Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Biliaire, sel'
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Olivier, Jean-François. "Influence du pH dans la capacité d'adsorption des sels biliaires et des lysolécithines "in vitro" par les antiacides contenant de l'argile et/ou de l'aluminium." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P110.
Full textAignasse, Marie-France. "Etude des mécanismes d'absorption digestive de la ciclosporine "in vitro" et "in vivo"." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P070.
Full textFontbonne, Hervé. "Etude de la lipase sel biliaire dépendante du lait humain : spécificité de substrat et activation par le taurocholate de sodium et par les phospholipides et PAF." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX30044.
Full textThe bile salt dependent lipase (BSDL) is an enzyme with large specificity of substrate (lysophospholipids, phospholipids, mono-, di- and triglycerides, esters of cholesterol and vitamins A D3 and E. . . ). It is secreted principally by the acinar cells of the pancreas and mammary glands, but it is found also in the liver, the steroidogenic tissue, the plasma, the monocyte-macrophage and the endothelial and eosinophil cells. In this work, we have purified the BSDL from human milk and characterized its kinetic behavior with different concentrations of sodium taurocholate (NaTC) using as substrates the esters of para-nitrophenol whose esterifying fatty acid vary of 2 to 16 carbons length. This study has shown that turn over for BSDL is maximal with substrate containing 8 carbons on acyi chain, with a kcu approximately 3500 s-1, value in range of catalytic constants of lipase and a-amylase pancreatic. The bile salt activated enzyme, follows 2 successive saturation phases. The Michaelis constant is minimal (4 to 30 [micro]M) with medium size substrates (8 to 12 carbons) whereas it is in millimolar range. The maximal catalytic efficiency is maximal (140. 10[6]M-1. S-1) with medium tall substrate, with NaTC, but in its absence, the maximal catalytic efficiency is observed with substrate with acyi length of 8 carbons. Furthermore, the study has shown that phosphatidic and lysophosphatidic acids as well as PAF are strong activators of the enzyme at concentrations close to physiological concentration of these compounds. The neutral phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine have no impact on the enzyme activity
Legrand-Defretin, Véronique. "Dynamique du recyclage enterohepatique des acides biliaires totaux et individuels chez le porc." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077101.
Full textPean, Noémie. "Récepteur TGR5 des acides biliaires : impact sur la régénération du foie et l'homéostasie biliaire." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077055.
Full textBA composition (plasma, liver, bile, urine, stools) was more hydrophobic in TGR5-KO than in W1 mice. After PH, severe hepatocyte necrosis, prolonged cholestasis, exacerbated inflammatory response and delayed regeneration were observed in TGR5-KO mice. Hepatocyte adaptive response to post-PH BA overload was similar in WT and TGR5-KO mice. However, kidney and biliary adaptive responses to post-PH BA overload were strongly impaired in TGR5-KO as compared with WT mice. Cholestyramine treatment, as well as Kupffer cell depletion, significantly improved the post-PH TGR5 KO mice phenotype. After bile duct ligation or upon a cholic acid-enriched diet, TGR5 KO mice exhibited more severe liver injury than WT as well as impaired BA elimination in urine. In TGR5-KO mice, hepatic bile acid synthesis and cholecystohepatic shunt were not altered, but gallbladder relaxation and biliary epithelium hyperpermeability were observed as compared to WT mice. TGR5 is crucial for liver protection against BA overload after PH, primarily through the control of bile hydrophobicity and cytokine secretion. In the absence of TGR5, intrahepatic stasis of abnormally hydrophobic bile and excessive inflammation, in association with impaired bile flow adaptation and deficient urinary BA efflux, lead to BA overload-induced liver injury and delayed regeneration. TGR5 may control both bile acid pool hydrophobicity via the control of gallbladder motor function, and epithelial permeability in the biliary tract
Grill, Jean-Pierre. "Étude du potentiel probiotique de bactéries du genre Bifidobacterium : purification et caractérisation de la fructose 6 phosphate phosphocetolase de Bifidobacterium longum et Bifidobacterium animalis." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10050.
Full textAubert-Jousset, Emeline. "Etudes structurales et fonctionnelles de la lipase sels biliaires-dépendante." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX20687.
Full textThe Bile salt-dependent lipase (BSDL) is an enzyme secreted by the acinar pancreatic cell. It hydrolyses esters of cholesterol in the presence of bile salts in the duodenum. During this study, we have characterized the role of two positively charged clusters at the surface of the enzyme. The basic N-terminal cluster, consisting of positive residues K32/K56/K61/K62/R63, corresponds to the specific binding site of primary bile salts, which is associated to the activation of the enzyme. The basic distal cluster, consisting of positive residues R423/K429/R454/R458/K462 corresponds to the non-specific or pre-micellar bile salt-binding site which is involved in the binding of the enzyme to micelles. We have also highlighted the presence of a domain on the BSDL which shows a structure homology with the V3 loop of the glycoprotein gp120 of the HIV-1 and shown its implication in the binding of the enzyme to the rafts of the membrane during its process towards secretion
Nganga, Alain. "Implication de la Grp94 dans la sécrétion de la lipase sels biliaires dépendante." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2001AIX20667.pdf.
Full textBile salt-dependent lipase (BSDL, EC 3. 1. 1. 13) is a pancreatic enzyme which catalyses the hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters. This enzyme is synthesized and stocked within zymogen granules then secreted as a pancreatic juice component before to be diverted to the duodenum where it exerts it physiological function. During secretion and opposite to other pancreatic enzymes, BSDL is associated with intracellular membranes from the ER up to the trans-Golgi. This association implicates a folding complex involving the chaperone Grp94. In this study we first were interested in the role of the 0-glycosylation in BSDL secretion. Two cells lignes, the wild-type CHO-KI and the 0-glycosylation deficient CHO-ldlD lignes were transfected with full-length cDNA of the rat BSDL. Results suggested that the secretion of BSDL was depending upon the cell capacity to 0-glycosylate BSDL, and that BSDL deficient for the 0-glycosylation was likely degraded. We then attempted to delineate the role of the Grp94 in the BSDL secretion. For this purpose we use (i) a ribozyme that specifically decreases the expression of the chaperone and (ii) geldanamycine, a drug that affects the binding of the Grp94 to its substrate. Data indicated that the BSDL secretion is depending on its interaction with the chaperone and that BSDL molecules that are not structurated or associated with Grp94 during cell transport are unstable and degraded. Further results using proteasome inhibitors and antibodies to ubiquitin suggested that BSDL molecules uncompetent for the secretion are ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome
Aloulou, Ahmed. "Etude biochimique de la lipase LIP2 de Yarrowia lipolytica, candidat pour le traitement de l'insuffisance pancréatique exocrine." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX22043.
