Journal articles: 'Bill of exchange'

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Forsyth, Christopher. "When is a bill of exchange not a bill of exchange? The effect of an inadvertent deletion." Cambridge Law Journal 58, no. 1 (March 1999): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197399271012.

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IT is often to the advantage of a defendant sued on an instrument that appears to be a bill of exchange to argue that it is not. The instrument will then generally not be negotiable and summary judgment will not be available under R.S.C. Order 14. Contractual defences will be able to be raised and counterclaims made. In short, instead of summary proceedings which the defendant would be denied leave to defend, the plaintiff will have to face the delay and expense of a full trial. Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corp. Ltd. v. G D Trade Co. Ltd. [1998] C.L.C. 238 (C.A.) is an example of this. The defendant alleged that the instruments in question were not payable “at a fixed and determinable future time” as required by section 3(1) of the Bills of Exchange Act 1882 and so not bills.

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Czaplicki, Paweł. "The Electronic Bill of Exchange Concept from an International Perspective." Białostockie Studia Prawnicze 26, no. 5 (December 1, 2021): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2021.26.05.11.

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Abstract The aim of the article is to examine the structures of electronic bills of exchange. It also includes an analysis of the proposed shape of an electronic bill of exchange prepared for the needs of the Polish legal system by the Working Group for distributed registers and blockchain, operating at the Ministry of Digitalization. The comparative and dogmatic methods were used for the analysis. According to the hypothesis put forward by the author, the introduction of the construction of an electronic bill of exchange to the Polish and foreign legal systems is necessary to maintain the functioning and importance of bills of exchange among securities that are traded in the economy. However, the implementation of an electronic promissory note requires appropriate legislative changes, as the current legal status does not allow for an unambiguous statement of the possibility of issuing them.

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ARSLAN, Firdevs. "Kambiyo Senetlerinde Aval The Bill Guarantee in Bills of Exchange." İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 6, no. 1 (2015): 93–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.17932/iau.hfd.2015.018/hfd_v06i1005.

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Hill, Ronald Paul. "Bill Collectors and Consumers: A Troublesome Exchange Relationship." Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 13, no. 1 (March 1994): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391569401300102.

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The author examines the interface between bill collectors and consumers through the use of in-depth interviews. One important result is a profile of both bill collectors and consumer debtors that includes an understanding of their beliefs and attitudes toward as well as reactions to each other. To develop this profile, details of the debt collection process, including the activities of bill collectors, the reactions of consumers, and their resulting relationship, are provided. The author closes with public policy implications, further research opportunities, and broader implications for marketers.

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Cvetkova, Irina. "PROMISSORY NOTES’ TERMINALS AS A WAY OF GAMBLING LEGALIZATION IN RUSSIA." Administrative and Criminal Justice 2, no. 87 (June 30, 2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/acj.v2i87.4022.

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With the evolving commodity-money relations the promissory note has gradually become a universal credit-settlement instrument used in business and banking practice. In the XXI century the promissory note market started to be used both for virtual transactioning and for the transactioning not directly related to the receipt of the particular monetary funds and even for the pursuit of the activities under a ban. After the gambling ban at almost the entire territory of the Russian Federation, stock exchange programmes and bill of exchange terminals started to be actively used to legalize gambling. The imperfection of the legal regulations and the court practice cannot solve the problem of such gambling prohibition forms and gambling halls under the bill of exchange guise of clubs continue their work in different regions of Russia. The paper considers the problem of organizing and conducting gambling using the bill of exchange terminals in the Russian Federation, as well as the court practice on the legality of exchange clubs bill of, the corresponding conclusions have been drawn.

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PIEPRZYCA, Piotr. "ANALYSE CONTRASTIVE DE LA TERMINOLOGIE DU DROIT CAMBIAIRE DANS LA LANGUE FRANÇAISE ET POLONAISE." Comparative Legilinguistics 30 (October 29, 2017): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cl.2017.30.2.

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The article presents the problem of equivalence between the main terms of the law on bills of exchange in Polish and French. First, the author presents the origins of the bill of exchange and the evolution of the law on bills of exchange from ancient times until the twentieth century when the rules concerning this branch of law were unified at the international level, in the convention concluded in Geneva on 7 June 1930. Afterwards, some terms related to bills of exchange in both language versions of the convention are analyzed in order to create the mini-dictionary of principal terms. Then these results are compared with the equivalents proposed in traditional dictionaries. The aim of this study is to check whether dictionaries are a valuable source for the translator of legal texts in relation to the corpus consisting of texts of international law, written in multiple languages.

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Babangida, Jamilu S., and Asad-Ul I. Khan. "Effect of Monetary Policy on the Nigerian Stock Market: A Smooth Transition Autoregressive Approach." Central Bank of Nigeria Journal of Applied Statistics 12, No. 1 (August 16, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33429/cjas.12121.1/6.

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This paper examines the nonlinear effect of monetary policy decisions on the performance of the Nigerian Stock Exchange market, by employing the Smooth Transition Autoregressive (STAR) model on monthly data from 2013 M4 to 2019 M12 for All Share Index and monetary policy instrument. This study considers the two regimes characterizing the stock market, which are the lower regime (the bear market) and the upper regime (the bull market). The results show evidence of nonlinear effect of monetary policy on the stock exchange market. Monetary policy rate, money supply, lagged monetary policy rate and lagged treasury bill rate are found to have significant positive effects on the stock exchange market in the lower regime while current treasury bill rate shows a negative effect. In the upper regime, money supply and lagged treasury bill rate have significant negative effect on the stock market. The current treasury bill rate is found to have a positive effect on the stock exchange market. It is recommended that the Central Bank of Nigeria should maintain a stable money supply growth that is consistent with increased activities in the Nigerian stock market.

