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Bever, Olga Alexeyevna. "Linguistic Landscapes of Post-Soviet Ukraine: Multilingualism and Language Policy in Outdoor Media and Advertising." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194464.
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This research investigates language use in Linguistic Landscapes (LLs) of an urban center of post-Soviet eastern Ukraine The major focus is on how the signs represent linguistic, social and ideological phenomena in the context of competing local, national, and global language ideologies with Ukrainian, Russian and English in Cyrillic and Roman scripts. More than 100 pictures of public signs were selected and analyzed, from more than one thousand photographs.Detailed analyses of the signs show that the `one state - one language' official language policy is not effective in the predominantly Russian-speaking eastern Ukraine: the signs frequently use Russian, and blend in Ukrainian. There were revealing differences between establishment categories. Bank signs were almost all in Ukrainian, because they are government regulated. In contrast, local clothing store signs used Russian, along with English and European languages to convey `modernity', `prestige' and `high fashion'; other establishment (casinos and electronics stores) mixed Russian and Ukrainian with some English. English and European languages with Roman script were also frequently used to `smooth over' the conflict between Ukrainian and Russian.The genetic closeness of Ukrainian and Russian allows a linguistic phenomenon that reconciles the languages, `bivalency'. Bivalency refers to shared linguistic elements between the languages, allowing the signs to appeal to the local population, while complying with the official Ukrainian language policy. This work analyzes and documents bivalency at phonological, morphological, and lexical levels, introducing a new sensitive tool for quantifying language dominance in signs.The overall conclusion is that signs in the LLs reveal that despite the official language policy, both Ukrainian and Russian appear in signs. In this way, Linguistic Landscapes may predict a future Ukraine in which both Russian and Ukrainian are accepted as official languages.This work contributes several new perspectives to the analyses of LLs. It demonstrates that LLs are multimodal, multilayered and multidimensional to be studied from a multidisciplinary perspective; the methodology integrates Critical Discourse Analysis and grounded theory; LLs are considered as texts analyzed on multiple discourse levels. The work invents and applies continua of bivalency as a multilevel phenomenon. The research focuses on LLs in eastern Ukraine.
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Antonchuk, Daniela. "Bilingualism and access to a third language: Access to the Spanish language by Russian-Romanian bilinguals." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/394088.
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El presente trabajo aborda un tema tan fundamental e importante hoy en día como el bilingüismo, que es un proceso complicado que involucra una amplia variedad de aspectos, entre los que se comprende un sistema particular de la lengua, así como la capacidad de utilizarlo en la comunicación. Aparte del mero hecho de adquirir el conocimiento de una segunda lengua, el bilingüismo también implica el desarrollo de estructuración lingüística específica y el funcionamiento del cerebro diferentes de las de un individuo monolingüe.
La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar la capacidad de comprensión de los informantes bilingües para referirse a un tercer idioma sin su aprendizaje previo y comparar los resultados obtenidos con las adquiridas para los individuos monolingües que presentan cada uno de los idiomas con el fin de verificar una hipótesis establecida. Este estudio se basa en el bilingüismo entre dos familias de lenguas diferentes, es decir, eslava y romance, en el ejemplo de los idiomas ruso y rumano, lo que resulta en tres grupos de informantes y que implica el análisis de una tercera lengua que pertenece a la familia de lenguas románicas en el ejemplo de la lengua española. Así, el estudio dado representa una investigación experimental con material especificado recogido y generado para un número de propósitos y objetivos, todos los cuales tienen como objetivo confirmar o refutar la hipótesis que se ha indicado anteriormente.<br>The present work deals with such a fundamental and significant subject nowadays as bilingualism, which is a complicated process involving a variety of aspects, among which we can distinguish comprising a particular system of a language as well as the capacity to use it in communication. Apart from the mere fact of acquiring the knowledge of a second language, bilingualism also involves the development of specific linguistic structuring and brain functioning different from those of a monolingual individual.
The present investigation is aiming to assess the comprehension capacity of bilingual informants to refer to a third language without its prior learning and to compare the obtained results with those acquired for monolingual individuals presenting each of the languages in order to verify an established hypothesis. This study is based on the bilingualism between two different language families, i.e. Slavic and Romance, on the example of the Russian and Romanian languages, thus, resulting in three groups of informants and involving the analysis of a third language belonging to the Romance language family on the example of the Spanish language. Thus, the given study represents an experimental research with specified material collected and generated for a number of purposes and aims, all of which having as objective proving or refuting previously stated hypothesis.
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Greek, Selin Matilda, and Calum James. "A multilingual advantage, or lack thereof? : A comparative study of executive functions in bilinguals and multilinguals." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för hälsa, lärande och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85293.
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The present study aimed to examine how bilinguals and multilinguals performed in executive functioning measures as well as potential differences in performance in terms of number of languages spoken and language proficiency. A sample of 191 participants between the ages 50-75 who spoke 1-5 languages were administered six executive functioning tasks measuring inhibition and switching performance. Three different language variables were examined, namely self-reported number of languages spoken, language proficiency and recategorised number of languages spoken based on proficiency. Analyses showed a positive correlation (i.e., worse performance) between the reported number of languages spoken and the switching task “colour-shape”. This correlation remained significant when analysing the recategorised number of languages and the colour-shape task. The current results indicated no significant performance benefits of multilingualism in executive functioning tasks and showed that they may even have been disadvantaged in certain circumstances. Since correlations were only found in one switching task, no wider generalisations as to the advantages or disadvantages can be made based on the results in this study. However, no multilingual advantage as reported in previous papers was found in the present study.<br>Denna studie syftade till att undersöka tvåspråkigas och flerspråkigas prestation i exekutiva funktioner samt potentiella prestationsskillnader vad gäller antal språk och språkfärdighet. Ett urval på 191 deltagare i åldrarna 50-75, som talades 1-5 språk, deltog i sex olika tester som mätte prestation i de exekutiv funktionerna inhibering och växlande. Tre språkvariabler undersöktes, nämligen självrapporterat antal språk, språkfärdighet och omkategoriserat antal språk baserat på språkfärdighet. Analyser visade en positiv korrelation (d.v.s. sämre prestation) mellan självrapporterat antal språk och växlandesuppgiften “colour-shape”. Denna korrelation förblev signifikant vid analyser av omkategoriserat antal språk och “colour-shape”-uppgiften. Resultaten indikerade inga signifikanta prestationsfördelar för flerspråkiga personer vad gäller exekutiva funktioner, utan visade att detta skulle kunna vara en nackdel under vissa omständigheter. Då korrelationerna endast hittades i en växlingsuppgift kan inga större generaliseringar göras vad gäller fördelar eller nackdelar baserat på vad som kommit fram i denna studie. Likväl kunde inga fördelar för flerspråkiga som rapporterats i tidigare forskning finnas i denna studie.<br>Successful Aging - A study of how bilingualism and choice of occupation contribute to preserve attention and memory across the adult life span
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Kenner, Anne Charmain. "Social scripts : children writing in a multilingual nursery." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242193.
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Linton, April. "Spanish for Americans? : the politics of bilingualism in the United States /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8857.
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Lefebvre, Elisabeth, and Elisabeth Lefebvre. "Student Attitudes Toward Multilingual Education." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12513.
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This research focuses on student attitudes toward multilingual education. Although much work has been done on multilingual education pedagogy and policy, almost none has been child-centered. Little consideration has been given to first-hand accounts of children in immersion programs. Through participatory observation, surveys, and focus group discussions with third grade students at a public, French immersion elementary school in the Pacific Northwest, I have found many common threads within student experiences of multilingual education. Specifically, students' fear of failure and peer-to-peer shaming when learning a new language can leave them feeling ambivalent toward French. This is not to say that the student experience is overwhelmingly negative; however, student attitudes seem to fall somewhere between their learned value for multilingualism and their lived experiences. Ultimately, this thesis highlights the importance of student narratives and the ways in which they can inform the development of immersion education programs.
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Ozagac, Oya. "A Minimalistic Approach To Russian-english-turkish Multilingualism." Master's thesis, METU, 2002. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/617217/index.pdf.
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The empirical question which is the focus of present research is: How may the
lexicons from different languages interact in the course of one syntactical derivation,
resulting in code switching phenomena? We develop the following hypothesis
concerning code switching: The units of intrasentential code switching are either
heads or functional maximal projections. To get support for this hypothesis,
intrasentential code switching instances from Russian-English-Turkish and Dutch-
Turkish spoken data are analyzed within the minimalist framework. In the data
analysed, it has been observed that the data gathered support this hypothesis and that
the Minimalist Program has an explanatory force for bilingual language processing.
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Dovgialo, Julija. "Logopedo veikos ypatumai ugdant vaikus iš dvikalbės ir daugiakalbės aplinkos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120913_100109-83311.
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Magistro darbe išanalizuota ir susisteminta Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių mokslinė literatūra, apžvelgti specialiosios pedagoginės pagalbos teikimo būdai ugdymo įstaigose.Iškelta hipotezė, kad švietimo įstaigų logopedai naudoja įvairius efektyvius pagalbos būdus bei pritaiko juos ugdant vaikus iš dvikalbės ir daugiakalbės aplinkos.<br>The analysis and system of nonfiction of foreign and Lithuanian authors is presented. Moreover, the methods of special pedagogical assistance in educational institutions are reviewed. The erected hypothesis says that a variety of effectiveways in training children from bilingual and multilingual environment is applied by speech therapists at educational institutions.
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Maluch, Jessica. "Bilingualism and its Effect on Foreign Language Learning." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19221.