Full textTherapeutic failures of pancreatin preparations in certain cases of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (Bonini, et al. ), in particular when gastro-intestinal pH is very low, would be due to the enteric-coated microspheres dissolution potentials and/or to the inactivation of pancreatic enzymes by acidity. Genetic engineering overexpressed enzymes, in particular lipases, from various origins, are actively required for the enzyme replacement therapy. Nevertheless, these target lipases should provide certain criteria, guaranteeing their effectiveness in the digestive tract of patients. The biochemical characterization of LIP2 lipase from the yeast Y. Lipolytica (YLLIP2) shows that it is not inhibited by bile salts and has a rather good stability at the acidic pH. Its regioselectivity (1,3) is comparable with that of pancreatic lipases. YLLIP2 is the lipase which, to date, presents the highest known activity on long-chain triglycerides in particular at acid pH. YLLIP2 seems to be then a good candidate for the development of a drug for the treatment of PEI. The closed 3D structure of YLLIP2 shows a strong structural homology with the lipase of T. Lanuginosus (TLL). The most pronounced structural differences occur, as expected, in the regions of insertions and deletions, all of which are found in surface loops, which include the lid
Ploton, Maheul. "Impact de la phosphorylation de FXR par la PKA sur son activité transcriptionnelle et sur la régulation de la néoglucogenèse hépatique." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S032/document.
Full textGlucose homeostasis is maintained during normal fasting through a complex regulatory network controlled mainly by glucagon, a pancreatic hormone. Opposing the effects of insulin, it orchestrates the glucose use, storage and synthesis by the liver, the main organ that produces glucose during fasting. The latter is carried out first by the degradation of glycogen or glycogenolysis and then by de novo glucose synthesis or gluconeogenesis. Hepatic gluconeogenesis is controlled by modulation of various key enzymes activity and/or expression according to allosteric or transcriptional mechanisms.Multiple transcription factors are involved in the transcriptional regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis. The nuclear bile acid receptor FXR is expressed in the liver and in several organs involved in glucose homeostasis. FXR regulates many essential liver functions, including controlling bile acid and lipid metabolism. The exact role of FXR on gluconeogenesis is still debated. The objective of this work was therefore to study the role of FXR in the control of hepatic gluconeogenesis under experimental conditions reflecting certain aspects of fasting. We demonstrated that FXR, in the presence of glucagon, positively regulated gluconeogenesis according to two mechanisms.The first mechanism involves phosphorylation of FXR by PKA, a glucagon-activated kinase. This FXR post-translational modification allows synergistic induction of key gluconeogenic enzymes expression by FXR and the CREB transcription factor. This mechanism identification constitutes the major part of the work presented in this thesis. These were integrated with work previously conducted in the laboratory that allowed us to identify an additional mechanism for regulating gluconeogenesis. The FXR direct interaction with the transcription factor FOXA2, itself activated by glucagon, inhibits the ability of FXR to induce the expression of SHP, a gluconeogenesis inhibitory nuclear receptor.This work has therefore identified for the first time that hepatic gluconeogenesis is positively regulated by FXR in the glucagon signalling pathway. For this, FXR integrates the "glucagon" signal by two distinct mechanisms: via post-translational modification, its phosphorylation by PKA on S325 and S357 serines and via protein-protein interaction with FOXA2
Foucaud, Laurent. "Régulation nutritionnelle, hormonale et biliaire de l'expression des FABP du tractus digestif." Dijon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997DIJOS065.
Full textAndrieux, Karine. "Interactions des sels biliaires et des phospholipides : application a la transition vesicule-micelle (doctorat : pharmacotechnie et biopharmacie)." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA114805.
Full textOlier, Maïwenn. "Caractérisation de souches de portage asymptomatique de Listeria monocytogenes isolées chez l'homme : évaluation des capacités invasives et étude de leur survie en milieu acide et en présence de sels biliaires." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOS014.
Full textFranceschi, Cécile. "Bases fondamentales d’une immunothérapie des cancers du pancréas exocrine par activation des cellules dendritiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX30072.
Full textDuctal pancreatic adenocarcinoma, one of the most agressive cancers, shows a late diagnosis and is not sensitive to conventional treatments. Therefore it is necessary to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of this cancer. We have previously shown the expression by pancreatic tumoral cells of the J28 and 16D10 glycotopes carried by pathologic glycoisoforms of the bile salt dependant lipase (pBSDL-J28, pBSDL-16D10). The presence of these glycotopes at the cell surface allows us to intend experimental approaches using activated dendritic cells (DC) by pBSDL-J28. We have determined the uptake, and transport mechanisms of pBSDL-J28 by DC. We showed that pBSDL-J28 could induce the maturation of DC leading to lymphocyte T activation. Furthermore, we also produced and purified recombinant J28 glycotopes of pBSDL that could be used in immunotherapy. Last, after identification of BSDL in the urines of healthy subjects, we showed the presence of pBSDL-J28 in the urines of subjects suffering of pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Warchol, Magda. "Etude de l'épimérisation de sels biliaires 7α-hydroxylés par Clostridium absonum ATCC 27 555." Nancy 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NAN10158.
