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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bilingualism Bilingualism Language acquisition'
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Byers-Heinlein, Krista. "Bilingualism in infancy : a window on language acquisition." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/23504.
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To rise to the challenge of acquiring their native language, infants must deploy tools to support their learning. This thesis compared infants growing up in two very different language environments, monolingual and bilingual, to better understand these tools and how their development and use changes with the context of language acquisition.
The first set of studies − Chapter 2 − showed that infants adapt very early-developing tools to the context of their prenatal experience. Newborns born to bilingual mothers directed their attention to both of their native languages, while monolinguals preferred listening to their single native language. However, prenatal bilingual experience did not result in language confusion, as language discrimination was robustly maintained in both monolinguals and bilinguals. Thus, learning mechanisms allow experience-based listening preferences, while enduring perceptual sensitivities support language discrimination even in challenging language environments.
Chapter 3 investigated a fundamental word learning tool: the ability to associate word and object. Monolinguals and bilinguals showed an identical developmental trajectory, suggesting that, unlike some aspects of word learning, this associative ability is equivalent across different types of early language environments.
Chapters 4 and 5 explored the development of a heuristic for learning novel words. Disambiguation is the strategy of associating a novel word with a novel object, rather than a familiar one. In Chapter 4, disambiguation was robustly demonstrated by 18-month-old monolinguals, but not by age-matched bilinguals and trilinguals. The results supported the “lexicon structure hypothesis”, that disambiguation develops with mounting evidence for a one-to-one mapping between words and their referents, as is typical for monolinguals. For bilinguals, translation equivalents (cross-language synonyms) represent a departure from one-to-one mapping. Chapter 5 directly tested the lexicon structure hypothesis, by comparing subgroups of bilinguals who knew few translation equivalents to bilinguals who knew many. Only the former group showed disambiguation, supporting the lexicon structure hypothesis.
The series of studies presented in this thesis provides a window into language acquisition across all infants. Whether growing up monolingual or bilingual, infants harmonize their development and use of the tools of language acquisition to the particular challenges mounted by their language environment.
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Iyer, Gowri Krovi. "Cross-linguistic studies of lexical access and processing in monolingual English and bilingual Hindī-English speakers." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to SDSU campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3237601.
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Chan, Mei-lan, and 陳美蘭. "Notions of language dominance, language preference and language choicein the study of bilingual first language acquisition (BFLA)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45163893.
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Lin, Hui-Ju. "Bilingualism, feedback, cognitive capacity, and learning strategies in L3 development." Connect to Electronic Thesis (ProQuest) Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/453905362/viewonline.
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Lanvers, Ursula. "Infant bilingualism : a longitudinal case study of two bilingual siblings." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286494.
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Gutierrez, Marisela. "A study of possible pre-cognitive advantages of bilingualism." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Conboy, Barbara Therese. "Patterns of language processing and growth in early English-Spanish bilingualism /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3071176.
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Maluch, Jessica. "Bilingualism and its Effect on Foreign Language Learning." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19221.
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In vielen Staaten unterscheidet sich die Leistung von Schülern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund. Schüler mit Migrationshintergrund sprechen eine Minderheitensprache sowie die Zielsprache des Wohnlandes, das führt zu einem gewissen Grad der Zweisprachigkeit. Die Zweisprachigkeit ist mit Entwicklungsmustern verbunden, die das Fremdsprachenlernen der bilingualen Schüler positiv beeinflussen können. Diese Dissertation untersucht die Beziehung zwischen Zweisprachigkeit und Fremdsprachenlernen.
Die erste Studie untersuchte die Wirkung der Zweisprachigkeit von Schülern mit Migrationshintergrund auf das Erlernen von Englisch als Fremdsprache. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen positiven Trend zwischen Zweisprachigkeit und Lernerfolg. Dieser Trend unterschied sich deutlich zwischen Gruppen verschiedener Heimatsprachen mit den Kenntnissen der Unterrichtssprache als stärksten Prädiktor.
Die zweite Studie betrachtete die Wirkung von Zweisprachigkeit auf die Leistung in Englisch als Fremdsprache von der Grundschule bis zur weiterführenden Schule. Die Analysen zeigen, dass, ein wesentlicher Vorteil der Zweisprachigkeit in der Grundschule vorliegt, dieser aber in der Sekundarstufe I verschwindet. Dies führt zu unterschiedlichem Leistungszuwachs von zweisprachigen und einsprachigen Schülern.
Die dritte Studie untersuchte die Wirkung der Zweisprachigkeit auf das Erlernen von Englisch als Fremdsprache unter Berücksichtigung der Auswirkungen von Methode und Abfolge des Erlernens der Zweitsprache sowie des Sprachgebrauchs. Die Ergebnisse zeigen Leistungsvorsprünge in der Drittsprache für Zweisprachige, die in ihrer Minderheitensprache unterrichtet werden, beide Sprachen simultan erwerben und häufiger zwischen beiden Sprachen wechseln.
Diese Dissertation gibt weitere Hinweise darauf, dass unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen Zweisprachige mit Migrationshintergrund im Vergleich zu einsprachigen Schülern Vorteile im Fremdsprachenlernen haben, obwohl sich dieser Befund im Laufe der Zeit verändert.<br>There is a large achievement gap between students with immigrant background and their peers. Many students with immigrant backgrounds speak a minority language at home as well as the majority language of the larger society, resulting in some level of bilingualism. Bilingualism is associated with unique patterns of development that may affect their foreign language learning (FLL) in positive ways. This thesis explores the relationship between bilingualism and FLL, focusing on factors that affect this relationship.
The first study investigates the effect of immigrant bilingualism on English FLL, examining confounding background variables and the effect of instructional language proficiency. The results showed a general positive trend between bilingualism and FLL. This positive trend differed between bilingual groups with different home languages with the strongest predictor for FLL being instructional language proficiency.