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Fianto, Bayu Arie, Nisful Laila, Raditya Sukmana, and Muhammad Madyan. "PREDICTORS OF EXCHANGE RATE RETURNS: EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 23, no. 2 (September 10, 2020): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v23i1.1169.

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Using historical time-series data, we investigate Indonesia’s exchange rate return predictability. We employ nine predictors, namely stock price, gold price, oil price, commodity price, inflation, balance of payment, total exports, the US T-bill rate, and the US federal fund rate. With historical data, we fail to discover any evidence that these factors predict Indonesia’s exchange rate returns. However, we find that oil price, commodity price, inflation, and the US T-bill rate can significantly predict Indonesia’s exchange rate returns during the Asian financial crisis. Our findings key implication is that it is the external factors that dominate the evolution of Indonesia’s exchange rate, and inflation rate is the only domestic factor for policy makers to control.

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عارف, عارف علي, خالد زين العابدين ديرشوي, and موفق عبد الحفيظ نورالدين. "حكم السفتجة في الفقه الإسلامي وتطبيقاتها المعاصرة The Rule of the Bill of Exchange in Islamic Jurisprudence and Contemporary Applications." Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN: 2289-8077) 13, no. 1 (July 19, 2016): 26–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/jia.v13i1.524.

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الملخّصكانت السفتجة ولا تزال توفيراً للجهد والعناء، ورفعاً للضيق، فلولاها لاضُطر المدين إلى نقل مال الوفاء إلى بلـد الدائن، واضُطر الدائن إلى نقل المال إلى بلد المدين، وهذه تكاليف إضافية، الأصل توفيرها، طبقاً لتعاليم شرعنا الحنيف، وقد تكلم الفقهاء في حكمها؛ فأجازوها في حال عدم اشتراط المنفعة في العقد، أو إذا كانت منفعة السفتجة للمقرض والمقترض معاً، أو وجدت حالة ضرورة، أو كان المنفعة للمقترض وحده، ولكنهم اختلفوا في حكمها في حال اشتراط المنفعة في عقد القرض.وبعد عرض آراء الفقهاء في هذه المسألة، وبيان حجج كل رأي، رجَّحنا القول بجواز اشتراط منفعة السفتجة في القرض بشرط ألا يكون فيها ضرر على المدين أو المقترض، كما يمكننا القول أن كلاً من عملية التحويل المصرفي، والكمبيالة ما هي إلا صور مستحدثة من السفتجة في الفقه الإسلامي، وإن كان بينهما بعض الفوارق.وقد اتبعنا في بحثينا هذا المنهج التحليلي المقارن الذي يقوم على دراسة النصوص وتحليلها، ومناقشتها، مبينا صورها وتكييفها الفقهي على ضوء مذاهب الفقهاء وأدلتهم فيها.الكلمات المفتاحية: السفتجة، الدين، القرض، الكمبيالة، الحوالة، التحويلات المصرفية.AbstractThe bill of exchange was introduced as a mechanism to facilitate commerce, ease suffering, and reduce burdens. Without it, the debtor is forced to transfer money owed to the creditor to his/her country. This is an additional cost that should be removed. Muslim jurists have discussed the ruling of the issue and have permitted its practice in the absence of any benefit required in the contract, or if the bill of exchange benefits both the lender and borrower, or in cases of necessity, or if the benefit is for the borrower alone, but they differed in its judgment in the case of a loan contract. After presenting the views of the jurists on this issue and their respective arguments, we have preferred the view permitting benefit from the bill of exchange in loans provided that there is no harm to the debtor or borrower. We assert that all bank transfer processes and remittance are forms of bill of exchange in Islamic jurisprudence, with slight differences between them. This research has adopted the comparative analytical method based on the study of texts and their analysis and discussion, so as to highlight various forms of bill of exchange and legal applications in the light of the views of Muslim jurists and their respective evidence.Key words: Bill of Exchange, Debt, Remittance, Bank Transfers, Legal Application.

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Tooker, Lauren, and Lauren Tooker. "Bill Maurer." Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 2, no. 1 (October 11, 2014): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v2i1.99.

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Professor Bill Maurer is a renowned cultural anthropologist who conducts research on law, property, money and finance, focusing on the technological infrastructures and social relations of exchange and payment. Professor Maurer graduated from Stanford University in 1994 with a PhD in Anthropology. He moved to UC Irvine in 1996 as Assistant Professor, going on to become Chair of UC Irvine’s Department of Anthropology (2005-2011) and Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences (2011-2013). In July 2013 he assumed his current role as Dean of UC Irvine’s School of Social Sciences. Professor Maurer has published on topics ranging from offshore financial services to mobile phone-enabled money transfers, Islamic finance, alternative currencies, and the future of money. He is founding director of the Institute for Money, Technology and Financial Inclusion, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and was the founding co-director of the Intel Science and Technology Center in Social Computing. He is the editor of six collections, as well as the author of Recharting the Caribbean: Land, Law and Citizenship in the British Virgin Islands (1997), Pious Property: Islamic Mortgages in the United States (2006), and Mutual Life, Limited: Islamic Banking, Alternative Currencies, Lateral Reason (2005). The latter received the Victor Turner Prize in 2005. Professor Maurer visited the University of Warwick in September 2014 under the auspices of Warwick’s Global Governance GRP.