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In vielen Staaten unterscheidet sich die Leistung von Schülern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund. Schüler mit Migrationshintergrund sprechen eine Minderheitensprache sowie die Zielsprache des Wohnlandes, das führt zu einem gewissen Grad der Zweisprachigkeit. Die Zweisprachigkeit ist mit Entwicklungsmustern verbunden, die das Fremdsprachenlernen der bilingualen Schüler positiv beeinflussen können. Diese Dissertation untersucht die Beziehung zwischen Zweisprachigkeit und Fremdsprachenlernen.
Die erste Studie untersuchte die Wirkung der Zweisprachigkeit von Schülern mit Migrationshintergrund auf das Erlernen von Englisch als Fremdsprache. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen positiven Trend zwischen Zweisprachigkeit und Lernerfolg. Dieser Trend unterschied sich deutlich zwischen Gruppen verschiedener Heimatsprachen mit den Kenntnissen der Unterrichtssprache als stärksten Prädiktor.
Die zweite Studie betrachtete die Wirkung von Zweisprachigkeit auf die Leistung in Englisch als Fremdsprache von der Grundschule bis zur weiterführenden Schule. Die Analysen zeigen, dass, ein wesentlicher Vorteil der Zweisprachigkeit in der Grundschule vorliegt, dieser aber in der Sekundarstufe I verschwindet. Dies führt zu unterschiedlichem Leistungszuwachs von zweisprachigen und einsprachigen Schülern.
Die dritte Studie untersuchte die Wirkung der Zweisprachigkeit auf das Erlernen von Englisch als Fremdsprache unter Berücksichtigung der Auswirkungen von Methode und Abfolge des Erlernens der Zweitsprache sowie des Sprachgebrauchs. Die Ergebnisse zeigen Leistungsvorsprünge in der Drittsprache für Zweisprachige, die in ihrer Minderheitensprache unterrichtet werden, beide Sprachen simultan erwerben und häufiger zwischen beiden Sprachen wechseln.
Diese Dissertation gibt weitere Hinweise darauf, dass unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen Zweisprachige mit Migrationshintergrund im Vergleich zu einsprachigen Schülern Vorteile im Fremdsprachenlernen haben, obwohl sich dieser Befund im Laufe der Zeit verändert.<br>There is a large achievement gap between students with immigrant background and their peers. Many students with immigrant backgrounds speak a minority language at home as well as the majority language of the larger society, resulting in some level of bilingualism. Bilingualism is associated with unique patterns of development that may affect their foreign language learning (FLL) in positive ways. This thesis explores the relationship between bilingualism and FLL, focusing on factors that affect this relationship.
The first study investigates the effect of immigrant bilingualism on English FLL, examining confounding background variables and the effect of instructional language proficiency. The results showed a general positive trend between bilingualism and FLL. This positive trend differed between bilingual groups with different home languages with the strongest predictor for FLL being instructional language proficiency.
This second study considers the effect of bilingualism on the FLL from elementary to secondary school. Although a significant advantage of bilingualism is found in elementary school, it disappeared as students proceed into secondary school, yielding differential gains for the language minority and monolingual groups. The level of exposure to the minority language played an important role for the FLL development.
The third study examines the effect of bilingualism on FLL, considering the impact of manner and age of bilingual acquisition as well as language use practices. The results showed higher FLL for bilinguals who received formal instruction in their minority language, had acquired both languages simultaneously, and switched more often between their two languages, when compared to their other bilingual and monolingual peers.
The findings of this thesis add to the evidence that under certain conditions, some bilinguals from immigrant communities have advantages in FLL compared to their monolingual peers although this pattern does change over time.
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Pedroarias, Ricardo José. "Organizational Assimilation through Heritage Language Programming: Reconciling Justice and Bilingualism." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2011. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/252.
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The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to analyze the effectiveness of a heritage language Spanish program from the standpoint of organizational, curricular, and cocurricular practices. In this study, heritage language study was defined as having an emphasis on maintaining cultural awareness and language needs (Beaudrie, 2009) through cultural mediation, in which the experiences and identity of students are developed as areas of strength in the educational experience (Bennett, 2003; Gollnick & Chinn, 2004; Lovelace & Wheeler, 2006). The setting for this mixed-methodology study was an all-male Catholic secondary school. The participants in this study numbered 78 students in the heritage language courses and 10 faculty and administration members. The data collected pointed to significant areas for growth in the school’s distinction between heritage language learners and native speakers.
The findings suggested the prevalence of the following themes: class and racial discrimination, student internalization of deficit thinking, and the power struggle between the power structure and Latino student population. The implications of this study were that the program would benefit from greater teacher preparation in terms of degree background, increased emphasis in activities that promote student verbal communication in the heritage language, and greater incorporation of varied classroom practices in order to empower students to achieve a proficient level of bilingualism and biculturalism.
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Dimitrova, Vesela Dimitrova. "Prosodic parameters in multilingual acquisition of English." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/198801.
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Bilingual and multilingual research has mainly focused on segmental phonology, vocabulary and syntactic structures. The acquisition of native-like prosodic patterns has often been taken for granted. A study of prosodic features is particularly relevant since many children born into families of non-native speakers acquire English as a first or second language alongside the family or local language. Previous research has mainly identified general trends and found that children as a group are mainly accurate in their comprehension or production, but few studies have tried to go into detail and examine prosodic features in individual children.
This thesis investigates the acquisition of prosodic parameters in two multilingual children, aged 10;5 and 9;5, learning English alongside Standard Chinese and Cantonese. Their data are compared with data from monolingual native-speakers and Cantonese speakers of English (L2 learners). Controlled experiments using minimal pairs and testing both comprehension and production of prosodic phrasing (“chocolate biscuits and milk” vs. “chocolate, biscuits and milk”) and compound vs phrasal stress (“hot dog” vs. “hot dog”) were conducted with each respondent. Praat phonetic analyses of the output and acoustic measurements were combined with auditory observations and listeners’ disambiguation. Comprehension was tested in identification tasks drawing on prosodic cues only.
Results indicated that the multilingual children were less successful in using pitch movements to signal prosodic boundaries and convey compound and phrasal rhythmic patterns that the monolingual children. In terms of segmental and pause durations, and final-syllable lengthening, both multilingual children showed more consistency in their production. This supports previous monolingual research (Peeppé et al., 2000; Danbovicová et al., 2004) that temporal cues are more systematically used and more reliable disambiguating factors, which many contribute to their earlier acquisition (Vihman, 1996). In addition, the ability to accurately produce rhythmic patterns of compounds and phrases may develop at an even later stage in multilingual that in monolingual acquisition (Atkinson-King, 1973; Vogel & Raimy, 2002).
Compared to L2 learners, the multilingual children have a well-differentiated English phonology with subtle evidence for language transfer (e.g., strengthening of unstressed vowels and tone on unstressed syllables) and deceleration (e.g., less stable or consistent production of single-stressed compounds). The L2 learners, although sensitive to contrasts in pitch, duration and lengthening, many never fully develop the ability to manipulate prosodic cues in a native-like way. Comprehension tests reveal that the relationship between perception and production of the same feature is no straightforward. Good perception does not mean accurate and unambiguous production while unsuccessful perception does not imply inaccurate and ambiguous production while unsuccessful perception does not imply inaccurate and ambiguous output.
This thesis examines children’s perception and production of prosody, and contributes some detailed insights into prosodic development of monolingual, multilingual, and L2 learners. The results not only have implications for theoretical conceptualizations of language acquisition, but also provide relevant information for language instructors and testing specialists who develop assessment materials for children.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Linguistics<br>Doctoral<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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Mwila, Chongo Musonda. "Language and literacy in multilingual communities : an investigation into the 'National Breakthrough to Literacy Initiative' in Zambia." Thesis, University of Bath, 2009. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.526968.
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Al-Busaidi, Khamis A. K. "English in the labour market in multilingual Oman with special reference to Omani employees." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260654.
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Simonis, Rita. "The effects of multilingualism on executive processing." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Centrum för tvåspråkighetsforskning, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157571.
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In the first decades of the 20th century, research on bilingualism was just beginning. The first studies on bilingual children proposed a substantial disadvantage with respect to intelligence and learning abilities. This first proposition was later discarded when Peal and Lambert (1962) suggested that, on the contrary, speaking two languages was providing children with significant advantages in their cognition. At the present time, it is assessed that, while knowing more than one language is not negative, the supposition that bilingualism might have positive effects on executive processing is subject to controversy. The Bilingual Executive Advantage (BEA) hypothesis has been tested many times and in several ways. Nevertheless, it appears more like an overstated theory rather than a real and proven fact. The purpose of this study is to contribute to this scholarly debate not only by conducting one more experiment but also by investigating a possible extension to the original hypothesis, more specifically, the possibility that additional languages might confer an even greater cognitive advantage than the one that has been claimed to exist for bilingual individuals. In the study, 23 young adults were tested on a version of the Attentional Network Task and a Colour-Shape switching task, both used in a previous study on professional interpreters (Babcock and Vallesi, 2017). The subjects were divided in two groups, bilinguals and multilinguals. The comparison of their performances in the two task revealed no significant difference in any of the examined measures.
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Saunders, Åhlén Tina. "Multiilingualism and Language Learning in School." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-30022.