This second study considers the effect of bilingualism on the FLL from elementary to secondary school. Although a significant advantage of bilingualism is found in elementary school, it disappeared as students proceed into secondary school, yielding differential gains for the language minority and monolingual groups. The level of exposure to the minority language played an important role for the FLL development.
The third study examines the effect of bilingualism on FLL, considering the impact of manner and age of bilingual acquisition as well as language use practices. The results showed higher FLL for bilinguals who received formal instruction in their minority language, had acquired both languages simultaneously, and switched more often between their two languages, when compared to their other bilingual and monolingual peers.
The findings of this thesis add to the evidence that under certain conditions, some bilinguals from immigrant communities have advantages in FLL compared to their monolingual peers although this pattern does change over time.
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Kohnert, Kathryn J. "Lexical skills in bilingual school-age children : cross-sectional studies in Spanish and English /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3026370.
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Boon, Erin Diane. "Heritage Welsh: a study of heritage language as the outcome of minority language acquisition and bilingualism." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11425.
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This dissertation analyzes the language used by 20 adult heritage Welsh speakers now living in London, i.e., bilinguals who shifted to English dominance in childhood, and whose Welsh proficiencies now show divergences from baseline norms as a result of incomplete acquisition and attrition. The grammars of these heavily imbalanced bilinguals are compared with baseline informants (20 Welsh-dominant controls) on a narrative elicitation task, in which the informants tell the story of a children's wordless picture book (Frog, Where Are You? by Mercer Mayer). The samples collected for this project (Appendix II.1) constitute the first corpus of heritage Welsh.<br>Celtic Languages and Literatures
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al-Mansoor, Mansoor. "Semantic mapping of the bilingual lexicon : form-to-meaning mapping through computerized testing." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1302163.
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In this study, form-to-meaning mapping of the bilingual mental lexicon is investigated. Sixty native speakers of Arabic, divided into intermediate and advanced ESL groups, served as the participants of the study. They performed a semantic relatedness rating task of sixty high frequency semantically related English word pairs on a 6point scale. While thirty word pairs had the same translation (ST) word in Arabic, the other thirty had a different translation (DT) word. Fifteen of the word pairs in each of the two word pair categories were abstract, while the other fifteen were concrete nouns. The vast majority of these word pairs were synonyms. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the word pair ratings between the intermediate and advanced ESL groups. The intermediate group rated all word pairs higher than the advanced learners. Both groups, however, rated the ST word pairs higher than the DT word pairs. Nonetheless, the rating mean difference score between the ST and DT was significantly lower in the advanced group than it was in the intermediate group. In addition, both ESL groups rated the abstract word pairs higher than their concrete counterparts. Overall, the results support the claim that beginning ESL learners map their bilingual lexicon to Ll translation, and as they become advanced move toward mapping form-to-meaning directly. This is particularly evident in the higher rating of ST and the lower rating of DT as well as in the higher rating mean difference score between ST and DT in the intermediate group.<br>Department of English
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Lloyd-Smith, Anika [Verfasser]. "Heritage bilingualism and the acquisition of English as a third language / Anika Lloyd-Smith." Konstanz : KOPS Universität Konstanz, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1218971851/34.
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Serratrice, Ludovica. "The emergence of functional categories in bilingual first language acquisition." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17548.
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This thesis is a case study on the emergence of functional categories in bilingual first language acquisition. The investigation focuses on the transition from one-word to multiword utterances and the shaping of functional projections of Determiner, Agreement and Tense and their associated formal features. The empirical basis of this work is a corpus of thirty-nine videorecorded observations of Carlo, an English-Italian bilingual child, during free-play sessions with an adult. Data was collected separately for English and Italian for a period of fifteen months from when the child was 1;10 until he was 3;1, and was then transcribed in CHAT format. Four interrelated lines of enquiry inform the analysis presented here. The principal research question concerns the acquisitional strategies adopted by C. in these early stages of development in the two languages. A bilingual child is the closest one can get to a perfect matched pair where a number of variables such as socio-cognitive development, socio-economic status, parents' education, etc. are eliminated, and the two main variables to be investigated are the child's two input languages. This is an ideal situation in which the respective roles of general acquisitional strategies and language particular ones can be teased apart. An analysis of the emergence of the morphosyntactic correlates of Determiner, Agreement and Tense categories in English and Italian reveals a discrepancy between the two languages in the age of acquisition, rate of acquisition and in the language-specific strategies the child adopts. The observation of a significant difference in C.'s acquisitional strategies in English and Italian leads us to the second and third research questions: the way in which the emergence of functional categories differs between the two languages, and the reasons why this should be the case. The most obvious difference is the extent to which morphological correlates of functional categories emerge in the child's speech. In Italian, verbal and nominal morphology emerges earlier than in English and, at least in the nominal system, there is evidence that an Agreement category is part of the child's grammar. In English, verbal morphology is virtually non-existent by the end of the period of observation, and there is no substantial evidence that either Agreement or Tense are realised. Lexically-specific, item-based learning plays a substantial role in both languages, but in Italian there is some evidence that a number of grammatical contrasts are becoming productive by age 3;0, albeit some of them are still limited to a small number of lexical items. Two reasons were identified for the observed differences in the emergence of Determiner, Agreement and Tense in English and Italian: a typological reason, and an environmental reason. The former concerns the richness of Italian morphology, where grammatical contrasts are transparently marked both on nominal and verbal paradigms, as opposed to the relative poverty of English morphology where such contrasts correlate less obviously ans systematically with morphophonological markers. The latter reason concerns the very different input conditions in which C. is exposed to Italian and English: Italian is the home language spoken to him by his family and his babsysitters, while he is addressed in English by the staff at the nursery where one adult is in charge of several children and cannot engage in the one-to-one interaction which is typical of the dyadic situation in which C. finds himself at home. The differences observed in the lead-lag pattern between C.'s Italian and his English also provide sufficient evidence to address the fourth research question concerning the separate developement of the two languages. The analysis of the data did not reveal any systematic interferences from one language to the other. On the contrary there is evidence that C. is sensitive to the different morphosyntactic cues of his two input languages, and that he can treat the two as independent, self-contained problem spaces.
