotics (Lactobacillus spp) from locally fermented Food Products (Akamu, Aqua Rafa® Yoghurt, Ogiri, Okpeye) and Kunu at Beach Market, Nsukka.
Study Design: A ten - fold serial dilution and spread plate method using De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) medium was adopted for isolation of potential Probionts.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, between March - September, 2018.
Methodology: Only catalase negative and Gram positive isolates characteristic of lactobacilli were used. Bile tolerance test was performed by monitoring the bacterial growth at different Bile salt concentrations (0.2%, 0.3% and 2%). The antibiogram of the isolates was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against commercial antibiotic discs of ampicillin, vancomycin, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, methicillin and erythromycin.
Results: All the 18 screened isolates were tolerant to bile salt at 0.2 % and 0.3 % with inhibition of growth at 2 % bile concentration. All isolates were observed to be resistant to methicillin (100 %) but very sensitive to gentamycin (11%) and ciprofloxacin (22%) respectively. The isolates showed intermediate resistance to other antibiotics: vancomycin (33%), erythromycin (33%) and ampicillin (44%). The decreasing pattern of resistance was thus: methicillin > ampicillin > vancomycin and erythromycin > ciprofloxacin > gentamycin. Isolates from Yoghurt (66.67%) and Ogiri (53.33%) provided most of the resistant isolates. Methicillin would provide best antagonist potential as all the isolates exhibited very high level of resistance (100 %).
Conclusion: These results suggest that all the eighteen potential Lactobacillus spp strain show potential for probiotic applications and the locally fermented food products are rich sources of probionts.
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Hussein, Walaa E., Ahmed G. Abdelhamid, Diana Rocha-Mendoza, Israel García-Cano, and Ahmed E. Yousef. "Assessment of Safety and Probiotic Traits of Enterococcus durans OSY-EGY, Isolated From Egyptian Artisanal Cheese, Using Comparative Genomics and Phenotypic Analyses." Frontiers in Microbiology 11 (December 11, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.608314.
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An Enterococcus durans strain, designated OSY-EGY, was previously isolated from artisanal cheese. In this work, comparative genomic and phenotypic analyses were utilized to assess the safety characteristics and probiotic traits of the bacterium. The comparative genomic analysis revealed that the strain is distantly related to potentially pathogenic Enterococcus spp. The genome was devoid of genes encoding acquired antibiotic resistance or marker virulence factors associated with Enterococcus spp. Phenotypically, the bacterium is susceptible to vancomycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and aminoglycosides and does not have any hemolytic or gelatinase activity, or cytotoxic effect on Caco-2 cells. Altogether, these findings confirm the lack of hazardous traits in E. durans OSY-EGY. Mining E. durans OSY-EGY genome, for probiotic-related sequences, revealed genes associated with acid and bile salts tolerance, adhesion, competitiveness, antioxidant activitiy, antimicrobial activity, essential amino acids production, and vitamins biosynthesis. Phenotypically, E. durans OSY-EGY was tolerant to acidic pH (3.0), and presence of 0.3% bile salts. The bacterium showed adhesion capability to Caco-2 cells, cholesterol-lowering effect, DPPH scavenging activity, and antimicrobial activity against several Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. Based on the current work, we propose that E. durans OSY-EGY is a potentially safe strain with desirable probiotic and antimicrobial traits. Thus, the investigated strain could be a promising candidate for several industrial applications.
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Afrin, Sadia, Suraiya Akter, Shamima Begum, and Md Nur Hossain. "The Prospects of Lactobacillus oris as a Potential Probiotic With Cholesterol-Reducing Property From Mother's Milk." Frontiers in Nutrition 8 (March 4, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.619506.
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This experiment was conducted to characterize potential Lactobacillus spp. isolated from mother's milk and infant feces to obtain new and specific probiotic strains. In this study, seven ascendant strains were identified as Lactobacillus spp. based on their morphological characteristics and biochemical properties. Among them, only one (C-1) isolate was identified as Lactobacillus oris through BioLogTM identification. The study further investigated the isolate through probiotic potentiality tests such as pH and bile tolerance, NaCl tolerance test, gastric juice tolerance, antioxidant activity, resistance to hydrogen, reduction of sodium nitrate, antimicrobial activity, and antibiotic susceptibility test. The result showed that the strain is a potential probiotic based on probiotic capability. The identified strain was most acid-tolerant and retained around 80% viability for up to 4 h at pH 1.0 and 2.0. The isolate showed tolerance against up to 1.50% bile concentration and gastric juice and was able to grow 1–6% NaCl concentrations. Lactobacillus oris showed resistance to most antibiotics as well as antagonistic activity against the tested pathogen, good antioxidant properties, reduction of sodium nitrate and H2O2. The isolate exhibited good intestinal epithelial adhesion properties, and SDS page was performed for secreted protein analysis. Moreover, the strain showed promising cholesterol-lowering properties based on the cholesterol level. This present result indicates that L. oris has superior probiotic properties and can be regarded as a potential probiotic candidate.
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Shaul, Eliana, Debora Kogan-Liberman, Stephanie Schuckalo, Dominique Jan, Michelle Ewart, Trang Nguyen, Mercedes Martinez, and Nadia Ovchinsky. "Novel mutations in NOTCH2 gene in infants with neonatal cholestasis." Pediatric Reports 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/pr.2019.8206.
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One cause of neonatal cholestasis (NC) is paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts which can be associated with Alagille syndrome or non- syndromic. Alagille syndrome is caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the Notch signaling pathway ligand Jagged1 in 94% of patients and mutations in the NOTCH2 receptor in <1% of patients. This is a retrospective case series studying infants with neonatal cholestasis found to have variants of unknown significance (VOUS) in NOTCH2. Sorting intolerant from tolerant (SIFT) and polymorphism phenotyping (PolyPhen) were utilized to predict a damaging effect. Five infants with NC without other features of Alagille syndrome were found to have one copy of a VOUS in NOTCH2, predicted to be damaging by SIFT and PolyPhen. Our cases support the notion that NOTCH2 mutations may result in hypoplastic biliary system. Further characterization of these variants is important to assist with our clinical approach to NC.
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"Molecular identification of native lactic acid bacteria isolated from curd samples with probiotic potential." Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry 9, no. 6 (November 20, 2019): 4591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33263/briac96.591597.
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Fermented foods are high in nutrient content than any other category of foods due to the presence of live microorganisms called probiotics. Its application in manufacturing of dairy foods and role in different types of disease prevention ranks it as the most exuberant. The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria from native curd samples collected from dairy farms of Odisha state of India and explore its probiotic potential. Three morphologically distinct bacterial strains were isolated using MRS agar plates. The biochemical study confirmed that all the isolates were gram-positive. The molecular approaches were used to analyze the taxonomical diversity of isolates. 16 S rRNA sequencing was carried out and the bacterial isolates were taxonomically classified as Lactobacillus sp., Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei with NCBI Gene bank accession number [MG573071], [MG573072] and [MG573073] respectively. Further, the isolated bacterial strains were screened for their acid and bile tolerance competence as a principal criterion for probiotic. Among the isolates Lactobacillus casei (MG573073) was found to be highly tolerant of low pH and bile salts, posed strongest cell surface hydrophobicity of 75%. However, the maximum zone of inhibition was observed against Amoxilline/clavunic acid 44mm. The cell growth was found higher in presence of 2% inulin with cell viability 9.11 log 10 CFU/ml. In conclusion, based on the obtained results, Lactobacillus casei can act as a suitable probiotic candidate.