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This thesis examines how students, aged 13-15, with a mother tongue other than Swedish, experience learning English in school. This is important since there is an increasing number of bilinguals and multilinguals learning English in schools in Sweden and around the world. Several concepts are presented and discussed that have been argued to pose barriers to bilingual and multilingual language learning. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with ten students, aged between 13 and 15. The empirical material shows that bilingual and multilingual students usually refer to Swedish, even when their mother-tongue may be a better reference for learning English. This is because teachers commonly refer to Swedish grammar rules in attempting to clarify English grammar rules and the textbooks used to support the learning process are in Swedish. This may pose problems for the learning process, particularly for students who are not proficient in Swedish. The study also highlights the importance of diagnosing bilingual students' L1 and L2 on a regular basis to see when the optimum time is to be exposed to English language learning rather than the current approach of immersing them in English learning without considering the other language learning processes the student may be engaged in. The study also found that students commonly perceived their English to be proficient even though they had poor grades. One possible reason for this is that they manage well in their day-to-day engagement with computer games, films and social media while formal English learning, including aspects such as grammar and writing, require a different type of application. Finally, the thesis describes how important high metalinguistic awareness is for language learning and it is suggested that additional research focuses on how this conceptual understanding can be translated in practitioner tools useful for teachers. Schools need to create an environment that values and supports multilingual students’ language competence and an early national diagnostic test would help to support those conditions.
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Pinto-Cardona, Evelyn I. "Effects of Bilingualism in Short-Term Memory in Individuals with Down Syndrome." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3362.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of bilingualism in short-term memory (STM) compared to monolingualism with individuals who have Down syndrome. Five tasks were used for STM skills comparison between monolingual and bilingual participants. Sixteen participants between the ages of 13 to 37 were included in this study. Participants were divided based on their language groups. The experimental tasks consisted of non-verbal activities to examine visual (RVDLT) and spatial (Corsi) STM; as well as three verbal STM tasks (RAVLT, WMS, and Digits). The results showed that bilinguals acquired higher overall correct responses, with a significant difference found in visual STM performance and a trend towards significance in verbal logical STM. Thus, the findings of this study support the bilingual advantage theory. This study will enhance understanding in memory capacity of bilingual individuals with Down syndrome for potential implications to put into practice in clinical intervention strategies.
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Afridi, Farzana. "Tvåspråkiga pedagoger i flerspråkig miljö : En- och tvåspråkiga perspektiv på tvåspråkiga pedagogers roll i den mångkulturella förskolan." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Lärarutbildningen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-10580.
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The purpose of the study is to investigate into professional knowledge of the bilingual teachers, compared to monolingual, and what benefits they give to pre-school. Qualitative method was used to get an understanding of informant´s perspective on bilingual teachers. The informants believe that bilingual teachers are able to understand all the children. A bilingual teacher can make the children feel secure. If one has a positive attitude toward bilingualism, the bilingual children also show a positive attitude that in turn contributes to learning and development of the language.
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Kesenci, Petra. "Tvåspråkighet i förskolan." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Lärarutbildningen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-26349.
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The purpose of my study is to examine how four teachers in a pre school believe they relates to and reasons about bilingualism. To be able to realize thisstudy, i proposed three issue following: How do the teachers in kindergarten relate to bilingualism? How do teachers in preschool reason around the work of bilingual children? What do teachers think about the educational environment in relation to language development?
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Bure-Reyes, Annelly. "Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Nova Multilingual Neuropsychological Battery (NMNB)." NSUWorks, 2016. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/103.
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This study examined the underlying factor structure of the Nova Multilingual Neuropsychological Battery (NMNB) and evaluated the influence of demographic variables such as language fluency and acculturation on test performance. The NMNB is a comprehensive test designed to measure cognitive abilities in Spanish/English bilinguals. The instrument was developed taking into consideration cultural variables believed to influence neuropsychological test performance and it includes a Spanish and an English version. It is comprised of tasks measuring abilities such as short and long term memory, executive functioning, motor skills, visuo-spatial abilities, arithmetic, and vocabulary. The study included 155 participants (71 English monolinguals and 84 Spanish/English bilinguals). Forty-six participants from the bilingual group were tested in English and 37 were tested in Spanish. Participants were normal adults between 18 and 60 years of age who were primarily recruited from a university setting. They also completed a demographic questionnaire that included a measure of acculturation. An exploratory factor analysis was used to test the hypothesis that the subtests from NMNB would load onto five factors including language, perceptual reasoning, memory, executive functioning and psychomotor abilities. Results from four different retention models did not match the hypothesized factor structure, yet they allowed the identification of specific cognitive domains within the factors. These cognitive domains include memory, learning, executive functioning, perceptual reasoning, reading ability, and psychomotor skills. Verbal memory and learning were factors consistently identified across the retention methods. The moderation effects of language fluency and level of acculturation on test performance were examined. It was hypothesized that language fluency, as defined by performance on the Categorical Fluency subtest, on tasks measuring language abilities. It was also hypothesized that level of acculturation would moderate the performance on measures of executive functioning and perceptual reasoning abilities. These hypotheses were based on the alleged pattern of advantages and disadvantages observed in bilingual individuals according to current research studies. Results from regression analyses showed no mediation effects of language fluency and level of acculturation on test performance. Data from this study did not show the purported pattern of disadvantages of bilingualism on language abilities neither demonstrated advantages in areas such as executive functioning and working memory. Overall, the findings did not support the hypotheses of the study However, the results allowed the analyses of the utility of the instrument in the assessment of specific cognitive abilities as well as the need for developing appropriate measures for this population. Furthermore, the findings put into perspective the importance of formal and objective assessment of language abilities and level of acculturation. This study represents a significant contribution to the empirical knowledge regarding neuropsychological assessment of individuals of Hispanic backgrounds. As such, it adds to the scarce literature on this topic. Further examination of the psychometric properties of the NMNB is warranted. Future research should include a larger sample including Spanish monolinguals, older adults as well as individuals with different levels of educational attainment.
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King, Damian. "Effects of Multilingualism on Working Memory and Subjective Memory in Older Adults." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-79844.
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To investigate whether multilingualism can be used to predict working memory in older adults this study has used a categorical variable as well as a continuous variable to measure multilingualism. This was done while also accounting for possible confounding variables such as intelligence. Furthermore, subjective memory was investigated regarding how it can be affected by multilingualism and if subjective memory is an accurate measure of objective memory. A positive correlation between the Ospan score and composite language score was found while correlations could not be found for subjective memory. However, according to the hierarchical multiple regressions that were done, composite language score was not a significant predictor of Ospan score when demographics and intelligence were accounted for, only intelligence could predict both Span and Ospan scores. In regards to subjective memory, it was found that composite language scores could predict subjective memory and that those who spoke four languages rated themselves worse than monolinguals. Working memory tasks could not, however, predict subjective memory. The conclusions that were made were that multilingualism does not have an effect on working memory capacity but that composite language score and quadrilingualism have an effect on subjective memory.
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Schwarzer, David. "Parallel development of writing in Hebrew, Spanish and English in a multilingual child." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187477.
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This is a year long in-depth, longitudinal case study of Noa, a six-year-old female in a bilingual first grade class which documents and analyzes her literacy development in a multilingual setting. Data collection for the study includes: written artifacts, anecdotal records, informal interviews with Noa, formal interviews with Noa's teachers, and videotapes. The research questions and their answers are summarized as: (1) What types of written genres does Noa develop? Noa developed 25 different written genres. The genres were categorized according to the distinction between language as an end in itself and language as a means toward an end, based on Halliday's ideas of learning about language and learning through language. (2) How does Noa use Hebrew, English and Spanish in her writing development? English was Noa's predominant written language. Only 10% of Noa's writings were written in languages other than English. (3) How does Noa use technology in her literacy development? Noa used the computer for two main reasons: as a stylistic device and as an ownership device. (4) What kind of questions does Noa ask about language learning? Noa wondered aloud about language intensively during the duration of the study. (5) What types of tensions influence Noa's writings? Three types of tensions were documented: Language learning: between invention and convention. The genres categorized as language as an end in itself did not show any development throughout the year. In the genres categorized as language as a means toward an end, the tension between inventions and conventions were obvious and gave a clear sense of Noa's literacy development. Settings: between home and school. The settings in which Noa wrote impacted her writings. All of the genres related to language as an end in itself were explored in the school setting only. Important relations between Noa's writing experiences at home and in the school were discussed. Editing: between teacher centered and student centered. Noa's editing provides insight about teacher centered and student centered editing. Noa's assimilation and accommodation of the teacher's editing behaviors and the student centered editing were discussed.
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Turunen, Saija Pauliina. "Aspects of attitudes to languages in Finland and Wales." Thesis, Bangor University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368765.
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Gold, Carrie Elizabeth. "Exploring the Resting State Neural Activity of Monolinguals and Late and Early Bilinguals." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6671.
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Individuals who speak more than one language have been found to enjoy a number of benefits not directly associated with the use of the languages themselves. One of these benefits is that bilingual individuals appear to develop symptoms of dementia 4-5 years later than comparable individuals who speak just one language. Studies on this topic, however, do not consistently account for factors including if the individual learned their second language as a child or later in life, or their language proficiency. In an attempt to more carefully examine these variables, this study looks at structural and resting-state functional MRI scans of the default mode network, English and Spanish (where applicable) proficiency, language background, and demographics of young healthy adults who fall into one of three groups: early bilinguals, late bilinguals, and monolinguals. Of the three groups, late bilinguals were found to have a small but statistically significantly higher level of connectivity compared with early bilinguals in the region of the medial prefrontal cortex; patterns found examining number of languages and language proficiency in relation to functional connectivity and research group also supported this finding. These results indicate studying a language after adolescence could provide neuroprotective benefits of a nature that could potentially help delay symptoms of dementia. Age, gender, ethnicity, level of education, English language proficiency, and Spanish language use did not result in statistically significant findings, the latter of which challenges using frequency of language use to define bilingualism.
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Rodrigues, Lizandra Rutkoski. "Cognitive differences between monolinguals and bi/multilinguals: executive functions boosted by code-switching?" Universidade Catolica de Pelotas, 2013. http://tede.ucpel.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/284.