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Schmidt, Anke-Elaine Iris. "The acquisition of rhythm and related phonological properties in simultaneous bilinguals." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708264.
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Paradis, Johanne. "Functional categories in the grammatical development of bilingual and second language children." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34763.
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The research for this dissertation is focused on the following two issues: (1) Can bilingual child language development be considered as 'two monolinguals in one', and (2) Can bilingual child language contribute uniquely to our understanding of the acquisition process in all children? Three studies examining functional categories in the grammatical development of bilingual and second language children were conducted in order to address these questions.<br>Study 1 investigates potential interference between the developing grammars of three French-English bilingual children. Naturalistic production data were collected from the children at six month intervals between approximately 2;0 and 3;0 years of age. The data were examined for the children's acquisition of INFL and these results were compared with extant findings for monolingual French and English speaking children. The results indicate that these bilingual children showed no evidence of transfer, acceleration. or delay in acquisition and support the hypothesis that their grammars are acquired autonomously and like those of monolinguals.<br>The principle focus of Study 2 is an investigation of the continuity debate on functional category acquisition through an analysis of bilingual language development. In this study, the acquisition of INFL and DET by two French-English bilingual children was examined. These children were at an earlier stage of syntactic development than those in Study 1. Naturalistic production data were collected at two month intervals from the children, between approximately 2;0 to 3;0 years of age. The analyses indicate that INFL appeared at different times in the children's languages; whereas, DET appeared at the same time. The results are discussed with respect to the maturation and continuity views on the acquisition of functional categories. Because of the between-language discrepancy in the emergence of INFL, it is argued that these findings support a continuity perspective. It is also argued that bilingual first language acquisition provides unique evidence bearing on the continuity debate.<br>The principal focus of Study 3 is also the continuity debate on functional category acquisition, but in contrast to Study 2, the children in this study were second language learners. In this study, the acquisition of features within INFL, agreement and tense, were examined separately to determine if they are acquired in sequence. Fifteen English-speaking learners of French and five monolingual francophone grade-mates. participated in the study. A structured oral interview was given annually to each of the children from grade one to grade three, and the transcripts were analysed for the use of tense and agreement. The results revealed that items encoding agreement emerged before items encoding tense in the second language learners' speech, suggesting that these features emerge in sequence in their grammars. The findings are interpreted with respect to three prevailing views on continuity in the acquisition of functional phrase structure in second language acquisition. It is argued that a weak continuity position is best supported by the data.
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Kanto, L. (Laura). "Two languages, two modalities:a special type of early bilingual language acquisition in hearing children of Deaf parents." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526211770.
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Abstract In this study, early bilingual language acquisition was explored from the age of 12 to 36 months in 10 hearing children of Deaf parents, KODAs (Kids of Deaf Adults). KODA children’s language acquisition is bimodal; they acquire simultaneously sign language in visual-gestural and spoken language in auditory-vocal modality. This study aimed to describe the developmental paths of early bilingual language acquisition and their interrelationships with language input. Additionally, the characteristics of children’s language use and their associations with the features of the linguistic environment, child’s language competence and contextual variables were examined. Information about the children’s linguistic environment was collected with parental interviews. Children’s linguistic development (productive vocabulary) was measured with the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (MCDI) in both Finnish Sign Language (FinSL) and the Finnish language between the ages of 12 to 30 months. Children’s development in the Finnish language was tested at the age of 36 months by using the Reynell Developmental Language Scales III. Additionally, the children’s interaction was video recorded twice a year between the ages of 12 to 36 months during three different play sessions: with their Deaf parent, with the Deaf parent and a hearing adult and with the hearing adult alone. A large variation was uncovered in both the amount and type of language input and the children’s bilingual developmental paths. According to the results of the MCDI, KODA children’s (N = 8) mean size of productive vocabulary in both languages separately was smaller when compared to the monolingual norms. However, in all but three children, their total vocabulary, which includes both productive vocabulary of FinSL and Finnish, was comparable with age peers. According to the Reynell test in Finnish, three children scored at age level, three within –1 SD and two children within –2 SD. Contextual variables clearly influenced the KODA children’s language use. KODA children, as young as 12 months old, accommodated their use of language and communication modes according to the language(s) of their interlocutor(s). Children preferred to code-mix when communicating with their Deaf parent by producing simultaneous, mainly semantically congruent signs and words<br>Tiivistelmä Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin 10 KODA:n (Engl. Kids of Deaf Adults) eli kuuron vanhemman kuulevan lapsen varhaista kaksikielisyyden kehitystä ikävälillä 12 ja 36 kuukautta. KODA-lapset omaksuvat simultaanisesti kaksi modaliteetiltaan erilaista kieltä, viittomakielen ja puhutun kielen. Näin heidän kaksikielisyytensä perustuu kahden aistikanavan käyttöön. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kuvata KODA-lasten varhaista kaksikielisyyden kehitystä sekä tarkastella kehitykseen yhteydessä olevia tekijöitä lasten kieliympäristössä. Lisäksi tavoitteena oli eritellä lasten kielten tuoton piirteitä ja tarkastella, miten kieliympäristöön, kielitaitoon ja eri kielenkäyttökonteksteihin liittyvät tekijät ovat niihin yhteydessä. Lasten kieliympäristön piirteistä kerättiin tietoa vanhempien haastattelujen avulla. KODA-lasten kielten kehitystä arvioitiin MCDI-lomakkeen (MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory) avulla ikävälillä 12 ja 30 kuukautta. Lisäksi suomen kielen taitoja arvioitiin Reynellin kielellisen kehityksen testillä silloin, kun lapset olivat 36 kuukauden ikäisiä. Videoaineisto kerättiin puolivuosittain videoimalla lasta aina kolmessa eri leikkitilanteessa: ensin kuuron vanhemman kanssa, sitten kuuron vanhemman ja kuulevan aikuisen kanssa ja lopuksi kuulevan kanssa. Sekä lasten kieliympäristön piirteissä että kaksikielisyyden kehityksessä oli laajaa yksilöllistä vaihtelua. MCDI:n tulokset osoittivat, että KODA lasten (N = 8) ryhmän leksikon koko jäi molemmissa kielissä ainoastaan suomen kieltä omaksuvien lasten normituloksia alhaisemmaksi, mutta tuottavan kokonaisleksikon suuruus (tuotettujen sanojen ja viittomien summa) silti vastasi suomen kieltä omaksuvien lasten normituloksia. Yksilöllinen vaihtelu tuloksissa oli kuitenkin suurta. Reynellin testin mukaan kolme lasta suoriutui testistä ikätason mukaisesti, kolmen lapsen suoritus oli yhden keskihajonnan ja kahden lapsen suoritus kahden keskihajonnan verran ikätasoa alhaisempi. Vuorovaikutuskumppani vaikutti KODA-lasten kielten käytön piirteisiin tilastollisesti merkitsevällä tasolla. KODA-lapset pystyivät jo 12 kuukauden iässä muuttamaan käyttämäänsä kieltä ja kommunikointimuotoa vuorovaikutuskumppanin mukaan. Lisäksi he yhdistivät kielten koodeja erityisesti kommunikoidessaan kuuron vanhemman kanssa tuottamalla useimmiten semanttiselta sisällöltään vastaavan viittoman ja sanan samanaikaisesti
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Engemann, Helen Barbara. "Motion event expression in bilingual first language acquistion." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607879.
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Thomas, Lynn Alexandra. "Hopes and desires for language learning : conversations with bilingual families." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0007/NQ38988.pdf.
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Yeung, Pui-sze. "An investigation of the sentence interpretation strategies among Chinese-English bilinguals in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23001045.
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Shishkin, Elena Markovna. "Language Dominance And Culture Dominance: L2 Acquisition, L1 Maintenance, And Culture Identification Among Russian Immigrants In The U.S." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194743.
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This dissertation investigated the extent of L2 (English) acquisition and L1 (Russian) maintenance of two age groups of Russian immigrants in the US and examined the relationship between participants' current language dominance and culture dominance. The study also aimed at enhancing theoretical knowledge about the methodology of assessing language and culture dominance and at establishing which of the measures used here (self-reports of language proficiency, three lexical fluency tests, writing tasks, and a culture questionnaire) are the most accurate and practical for determining the more dominant language and culture. In addition to quantitative data, interviews provided insights into the participants' views and opinions on their language and culture and were used to supplement the statistical results with personal comments.The results indicate a surprisingly high level of first language and culture maintenance in the younger group together with highly successful L2 acquisition and acculturation, marking this group as rather balanced bilingually and bi-culturally. The older participants, on the other hand, clearly maintain dominance in both Russian language and Russian culture. Significant correlations established between different language proficiency measures carry methodological importance for future studies.
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Feldblyum, Joshua Mark. "Mutual exclusivity in bilingual word learning." Click here for download, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1564016531&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3260&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Kalashnikova, Marina. "Reanalysis of some effects of the mutual exclusivity constraint and their operation in bilingual children." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Tang, Hoi-yee Cindy. "L1 effect on L2 acquisition an investigation on Hong Kong bilinguals /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36964335.
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Johnson, Eric. "Trans-Cultural Bilingualism and Second Language Acquisition: Understanding the Sociolinguistic Effects of International Tourism on Host Communities." University of Arizona, Department of Anthropology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/110052.
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This paper analyzes the nature of linguistic interactions between host communities and international tourists. The tourism-based context provides an excellent platform from which to describe the sociolinguistic influences that American tourists have had on Mexican communities. Specifically, the language use of local vendors in Puerto Peñasco/Rocky Point, Mexico, is described in terms of the various linguistic characteristics that constitute their particular dialect of English. Not only does this work emphasize the sociocultural foundation of language acquisition, it also illustrates the type of language that is learned in economically motivated situations. The results also emphasize how the growing ubiquity of (American) English in tourism contexts establishes distinct attitudes towards the United States and those who live there.
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Aktürk-Drake, Memet. "Phonological Adoption through Bilingual Borrowing : Comparing Elite Bilinguals and Heritage Bilinguals." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Centrum för tvåspråkighetsforskning, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-112792.