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Haq, Azka Saeful, and Intan Siti Nugraha. "Bill Gates Covid19 Conspiracy in Reddit Memes: A Semiotic Approach." Al-Tsaqafa : Jurnal Ilmiah Peradaban Islam 17, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/al-tsaqafa.v17i2.9320.

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Covid19 as global issue connects other social variables such as Bill Gates conspiracy issue that becomes the most predominant covid19 issue discussed globally in public (Shalini, 2020). Memes as meaningful entities exist to influence internet public in facing Bill Gates issue even without rational and empirical inquiry for some particular people that believe in them. Reddit website as easily accessible website becomes one of memes website that shares actively more numerous memes related to Bill Gates conspiracy issue than the other websites. The memes contain cultural values represented by verbal forms and visual forms to exchange belief and rational arguments.This study conducts interpretation data based on qualitative mtethod. Associating particular signifiers to Bill Gates in whole data refer to Bill Gates’ negative track record, past ideas, ambitions, and pace. Several data contain visual signifier and written signifier that support each other to acquire signified in a data such as Bill Gates in virus form who injects an old man. Signifiers reflect predominatly negative assosiations related to Bill Gates. It explicates negative connotation that exists consistently. Myths which exist represent that Bill Gates’s vaccine as a danger, Bill Gates as a mastermind behind the pandemic, and Bill Gates as an opportunist who concerns on expansion of business to reach vaccine business.

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Sharov, Oleksandr. "GLOBAL CRYPTOCURRENCY AS PROSPECTS FOR WORLD MONETARY SYSTEM." JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN ECONOMY Vol 17, Vol 17, No 1 (2018) (2018): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2018.01.116.

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The cryptocurrency is a phenomenon of a modern payment system, however it is still unclear whether it is a new kind of currency at all. Most often, there are claims that this is just a financial pyramid. However, such statements do not explain the nature of cryptocurrency. In fact, from technical point of view, the cryptocurrency is simply a data chain, in which the first link contains information about its origin («mining»), and all subsequent ones - on the transition from one owner to another. This means that in the economic sense the cryptocurrency is the «bill of exchange», which is accompanied by a number of «transfer inscriptions» - «endorsements.» Nevertheless, banknotes are simple banker’s bills of exchange too. Therefore, cryptocurrency could become a new global currency if several specific requirements were fulfilled.

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Nicifero, Alessandra. "To Be Continued: An Exchange on Tiffany Barber's “Ghostcatching and After Ghostcatching, Dances in the Dark”." Dance Research Journal 48, no. 2 (August 2016): 96–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0149767716000243.

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This is a brief introduction to a conversation about dance, race, and technology indirectly initiated by one of Bill T. Jones's blog entries on the New York Live Arts website after reading Tiffany Barber's article “Ghostcatching and After Ghostcatching, Dances in the Dark” in the April 2015 DRJ issue. Paul Kaiser of the Open Ended Group and cocreator with Bill T. Jones of Ghostcatching wrote a letter to the editor followed by Barber's response.

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Vukajlovic-Grba, Danijela. "The money market in Montenegro: Conditions, development and outlook." Panoeconomicus 54, no. 3 (2007): 325–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0703325v.

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The money market represents a segment of financial markets wherein the objects of trading are funds with short-term maturities. The money market in Montenegro is still in its early stages of development, and is characterized by a narrow scope of trading material and by a relatively narrow variety of participants. The reasons for such slow development of the Montenegrin money market are numerous: lack of regulations, dollarization as a model of monetary and foreign exchange regime, excessive liquidity of domestic banks, insufficient liquidity in the corporate sector, limited protection of creditor rights, and minimal corporate transparency. Short-term government bonds ("T-bills")-traded exclusively on the primary market-are the only short-term securities on the Montenegrin money market. Montenegrin banks are the biggest investors in T-bills. Foreign investors withdrew from the primary T-bill market after a decrease in T-bill interest rates. For a while, many considered that inadequate solutions in the Law on Securities were the main setbacks to organizing a secondary T-bill market. However, amendments to this Law did not spark the development of a T-bill market, nor any other short-term securities market. Adequate legislation is essential for the development of the money market, but it is not a sole precondition. A decrease in banks? liquidity (as competition from other financial institutions increases and/or deposit interest rates decline) is important to induce the money market?s development. We can expect a concurrent decrease in lending interest rates only as the conditions of creditor rights protection and business operations transparency improve. Only under such conditions can we expect banks and other financial and non-financial legal entities to begin issuing short-term securities.

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Hasan, Emran, and Shahanawaz Sharif. "Do Macroeconomic Variables Affect Stock Market Performance? A Case Study of DSEX and DS30 Index of Dhaka Stock Exchange." Business and Economic Research 9, no. 3 (August 19, 2019): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v9i3.15109.

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Stock market performance– being the linchpin of an economy, requires variations in policies concerning macroeconomic variables. Keeping this in notion, this research assays the empirical association between stock market performance and a few selected macroeconomic variables namely interest rate, exchange rate, inflation rate, and 91-days Treasury bill rate using monthly data ranging from January 2013 to October 2018. Employing Johansen Cointegration analysis, the results of the study suggest that exchange rate and treasury bill rate are positive whereas interest rate and inflation rate are negatively associated with better stock market performance. Granger causality test implies bidirectional causality – between the interest rate and DS30 as well as DSEX while unidirectional causality is evident for both the indices which are running from interest rate, inflation and exchange rate to stock market performance. Formulation and implementation of prudent policies regarding the studied macroeconomic variables can lead to a healthy stock market outcome.