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Previous issue date: 2013-03-15<br>The bilingual experience of code-switching using another language during speech production demands a greater executive and attentional control than that required from monolinguals, and seems to spread to other nonlinguistic cognitive domains. Studies on bilingualism have shown that bilinguals tend to outperform monolinguals on nonlinguistic interference tasks measuring different executive functions (EFs) (mental processes in charge of regulating, controlling and managing other cognitive processes, such as inhibition, attention, problem solving, etc.). However, recent research has shown that bilinguals tend to show a more robust advantage in overall reaction times (RTs), rather than an advantage on the magnitude of the interference effect. Irrespective of nature, the so-called bilingual advantage has been found in different age groups, among different types of bilinguals (e.g., Bialystok et al., 2004; Bialystok et al., 2005; Costa et al., 2008; Martin-Rhee & Bialystok, 2008), but sometimes, no bilingual advantage is actually found. The present study aims at replicating some of the experiments conducted previously with other populations of bilingual and monolingual participants regarding the EFs inhibitory control (Bialystok et al., 2004) and attentional networks (Costa et al., 2008). For that, I interviewed and tested 40 middle-aged businesspeople (20 bilinguals mean age 48.1 and 20 monolinguals mean age 47.2) in two nonlinguistic interference tasks: the Simon task (Simon & Wolf, 1963), and the Attentional Network Task (ANT) (Fan et al., 2002). Businesspeople are naturally faced with strong cognitive demands in their daily lives, constantly having to solve problems by making administrative and financial decisions that involve a lot of responsibility and a lot of people, regardless of product or service being sold or offered by the company. Thus, their professional activity could strengthen their inhibitory control and problem solving skills, which could compete with the cognitive advantages brought out by bilingualism. For this reason, I also included a control group with a different professional activity, consisting of 38 middle-aged teachers/professors (19 bilinguals mean age 46.6 and 19 monolinguals mean age 46.2), to be compared to the businesspeople in the Simon task. It is important to underscore the fact that no previous work has addressed such populations in these regards. Furthermore, I perceived that there are not enough studies on the effects of bilingualism on middle-aged adults regarding these EFs, as compared to the number of studies and findings on the bilingual advantage among other age groups. The results obtained with the businesspeople groups in both tasks showed no bilingual advantage in the interference effect or in overall RTs. However, I cannot assign the absence of a bilingual advantage to the variable Profession as a competitor with bilingualism, for the control group also presented equivalent performances across the mono and bilingual groups in the Simon task<br>A experiência bilíngue de troca de código o uso de uma outra língua no decorrer de uma conversação exige um maior controle executivo e atencional do que o exigido de monolíngues, e parece espraiar-se para outros domínios cognitivos não linguísticos. Os estudos sobre bilinguismo têm mostrado que bilíngues tendem a ter um melhor desempenho do que monolíngues em tarefas de interferência não linguística que medem diferentes funções executivas (FES) (processos mentais responsáveis pela regulação, controle e gestão de outros processos cognitivos, tais como inibição, atenção, resolução de problemas, etc.). No entanto, pesquisas recentes têm mostrado que bilíngues tendem a apresentar uma vantagem mais robusta em tempos de reação (TRs) globais, ao invés de uma vantagem na magnitude do efeito de interferência. Independentemente de sua natureza, a chamada vantagem bilíngue já foi encontrada em diferentes grupos etários e entre diferentes tipos de bilíngues (e.g., Bialystok et al., 2004; Bialystok et al., 2005; Costa et al., 2008; Martin-Rhee & Bialystok, 2008), porém, às vezes, nenhuma vantagem bilíngue é de fato encontrada. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de replicar alguns dos experimentos já conduzidos com outras populações de participantes bilíngues e monolíngues quanto às FEs controle inibitório (Bialystok et al., 2004) e redes de atenção (Costa et al., 2008). Para isso, entrevistei e testei 40 executivos(as) de meia-idade (20 bilíngues idade média 48,1 e 20 monolíngues idade média 47,2) em duas tarefas de interferência não linguística: a tarefa Simon (Simon & Wolf, 1963), e a tarefa de rede atencional (ANT na sigla em inglês) (Fan et al., 2002). Executivos(as) enfrentam, naturalmente, uma alta demanda cognitiva em suas vidas diárias, tendo que constantemente resolver problemas que requerem decisões administrativas e financeiras, as quais envolvem muita responsabilidade e muitas pessoas, independentemente do produto ou serviço vendido ou oferecido pela empresa. Dessa forma, sua atividade profissional poderia fortalecer suas habilidades de controle inibitório e de resolução de problemas, o que poderia competir com as vantagens cognitivas advindas do bilinguismo. Em função disso, incluí um grupo controle que tem uma atividade profissional diferente, composto de 38 professores(as) de meia-idade (19 bilíngues idade média 46,6 e 19 monolíngues idade média 46,2), a fim de serem comparados aos executivos(as) na tarefa Simon. É importante ressaltar que nenhum estudo anterior investigou essas duas populações com esses mesmos propósitos. Além disso, percebi que há poucos estudos sobre os efeitos do bilinguismo quanto a adultos de meia-idade no que se refere a essas FEs, se comparados ao número de estudos e achados a respeito da vantagem bilíngue relativa a outros grupos etários. Os resultados obtidos com os(as) executivos(as) em ambas as tarefas não mostraram quaisquer vantagens bilíngues, seja no efeito de interferência ou em TRs globais. No entanto, não posso atribuir a ausência de uma vantagem bilíngue à variável Profissão como concorrente do bilinguismo, já que o grupo controle apresentou desempenho equivalente por parte de bilíngues e monolíngues na tarefa
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Brown, Julie Esparza. "The Use and Interpretation of the Batería III With U.S. Bilinguals." PDXScholar, 2008. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1677.
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Within each classroom, many children excel academically while others struggle. Some students' difficulties are such that they require placement into educational programs different from grade level core and perhaps delivered outside of general education classrooms. For many, special education programs are the lifeline to reach their innate potential. For others misplaced into special education, their opportunities may be truncated. For the past 40 years (Dunn, 1968), disproportionate representation of minority children in some disability categories has been a problem. Educators commonly ask "Is a child's difficulties due to language differences or a learning disability?" One key area of confusion relates to the cognitive assessment of English language learner (ELL) students. While it is understandable that scores generated by English cognitive tests will not reflect an ELL child's true abilities, less is known about the appropriate use of native language (Spanish) cognitive assessments.
This study examined the performance of ELL general education students on the Bateria III: Pruebas de habilidades cognitivas, a Spanish parallel to the Woodcock-Johnson JJI. The performance of 34 third- and fourth-grade participants, 16 who have received native language literacy development (NLD), and 18 who have received English language development, was compared to the normative sample's (monolingual Spanish speakers) General Intellectual Achievement (GIA) score, subtest and cluster scores.
ANOVA and t test analyses indicated both ELL groups scored significantly lower than the normative sample on GIA, short-term memory, long-term retrieval and crystallized intelligence and higher on auditory processing. Thus, the Bateria's scores from these factors may underestimate the abilities of ELL students. Correlation analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between language proficiency, acculturation and performance. No significant relationships were found. The last analysis compared subtest mean scores of the ELD group to Flanagan and Ortiz's (2001) predicted pattern of performance on the Culture-Language Interpretive Matrix (C-LIM) for diverse individuals when tested on the WJ-HI. The score patterns of the ELD group did not follow the predicted pattern. A new arrangement of the Bateria's subtests on the C-LIM is suggested. These findings highlight the need for more research to understand how ELL students perform on Spanish cognitive assessments.
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Lou, Jia. "Situating linguistic landscape in time and space a multidimensional study of the discursive construction of Washington, DC Chinatown /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (ProQuest) Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/453505837/viewonline.
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Gracanlic, Tanja, and Malin Karlsson. "Flerspråkighet i förskolan : Med fokus på förskollärares och modersmålspedagogers samarbete och samspel i förskolan." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för utbildningsvetenskap (UV), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-39596.
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Detta arbete ska ge oss en insyn i hur samarbete och samspel mellan förskollärare och modersmålspedagoger sker i förskolan.<br>The purpose of the study is to examine pedagogue’s awareness of environment, interactions and working methods in the work of multilingual children. The study can give us knowledge about the work that is in the process of multilingual children. The study may also give us an idea of how cooperation takes place between preschool teachers and the native language teachers in the work of multilingual children. The study has given us a deeper knowledge of the interaction between native language educators, children and preschool teachers. The importance of the preschool teacher´s skills and awareness for the children´s language development and the cooperation between preschool teachers, native language teachers and children are also important to this study. Therefore it is important to see how the interaction contributes to multilingual children´s development in preschool. In this study we have also received native language teachers and preschool teacher´s perspective why the native language is important for bilingual children. The research method we chose for our study was the qualitative method. The qualitative method indicated how researchers can obtain the raw data. Four preschool teachers and three native language educators were interviewed (Denscombe, 2009). The result revealed that the cooperation between pedagogues, pedagogues working methods and its conditions played a role in how the two parties were working along with multilingual children. The result also presented that preschool teachers and native language teachers both strive to have a good cooperation with each other. In our study, we assumed Vygotsky's sociocultural theory which involves educators should use communication and collaboration to help bilingual children develop their language.
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Outakoski, Hanna. "Multilingual literacy among young learners of North Sámi : contexts, complexity and writing in Sápmi." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-102922.