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In the phonological integration of loanwords, the original structures of the donor language can either be adopted as innovations or adapted to the recipient language. This dissertation investigates how structural (i.e. phonetic, phonological, morpho-phonological) and non-structural (i.e. sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic) factors interact in determining which of these two integration strategies is preferred. Factors that affect the accuracy of the structure’s perception and production in the donor language as a result of its acquisition as a second language are given special consideration. The three studies in the dissertation examine how the same phonological structure from different donor languages is integrated into the same recipient language Turkish by two different types of initial borrowers: elite bilinguals in Turkey and heritage bilinguals in Sweden. The three investigated structures are word-final [l] after back vowels, long segments in word-final closed syllables, and word-initial onset clusters. The main hypothesis is that adoption will be more prevalent in heritage bilinguals than in elite bilinguals. Four necessary conditions for adoption are identified in the analysis. Firstly, the donor-language structure must have high perceptual salience. Secondly, the borrowers must have acquired the linguistic competence to produce a structure accurately. Thirdly, the borrowers must have sufficient sociolinguistic incentive to adopt a structure as an innovation. Fourthly, prosodic structures require higher incentive to be adopted than segments and clusters of segments. The main hypothesis is partially confirmed. The counterexamples involve either cases where the salience of the structure was high in the elite bilinguals’ borrowing but low in the heritage bilinguals’ borrowing, or cases where the structure’s degree of acquisition difficulty was low. Therefore, it is concluded that structural factors have the final say in the choice of integration strategy.<br><p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted. </p>
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Itani-Adams, Yuki. "One child, two languages bilingual first language acquisition in Japanese and English /." View thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/28484.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2007.<br>A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, School of Humanities and Languages, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliographies.
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Frey, Camille 1991. "Comparing monolingual and bilingual language acquisition : phonemes and lexicon." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668759.
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In the present dissertation we compared monolingual and bilingual language acquisition by exploring two main topics of the early bilingual language acquisition: the establishment of the phoneme system and the establishment of the lexico-semantic system. The first topic was addressed by assessing the possible influence of word-level information on phonetic learning in both monolinguals and bilinguals (both adults and infants). The development of the bilingual lexico-semantic semantic system has been approached by assessing the emergence of inhibitory semantic links in monolingual and bilingual toddlers.
Our results showed an impact of bilingualism concerning the use of word-level information in adults but not in infants. For this latter group, our results suggested more an impact of bilingualism on the discrimination abilities. Unfortunately our results for the last study did not allow us to conclude on the emergence of inhibitory semantic effects in the bilingual lexicon.<br>En esta tesis doctoral comparamos la adquisición del lenguaje en monolingües y bilingües investigando dos temas centrales de la adquisición bilingüe temprana: el establecimiento del sistema fonético y el establecimiento del sistema léxico-semántico. El primer tema se ha abordado evaluando la posible influencia de información léxica (forma) sobre el aprendizaje fonético, la investigación ha estudiado tanto bebés y adultos monolingües y bilingües. Para el estudio del desarrollo del sistema léxico-semántico bilingüe se ha evaluado la aparición de conexiones semánticas inhibitorias en niños monolingües y bilingües. Los resultados sugieren un impacto del bilingüismo en el uso de información léxica (forma) en adultos, pero no en bebés. El estudio con bebés ha mostrado un impacto del bilingüismo en las capacidades discriminatorias. Los resultados del último estudio no permiten extraer conclusiones sobre la aparición de conexiones semánticas inhibitorias en el léxico bilingüe.
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Ferguson, Stuart Douglas. "Language assimilation and crosslinguistic influence : a study of German exile writers /." [Milperra, N.S.W. : The Author], 1996. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030508.163610/index.html.
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Lin, Lingfen C. "How do language minority students develop and maintain their native language while learning English? /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7652.
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Nácar, García Loreto 1988. "Language acquisition in bilingual infants : Early language discrimination in the auditory and visual domains." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/511361.
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Learning language is a cornerstone in the cognitive development during the first year of life. A fundamental difference between infants growing up in monolingual versus bilingual environments is the necessity of the latter to discriminate between two language systems since very early in life. To be able to learn two different languages, bilingual infants will have to perceive the regularities of each of their two languages while keeping them separated. In this thesis we explore the differences between monolingual and bilingual infants in their early language discrimination abilities as well as the strategies that arise for each group as a consequence of their adaptation to their different linguistic environments.
In chapter two, we examine the capacities of monolingual and bilingual 4-month-old infants to discriminate between their native/dominant language from foreign ones in the auditory domain. Our results show that, in this context, bilingual and monolingual infants present different brain signals, both in the temporal and the frequency domain, when listening to their native language. The results pinpoint that discriminating the native language represents a higher cognitive cost for bilingual than for monolingual infants when only auditory information is available.
In chapter three we explore the abilities of monolingual and bilingual 8-month-old infants to discriminate between languages in the visual domain. Here we show to infants never exposed to sign languages videos of two different sign languages and we measure their discriminatory abilities using a habituation paradigm. The results show that at this age only bilingual infants can discriminate between the two sign languages. The results of a second control study points in the direction that bilinguals exploit the information coming from the face of the signer to make the distinction.
Altogether, the studies presented in this thesis investigate a fundamental ability to learn language - specially in the case of bilingual environments - which is discriminating between different languages. Compared to a monolingual environment, being exposed to a bilingual environment is characterized by receiving more information (2 languages) but with less exposure to each of the languages (on average half of the time to each of them). We argue that the developmental brain is as prepared to learn one language from birth, as it is to learn two. However, to do so, monolingual and bilingual infants will develop particular strategies that will allow them to select the relevant information from the auditory and visual domains.<br>La adquisición del lenguaje es una pieza fundamental en el desarrollo cognitivo durante el primer año de vida. Una diferencia fundamental entre los bebés que crecen en ambientes monolingües y bilingües es que estos últimos necesitan discriminar entre dos sistemas lingüísticos desde muy temprano en la vida. Para poder aprender dos idiomas, los bebés bilingües tienen que percibir las regularidades de cada uno de sus idiomas y a la vez mantenerlos separados. En esta tesis exploramos las diferencias entre bebés monolingües y bilingües tanto en sus capacidades de discriminación tempranas, como en las estrategias que desarrolla cada grupo como consecuencia de la adaptación a su entorno lingüístico.