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Helhel, Yesim, and Seref Kalayci. "Exchange Rate Forecasting Based on Fundamental Macroeconomic Variables in a Floating Exchange Rate Regime." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 3, no. 3 (July 2012): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsesd.2012070102.

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Developing countries had a fixed exchange rate regime and avoided financial liberalization until the 1990’s. In the early 2000’s however, most of the developing countries abandoned their fixed exchange rate regimes in favor of floating rate regimes which in turn increased the importance of exchange rate forecasting in the emerging market economies. This paper intends to explain TR/USD (Turkish Lira/American Dollar) exchange rates by using macroeconomic fundamentals for the period between February 2001 and December 2009 on a monthly basis. A Vector Auto Regression (VAR) method is used. Among the macroeconomic Fundamentals, United States Federal Reserve Benchmark interest rates, one month Turkish Treasury Bill yields, Turkish import/export rates, m2 money supply and foreign direct investment explain the changes in TR / USD exchange rates.

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Giladi, Rotem M. "The Practice and Case Law of Israel in Matters Related to International Law." Israel Law Review 32, no. 3 (1998): 475–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700015752.

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On February 24, 1998, the government submitted the International Treaties (Approval by the Knesset) Bill, 1998 to the Knesset. This governmental bill represents the culmination of fifty years of exchange between the Executive and the Legislature concerning the constitutional authority to conclude international agreements on behalf of the State of Israel.Normally, it would have been preferable to await the completion of the enactment process before commenting on the new legislative arrangements. Due to the constitutional importance of the Bill and the fact that it raises several important questions, the regular practice will be abandoned in this case.Despite the availability of an abundance of materials on the treatymaking practice of the State of Israel and the status of treaties under municipal Israeli law both in English and in Hebrew, an in-depth analysis of the Bill requires an extensive expositionde lex lataon both these questions. Only then will the provisions of the Bill be presented. This will take the form of an issue-by-issue analysis, with conclusions drawn in each segment. The review will conclude with several additional observationsde lege ferenda.

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Roitberg, Helen. "Sex Work and the City." Political Science Undergraduate Review 6, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/psur190.

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Bill C-36, or the Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act, which was introduced in Canada in 2014, made the purchase of sexual services illegal. To the end of eliminating sex work, Bill C-36 rests on the premise that sex work is inherently exploitative, and that sex workers and their communities are harmed by the exchange of sexual services. Considering that Indigenous women are overrepresented among sex workers and disproportionately victims of severe violence, this paper examines the goals of Bill C-36 in conversation with Canada’s ongoing project of colonialism. This paper demonstrates that Bill C-36 upholds the systemic devaluation of Indigeneity by which Indigenous women’s bodies are rendered deserving of violence, and by which this violence is normalized and invisibilized. Rather than protect ‘victims’ of sexual exploitation, Bill C-36 relies on the colonial stereotypes of the Indigenous prostitute to reimagine sexually autonomous Indigenous women as inherent threats to (white) Canadian society and themselves, and thereby justify state regulation in both public and private spaces.

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马, 慧雯. "Historical Evolution and Reasons of Basic Functions of Bill of Exchange." Business and Globalization 08, no. 02 (2020): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/bglo.2020.82004.

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Belovski, Vojo, Andon Majhosev, and Ivana Dujovska. "The bill of exchange as a means of payment and security." Journal of Process Management. New Technologies 4, no. 3 (2016): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jouproman4-11436.

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Janković, Svetislav. "The legal insignificance of the financial coverage at the bill of exchange and the cheque." Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu 68, no. 3 (2020): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/analipfb2003172j.

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Due to the identical personal structure, the bill of exchange and the cheque have a common feature regarding the drawer's cover on a banking account which is administrated by the drawee. It seems that sufficiency of adequate funds, which should cover the drawer's order from these instruments, doesn't have any legal significance for the drawee and the acceptor. At first glance the position of drawee and acceptor is different because the drawee's obligation is also not derived from the bill of exchange; however, the acceptor has an obligation due to his acceptance of the drawer's order. However, at the stage of collection, drawee and acceptor have a similar position regarding financial cover by drawer's account. Regardless of whether there is financial coverage, the legal position of the drawee and acceptor remains unchanged, because their position could be changed only through their legally relevant will, manifested in the instrument as such.

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Abramowicz, Jakub. "Istota zobowiązania wekslowego w prawie polskim, część I." Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego 2019, no. 2 (February 20, 2019): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33226/0137-5490.2019.2.2.

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Abramowicz, Jakub. "Istota zobowiązania wekslowego w prawie polskim, cz. II." Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego 2019, no. 7 (July 20, 2019): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33226/0137-5490.2019.7.3.

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Alnaa, Samuel Erasmus, and Ferdinand Ahiakpor. "Exchange Rate Volatility and Foreign Direct Investment." Research in Applied Economics 12, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/rae.v12i3.17737.

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The paper seeks to determine the effect of exchange rate volatility on foreign direct investment in Ghana from 1986 to 2017. The study adopted the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity model to fit the data set from 1986-2017. The results indicate that, previous quarter information can influence current quarter volatility in Foreign Direct Investment. Real exchange rate, gross domestic product and treasure bill rate considered as external factors, are all found to be significant. This shows that, volatility from these factors can spillover to volatility in foreign direct investment. To ensure stable inflow of foreign direct investment, we recommend that policies should gear towards stability in the forex market and interest rate among others.