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This thesis presents an investigation of the complexities of the immediate, ideological, educational, and societal contexts for literacy development among North Sámi learners between the ages of 9 and 15 who live in Northern Finland, Norway and Sweden in the central regions of Sápmi. Further, this thesis focuses on one area of literacy, namely writing. It examines these children’s writing, its phases and peculiarities, writing strategies, and the nature of transitions that these multilingual writers experience in switching between North Sámi, English and their respective national majority language. The main body of the collected materials consists of computer mediated pupil texts that the author gathered at 10 schools that arranged compulsory schooling in Central Sápmi during the school year 2012-2013. The texts were collected using keytroke logging methodology that not only records the final written product but also keeps track of changes and other writing activity during the writing session. Other materials collected and analyzed in this study include questionnaires addressed to the pupils, their parents, and to their language teachers. The materials also include detailed interviews with with 24 teachers from the participating schools. This study consists of six individual papers that focus at 1) research methodological aspects that concern studying Indigenous populations, 2) language attitudes, ideologies and available language arenas that have an impact on biliteracy emergence in North Sámi speaking Sápmi, or 3) the qualities and characteristics of multilingual pupil's writing and texts. The implications of the six individual papers are analyzed with respect to language revitalization and biliteracy emergence using the Hornbergian Continua of Biliteracy as the overarching theoretical framework. North Sámi, English and the national majority languages in the respective countries are constantly present in the lives of Sámi learners. Young Sámi learners grow up to be multilingual citizens of the global north through this extensive exposure to many languages and cultures from multiple sources such as popular culture, literature, media, community, tourism, and school. In their writing, multilingual Sámi learners show a wide spectrum of strategies and knowledge that carries over from one language to another. Nevertheless, most young Sámi learners cannot draw on equally many points on their Continua of Biliteracy in all their languages. Due to factors such as scarcity of adequate teaching materials, lack of popular culture and media content in Sámi languages, and language compartmentalizing language ideologies, the scales on the continua of biliteracy are in severe imbalance for many Sámi learners. Many Sámi learners risk losing their indigenous heritage language because the non-indigenous languages are prevalent in school as well as out of school contexts.<br>Literacy in Sápmi: multilingualism, revitalization and literacy development in the global north (Vetenskapsrådet 2011-6153)
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Ryu, Joanne J. "SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT OF BILINGUAL DEAF AND HARD OF HEARING CHILDREN." Scholarly Commons, 2021. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3754.
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Due to gaps in literature exploring communication outcomes in Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) children with access to more than one spoken language, limited agreement on optimal language use for DHH children, and an ongoing cultural and linguistic loss in this population, the aim of this pilot study was to further the literature and comprehensively explore the impact of oral bilingualism in DHH children. Participants were self-selected and recruited primarily through relevant social media. Speech and language development in children were observed and quantified at two time points (at the time of enrollment into the study and subsequently after 3-4 months of initial assessment), through administration of standardized questionnaires and twenty minutes of conversational play language samples between the parent and child. Specific language constructs such as the mean length utterance, number of total words, number of different words, and rate of spoken words per minute were analyzed. Speech production skills were assessed by identifying the sounds the child was able to produce during the conversational play sample to compare to monolingual norms. The data from the five case studies presented in this paper indicated that DHH children with access to more than one language were able to develop language skills on par with their typical hearing peers when factors such as early acoustic access, linguistically rich environment, and active parent advocacy were present.
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Buyson, Darwin. "Bilingual clinical psychologists' experiences of conceptualising emotional distress : an interpretative phenomenological analysis." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/5089.
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Aim: The study aims to explore, in-depth, South Asian bilingual clinical psychologists personal and clinical experiences of conceptualising emotional distress in first and second language. It is hoped that a clearer understanding of these experiences will help emphasise the role of language in the experience of emotional distress, which may be beneficial for working with clients that make sense of emotional distress in multiple languages. An understanding of these processes may also encourage further exploration and critique of the ways in which western psychological models are used to make sense of emotional distress, given many, if not all have been constructed using English language. Method: A qualitative approach was used for this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six South Asian, bilingual clinical psychologists working in NHS services. The resulting data was analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Results: The analysis highlighted four main themes emerging from participant accounts of conceptualising emotional distress in multiple languages. These were: “Worlds apart in culture and language”, “Oscillating self in language”, Ubiquity of English language and values” and “Challenging and managing difference”. Implications: Whilst much has been written about race and cultural issues in the context of clinical psychology, relatively little attention has been given to the experience and impact of multiple languages on the conceptualisation and experience of emotional distress. A major implication is first language conceptualizations are rarely considered in the development of psychological models of emotional distress, nor are they explicitly considered in the way clinical psychologists are trained and in the majority of current clinical practice guidelines. Participant accounts are dicussed in the wider historical context of psychology, anthropology and sociolinguistics informing further discussions on bilingualism and current psychological practice and theorising.
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Castillo, Gerardo II. "La Lengua del Oyente: Some Effects of Listener Language on Spanish-Speaking Preschoolers’ Verbal Behavior." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5658.
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Bilingual children represent a large population of preschool and school-aged children in the United States. Challenges may arise when the verbal community in which a child spends most of his or her time does not reinforce his or her primary language. Previous research has shown that children adjust their language to match the language of their listener (Genesee, Boivin, & Nicoladis, 1996). It is possible that having a native-language communication partner at school would improve child engagement, as measured by child mean length of utterance and quantity of child initiations. The purpose of this study is to examine whether listener language has an effect on number of child initiations and mean length of utterance. A secondary purpose is to replicate and extend previous research on children matching their language to that of their listener in Spanish-speaking preschoolers. Four preschoolers who were exposed to Spanish at home and English in their instructional setting were recruited. Their language proficiency was assessed with the preLAS and they were exposed to Spanish-speaking communication partners and English-speaking communication partners in a multielement design. Results suggest that the language of the listener had implications for amount of child initiations and mean length of utterance. This was not always predicted by the language proficiency assessment. Also, children were more likely to use their dominant language in the non-dominant language context than use the non-dominant language in the dominant language context. These results may have implications for best practices in educational settings for Spanish-speaking preschoolers.
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Zavala-Rojas, Diana. "Measurement equivalence in multilingual comparative survey research." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399146.
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The present dissertation explores language effects in a comparative survey i.e. to what extent linguistic diversity affects equivalence in a comparative survey. This is done by studying three different dimensions on the challenges of designing a comparative multilingual survey: survey translation, linguistically diverse countries and bilingualism. Guidelines in survey translation do not link assessment criteria and measurement equivalence testing. I propose a systematic procedure to compare versions of a question in different languages before fieldwork which establishes that link. In linguistically diverse countries, survey instruments are translated into more than one language, equivalence is commonly assumed, not tested. I test for invariance distinguishing the response and cognitive processes to a survey question. Finally, I study measurement equivalence within an individual in two languages for political constructs (bilingualism), challenging current methodological approaches by bringing latent variable models.
In each dimension, findings aim to contribute to improving comparative survey methodology.<br>Esta tesis explora los efectos del lenguaje en una encuesta comparativa: en qué medida la diversidad lingüística afecta la equivalencia de los datos mediante el estudio de tres dimensiones: la traducción de encuestas, países lingüísticamente diversos y el bilingüismo. Las directrices actuales en la traducción de encuestas no vinculan los criterios de evaluación con un test de equivalencia. Se propone un procedimiento sistemático para comparar las versiones de una pregunta que establece dicho vínculo, en diferentes idiomas antes del trabajo de campo. En países lingüísticamente diversos, el cuestionario se traduce en más de un idioma. Se realiza un test de equivalencia que permite distinguir los procesos de respuesta de los cognitivos. Finalmente, se estudia la equivalencia de conceptos políticos en dos idiomas para un individuo (bilingüismo), proponiendo un enfoque metodológico de modelos de variables latentes. Los hallazgos tienen por objeto contribuir a mejorar la metodología de encuestas en estudios comparativos.<br>Aquesta tesi explora els efectes del llenguatge en una enquesta comparativa: en quina mesura la diversitat lingüística afecta l'equivalència de les dades; mitjançant l'estudi de tres dimensions: la traducció d'enquestes, els països lingüísticament diversos i el bilingüisme. Les directrius actuals en la traducció d'enquestes no vinculen els criteris d'avaluació amb un test d'equivalència de mesures. Per tant, es proposa un procediment sistemàtic que estableix aquest vincle per comparar les versions d'una pregunta en diferents idiomes abans del començament del traball de camp. En països lingüísticament diversos, el qüestionari es tradueix en més d'un idioma. A la tesi, es realitza un test d'equivalència que permet diferenciar els processos de resposta dels cognitius. Finalment, s'estudia l'equivalència de conceptes polítics pel mateix individu en els seus dos idiomes (bilingüisme), mitjançant l’aplicació de models amb variables latents. Els resultats tenen per objectiu contribuir a millorar la metodologia d'enquestes en estudis comparatius.
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Patel, Samima Amade. "Olhares sobre a educação bilingue e seus professores em uma região de Moçambique." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269550.