Full textClostridium absonum ATCC 27555 synthesize three inducible hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases which ensure epimerization of 7a-hydroxylated bile salts. In cultures in fermentor in complex medium, induction of these enzymes by chenodeoxycholate was maximum when this substrate was added during growth, in condition of a limiting effect of glucose and pH on the production of biomass and organic acids. In continuous cultures in chemically defined medium, in the presence of chenodeoxycholate the carbon flows were reoriented favoring the production of acetate and energy, at the expense of the reoxydation of nucleotidic cofactors, so as to ensure epimerization of this acid. Some properties of the purified hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases was studied. These results support the hypothesis that epimerization of chenodeoxycholate may represent a detoxification process
Xupei, Huang. "Contribution à l'étude de l'activation de la protéine kinase C par deux familles de promoteurs de tumeurs : les sels biliaires et les acides gras insaturés." Paris 12, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA120015.
Full textClaudel, Thierry. "Rôle du récepteur nucléaire FXR dans le métabolisme lipidique." Lille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL2P005.
Full textHaikal, Ziad. "Régulations nutritionnelles de l'absorption intestinale du cholestérol : effets des glucides et des sels biliaires." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20654.
Full textThere is an important inter-individual variability in our capacities to absorb cholesterol, but the origins of this disparity still haven’t been elucidated. Nowadays, many proteins present at the surface of the enterocyte have been described as potential candidates in cholesterol absorption, but intestinal mechanisms and regulation modes of these transporters are not well known. Therefore, we studied two regulation mechanisms involved in the intestinal cholesterol absorption. The work involved in vitro studies on cells issued from the TC7 clone of the human cell-line Caco-2. This clone expresses glucose transporters found in healthy intestinal cells and its capacity to absorb lipids has been validated. In the first part of the work, we have put in evidence, the regulation by glucose and galactose of the absorption of cholesterol by the TC7 cells. This regulation needs the implication of SGLT1, the common transporter for glucose and galactose, and involves a signaling pathway by protein kinases C. We have also shown that the target of this regulation pathway is the intestinal transporter SR-BI. In the second part of the work, we have studied the regulation of cholesterol absorption by the size and the composition of the structures solubilizing cholesterol. First, we have shown that the apical uptake of cholesterol contained in small size particles is much more efficient than that of cholesterol contained in larger size particles, small size particles having better access to the apical transporters SR-BI and NPC1L1. Then, we have shown that biliary salts regulate Cholesterol absorption by acting on NPC1L1 and by increasing its rate of expression. Our results, as a whole, showed that cholesterol absorption is a complex multifactorial process. The type of ingested carbohydrates and the physico-chemical structure of the solubilizing particles (size and composition) might play an important role in the process, which can partly explain the important inter-individual variability in our capacities to absorb dietary and/or endogenous cholesterol
Miralles, Francisco. "Etude de la protéine foéto-acinaire pancréatique : une protéine associée au développement et l'oncogénèse du pancréas exocrine humain." Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA11T030.
Full textRiahi, Belkacem. "Biosurfactants : nouveaux agents de formulation de milieux microstructurés, hôtes d'une réaction enzymatique." Compiègne, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994COMPD748.
Full textJayne, Sandrine. "Les lipases pancréatiques apparentées de type 1 et de type 2 : PLRP1 et PLRP2." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11050.
Full textPanicot, Dubois Laurence. "Modifications de la o-glycosylation du domaine c-terminal de la lipase sels biliaires dependante : relation avec les pathologies neoplasiques et diabetiques du pancreas humain (doctorat : nutrition)." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX20658.
Full textSpinelli, Valeria. "Les acides biliaires et la régulation de l’homéostasie métabolique : rôle du récepteur Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) dans la cellule bêta-pancréatique : variation du pool des acides biliaires et chirurgie bariatrique Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S054.
Full textBile acids (BAs) are molecules produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, secreted into the intestine and returning to the liver via the enterohepatic circulation. A fraction of BAs escapes the reuptake by the liver and enters the systemic circulation, by which they reach the peripheral organs including the pancreas. Besides their function in facilitating the intestinal absorption of lipids, BAs are signaling molecules that act through receptors for BAs, which are expressed in the key tissues for metabolic regulation, and whose modulation by BAs contribute to regulate energy homeostasis. Thus, variations in the composition of the BAs pool determine the modulation of metabolism via their receptors. The BA-receptor Farnesoid-X receptor (FXR) is involved in the regulation of glucose, lipid and BA metabolism by its action in the liver, intestine, adipose tissue and pancreas. Whole body FXR deficient mice are glucose intolerant and insulin resistant in liver and peripheral tissues, whereas in a context of obesity, FXR deficiency rather improves these parameters. Furthermore, FXR is expressed in the pancreatic beta cell (bcell), where it regulates the synthesis and the secretion of insulin, but the molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated yet. To understand 1) the contribution of FXR bcell in the metabolic phenotype of the total FXRKO-mouse, and 2) the molecular mechanisms of the regulation of insulin production by FXR in the bcell, I developed a mouse model invalidated for FXR specifically in the bcell by the Cre-loxP strategy. The development of the model showed nonspecific recombination phenomena, and I developed a genotyping strategy to overcome this problem. To highlight the phenotype of the FXRKObcell mouse I tested various metabolic contexts (standard and high fat diet, fasting and refeeding conditions, circadian variations). Compared to control, FXRKO-bcell mice developed glucose intolerance and has lower insulinémia, defects increased by a high fat diet. The global transcriptomic analysis in the islets identified a set of microRNA strongly deregulated by invalidating FXR in the bcell, which could explain the dysfunctions in insulin secretion. Besides the modulation of the activity of the receptors, metabolic effects can be obtained by varying the composition of the pool of their ligands BAs. Thus, metabolic perturbations (such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, obesity) are associated with qualitative and/or quantitative variations in the BA pool. In addition, variations of the BAs pool are associated to the metabolic improvement that precedes the weight loss after the surgical practice of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB), which suggests that the BAs can be among the actors of the ‘weight loss-indipendent’ beneficial metabolic effects of RYGB. To investigate this hypothesis, some preclinical models of RYGB have been developed. During my thesis I compared the pool of BAs pre and post RYGB among three species (rat, pig and human; Coll. Prof. F. Pattou and Dr. E.Osto) with the aim of assessing which preclinical model is most suitable for these studies in terms of characteristics of the BAs pool. In a second study, I focused on the causes and mechanisms underlying the increased concentrations of circulating BAs induced by RYGB. In the model of minipig (coll. Pr. F. Pattou), the analysis of the plasma BA pool composition and the hepatic gene expression before and after RYGB, allowed to show that changes in the hepatic function are - at least in part - responsible for the increase of the BA pool following RYGB
Castellanos, jankiewicz Ashley. "Bile acids signaling as a novel mechanism in the hypothalamic control of energy balance." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0218.