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Kessler, Amalia D. "Enforcing Virtue: Social Norms and Self-Interest in an Eighteenth-Century Merchant Court." Law and History Review 22, no. 1 (2004): 71–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4141666.

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Recent scholarship on law and norms has emphasized that important social values are at work in the law. But nothing could prepare us for the “Red Ink Case.” Decided by an eighteenth-century French merchant court, the suit was brought by a young woman driven by poverty to prostitute herself in return for a bill of exchange, written with her lover's blood. When the person on whom the bill was drawn refused to accept it for payment, the women sued her lover, demanding that he honor it instead. Although the applicable law required the defendant to pay the bill, the merchant-court judge declined to enforce payment on the ground that “humanity is the primary law.” Instead, the judge ordered the defendant to marry the plaintiff and thereby restore the virtue he had taken. With virtue thus saved, “[t]hese poor children withdrew satisfied.”What are we to make of this case? It appears in Le négotiant patriote, an account of Old Regime commercial life and merchant-court practice penned by a successful eighteenth-century merchant named Bedos, who claimed to have served as a merchant-court judge and president of a chamber of commerce. Although Bedos' depiction of the Red Ink Case may well be exaggerated, his professional experience suggests that it must be taken seriously—if only as an expression of what contemporary merchants believed merchant-court litigation should be like. Yet, as familiar as we have become with the notion that law shapes and expresses social values, the case remains puzzling. What commercial interests are served, we might ask, by enforcing norms of sexual virtue? And how does a court order of marriage promote the transactional efficiency that bills of exchange, as a defining feature of merchant-court jurisprudence, were presumably intended to facilitate?By examining the workings of a merchant-run court in eighteenth-century Paris, this article seeks to make sense of the Red Ink Case and its place in merchant-court jurisprudence.

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Riskiani, Nita. "Peran Account Payable terhadap Kelancaran Pembayaran Tagihan Supplier di Pesonna Tugu Hotel Yogyakarta." Media Wisata 17, no. 2 (November 15, 2019): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.36276/mws.v17i2.169.

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The results of this study were to analyze the supplier bill payment process at Pesonna Tugu Hotel Yogyakarta, among others, suppliers exchanging receipts, making payment vouchers, sending memos, and overbooking processes. The process of paying supplier bills for obstacles includes suppliers being late in exchanging receipts, purchasing and receiving late submitting documents and not being complete, sending late memos and late overbooking processes. Accounts Payable overcome obstacles by contacting suppliers to immediately exchange receipts, remind purchasing and receiving to immediately deposit documents, process the sending of memos at the end of the month, and remind PT Pesonna Indonesia Jaya to immediately overbooking. The role and responsibility of account payable is very important in the process of payment of supplier bills so that the account payable goes smoothly, then the account payable must establish good communication with suppliers, purchasing, and receiving

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Westra, Richard. "Local Trade and Exchange/Employment Systems (LETS) in Future Eco-sustainable Societies." Anthropology in Action 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/aia.2016.230206.

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AbstractAll communities of practice must face questions relating to the material economic foundations of future sustainable societies. David Graeber, Karl Polanyi and Karl Marx each have produced typologies of possible types of economy, synthesised as: (1) the principle of individual reciprocity, (2) the market principle of capitalism, and (3) the planning principle of the state. I apply this synthesis to recent proposals for community change advanced by Bill McKibben and David Korten concerning economic scale and the re-localising of production and consumption sundered by globalisation, focused on the local exchange and trading system (LETS). The operationalising of LETS draws upon Adam Smith’s view of markets as face-to-face exchanges of goods taking place in small morality-bound communities. Smith, McKibben and Korten conflate two different meanings of the term ‘exchange’. To understand the role LETS may play in future sustainable economies in communities of practice demands treatment of this problem.

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Chege, Gabriel Njogu, and Stanley Kirika. "EFFECT OF MACROECONOMIC FACTORS ON TRADING VOLUMES OF MANUFACTURING AND ALLIED COMPANIES LISTED IN NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE." International Journal of Finance and Accounting 5, no. 2 (November 10, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijfa.1166.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of inflation, lending rate, exchange rates and Treasury bill interest rate on trading volumes of manufacturing and allied companies listed in the Nairobi Stock Exchange. Materials and Methods: The research adopted a quantitative descriptive design that focuses on nine manufacturing and allied companies listed in NSE and make up in the list of 25-share index companies. The nine manufacturing and allied companies were selected through purposive sampling techniques, where samples were selected based specific factors. The data used in the research was collected from Central Bank of Kenya, Nairobi Security Exchange and Kenya Bureau of Statistics. This research employed a panel data analysis using STATA software. Treasury bill rate was dropped from the model due to multicollinearity. Results: The analysis found that there was a negative relationship between inflation on trading volume, exchange rate had a negative correlation with stock trading, lending rate had a negative correlation with stock trading volume of manufacturing and allied companies listed in the Nairobi Stock Exchange. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends the government should initiate policies that will lower the lending rate in Kenya as lower lending rate may translate to higher stock trading volumes. Further studies should research on other factors affecting stock trade volume which may include the value of the stocks and the information size in the market.