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Orientador: Marilda do Couto Cavalcanti<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T05:58:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2005<br>Resumo: O presente trabalho focaliza a construção de significados sobre a educação bilingue e o professor de educação bilingue, em Moçambique, levando em consideração os pontos de vista de alguns profissionais que actuam em órgãos educacionais oficiais e organizações não governamentais parceiras da Educação e de representantes da sociedade, com ênfase nos pais, alunos, líderes comunitários e no próprio professor. Esta pesquisa é de cunho etnográfico o que implicou a realização de um trabalho de campo para a geração dos registos que forneceram os dados para a análise, através de gravações em áudio, de entrevistas e conversas com os professores e outros participantes, observação de aulas de programas de educação bilingue e monolingue e notas de campo. Além disso, um estudo documental também contribuiu para constituir o corpus do estudo. Do ponto de vista teórico, a pesquisa, de natureza aplicada, sustentou-se à luz de algumas teorias sobre a pesquisa de cunho etnográfico (Erickson, 1982; Mason, 1997; Cavalcanti, 1991, 1999, 2006), sobre bilinguismo e educação bilingue (Grosjean, 1982; Hamel, 1989; Baker 1993; Romaine, 1995; Hornberger 2003) e educação bilingue em contextos de minorias ou maiorias tratadas como minorias com enfoque na formação de professores (Cavalcanti, 1999, 2006; Maher 1997, 2006), e considerações sobre o conceito de representação (Hall, 1996; Woodward, 1997; Silva, 2000), bem como sobre o contexto sociolinguístico em África e Moçambique (Bamgbose, 1991; Lopes 2004). Como resultado, o estudo mostra que a construção de significados sobre a educação bilingue e o professor se desenvolve num contexto de desigualdade sociolinguística originando que o professor e a educação bilingue sejam bem vistos nas comunidades locais onde as línguas moçambicanas têm prestígio e sejam vistos com alguma reserva em contextos urbanos, onde não se sente o impacto da educação bilingue. O discurso oficial e os documentos sobre as políticas do desenvolvimento curricular para o ensino primário parecem reconhecer a educação bilingue assim como o professor de educação bilingue, mas do ponto de vista da efectivação de políticas de expansão, estes elementos não são tidos em conta. Por isso, o seu lugar no contexto educacional moçambicano é, ainda, incipiente, mas parece haver um espaço para o desenvolvimento gradual de programas de educação bilingue<br>Abstract: The focal point of this work is on the construction of meanings of bilingual education and the bilingual teacher in Mozambique. It takes into account the point of view of professionals acting as officials of education and non-governmental organizations and representatives of the civil society specially parents, students, community leaders and the teacher him/herself. The research is mainly an ethnographic one and therefore a field work was carried out to generate data for analyses and was done through audio recording, interviews and discussions with teachers and other participants, observations of bilingual and monolingual classes and field taken notes. The study of documentation was also done as part of the body of the work. From the theoretical point of view, this applied research was based on some ethnographic research theories (Erickson, 1982; Mason, 1997; Cavalcanti, 1991, 1999, 2006), on bilinguals and bilingual education (Grosjean, 1982; Hamel, 1989; Baker 1993; Romaine, 1995; Hornberger 2003) and bilingual education in the context of minorities or majorities treated as minorities with emphasis on teacher training (Cavalcanti, 1999, 2006; Maher 1997, 2006), and considerations on the concept of representation (Hall, 1996; Woodward, 1997; Silva, 2000) as well as over the sociolinguistic context in Africa and Mozambique (Bamgbose, 1991; Lopes 2004). As a result the study shows that the construction of meanings of bilingual education and bilingual teacher develops in a different socio-linguist context setting up an environment where the teacher and bilingual education are seen as good a thing by local communities in Mozambique where local languages have prestige and by the contrary in urban areas. In urban areas there is some reserve towards local languages and very little impact on bilingual education. The official discourse and the documentation on curriculum development for basic education seem to recognize bilingual education and the bilingual teacher. However, when it comes to the implementation in a much large scale of this policy almost nothing is done. It is for that reason that the space of bilingual education in Mozambique is incipient. However, some steps are being taken for the gradual development of bilingual education<br>Mestrado<br>Ensino-Aprendizagem de Segunda Lingua e Lingua Estrangeira<br>Mestre em Linguística Aplicada
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Hernandez, Beatrice. "The dilemmas of Mother Tongue Education : The integration of curriculum theory and practice: Chinese Mandarin and Spanish mother tongue teachers’ experiences in Sweden." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik och didaktik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-158131.
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This study aims to gain a broader view, within the frame of a comparative international perspective, of the relationship and dilemmas between the theoretical visions of the curriculum and their applicability in practice by mother tongue teachers within the current organizational structures and given resources. The research uses a qualitative and comparative method and semi-structured interviews of ten mother tongue teachers, five Chinese Mandarin and five Spanish, teaching Compulsory School level 7 to 9 in Sweden. The interviews and dialogues with the teachers make it possible to see phenomenon from many different perspectives and build knowledge after the interpretation and exploration of their testimonies and experiences. The study is comparative and one can see that there are more similarities than differences among the interviewed Spanish and Chinese mother tongue teachers. Both groups defined MTE (Mothet Tongue Education) as essential in the lives of children and youths and mention aspects such as intellectual development, identity, and interculturalism linked to the labour market. Also the feeling of a sense of community with other cultures in the world would empower the students with a capacity for social relationships, tolerance, and understanding of different peoples. Thereafter I investigate if the mother tongue teachers find it difficult to interpret and implement the formulations of the SNAE (Swedish National Agency for Education) curriculum and the policies that govern their specific role in the school system. It also implies identifying some of the external, contextual factors that can affect the effective application of the curriculum. Concerning the curricular aspects, the conclusion is that many of the visions described in the texts are not compatible with the situation of mother tongue teaching or to the reality of the students. Organizational factors, incomprehension and lack of platform-based research affect negatively the ambitions of effective and equitable MTE in Sweden. In addition, these teachers are also preoccupied with the future of MTE in Sweden. The political discourse would appear to be driving Europe towards right-wing political ideas in which MTE would not be a priority.
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Zolotarova, Yuliya. "På väg mot en effektiv modersmålsundervisning : Olika uppfattningar av effektivitet i undervisningen." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik och didaktik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-146842.
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The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the perceptions of mother tongue teachers regarding the effectiveness of teaching and various factors that may affect the effectiveness based on a phenomenological approach. For this purpose, ten interviews with mother tongue teachers were conducted. The results show that teachers have clear perceptions of what effectiveness is and use different methods to make teaching more effective. Three extensive categories that affect positively effectiveness were identified: personalized education, teacher leadership and motivation. The findings suggest that there are also factors that negatively affect effectiveness. These factors are teaching time and inappropriate scheduling, difficulty in forming reasonably large and homogeneous groups, inappropriate teaching facilities and lack of collegial learning. The results correspond to the latest research in the field. Overall, the results suggest the variety of perceptions about effectiveness and factors that can affect it.
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Mankand, Gertud. "Det gäller att vara konkret! : En kvalitativ studie om fyra pedagogers syn på tvåspråkiga barns språkutveckling i en förskola och i en förskoleklass." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Lärarutbildningen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-16381.
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The study is based on Lev Vygotskijs and John Dewey's learning theory. Such is “the zone for immediate development” and “learning by doing”. Purpose: The study's purpose was to examine how four teachers´ work with bilingual children's language development in a preschool and in a preschool class. These questions will be answered in my study: 1). which view of bilingualism have been the educators? 2). which language development approach has been the educators of preschool/ preschool class have chosen to promote the bilingual children's language development in the Swedish language? 3). what similarities and differences, I find the teachers' way of working with bilingual children? Method: To investigate and answer the purpose of this study was therefore qualitative approach through interviews are used. Results: The results show that both teachers in a preschool and preschool class are working with language development in order to encourage bilingual children's language development. Conclusions: The conclusions are to be able to speak several languages is an asset. Teachers should encourage bilingual children to speak their native language. To encourage bilingual children's language development using a variety of language development methods in the form of music, singing, rhymes and chants. Reading many books and to retell.
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Lingegård, Johan. "Kodväxling i finsk förskola i Sverige : En kvalitativ studie om språkutveckling i finska." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149329.
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The aim of this study was to investigate how pedagogues in preschool can support children with Finnish as mother tongue in their language development in Finnish. Previous studies in the field of language development stresses the importance of the child's capability to understand and to make itself understood. Through the perspective of translanguaging, code switching is a natural part of a bilingual person's language, although the language is constantly adapted to the linguistic situation. In qualitative interviews, pedagogues in a Finnish preschool in Sweden described their perception of how code switching affect the language development, how the language development is affected when code switching is not selectable, and how contextual attitudes affect the tendency for code switching. The result showed that code switching increases the possibilities to express oneself, that a well-developed bilingualism has importance for the identity, and that social norms implies consequences to the individual's language practice.
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Dibblee, Ivonne Karina. "Dual Immersion Leadership: a Case Study of Three K-5 Principals Who Show Success with Emergent Bilinguals." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4390.
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In the past decade the number of dual language immersion programs in US public schools has grown to more than 2000. The benefits of dual language immersion for emergent bilinguals (EBs) have been confirmed by numerous studies. However, lacking from this literature is research which focuses on leadership within dual immersion schools. Despite an upsurge in the number of immersion schools, few studies examine the characteristics of effective immersion leaders. The aim of this study is to examine the leadership characteristics of principals leading K-5 dual language immersion programs who have increased student achievement among EBs.
The purpose of this case study is to identify leadership characteristics of three successful K-5 dual immersion principals and to understand the relationship of such characteristics to the student growth of Emergent Bilinguals (EBs). In the literature review, I present the theoretical framework of Bolman and Deal (2003), historical perspectives of immersion in the United States, learning perspectives in the area of dual language immersion, and leadership and student achievement.
The research approach for this study is a case study design. The subjects for this study are experienced principals who are successful in terms of student achievement for EBs as measured by school performance exceeding their district performance average and that of comparison schools. To answer the research question about the characteristics of successful leaders of dual immersion schools, I conducted a qualitative study to include principal interviews, school document review, and teacher focus groups.
As schools increase their focus on reducing racial inequities, how to reduce educational inequities among EBs must also be a focus. By understanding the characteristics of leaders who are successful with EBs, we can impact school district hiring practices, principal preparation programs, and district policies.