Full textIntroduction: Bile acids (BA) are cholesterol-derived molecules mostly known for their role in digesting lipids. By activating the Takeda G protein coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) in peripheral organs, they can also act as signaling molecules to reduce body weight and improve glucose homeostasis. Notably, TGR5 activation can increase energy expenditure in brown adipocytes, although the metabolic pathways involved in these effects are not yet clear. These outcomes imply an anti-obesity function for TGR5. However, all studies investigating BA in energy balance have exclusively focused on peripheral tissues. Since the major center of convergence of nutrient, hormonal, and environmental cues is the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, we hypothesized a role for TGR5 in this brain structure, suggesting that hypothalamic TGR5 activity may participate in energy balance, specifically under dietinduced obesity. Objective: To demonstrate the function of the BA – TGR5 system in hypothalamic populations known to control energy homeostasis, and disentangle its relevance for the treatment of diet-induced obesity. Methods: C57Bl6/J male mice that were either lean (standard chow) or diet-induced obese (60% high-fat diet; HFD) were implanted with an intra-cerebroventricular (ICV) cannula for the pharmacological delivery of TGR5 agonists. TGR5flox/flox mice were used to target the sitespecific deletion of the receptor within the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), through the stereotaxic delivery of AAV-Cre. The following metabolic outputs were measured: body weight, food intake, body composition (EchoMRI analyzer), insulin sensitivity, serum and hypothalamic BA (liquid mass spectrometry), and energy expenditure (TSE Phenomaster system). To block sympathetic signaling, we exposed mice to thermoneutrality (30°C) or performed chemical sympathectomy (6-hydroxydopamine; 80mg/kg i.p.). Markers of lipolysis, thermogenesis, and thyroid metabolism were measured in the liver, adipose and hypothalamic tissues by qPCR or western blots. All studies received the approval from the animal ethical committee of the University of Bordeaux. Results: We demonstrate that TGR5 and BA transporters are expressed in the MBH and that diet-induced obese mice have decreased circulating and hypothalamic BA. Acute ICV or intra-MBH administration of TGR5 agonists reduced food intake and body weight in dietinduced obese mice only, and improved insulin sensitivity. Accordingly, chronic ICV administration of the TGR5 agonist in obese mice reduced their body weight and adiposity, while increasing energy expenditure and mRNA markers of sympathetic activity in the adipose tissue. Indeed, experiments conducted at thermoneutrality or chemical sympathectomy blunted these effects, demonstrating that central TGR5 effects require an enhanced sympathetic tone. By using TGR5flox/flox mice coupled with the delivery of an AAVCre, we observed that the deletion of TGR5 in the MBH had no effect in chow-fed mice. However, a HFD switch rapidly increased their body weight, food intake and adiposity. When exposed to the cold (4 h at 4°C), protein levels of lipolysis and thermogenesis markers in the adipose tissue were blunted, implying an interruption in sympathetic signaling to the periphery due to hypothalamic downregulation of TGR5. Lastly, Cre-dependent deletion of TGR5 in the MBH of already obese mice rapidly increased adiposity by inducing hyperphagia, worsening their obese phenotype. Conclusions: Our work proves the existence of a functional hypothalamic BA – TGR5 receptor system. We show for the first time that the activation of TGR5 in the MBH decreases body weight and adiposity, while increasing energy expenditure through recruitment of the sympathetic nervous system. Taken together, these results expose a new mechanism of action for potential anti-obesity therapies
Collignon, Aurélie. "Immunogénicité d'une glycoprotéine tumorale pancréatique, la lipase sels biliaires-dépendante pathologique et vaccination par des cellules dendritiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5053.
Full textPancreatic adenocarcinoma is an aggressive cancer associated to late diagnosis and resistance to conventional treatments. Identification of novel specific markers is necessary to develop diagnostic tools and innovative treatments. Pathological bile salt-dependent lipase (pBSDL), a tumoral glycovariant of BSDL, is characterized by the appearance of glycosylated epitopes recognized by J28 and 16D10 monoclonal antibodies. Their expression specific to some human tumor pancreatic cell lines and tissues led us to consider their use as targets for dendritic cell (DC) antitumor immunotherapy. Our aim is to explore the ability of pBSDL to induce cellular mediated immunity and to provide a proof of concept of DC vaccination in an experimental model. In humans, we show that DC pulsed with C-ter moiety of pBSDL-J28 (C-ter-J28) can induce T-cell activation. In mouse model, we demonstrate the expression of J28 epitope on pancreatic adenocarcinoma Panc02 cells, used to induce tumors in C57Bl/6 mice. We show that glycoprotein pBSDL (pBSDL-J28) is immunogenic in mice. Moreover, DC pulsed with C-ter-J28 and matured, are able to induce T-cell response. Finally, DC pulsed and matured or not, tested in prophylactic treatment provide long-term substantial protection in vaccinated mice. In these conditions, DC, immature at the time of the injection, play an important role in antitumor protection
Gibold-Lyonne, Lucie. "Impact des facteurs micro-environnementaux de l'hôte sur la colonisation instestinale des Escherichia Coli adhérents et invasifs." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF1MM22/document.