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., Ogolo, and Tamunotonye Magnus. "Monetary Policy and Commercial Bank Lending to the Real Sector in Nigeria: A Time Series Study." American Finance & Banking Review 2, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 10–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/amfbr.v2i1.127.

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This study empirically examined the effects of monetary policy on commercial banks lending to the real sector from 1981 – 2014. The objective was to examine the effectiveness of monetary policy in channeling bank credit to the real sector. Annual time series data were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin. Two multiple regression models were specifically estimated with the aid of Software Package for Social Sciences. The study modeled commercial banks credit to agricultural and manufacturing sector as the function of interest rate, monetary policy rate, treasury bill rate, exchange rate, broad money supply and liquidity ratio. The result shows collinearity that corresponds with the Eigen value condition index, and variance constant are less than the required value. The Durbin Watson statistics shows the absence of multiple auto correlation and negative autocorrelation, while the variance inflation factors indicate the absence of auto-correlation. The regression results from model one found that interest rate, monetary policy rate have positive relationship with commercial banks lending to the agricultural sector while Treasury bill rate, exchange rate, broad money supply and liquidity ratio have negative effect on the dependent variable. Model two found that interest rate, Treasury bill rate, exchange rate, broad money supply and liquidity ratio have negative effect on commercial banks lending the manufacturing sector while monetary policy rate have positive relationship with the dependent variable. We recommend that monetary policy should be harmonize with bank lending objectives to enhance commercial banks lending to the real sector of the economy and that management of commercial banks should formulate policies of managing the negative effect of monetary policy variables on its lending.

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Tattersall, Glenn J., Denis V. Andrade, and Augusto S. Abe. "Heat Exchange from the Toucan Bill Reveals a Controllable Vascular Thermal Radiator." Science 325, no. 5939 (July 23, 2009): 468–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1175553.

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Onley, Isabelle R., Janet L. Gardner, and Matthew R. E. Symonds. "Spatial and temporal variation in morphology in Australian whistlers and shrike-thrushes: is climate change causing larger appendages?" Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 130, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa028.

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Abstract Allen’s rule is an ecogeographical pattern whereby the size of appendages of animals increases relative to body size in warmer climates in order to facilitate heat exchange and thermoregulation. Allen’s rule predicts that one consequence of a warming climate would be an increase in the relative size of appendages, and evidence from other bird species suggests that this might be occurring. Using measurements from museum specimens, we determined whether spatio-temporal variation in bills and legs of Australian Pachycephalidae species exhibits within-species trends consistent with Allen’s rule and increases in temperature attributable to climatic warming. We conducted regression model analyses relating appendage size to spatio-temporal variables, while controlling for body size. The relative bill size in four of the eight species was negatively associated with latitude. Tarsus length showed no significant trends consistent with Allen’s rule. No significant increases in appendage size were found over time. Although bill size in some species was positively correlated with warmer temperatures, the evidence was not substantial enough to suggest a morphological response to climatic warming. This study suggests that climate change is not currently driving adaptive change towards larger appendages in these species. We suggest that other adaptive mechanisms might be taking place.

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SMITH, S. D. "RECKONING WITH THE ATLANTIC ECONOMY Migration and the origins of the English Atlantic world. By Alison Games. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 1999. Pp. xiii+322. ISBN 0-674-57381-1. £31.50. The early modern Atlantic economy. Edited by John J. McCusker and Kenneth Morgan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xii+369. ISBN 0-521-78249-X. £40.00. Purchasing identity in the Atlantic world: Massachusetts merchants, 1670-1780. By Phyllis Whitman Hunter. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2001. Pp. xii+224. ISBN 0-8014-3855-1. $42.50. The people with no name: Ireland's Ulster Scots, America's Scots Irish and the creation of a British Atlantic world, 1689-1764. By Patrick Griffin. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001. Pp. xv+244. ISBN 0-691-07462-3. $55.00. Letterbook of Greg & Cunningham, 1756-57: merchants of New York and Belfast. Edited by Thomas M. Truxes. Records of Social and Economic History, new series, 28. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp. xxxi+430. £50.00." Historical Journal 46, no. 3 (September 2003): 749–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x03003248.

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In July 1768, the Boston merchant John Amory paid cash for two bills of exchange sold to him by a certain Mr Mumford. These bills, valued at £279 4s 3d and £342 10s, had originally been drawn on the London commission house of Lascelles and Daling by two Barbados merchants trading in partnership as Stevenson and Went. The bills were drawn in favour of another merchant called Charles Wickham. Stevenson and Went were in the business of supplying slaves to sugar planters on credits of up to twelve months, but as soon as their slave shipments arrived, however, the partners' own obligations to the merchants and mariners who had fitted out their vessels and supplied them with cargo fell due. To overcome this remittance problem, Lascelles and Daling acted as the slave importers' guarantors by agreeing to accept their bills before receiving the funds needed to pay them. A bill drawn on a sound London house was considered good for payment in any Atlantic port, including Rhode Island where Wickham was based. The bills presented to Lascelles and Daling were due at twelve months' sight, but creditors such as Wickham did not have to wait a full year before receiving their money. Wickham endorsed the bills in favour of Mumford (probably a coastal mariner to whom he owed a debt), who in turn passed them on to Amory. With balances owing in London, Amory was happy to discount the two bills for cash, judging this a better option at the current rate of exchange than sending specie or merchandise across the Atlantic. And cash is what Mumford would have needed to pay his crew members.