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Elder, Olivia Laura. "Language and the politics of Roman identity." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290422.
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This thesis examines the relationship between language and Roman identity, defined in the broadest sense as the political and cultural practices involved in being Roman. It focuses on evidence of multilingualism: Roman identity was defined through opposition and interaction, and it is at points of contact that these debates are cast into relief. It looks predominantly at evidence of Greek-Latin bilingualism, but also considers evidence of other languages to consider how their relationship to Roman identity differs. It combines historical and sociolinguistic approaches to multilingualism. Understanding bilingual language practices requires close sociolinguistic reading of evidence to understand how languages interrelate and analysis of the historical factors and contexts that determine language choices and their social, cultural and political implications. The thesis responds especially to the use of bilingualism as a model for Roman cultural relations, arguing that a closer engagement with sociolinguistic terminology and with linguistic evidence is necessary if we are to use language and bilingualism as a way into broader issues of politics and identity. Language is simultaneously a model for identity that works across ancient and modern thought and a central part of this identity. It frequently plays into other markers of Roman identity and a range of themes and concerns surrounding it including integration, migration and citizenship. The thesis examines three case studies in detail: the different layers of bilingualism in Suetonius' biographies; Greek in the graffiti of Pompeii; epigraphic and literary evidence for different languages in the city of Rome. These case studies demonstrate the politics of language in different types of practice and at different levels of society: the thesis argues that the overlaps between them are greater than has sometimes been appreciated. The case studies also show that the boundaries of Roman identity did not develop in a progressive or linear fashion but were continually defined and redefined through ongoing processes of absorption and rejection.
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Ianos, Maria Adelina. "Language attitudes in a multilingual and multicultural context. The case of autochthonous and immigrant students in Catalonia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/132963.
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Considerant, d’una banda, la comprovada importància que adopten les actituds lingüístiques en l'adquisició de les llengües i, de l’altra, que esdevenen potenciadores de la integració social en contextos plurilingües, com és el cas de Catalunya, s’han analitzat les actituds vers el català, castellà i anglès d’un total de 1173 estudiants migrats i autòctons que cursen Educació Secundària Obligatòria a Catalunya. Paral•lelament, s’ha realitzat una anàlisi longitudinal amb 72 escolars migrats. En general, els efectes de les variables examinades varien entre llengües, essent els factors més influents l’origen, les auto-identificacions i els usos lingüístics. D’altra banda, l’alumnat migrat millora lleugerament les seves actituds vers el català en dos anys, mentre que vers l'espanyol i l'anglès es mantenen estables. Aquests resultats ressalten la importància de tenir en compte les particularitats de cada col•lectiu en l'aplicació de mesures socials i educatives.<br>Teniendo en cuenta la comprobada importancia de las actitudes lingüísticas en la adquisición de las lenguas y como potenciador de la integración social en contextos plurilingües, como es el caso de Cataluña, se ha analizado la construcción de las actitudes lingüísticas hacia el catalán, castellano y el inglés de un total de 1173 estudiantes migrados y autóctonos que cursan Educación Secundaria Obligatoria en Cataluña. Paralelamente, se ha realizado un análisis longitudinal de 72 escolares migrados. De manera general, los efectos de las variables examinadas varían entre lenguas, siendo los factores más influyentes el origen, las autoidentificaciones y los usos lingüísticos. Por otra parte, el alumnado migrado mejora ligeramente sus actitudes hacia el catalán tras dos años, mientras que hacia el español y el inglés se mantienen estables. Estos resultados destacan la importancia de tener en cuenta las particularidades de cada colectivo en la aplicación de medidas sociales y educativas.<br>Considering the relevance of language attitudes regarding language acquisition and social integration, especially in contexts facing a large migratory influx, as bilingual Catalonia, we first analyzed the factors influencing the attitudes toward Catalan, Spanish, and English held by 1173 autochthonous and immigrant secondary education students. Second, we analyzed attitude change in the case of 72 immigrant students. Overall, the findings showed that the effects of the variables examined on attitudes toward language varied in strength, direction, and significance from language to language and depending on their autochthonous or immigrant origin. Additionally, the most influential factors were self-identifications and language uses. Furthermore, in the case of immigrant students, attitudes toward Catalan improved slightly over a two-year period, while attitudes toward Spanish and English remained relatively stable. These results highlight the importance of taking into account the particularities of each group within a certain context when implementing social and educational measures.
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Brewer, Kirsten. "Educación Ambiental Bilingüe." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2008. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/8.
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El enfoque de esta tesis es un proyecto de servicio-aprendizaje en una clase bilingüe de kinder en el área metropolitana de Los Ángeles. Los estudiantes recibieron un temario de educación ambiental por dos horas a la semana durante la primavera de 2008. Un estudio de la educación ambiental y la educación bilingüe da un contexto social y historico a este trabajo práctico. Describe las lecciones y su significado dentro del contexto. Hay recommendaciones a seguir para proyectos similares en el sitio de estudio.
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Mahfoud, Elias. "The English Language’s Influence on Social Identities in Sweden: The Role of L2 English in Identity Construction." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Engelska, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-32381.
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This study aims to examine if English as a L2 influences the construction of Swedes’ social identities but also whether any linguistic strategies are used to strengthen their identity. Furthermore, the study aims to study if there is a difference in bilingual Swedes' reflections on the topic compared to multilingual Swedes. With Giles and Johnson’s Ethnolinguistic Identity Theory and Gumperz’ Interactional Theory as theoretical backgrounds, data was gathered through both quantitative methods, such as an online questionnaire, and qualitative methods in the form of a focus group consisting of both bilingual and multilingual Swedes. The results vary as some of the participants see English as influential to their identity construction while others view it merely as a practical tool. Moreover, the data also shows that it is more common amongst multilingual Swedes to use linguistic strategies such as code-switching, to strengthen their in-group relationships whilst bilingual participants used linguistic strategies for a different purpose: to distance themselves from their in-group identity.
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Lakey, Rebecca. "Young bilingual Swedish learners in the English classroom : A study comparing the learners and teachers language use." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för språkdidaktik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-146748.
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This paper investigates and identifies patterns of classroom languages use by both learners and teachers in the English learning classroom. In order to answer the research questions guiding the present study, data were collected both from learners (n= 36) and their teachers (n= 3). The instruments employed in the data collection were two, namely a questionnaire (administered to the learners), and a classroom observation grid (used with the teachers). The questionnaire is a survey, and as such a quantitative method. And, the observations are however qualitative. One of the main findings in the study was the correlation in pattern of language use between the teacher’s and the learners. More precisely, it was found that a high percentage of English use on the part of the teacher resulted in a high percentage of this language also in the learners. It was also found that the teachers’ use of both Swedish and English in instruction giving resulted in a higher use of English by the learners, perhaps because the learners were able to understand the instructions better if translanguaging occurred. Another important finding of the study is that learners reported not to be allowed nor encouraged to use their mother tongue as a resource. Besides, most of the learners did not think that using all of their languages would be an advantage in L3 learning English.
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Soto, Xigrid Tayri. "Perspective Shifting in Relative Clauses by Elementary-Aged Spanish-English Bilinguals: A Cross-Linguistic Study." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3358.
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Language-specific theories of sentence processing suggest that individuals interpret sentences based on the characteristics of their native language (e.g., Bates & MacWhinney, 1989). As such, competing linguistic cues are taken into account (including word order, morphology, and animacy) and the cue selected is most likely to yield a correct interpretation in the native language. However, research in this area has produced conflicting results. MacWhinney (2005) has proposed that examining the role of perspective shifting in sentence comprehension may demonstrate how cognitive and syntactic factors work together to facilitate sentence comprehension. The aim of the current study is to investigate the role of perspective shifting in the processing of relative clauses by bilingual children.
A total of 16 bilingual and 13 monolingual children in grades 3 and 5 participated in this study. Difficulty in Spanish and English sentence processing was assessed using four types of relative clauses, that varied in the complexity of perspective shift, and a control sentence. A sentence comprehension task was devised using Mouse Tracker software (Freeman & Ambady, 2010) to assess the participant's ability to identify whether or not the presented picture reflected the relationship described in the oral sentence presentation. Difficulty in sentence processing was determined using measures of accuracy (percent correct and d') and response time (RT). Data were compared across languages for the bilingual children and with an monolingual English control group.
MANOVA results revealed a significant main effect for sentence type and no effect of language in all analyses. Hence, bilingual participant performance on the sentence processing task was similar across languages and across language groups when compared to those monolingual English speakers. In general, accuracy levels and d' values were greater for the 0 switch and control conditions. RTs were longer for the more complex relative clauses. The 1+ condition consistently appeared to be the most difficult. These findings indicate that participants processed the relative clauses in a similar way across languages and that more complex perspective shifts resulted in poorer performance.
These results suggest that perspective shifting is a relevant factor in syntax comprehension, but that the number of perspective shifts is less important. Instead, the direction of perspective shift and the role of the relative clause (subject versus object-modifying) seem to be more essential. These results support the Unified Competition Model (MacWhinney, 1997) by demonstrating the use of shared cognitive processes across languages. However, one cannot rule out the role of language dominance and language structure in relative clause processing as the sentences in this experiment maintained parallel syntactic structures across languages. Clinical and educational implications are provided.
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King, Kimiko Okada. "Cognitive Development of Bilingual Korean-Americans in an Oregon School District." PDXScholar, 1993. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4584.