En el segundo capítulo, examinamos la capacidad de los bebés bilingües y monolingües a los 4 meses de edad para discriminar entre la lengua nativa/dominante de otra extranjera en el dominio auditivo. Nuestros resultados muestran que, en este contexto, los bebés monolingües y bilingües presentan diferentes señales auditivas cuando escuchan su lengua nativa. Los resultados señalan que discriminar la lengua nativa representa un coste cognitivo mayor para los bebés bilingües que para los monolingües cuando sólo sólo disponen de información auditiva.
En el capítulo 3, exploramos las habilidades de los bebés monolingües y bilingües a los 8 meses de edad para discriminar lenguas en el dominio visual. Aquí, mostramos a bebés que nunca han sido expuestos a lengua de signos, videos de dos lenguas de signos diferentes y medimos sus habilidades discriminatorias usando un paradigma de habituación. Los resultados muestran que a esta edad sólo los bebés bilingües son capaces de hacer la distinción y apuntan que para ello aprovechan la información proveniente de la cara de la signante.
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Tang, Hoi-yee Cindy, and 鄧凱兒. "L1 effect on L2 acquisition: an investigationon Hong Kong bilinguals." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36964335.
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Bryant, Julianne. "Language and Identity among Adolescent Heritage Spanish Students." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/240270.
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Spanish<br>Ph.D.<br>This dissertation describes the language and identity trajectories of twelve purposefully selected heritage Spanish adolescents who were currently studying in a heritage language program within an urban high school in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. These twelve students represented six sibling groups and five different nationalities, specifically Dominican, Ecuadorian, Puerto Rican, Salvadorian, and Venezuelan,. The research questions were: 1) How do Hispanic heritage students negotiate their bicultural/bilingual identities?; 2) What is the role of the heritage language in those negotiated identities?; 3) Do these negotiated identities influence their investment to maintain the heritage language?; 4) What are the linguistic manifestations of the Spanish spoken by these bilingual students? Findings of the study revealed that 1) the study participants negotiate their bicultural/bilingual identities in a variety of ways, 2) for some of these students, the heritage language is part of their `out of school' identities, 3) the dominant language ideologies of the school system have had a significant impact on the heritage students' investment in HL practice, and 4) although each participant's identity and linguistic trajectories are distinct, they each have maintained, to a greater or lesser degree, the aspectual preterit/imperfect contrast, and, at the same time have displayed some level of incomplete acquisition of the subjunctive mood. The implications of these findings as they relate to the fields of bilingualism, languages in contact and the developing theory of Heritage Language Acquisition are addressed in the concluding remarks.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Leung, Wing-pik. "The acquisition of linguistic politeness phenomena in Hong Kong bilingual children." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23000892.
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Abdul, Bagi Samia. "WRITTEN DISCOURSE PRODUCTION OF BILINGUAL LEARNERS OF SPANISH: A COMPARISON BETWEEN HERITAGE AND NON-HERITAGE SPEAKERS AS A LOOK TO THE FUTURE OF HERITAGE LANGUAGE TEACHING." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/178013.
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Spanish<br>Ph.D.<br>With the purpose of understanding plausible reasons as to why Hispanics learners of Spanish, or heritage language learners (HLL), tend to obtain lower grades than their non-Hispanic counterparts (L2) in the same courses, forty-four students of Spanish (17 HLLs and 27 L2s) provided written production once a week for a period of six weeks. The data collected was analyzed in terms of error frequency in two main areas: orthography and morphology. The hypothesis proposed was that HLLs would have poorer orthographic performance than L2s given the informal aural input they have received at home before learning the language formally in an academic setting. Conversely, given the more complex nature of language morphology, which is believed to be acquired through long periods of time, HLLs, regardless of the informal context in their Spanish learning should show a more mature set of morphological constructions. Within the HL group, I looked at the correspondence between the orthographic and morphological performance of HLLs to the generation to which they belong. Although, the correspondence was not in the direction expected, there seems to be a correspondence in the opposite direction. The further away from the first generation the better orthographic and written performance HLs showed. One third generation HLL had fewer errors than first generation speakers. This tendency suggests that the term "heritage" has a referential value that goes beyond the linguistic realm. When comparing the written performance of the two groups, results did not show radical differences: orthographically L2s had fewer errors by 7% and morphologically HLLs had fewer errors by 14%. These results, however, to suggest that there is a difference in the Spanish competence of the two populations of learners that imply their learning of Spanish involve different needs, which should be considered for Spanish course design and curricula. The goals of this research is to point out that the teaching of Spanish as an HL should not be viewed as the teaching of Spanish as an L2.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Moon, Lee Hye Kyung. "The bilingual development in Hong Kong of Korean children aged 4 to 6 /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17539109.
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Yiu, Sze-man Emily. "Language mixing and grammatical development in a Cantonese-English balanced bilingual child in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36210237.
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Jorgensen, Benjamin D. "Impact of Second Language Acquisition on Cerebral Matter in Adult Monolinguals." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2021. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/9083.
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Second language acquisition has proven to impact the brain in many ways. Studies have shown a distinct difference between the monolingual and the bilingual brain. These structural differences have included an observable increase in cortical thickness in bilingual individuals when compared to monolinguals. This is a significant observation since many neurological diseases and impairments have been connected to a decrease in cortical thickness. However, previous studies have focused solely on bilinguals who had acquired their second language early on in life. These studies have failed to focus on the potential impact that could be observed on the cortical thickness of individuals who acquire a language after the age of 40. This study focused on monolingual students 40 years and older, who participated in an entry level university level Spanish course and examined how their brains structurally changed after a three-month course. These results were compared to a group of adults not participating in a language course who acted as a control group. This was achieved through MRI imaging of all the participants' brains and measuring any changes in their cortical thickness. Upon completing the second round of MRI imaging, the comparison of the pre and post MRI scans yielded an observable difference between the experimental group who had participated in the Spanish course and the control group. However, these differences did not prove to be significant and should be viewed as exploratory. Future research opportunities should entail studies with a longer duration combined with a curriculum better suited to this age group.