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Chłopecki, Andrzej. "DEFINICJA PAPIERÓW WARTOŚCIOWYCH DŁUŻNYCH." Zeszyty Prawnicze 3, no. 2 (May 10, 2017): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2003.3.2.05.

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Definition of Debt SecuritiesSummaryThe main subject of this article is the definition of debt securities in Polish civil law. This expression („debt securities”) used in many parliaments bills, was not defined on the level of the parliaments bill. Especially in cases of so called „hybrid securities” (securities with the mixed legal nature) there is a necessity to analyze and define their legal nature. This article gives a very short overview on the different types of securities and proposes their systematical classification. The main conclusion of this article is: either in the case of the mixed nature of securities, the right to demand from the issuer to withdraw securities (to pay for them or exchange them into a different type of securities) determines the legal nature of securities as debt securities.

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Obeng, Camara Kwasi. "Effects of Exchange Rate Volatility On Non-Traditional Exports In Ghana." Journal of Business and Enterprise Development 7, no. 2017 (July 1, 2017): 80–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.47963/jobed.2017.05.

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The government of Ghana has implemented a number of policies to strengthen the production and export of non-traditional products as a way of diversifying exports in Ghana with very little success. Foremost among these policies is the liberalization of exchange rate. Meanwhile, the exchange rate has been very volatile. The study, therefore, examines the effects of exchange rate volatility on non-traditional exports in Ghana.This study employed Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) co-integration estimation technique for the investigation. The results indicate that exchange rate volatility negatively impacts Ghana’s non-traditional exports. Also, the effect is greater in the long- run than it is in the short-run. Other results also show that world income, growth rate of the economy and Treasury bill rate promote non-traditional exports, but real effective exchange rate does not. The value of the paper lies in the discussion of the short-run and long-run effects of exchange rate volatility on non-traditional exports in the Ghanaian context.

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Udeaja, Elias A., Nathan P. Audu, and Titus O. Obiezue. "The Transmission Mechanism of Monetary Policy Shocks in Nigeria: The Interest and Exchange Rates Channels." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 283–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.79.8927.

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This paper examines the effectiveness of the interest and exchange rates channels of monetary policy transmission mechanism. The paper employed several statistical cum econometric methodology in a baseline structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model to evaluate the influence of policy shocks on selected endogenous variables; gross domestic product (GDP), consumer price index (CPI), money supply (MS), treasury bill rate (TBR) and nominal exchange rate (NER) for Nigerian spanning 1981Q1 to 2020Q1. The contemporaneous coefficients in the structural model reveals that key monetary aggregates reacts positively to unexpected changes in the monetary policy instruments. Furthermore, the variance decomposition results indicate that shocks of the selected variables were found to be important for interest rate growth in the short and longer horizons. The exchange rate channel however appears to have a stronger impact on prices. These results mean that depreciation of the nominal exchange rate could be an external deflationary element, particularly for Nigeria.

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Amadi, Azubuike Hope, Victor D. Ola, and John O. Ayoola. "Review of Nigeria’s Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB)." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.9.2109.

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Since the discovery of Crude Oil in 1875, the Petroleum Industry has gradually improved in value due to the series of valuable products gotten from crude oil. The significant impact of crude oil as a source of energy has made exportation and importation of this mineral a lucrative business around the world, having turned to be the major source of revenue for most producing countries. Crude oil has contributed to about 80% of Nigerian Government revenue and foreign exchange since 1958, making it a key player in the economic plan of the country. Its importance in Nigeria has made the Legislature introduce lots of policies and laws governing the Oil and Gas business in the country. However, Nigerians with different views over the years have clamored for an improvement of these policies to enable the benefits of Her resources fairly get to the grassroots, producing communities and states while improving foreign investment policies in the country. These demands led to the introduction of the Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) in the year 2000. This research work attempts to review and offer recommendations for improvements to avoid future litigations, violence, conflicts, and industry fragility. This work will also elaborate on different steps taken by the Nigerian Government over the years to implement this bill, challenges faced by the Government and International Oil Companies (IOCs), Government and its citizens, and anomalies seen in the bill up till status quo.

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Amadi, Azubuike Hope, Victor D. Ola, and John O. Ayoola. "Review of Nigeria’s Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB)." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 1081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.9.2109.

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Since the discovery of Crude Oil in 1875, the Petroleum Industry has gradually improved in value due to the series of valuable products gotten from crude oil. The significant impact of crude oil as a source of energy has made exportation and importation of this mineral a lucrative business around the world, having turned to be the major source of revenue for most producing countries. Crude oil has contributed to about 80% of Nigerian Government revenue and foreign exchange since 1958, making it a key player in the economic plan of the country. Its importance in Nigeria has made the Legislature introduce lots of policies and laws governing the Oil and Gas business in the country. However, Nigerians with different views over the years have clamored for an improvement of these policies to enable the benefits of Her resources fairly get to the grassroots, producing communities and states while improving foreign investment policies in the country. These demands led to the introduction of the Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB) in the year 2000. This research work attempts to review and offer recommendations for improvements to avoid future litigations, violence, conflicts, and industry fragility. This work will also elaborate on different steps taken by the Nigerian Government over the years to implement this bill, challenges faced by the Government and International Oil Companies (IOCs), Government and its citizens, and anomalies seen in the bill up till status quo.

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Carles Maixé-Altés, J., and Emma M. Iglesias. "Domestic monetary transfers and the inland bill of exchange markets in Spain (1775–1885)." Journal of International Money and Finance 28, no. 3 (April 2009): 496–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2008.11.001.