Full textThe etiology of Crohn's disease (CD) involves disorders in host genetic factors and intestinal microbiota. Ileal mucosa of CD patients is often abnormally colonized by adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC). These strains isolated from the intestinal mucosa of CD patients are able to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). This adhesion to IECs promotes the invasion of cells by the bacteria. Furthermore, the invasive ability of AIEC strains allows bacteria to translocate across the human intestinal epithelium, move into the deep tissues and activate immune cells continuously upon arrival. Thus AIEC could be involved in the inflammatory state of the intestinal mucous membrane. The aim of this study was to identify components of AIEC virulence, which might favor their implantation in the gut of CD patients and to define the role of several chemical factors from the ileal environment. Here, we reported a protease called Vat-AIEC from AIEC which favors the penetration of AIEC through the mucus layer and enhances gut colonization. The screening of E. coli strains isolated from CD patients revealed a preferential vat-AIEC association with AIEC strains belonging to the B2 phylogroup. Besides, Vat-AIEC transcription was increased with bile salts from the ileum environment. Then a global RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of E. coli LF82 has been used to observe the impact of bile salts on the expression of bacterial genes. The results demonstrate the explosive effect of bile salts with a dysregulation of about 40% of the genome, with a global upregulation of genes involved in degradation and downregulation of those implicated in several biosynthesis. Our results show that LF82 use ethanolamine as a nitrogen source and propane diol as a carbon source, which can favor their colonization in the gut compared to the other bacteria. We also studied virulence genes expression in the presence of bile salts. They increase the expression of several virulence factors like the IbeA invasion, the type 6 secretion systems and the yersiniabactin. Furthermore, we noticed an increased expression of genes implicated in biofilm formation. These results improve the understanding of the global regulatory network in the presence of bile salts and thus of AIEC implantation in the human gut of CD patients
Favé, Gaëlle. "Stratégies d'amélioration de la biodisponibilité des acides gras : approches physico-chimiques et enzymatiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00689483.
Full textBaucheron, Sylvie. "Le système d'efflux AcrAB-TolC chez Salmonella enterica : rôle dans la résistance multiple aux agents anitmicrobiens et dans la colonisation in vivo." Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR4039.
Full textThe recent emergence of fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella enterica non-typhi presents a therapeutic threat to human health. The two associated responsible mechanisms of this resistance in Salmonella enterica serovars were shown the modification of targets, DNA-gyrase and topoisomerase IV, and overproduction of the AcrAB-TolC efflux system. In the epidemic multidrug-resistant clone S. Typhimurium DT104, we showed that resistance to florfenicol and tetracyclines was mediated in a synergistic way by the florfenicol and tetracycline specific transporters FloR and Tet(G), respectively. In S. Typhimurium DT104 and DT204, TolC but not AcrB were shown to play an essential role in bile salts resistance and in colonisation of chicks. The in vitro use of an efflux pump inhibitor was shown to counter resistance to some antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones
Oliva, Laurence. "Dysfonctionnements hépatiques induits par l'éthanol : effets protecteurs de l'acide ursodésoxycholique." Aix-Marseille 2, 1999. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/1999AIX20667.pdf.
Full textLiver is one of the main targets of chronic ethylic intoxication. Therapeutic strategy has to focus on early hepatic lesions to prevent progression to an irreversible cirrhosis. Ursodeoxycholic acid is a hydrophilic bile acid whose hepatoprotective properties have been shown in drug-induced hepatopathy and in various chronic cholestatic liver diseases. The aim of our study was to assess the effects of this bile salt on hepatobiliary dysfunctions induced in rats by chronic ingestion of a liquid diet containing 36% of total calories as alcohol. Biliary, hepatic and blood compartments are studied. Bile flow, biliary secretion of phospholipid and bile salt are increased by ethanol administration. Ursodeoxycholic acid supplementation to alcohol diet allows a biliary enrichment in tauroursodeoxycholate without modifying the biliary secretion. Our study shows the capacity of ursodeoxycholic acid to partially prevent hepatomegaly, fatty liver and cytolysis induced by long-term ethanol ingestion. Furthermore, ursodeoxycholic acid treatment decreases lipid peroxidation without affecting cytochromes P4502E1 and P4503A1/2 expression, or hepatic glutathione concentration. Lastly, this hydrophilic bile salt almost totally prevents the increase in fluidity of liver plasma membranes, and restores ethanol-induced alterations in mitochondrial structure and function. A last part of our investigations shows the ability of ursodeoxycholic acid to exert its hepatoprotective action in a chronic ethylic intoxication model aggravated by the coadministration of chenodeoxycholic acid, a hydrophobic bile acid
Piessen, Guillaume. "Rôles des mucines MUC1 et MUC4 dans l'adénocarcinome de l'oesophage : études in vitro, ex vivo et dans un modèle animal de carcinogenèse induite." Lille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LIL2S048.
Full textGrzych, Guillaume. "Étude du profil métabolomique des patients atteints de stéatose hépatique non alcoolique (NASH) : recherche d’hypothèses physiopathologiques et de biomarqueurs." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S026.
Full textNAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease), a major public health issue, is considered thehepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. NAFLD is characterized by liver injury dueto an accumulation of triglycerides in the liver which, when associated with inflammation, canprogress to steatohepatitis (NASH Non-Alcoholic Steato Hepatitis). The molecular mechanismsunderlying the pathogenesis, and particularly the transition from steatosis to NASH, are still poorly understood. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of NASH is necessary to identify potential therapeutic targets and non-invasive markers for the diagnosis and monitoring of the pathology. In this context, metabolomic approaches are promising.Metabolomics is the comprehensive analysis of metabolites in a biological medium, and it complements other "omics" techniques for the study of dynamic biological processes. The objective of this work is to use the metabolomics approach to highlight a particular profile in NASH patients in order to understand the pathophysiology and identify potential biomarkers.For this, we have used two metabolomic approaches: 1/ the targeted approach, on plasma,focusing on two classes of metabolites, amino acids and bile acids, 2/ the non-targeted approach on human plasma and livers (results are pending).In the literature, bile acids (B A) are studied as pathophysiological actors and potential biomarkers in the context of NASH. However, interpretation of many cohort studies is complicated by the close association of NASH with type 2 diabetes (T2D), insulin resistance(IR) and obesity, which are also associated with variations in BA. We therefore sought tounderstand the complex relationship between NASH and BA concentrations, as a function ofT2D status, considering IR and obesity as confounding parameters. Through analysis of BAprofiles in two cohorts (ABOS n=219, RESOLVE n=58) of well-characterized obese patients (histological analysis of liver biopsies, clinical-biological status, well-powered statistically), weshow that plasma BA concentrations are higher in NASH vs. non-NASH patients in both T2Dand non-T2D patients. These increases are dependent on the degree of IR, suggesting that NASH causes AB alterations only in the presence of advanced IR and independently of diabetes status.In the literature, plasma levels of branched-chain AA (BCAA) are associated with obesity, IR,and severity of liver damage in NAFLD. In addition, plasma BCAA concentrations differ between genders, which display different susceptibilities to development of cardiometabolicdisease. We evaluated the association between plasma BCAA concentrations and the severity stages of NAFLD, independent of gender, IR and obesity. In the RESOLVE cohort, 112 obese patients were divided into four groups based on NAFLD severity and matched for gender, BMI,IR, and HbA1c. As expected, a modest positive correlation was observed between BCAAconcentrations and NAFLD severity, as well as a major impact of gender on BCAAconcentrations. Subgroup analysis revealed that while plasma BCAA concentrations increased with the severity of NAFLD in females, they tended to decrease in males, suggesting an impact of gender on the metabolic component of NAFLD. Analysis of other AA in the cohort reveals plasma AA alterations involved in the methionine cycle (serine, cysteine, ...), whose molecular mechanisms are being explored in mouse models. The use of metabolomics has allowed us to better characterize the complex interactions of NASH with IR and sex on BA and AA
Crescence, Lydie. "Propriétés thérapeutiques de l'anticorps monoclonal 16D10 sur les cellules tumorales pancréatiques humaines." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20695.