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This research examined whether bilingualism would accelerate or hinder the cognitive as well as academic development of the Korean American individuals in an Oregon school district by analyzing the standardized test scores at grades 3, 5, 7, and 9. Eleven monolingual and 27 bilingual students released the Survey of Basic Skills (SBS) as well as Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT) scores for this study. The analyses of the test scores revealed that the Korean-American students in this school district were performing at a much higher level against the national norm (the 50th percentile), or the school district norm (the 75th percentile). The bilingual Korean-American students made far greater progress both cognitively and academically from grades 3 to 9 (CogAT: 76.0 %ILE- 87.0 %ILE, SBS Composite: 77.0 %ILE- 87.0 %ILE) than their monolingual counterparts who hovered around the 85th percentile against the national norm. It was learned that the bilingual Korean-Americans were both cognitively and academically as developed as their monolingual counterparts by the time they were in 5th grade. Telephone interviews conducted with 46 bilingual and 23 monolingual Korean-American high school students as well as 30 written questionnaires returned by their parents revealed that the Korean-American students in this particular school district could not become naturally bilingual, but that a commitment both by the students and their parents was necessary to maintain their ethnic language. The parents of the bilingual students were making more efforts to pass on the Korean language to their offspring than the parents of monolingual students. The Korean-American families were very much integrated into the social mainstream, and were trying to achieve educational as well as economic successes on American's terms while maintaining their ethnic identity.
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Ganuza, Natalia. "Syntactic Variation in the Swedish of Adolescents in Multilingual Urban Settings : Subject-verb Order in Declaratives, Questions and Subordinate Clauses." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Centre for Research on Bilingualism, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7457.
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<p>This thesis investigates the use of word order variation, in particular the variable use of subject-verb inversion and non-inversion in main declarative clauses, among adolescents in contemporary multilingual settings in Sweden. The use of non-inversion in contexts that in standard Swedish require inversion is sometimes claimed to be characteristic of varieties of Swedish spoken among adolescents in multilingual urban areas. The present study includes a wide range of data, both spontaneous and elicited, and explores how common the use of non-inversion is among a relatively large group of participants in different contexts, and how the use of non-inversion is influenced by different demographic, linguistic and socio-pragmatic factors.</p><p>The results show that non-inversions are used to a limited extent in all types of data in the studied population. Only certain individuals frequently employ non-inversions in some contexts. Further, no direct link is found between second language acquisition and the use of non-inversion in this study. Factors related to the issue of nativeness, for example participants’ reported age of onset of Swedish acquisition, only marginally explain the results. In general, examples of non-inversion are employed more extensively, and by more participants, in peer-peer interaction than with adults. The use of non-inversion appears to be part of some adolescents’ spontaneous language use in certain contexts. More importantly, however, the results suggest that some adolescents employ non-inversions as an active linguistic resource to express their identification with the multilingual environment and the different varieties of Swedish spoken there, to show solidarity with peers, to contest official school discourses, and to play around with linguistic stereotypes.</p>
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Sikku, Ann-Kristin. "Modersmålsundervisning, läs- och skrivutveckling i Sameskolan : Lärares erfarenheter och arbetsformer." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Pedagogiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-97305.
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The overall aim of the study was to take part of teachers' experiences and work force mother-tongue education and literacy development in the Sámi School. The study was conducted through interviews with twelve teachers who teach at two Sámi schools. The focus has been on looking how to work with native speakers teaching at the Sámi School, what factors promote / hinder students' development of their first or second language, and the importance of collaboration between the schools` various professions work with multilingual students reading and writing skills. Through interviews of various categories of teachers, I have tried to visibility problems of the education of minority language children and their reading and writing skills. I discuss the teaching, the importance and the lack / availability of communication and consensus between different categories of teachers. The study reveals the importance of adequate education for the teachers and the lack of Sámi teaching materials. From a sociocultural perspective, the situated and creative learning opportunities, where the teaching is based on students' prior knowledge and experience, is a factor that contributes to literacy development. The study also shows that mother tongue education contributes to students' identity is strengthened and that they will be confident with their background.<br>Det övergripande syftet med studien var att ta del av lärares erfarenheter och arbetsformer gällande modersmålsundervisning och läs- och skrivutveckling i sameskolan. Studien har genomförts genom kvalitativa intervjuer med tolv lärare som undervisar vid två sameskolor. Fokus har lagts på att titta hur man arbetar med modersmålsundervisningen vid sameskolorna, vilka faktorer främjar/hindrar elevernas utveckling av sitt första respektive andraspråk samt vilken betydelse samverkan mellan specialpedagoger, klasslärare och modersmålslärare har kring arbetet med flerspråkiga elevers läs- och skrivutveckling. Genom intervjuer av olika lärarkategorier har jag försökt synliggöra problematiken kring undervisning av minoritetsspråkiga barn och deras läs- och skrivutveckling. I studien diskuteras det kring undervisningen, vikten av och bristen/tillgången på kommunikation och samsyn mellan olika lärarkategorier. Studien synliggör även vikten av adekvat utbildning till undervisande pedagoger och bristen på samiskt läromedel. Ur ett sociokulturellt perspektiv är de situerade och kreativa lärande tillfällena, där undervisningen utgår från elevernas tidigare kunskaper och erfarenheter, en faktor som bidrar till läs- och skrivutveckling. Studien visar också att modersmålsundervisningen bidrar till att elevernas identitet stärks och att de blir trygga.
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Wand, Ann Elizabeth Lewis. "Half spaghetti - half Knodel : cultural division through the lens of language learning." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d6391d08-30ea-4b78-8fce-c7ac684eb74a.
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South Tyrol, which is situated on the border between Austria and Italy, has been considered a 'peace model' by many nation-states since the creation of the province's autonomy statutes. The objective of these statutes was to allow for minority protection of the German- and Ladin-speaking communities while also permitting Austria to be the 'protector' of South Tyrol even though the province is situated in Italy. Another bi-product of these statutes was the creation of the 'separate but equal' education system, which allowed the German-, Italian- and Ladin-speaking communities to have individual schools in order to protect their culture and language identity. In the past several decades, there has been an increase in 'mixed' marriages with members of differing language groups producing bilingual children. Additionally, civil service positions now require that all applicants have a mandatory comprehension of the L2, or in some cases L3, in order to apply for certain posts. As the education system tries to adjust to local concerns regarding the insufficient teaching of the L2 in monolingual education, the concept of South Tyrol as a 'peace model' is brought into question. In this thesis, I examine how the South Tyrolean school system is reflective of society at large as its divided education mirrors the current fissures existent amongst the language communities. With parents looking for alternative measures to instruct their children in the L2, some residents would prefer a bilingual schooling option to encourage inter-group assimilation. Furthermore, I discuss, outside of education, external social factors in the region which impact L2 learning creating language learning 'blocks' and 'victim' versus 'conqueror' mentalities. The objective of this research is to try and understand how South Tyrol continues to be in transition as the province adjusts to more bilingualism despite the historical need to preserve the language minorities.
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O'Gorman-Fazzolari, Carolyn. "Becoming Bilingual: Examining Teachers' Perceptions and Practices for Achieving Bilingualism and Biliteracy in English and Spanish in a Two-Way Dual Language Bilingual Education Program." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3203.
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Bilingualism characterizes not only people, but homes, schools, and communities across the United States. While some bilingual people are forced to suppress their bilingualism, others are encouraged to develop their skill set to a level of becoming biliterate. Bilingualism and biliteracy are key features in dual language bilingual education (DLBE) programs where students are provided daily opportunities to develop two languages simultaneously, along with grade-level academic content. Research in DLBE suggest closure of the achievement gap (Valentino & Reardon, 2015). Traditionally, DLBE programs were designed to keep the two target languages (for example, Spanish and English) separate as designated by time, space, teacher, and academic content area. Teachers who work under these strict guidelines often find that policing language use is both restrictive and unnatural, thus interfering with the flow of bilingual language development.
This qualitative case study included 10 teacher participants from one rural school district in the Midwest. The study investigated how teachers perceive and respond to the constraints of language separation during instructional activities. Data were gathered from teacher interviews, classroom observations, and written informal interviews.
Findings from this study indicate that under the strict separation of language program model, DLBE teachers brought their unique personal bilingual experiences to their practice by creating opportunities for dynamic and flexible bilingual language use during instructional time. The following strategies contributed to their students’ dynamic bilingualism: (a) the student as teacher, (b) active learning, student engagement, and group work, (c) the use of cognates, (d) strengthening bridges between languages and metalinguistic transfer, (d) reading the word and the world or learning literacy with culturally and contextually relevant literature, and (e) code-switching and translanguaging as a means of addressing the subtractive nature of language learning within an additive bilingual model.
On the basis of the findings, the researcher recommends that DLBE program models open spaces for practicing dynamic and flexible bilingualism. Strategizing spaces for the use of two languages during instructional time fosters growth and development for students to become functionally bilingual and biliterate.
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Haingura, Paulinus. "A critical evaluation of the development of Rumanyo as a national language in Namibia." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6302.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Linguistics, Language and Communication)<br>Among others, the current study had been conceived due to the fact that, although Namibia is
endowed with multiple languages, their development throughout the long colonial history, had
been unequal. That is, some languages received more attention than others and some were
hardly developed at all. After independence, Namibians had legitimate expectations that all
their (different) languages would be developed equitably throughout all the regions, and among
all ethnic groups or speech communities. In the post-apartheid era, however, Namibians have
been subjected to a limited and unequal language and literacy development which encouraged
me to conduct a research to critically evaluate the development of Rumanyo or lack of thereof.
The focus of this study is on understanding the disparities in language and literacy
development in Namibia with particular emphasis on ethno-regional disparities and what
precipitates these inequalities. The reason for the emphasis on region and ethnicity in
researching language and literacy development was due to Namibia's multi-ethnicity and the
over-lapping of regions and ethnic groups.