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Guðmundsdóttir, Margrét Dögg. "The effect of monolingualism, bilingualism and trilingualism on executive functioning in young and older adults." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14463.
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Bilinguals have been posited to have, compared to monolinguals, enhanced cognitive control, consequently exhibiting greater cognitive reserve, which is thought to subsequently delay the onset of clinical expression of dementia. Based on recent evidence suggesting that the more languages one manages the greater cognitive reserve, and that trilinguals undergo greater exercise in language control than bilinguals, this thesis investigated the effects of trilingualism and ageing on cognitive control, in young adults to older adults. As the thesis investigated the novel field of trilingualism and cognitive control, task complexity, the age of second and third language acquisition, language use, and physical and cognitive activity were also, importantly, assessed, as these are possible influencing factors in test performance. The participants completed several cognitive tasks; namely the Simon task, the Inhibition of return task, the Stroop task (inhibition) and the N-back task (working memory). The novel discovery of a trilingual (and bilingual) disadvantage was observed, which could explain some previous inconsistent findings in the bilingualism literature, where trilingualism may influence bilinguals’ test performance, as trilinguals and multilinguals are often mixed in with the bilingual group. Furthermore, the results suggest that second language acquisition and language use does not consistently predict performance in trilinguals (and bilinguals), nor does cognitive activity, although physical activity may modulate language group differences. Importantly, the results from this novel investigation of the effects of trilingualism and ageing on cognitive control suggest that trilingualism (and bilingualism) can, in some cases, be detrimental to cognitive control.
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O'Shannessy, Carmel. "Language contact and children's bilingual acquisition learning a mixed language and Warlpiri in northern Australia /." Connect to full text, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1303.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2006.<br>Title from title screen (viewed 28 March 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Dept. of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
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Dimitrova, Vesela Dimitrova. "Prosodic parameters in multilingual acquisition of English." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/198801.
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Bilingual and multilingual research has mainly focused on segmental phonology, vocabulary and syntactic structures. The acquisition of native-like prosodic patterns has often been taken for granted. A study of prosodic features is particularly relevant since many children born into families of non-native speakers acquire English as a first or second language alongside the family or local language. Previous research has mainly identified general trends and found that children as a group are mainly accurate in their comprehension or production, but few studies have tried to go into detail and examine prosodic features in individual children.
This thesis investigates the acquisition of prosodic parameters in two multilingual children, aged 10;5 and 9;5, learning English alongside Standard Chinese and Cantonese. Their data are compared with data from monolingual native-speakers and Cantonese speakers of English (L2 learners). Controlled experiments using minimal pairs and testing both comprehension and production of prosodic phrasing (“chocolate biscuits and milk” vs. “chocolate, biscuits and milk”) and compound vs phrasal stress (“hot dog” vs. “hot dog”) were conducted with each respondent. Praat phonetic analyses of the output and acoustic measurements were combined with auditory observations and listeners’ disambiguation. Comprehension was tested in identification tasks drawing on prosodic cues only.
Results indicated that the multilingual children were less successful in using pitch movements to signal prosodic boundaries and convey compound and phrasal rhythmic patterns that the monolingual children. In terms of segmental and pause durations, and final-syllable lengthening, both multilingual children showed more consistency in their production. This supports previous monolingual research (Peeppé et al., 2000; Danbovicová et al., 2004) that temporal cues are more systematically used and more reliable disambiguating factors, which many contribute to their earlier acquisition (Vihman, 1996). In addition, the ability to accurately produce rhythmic patterns of compounds and phrases may develop at an even later stage in multilingual that in monolingual acquisition (Atkinson-King, 1973; Vogel & Raimy, 2002).
Compared to L2 learners, the multilingual children have a well-differentiated English phonology with subtle evidence for language transfer (e.g., strengthening of unstressed vowels and tone on unstressed syllables) and deceleration (e.g., less stable or consistent production of single-stressed compounds). The L2 learners, although sensitive to contrasts in pitch, duration and lengthening, many never fully develop the ability to manipulate prosodic cues in a native-like way. Comprehension tests reveal that the relationship between perception and production of the same feature is no straightforward. Good perception does not mean accurate and unambiguous production while unsuccessful perception does not imply inaccurate and ambiguous production while unsuccessful perception does not imply inaccurate and ambiguous output.
This thesis examines children’s perception and production of prosody, and contributes some detailed insights into prosodic development of monolingual, multilingual, and L2 learners. The results not only have implications for theoretical conceptualizations of language acquisition, but also provide relevant information for language instructors and testing specialists who develop assessment materials for children.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Linguistics<br>Doctoral<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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Yeung, Lai-yin Linda. "A study of bilingual Hong Kong adults with high professional competence in English." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3675769X.
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Nicoladis, Elena. "Code-mixing in young bilingual children." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28864.
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This thesis examined several possible explanations for young bilingual children's code-mixing: the unitary language system (ULS) hypothesis, parental rates of code-mixing, parental discourse strategies in response to children's code-mixing, and children's language dominance. These explanations were examined in six French-English bilingual children, observed between the ages of 18 and 30 months. They were observed separately in interaction with each of their parents. The results showed that the ULS hypothesis cannot explain children's language use. Similarly, parental input could not explain children's code-mixing. In contrast, children's dominance was shown to be the best explanation of their code-mixing. It was suggested that bilingual children are particularly likely to code-mix when they do not know a translation equivalent. These results suggest that bilingual children's code-mixing is largely due to performance factors rather than underlying competence.
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Sauvé, Deanne. "Grammatical constraints on child bilingual code mixing." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33314.