Full textBernon, Marc Michael. "A prospective randomised trial comparing plastic and uncovered self-expanding metal stents for palliation of symptomatic jaundice in patients with malignant distal biliary obstruction." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25252.
Full textQueniat, Gurvan. "Rôle des acides biliaires et de leur récepteur TGR5 dans la régulation de la somatostatine pancréatique et intestinale : conséquences fonctionnelles sur les îlots pancréatiques humains." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S024/document.
Full textBile acids (BAs) have evolved over the years from being considered as simple lipid solubilizers to metabolically active molecules. In addition to their function in dietary lipid absorption, they have also been shown to activate farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and TGR5 receptors to initiate signaling pathways and regulate metabolic gene transcription. TGR5 (encoded by the GPBAR1 gene), also known as G-protein-membrane-type receptor for bile acids (M-BAR) or G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1), was the first identified G-protein coupled receptor specific for bile acids. In normal individuals, the highest level of GPBAR1 mRNA expression was reported in the gallbladder, placenta and spleen, followed by moderate expression in other tissues including lungs, liver, stomach, small intestine and adipose tissue, with a relatively low level of expression in kidney, skeletal muscles and pancreas. In response to binding of BAs to the ligand-binding pocket of the TGR5 protein, the TGR5 receptor is internalized and the GαS subunit is released. This mechanism leads to activation of adenylate cyclase and an increase in cAMP production resulting in induction of the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Subsequently, PKA phosphorylates the cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) and enhances the transcription of its target genes in response to extracellular signals.To date, extensive work has been done to investigate the role of TGR5 in metabolism. In rodents, BA-activated TGR5 receptor stimulates energy expenditure in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and prevents obesity and insulin resistance induced by a high fat diet. TGR5 is also implicated in intestinal L-cells secreted GLP-1, which plays an essential role in glucose homeostasis through the stimulation of glucose-dependent-insulin-secretion and inhibition of glucagon secretion, inhibition of gastric emptying and increasing satiety through neuroendocrine pathways. In terms of the immunological function of TGR5, it is now known that TGR5 is expressed in several immune cells such as monocytes, alveolar macrophages and Kupffer cells. The beneficial effects of TGR5 on macrophage-driven inflammation include reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression, thus protecting against atherosclerosis and liver steatosis. On the contrary, TGR5 activation has also been implicated in itch and analgesia, gastrointestinal-tract cell carcinogenesis, pancreatitis, and cholelithiasis, suggesting a potential role for TGR5 as a regulator of signal transduction pathways responsible for cell proliferation and apoptosis. BAs may also influence islet function via both direct and indirect mechanisms as recent studies have shown that Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is expressed by pancreatic beta cells, and regulates insulin signaling in cultured cell lines. Kumar et al., [14] also reported that the TGR5 agonists INT-777 + oleanolic acid (OA) stimulated glucose-mediated insulin release via TGR5 activation, also in cultured cells. Still, little is known about the regulation of TGR5 expression or its involvement in pancreatic hormone secretion in response to physiological or pathological conditions such as T2D, as these studies have been performed mainly in cultured cell lines. In these contexts, the biological function of TGR5 remains enigmatic. The aim of the present study was first to establish the specific expression of TGR5 in human pancreatic islet cell subtypes. Then, a cross-sectional cohort of human islets isolated from individuals with various degrees of insulin resistance was exploited to determine if TGR5 expression and function was modified in T2D. Finally to determine if targeting TGR5 is clinically relevant, human islets were treated in-vitro with a specific agonist of TGR5 or with siRNA directed against TGR5 and hormone secretion assessed to establish whether TGR5 activation or inhibition modulate pancreatic hormone secretion
Chavez, Talavera Oscar Manuel. "Rôle des acides biliaires dans la physiopathologie de l'obésité, la résistance à l'insuline, le diabète de type 2, la stéatose hépatique non alcoolique et dans le contexte de la chirurgie bariatrique Bile Acid Control of Metabolism and Inflammation in Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Bile Acid Alterations in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes: What Do the Human Studies Tell?” Bile acids associate with glucose metabolism, but do not predict conversion to diabetes Bile acid alterations are associated with insulin resistance, but not with NASH in obese subjects Roux-en-Y gastric bypass increases systemic but not portal bile acid concentrations by decreasing hepatic bile acid uptake in minipigs The functional relevance of bile acids in the improvement of HDL-mediated endothelial protection after bariatric surgery Metabolic effects of bile acid sequestration: impact on cardiovascular risk factors." Thesis, Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LILUS057.
Full textIn addition to their role in the solubilization of dietary lipids, bile acids are signaling molecules regulating their own metabolism, glucose and lipid homeostasis, energy expenditure, cardiovascular function and inflammation via the activation of the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) and the Takeda G protein coupled Receptor 5 (TGR5). Indeed, changes in bile acid concentrations are associated with metabolic diseases and therefore they are candidates to participate in the pathophysiology of these diseases or predict their progression.In the first part of this thesis, we studied bile acid changes in the context of obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. We demonstrated that bile acids are correlated with glucose homeostasis in humans, but that they are not predictors for the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes in a longitudinal cohort study.In the second part of this thesis, we studied the bile acids in the context of bariatric surgery. Our results showed that bariatric surgery reduces the hepatic recapture of certain bile acids, causing them to increase in the systemic circulation. Additionally, we showed that it is not the bile limb but the common limb the one responsible for metabolic changes after bariatric surgery in the minipig. Finally, we showed in humans that bile acids linked to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) increase after bariatric surgery, and that this increase is correlated with the restoration of their vasoprotective functions
Da, Silveira Eduardo. "Cost-effectiveness decision analyses comparing covered to uncovered self-expandable metal stents to elective or on-demand polyethylene stent changes in patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84091.
Full textConclusion. Conditional to the willingness to pay and current Canadian costs, PE-D and C-SEMS are the strategies with the highest probabilities of cost-effectiveness. However, a significant level of uncertainly remains and wrong decisions will occur given the existent information. Acquisition of further knowledge to decrease the uncertainty level may be indicated if it costs less than the opportunity losses.
Amzal, Rachida. "Pharmacothérapie ciblée dans la cholestase intrahépatique familiale progressive de type 2 (PFIC2)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS187.
Full textABCB11/BSEP is the main bile acids transporter located at the canalicular pole of hepatocytes. Mutations of ABCB11 are responsible for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2.During my phD, I evaluated the ability of aminoglycosides and PTC124 to induce readthrough of premature termination codons, targeting and function of nonsense and missense mutants of Bsep and also the effect of combined therapy (readthrough + chaperone).In our expermental models, gentamicin increased readthrough of p.R1090X mutation NIH3T3, HEK293 and Can 10 lines. The resulting full-length protein was detected at the plasma membrane of HEK293 and at the canalicular membrane of Can 10 cells; and was partially functional since it was responsible for increasing the transport activity of 3H-taurocholate (3H-TC) in MDCK clones. These effects were potentiated by the addition of chaperone drugs such as 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PB).I have also demonstrated the ability of new 4-PB derived compounds (MHMPB, OTNC and HMPB) to correct mistrafficking and to increase 3H-TC transport of BsepR1128C missense mutant at lower concentrations than 4-PB. Finally, I showed that other chaperone drugs (GPB, PA, SAHA, and C18) were able to correct mistrafiking of BsepR1128C and to increase its 3H-TC transport activity in MDCK clones
Gaëlle, Favé. "Stratégies d'amélioration de la biodisponibilité des acides gras : approches physico-chimiques et enzymatiques." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00689483.
Full textMazuy, Claire. "Etude de l’interaction entre le récepteur nucléaire FXR et le facteur de transcription FOXA2 dans le foie." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S055/document.
Full textThe liver is a key regulator of whole-body energy metabolism. The nuclear receptor super-family plays a leading role in the metabolic sensing of the liver. Among the nuclear receptors, the bile acid nuclear receptor FXR contribute to the modulation of liver activity in particular through the regulation of bile acid, lipids and glucose homeostasis. Consequently, FXR became a potential therapeutic target for many diseases implicated metabolic disorder such as cholestasis, type 2 diabete or Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). Despite promising results especially on NASH, patient treatment with FXR agonist the INT747 seems to increase LDL-Cholesterol plasma concentrations together with a decreased concentration of HDL-Cholesterol suggesting a higher risk to develop atherosclerosis. These effects on plasma lipid profile are the major break against the development of agonists in clinics. Giving the poor understanding and knowledge of the molecular mechanisms which govern FXR regulation of activity on various signaling pathways, it is of major interest to find new partners and regulators of FXR and especially on lipid and cholesterol homeostasis. One of the transcription factor known to be active in the control of these signaling pathways in the liver is the forkhead box transcription factor FOXA2. This transcription factor whose activity is dependent of physiological conditions is activated by glucagon and inhibited by insulin. In addition, this factor is known to regulate bile acid, cholesterol and lipid metabolism, functions very close from FXR activities in the liver.The objective of this PhD was to study the interaction between FXR and FOXA2 signaling pathways in different hepatic cells lines from human or mouse origin and in the liver. We established that FOXA2 and FXR are colocalised in HepG2 cells and liver chromatin near genes implicated in the lipid and cholesterol metabolism. These FXR/FOXA2 cobinding zones present few consensus FOXA2 response elements suggesting the implication of non consensus binding motifs or a “tethering” mechanism. We show that FOXA2 binding to FXR/FOXA2 cobinding zones is increased when FXR is activated and/or more present in the chromatin evoking a potential interaction between these two factors. We demonstrate that FXR and FOXA2 interact physically and that FOXA2 is a repressor of FXR transcriptional activity using different approaches and cellular models. Finally, we show that FOXA2 is implicated in glucagon-induced repression of FXR transcriptional activity on Shp gene.To conclude, our results show for the first time that the fasting key regulator of lipid and cholesterol homeostasis FOXA2 is a repressor of FXR transcriptional activity through a plausible mechanism involving “tethering” process. This work gives a novel mechanism by which FXR activity can be modified by nutritional status in a gene-specific manner
Casavant, Stéphanie. "Rôle du niveau d'expression d'ABCC2 dans la sensibilité à la cholestase intrahépatique induite par une infusion de taurocholate." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15359.
Full textWang, Sheng-Hsiang, and 王聖翔. "A Study of Multilayer Self-Cleaning Membranes for Biliary Stents." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bzs22r.