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This study examined structural constraints on early child code mixing. Constraints are widely attested in adult bilinguals (Myers-Scotton, 1993; Poplack, 1980). It has been argued that these constraints preserve the structural properties of both languages. It is uncertain whether constraints on early child code mixing are the same as constraints on adult code mixing. The present analysis was based on Poplack's two structural constraints: the free morpheme and the equivalence constraints. Ten French-English bilingual subjects were observed at 4 time periods, between approximately 2;00 and 3;06 years of age. The children's utterances containing elements from both languages were analysed for violations of Poplack's constraints. The violation rate was extremely low, less than 2% of the total mixed utterances. These results corroborate Lanza (1997), Vihman (1998), Allen et al. (2000), and Paradis et al. (2000), who likewise found that structural constraints on code mixing are operational from early in acquisition.
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Hedman, Christina. "Dyslexi på två språk : En multipel fallstudie av spansk-svensktalande ungdomar med läs- och skrivsvårigheter." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Centrum för tvåspråkighetsforskning, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-29247.
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The complicated task of deciding whether reading and writing difficulties in a second language learner stem from dyslexia or from problems associated with second language learning serves as the primary theme of this study. The theoretical framwork of dyslexia-related issues is a phonological cause model (Ramus, 2004). Generally, the study is based on psycholinguistically oriented research of reading in a second language (eg. Kulbrandstad, 1998) and dyslexia in second language learners (Frederickson & Frith, 1998; Geva, 2000; Miller Guron & Lundberg, 2003). The overall aim of the study is to contribute to our knowledge of how reading and writing difficulties in bilingual adolescents could be expressed, characterised and delimited, in order to enhance our understanding of how various prerequisites effect literacy development and to facilitate identification and handling of dyslexia in bilinguals. The study is based on data from ten Spanish-Swedish speaking adolescents with reading and writing difficulties. The multiple case study perspective has made it possible to investigate a number of linguistic and cognitive parameters in both languages. Furthermore, comparisons were made with a bilingual group of ten Spanish-Swedish speaking adocelscents without reading and writing difficulties as well as with a group of ten monolingual Spanish and Swedish speaking adolescents with dyslexia. Dyslexia has been defined and delimited in a bilingual dyslexia profiles continuum. This continuum is one of the significant theoretical-methodological contributions of the thesis. Another important contribution is the research design, that is, the use of a bilingual matched comparison group (without reading and writing difficulties) as the norm. Furthermore, quantitative and qualitative analyses have been summarised as various profiles, such as reading profiles, writing profiles and oral discourse profiles. The results are discussed on both group and individual levels and show that language dominance ha a major impact on the manifestations of the reading and writing difficulties. The differences between the two orthographies are also of importance. Furthermore, advantageous results in both languages co-vary with extensive L1 education in the bilingual participants both with and without dyslexia.
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Walldoff, Amanda. "Arabic in Home Language Instruction : Language Acquisition in a Fuzzy Linguistic Situation." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för Asien-, Mellanöstern- och Turkietstudier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145519.
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This thesis investigates the command 8th-graders in Arabic home language instruction have of written Modern Standard Arabic and if the type of instruction they have received and/or contact with written Arabic affect their performance. Background chapters discuss variables connected to the Arabic language (diglossia, research on reading and writing in Arabic) and variables connected to HLI in Sweden (set-up, steering documents). The testing material consisted of a translation test from Swedish to Arabic combined with a questionnaire that addressed various factors of relevance to language acquisition. The translations were analysed on three levels: (1) handwriting, (2) spelling and (3) morphosyntax. The main result of the analysis was that the participants were highly heterogeneous: some participants produced incomplete translations in handwriting that was barely legible, whereas others had good results for all measures. Many of the participants relied on a phonological strategy for spelling. For example, even short, high-frequency words such as personal pronouns and prepositions had not been spelled correctly. The results for handwriting, spelling and morphosyntax were checked against the variables (1) years of HLI, (2) extra instruction in Arabic outside of HLI and (3) contact with written Arabic in the free time. The results for the effect of participation in HLI were inconclusive. However, many, but not all, of the participants with good results on the translation test had received extra instruction in Arabic, either in Sweden or prior to coming to Sweden. Reading Arabic in the free time was not in all cases connected to good results, but not reading Arabic in the free time was in most cases connected to a low command of written Arabic. Regarding these results, it is suggested that additional factors (motivation, support from the family, etc.) could be at play. Previous research has addressed the question of heterogeneity in HLI classes. The findings of this thesis illustrate how great the heterogeneity can in fact be, and thus have implications for the set-up of Arabic HLI in Sweden.
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Shih, Ya-ting. "Taiwanese-Guoyu Bilingual Children and Adults' Sibilant Fricative Production Patterns." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354603130.
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Gruszczynska-Harrison, Magdalena. "LANGUAGE TRANSFER AND BEYOND: PRO-DROP, CODE SWITCHING, AND ACQUISITION MILESTONES IN BILINGUAL POLISH-ENGLISH CHILDREN." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1290453589.
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Gouirand, Alexandra. "Bilinguals in America strengths and challenges /." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2009. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession89-10MIT/Gouirand_AMITthesis2009.pdf.
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Lam, Ka-ki Fiona. "The verb use in Cantonese monolingual and Cantonese-English bilingual children." Click to view the E-thesis via HKU Scholors Hub, 2005. http://lookup.lib.hku.hk/lookup/bib/B38279277.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2005.<br>"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, June 30, 2005." Also available in print.
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Lado, Beatriz. "The role of bilingualism, type of feedback, and Cognitive Capacity in the acquisition of non-primary languages a computer-based study /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (ProQuest) Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2008. http://worldcat.org/oclc/436709147/viewonline.
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