Full text國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
107
Bile duct obstruction is the main problem caused by cholangiocarcinoma. Currently, placing biliary stent in the body is the main solution to biliary occlusion. However, the obstruction could happen again after several months. The secondary endoscopic surgery is a method to solve biliary reocclusion, but it may cause life risk and financial burden. This study is trying to develop a multilayer self-cleaning membrane to postpone stent reocclusion. This multilayer self-cleaning membrane consists of biodegradable PLA (Polylactic Acid) films and PVA (Polyvinyl Alcohol) films. In order to achieve the functions that the structural membrane can not only degrade into PLA fragments periodically but also clean the attached contaminant away smoothly. The experiments of this study focus on different kinds of designed patterns and intervals. Based on the limitation of nanosecond laser machine, the minimum interval can be downsized to 0.3 mm. The experimental results show the structural film with narrower intervals between the structures can disintegrate more effectively. Also, the structural film can disintegrate effectively with comparatively large ratio of pattern size and connection interval width. If the PLA structural film is thinner, it would disintegrate rapidly after the solution permeates the film and degrade the under PVA film. In addition, our experiments have proved the structural membrane can clean the attached contaminant during degradation process periodically.
Gagnon-Duval, Laurianne. "Une approche moléculaire pour mieux comprendre l'infertilité chez la vache laitière." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13381.
Full textOver the last fifty or more years, genetic selection has been employed to improve milk production in dairy cattle. This selection was made at the expense of reproductive performance. The observed decrease in fertility does not occur in heifers with the same genetic merit. The enormous milk production and the metabolic challenge that accompany it have a negative impact on the reproductive efficiency due to the metabolic stress of lactation. The purpose of the study was to gain a better knowledge of the molecular and metabolic difference between the two groups of animals in order to better understand the pathogenesis of infertility in dairy cows. To do this, the follicular wave of twelve lactating cows (30-50 days in milk; N = 12) and ten heifers (N = 10) were synchronized by ultrasound guided follicle ablation and by hormonal treatment with injection of prostaglandin-F2α and insertion of a progesterone implant. Follicular fluid and granulosa cells of the dominant follicle were aspirated on day 6. The metabolic indicators BHBA, total bile acids, cholesterol and glucose, were measured in the animals from the blood samples also taken on day 6 confirming greater metabolic stress in the cows when compared to the heifers. A total of six samples were used for RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were performed. Several genes and signaling and cellular function pathways were shown to differ between the two groups of animals, including the cell cycle signaling pathway and hormone production pathway. A confirmation of the results by real-time PCR was undertaken, but the great intragroup variation obviated significant results. In the second set of experiments, primary culture of granulosa cells was conducted to evaluate the effect of bile acids on steroidogenesis to further explore the larger amount of the bile acids in the dairy cows when compared to heifers. The results demonstrate a difference in the metabolic status of the animals; BHBA, total bile acids and cholesterol being higher and glucose being lower in the dairy cow relative to the heifer. Presence of bile acids in the granulosa cell culture caused a decrease in expression of CYP19A1, CYP11A1 and estradiol accumulation. The differences at the metabolic and molecular level of the dominant follicles between dairy cows and heifers may be implicated in the reduced reproductive efficiency of the dairy cows.
Zhang, Meng. "Supramolecular hydrogels based on bile acids and their derivatives." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18440.
Full textMolecular hydrogels are soft materials formed by the self-assembly of small molecules in aqueous solutions via supramolecular interactions. Although much effort has been made in the past several decades in the study of these hydrogels, the mechanism of their formation remains to be understood and the prediction of their formation is a challenge. The main purpose of this thesis is to develop novel molecular hydrogels derived from bile acids, which are naturally occurring biocompounds, and to find the relationship between the gelator structure and the gelation ability. Two new molecular gelation systems based on bile acids and their derivatives have been developed, which may be useful in biomedical applications. The marginal solubility of the solute in water has been found to be a prerequisite for the formation of such molecular hydrogels. The alignment of the nanofibers in the gels leads to the formation of nematic hydrogels. The first gelation system is based on a cholic acid dimer as a gelator, which has two cholic acid molecules covalently linked by a diethylenetriamine spacer. This dimer is insoluble in water, but it forms hydrogels with 3-D fibrous networks in the presence of selected carboxylic acids. The carboxylic acids protonate the dimer, making it marginally soluble in water to yield hydrogels. Only weak and hydrophilic carboxylic acids were capable of inducing the gelation of the dimer and the mechanical strength of the hydrogels could be varied by judicious choice of the acids. Hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding between the side chains of carboxylic acids improve the mechanical properties of hydrogels. The marginal solubility of the acid-dimer complex is regarded to be the critical factor for the formation of hydrogels. Another hydrogelation system was developed by purging to the aqueous solutions of a series of bile salts with carbon dioxide (CO2), yielding hydrogels made of entire natural biological molecules and providing a convenient storage reservoir of CO2 in water. Bile salts are well dissolved in water, while the solubility of bile acids is limited. The carboxylate group of bile salts may be partially protonated in aqueous solutions by bubbling CO2, making them only marginally soluble in water. This forms fibrous structures. Both the appearance and mechanical properties of the hydrogels depend on the amount of CO2 purged. Bubbling CO2 initially induced the formation of transparent hydrogels with nanofibers. Continued purging with CO2 strengthened the hydrogel mechanically, while further addition of CO2 reduced the transparency and mechanical strength of the hydrogel. Both the transparent and opaque hydrogels reverted to transparent solutions when heated and bubbling N2. The sol-gel transition process was reversible and repeatable. The mechanical strength and transparency of the hydrogels could be improved by adding inorganic salts such as NaCl via a salting-out effect. All the hydrogel components are naturally biological compounds, making such hydrogels biocompatible and potentially useful in biomedical applications. The cholic acid dimer linked with a diethylenetriamine spacer was able to assemble in water and form isolated nanofibers in the presence of certain carboxylic acids at a much lower concentration than the CMC of sodium cholate. These nanofibers entangle with each other to yield well-dispersed and randomly-directed 3-D fibrous networks at higher concentrations. When the concentration of dimer salt is above the minimum gelation concentration, the fibrous network is strong enough to immobilize the solution, leading to the formation of an isotropic hydrogel. Further increase of the dimer salt concentration may transit the hydrogels to be anisotropic, thus the formation of nematic hydrogels. The formation of ordered domains of the aligned nanofibers led to anisotropic optical properties of the hydrogels. Stirring the aqueous systems of dimer salt also promoted the alignment of the nanofibers. These molecular hydrogels with ordered aggregates may be useful in applications such as cell culture and mechano-optical sensing.