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Sokolov, Maxim, Yulia Potanina, Milana Uspaeva, and Natalya Kuchkovskaya. "The formation of money circulation in Russia: introduction of the metal system and banking supervision." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 01 (January 1, 2021): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202101statyi18.

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The authors show the historical transition from the use of local money, in fact, reflecting the commodity turnover to an instrument of an emissive nature. The article describes the historical transition from bimetallism to the paper and bill of exchange forms of money circulation. it is shown that the money supply after the 1840s became a source of formation of credit funds, which ensured the need for the emergence of a system of banking supervision.

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Santarosa, Veronica Aoki. "Financing Long-Distance Trade: The Joint Liability Rule and Bills of Exchange in Eighteenth-Century France." Journal of Economic History 75, no. 3 (August 27, 2015): 690–719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050715001072.

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Over time, international trade expanded beyond the reach of an individual's personal networks. How was long-distance trade among strangers financed without using banks? I argue that the joint liability rule enabled the medieval bill of exchange to become a major form of payment and credit in the early modern period which in turn supported an unparalleled expansion of trade. This article empirically examines the role that joint liability played in ameliorating fundamental information problems in long-distance trade finance.

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Hassan, Rubina. "The Reserve Equation and the Analytics of Pakistan’s Monetary Policy." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 111–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2011.v16.i1.a5.

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This paper deals with the computation and analysis of some fundamental reserve aggregates and associated monetary statistics, which impart important information regarding the design and conduct of monetary policy at the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). Specifically, we compute the data series for borrowed, unborrowed, free, and drainable reserves using balance sheet data published by the SBP for the period 1985-2009. Results show that Pakistan’s monetary policy revolves around managing the exchange rate while using the t-bill rate as a key policy instrument. However, the value of the t-bill rate is both incorrectly and sub-optimally related to macroeconomic fundamentals rendering monetary policy time inconsistent. This hinges on the finding that, since 2000/01, the SBP has targeted the net free reserves of the banking system at 4 percent of total private deposits. Among other observations, we find that the scope of open market operations as a tool of monetary policy remains limited and that this limited role of open market defenses derives from the concern of the central bank to sterilize its own foreign exchange reserves. Furthermore, the growth rate of unborrowed plus drainable reserves bears a strong negative correlation with the annual average rate of inflation, which, on account of the former being consistently negative since 2005, implies that neither the government nor the SBP have an overriding concern for controlling inflation.

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Belke, Ansgar, and Sebastian Ptok. "British-European Trade Relations and Brexit: An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Economic and Financial Uncertainty on Exports." International Journal of Financial Studies 6, no. 3 (August 17, 2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs6030073.

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Brexit, the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU), has led to significant exchange rate fluctuations and to uncertainty in financial markets and in UK–EU trade relations. In this article, we use a non-linear model to study how this uncertainty affects export companies. Exports tend to react in spurts when exchange rate fluctuations go beyond a band of inaction, referred to here as a “play area”. We apply an algorithm to study this hysteretic relationship with ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions. We examine the export relationship between Europe (Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, and The Netherlands) and the UK. To guarantee the robustness of the results, we estimate a variety of specifications for modeling economic uncertainty: (a) constant uncertainty, (b) exchange rate volatility, (c) volatility in European equity markets, (d) the Treasury Bill EuroDollar Difference (TED-spread), (e) the Economic Policy Uncertainty Index (EPUI), and (f) a combination of exchange rate volatility and the EPUI. Since the results show little evidence of hysteretic effects on British exports, we focus on the European side. The specifications including exchange rate and equity market volatility show a significant effect of hysteresis.

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Hasan, Arshad, and M. Tariq Javed. "An Empirical Investigation of the Causal Relationship among Monetary Variables and Equity Market Returns." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2009.v14.i1.a5.

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This study explores the long-term dynamic relationship between equity prices and monetary variables for the period June 1998 to June 2008. Monetary variables include money supply, treasury bill rates, foreign exchange rates, and the consumer price index. The data have been examined using multivariate cointegration analysis and Granger causality analysis. Johansen and Juselius’ multivariate cointegration analysis indicates the presence of a long-term dynamic relationship between the equity market and monetary variables. Unidirectional Granger causality is found between monetary variables and the equity market. In the case of money supply, a positive relationship supports the liquidity hypothesis. Impulse response analysis indicates that the interest rate shock has a negative impact on equity returns in the Pakistani equity market. Exchange rates also have a negative impact on equity returns in the short run. However inflation has little impact on returns in the equity market. Variance decomposition analysis suggests that the interest rate, exchange rate, and money supply shocks are a substantial source of volatility for equity returns.

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AAL-ASHAIKH, MOHAMMED. "The Acceptance of the Bill of Exchange: A Study of the Saudi Commercial Papers Law." Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Economics and Administration 10, no. 1 (1997): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/eco.10-1.7.

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김상만. "A Legal Study on the Legal Relations of the Parties in Negotiating Bill of Exchange and a Negotiating Bank's Remedies in the Event of Dishonour of a Bill of Exchange in International Business Transactions." Seoul Law Review 19, no. 1 (May 2011): 253–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15821/slr.2011.19.1.008.

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COSTA, ALBERT, and MIKEL SANTESTEBAN. "The control of speech production by bilingual speakers: Introductory remarks." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 9, no. 2 (June 22, 2006): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728906002471.

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How much would Bill Murray have liked to be able to speak Japanese! Bill Murray's character in the movie Lost in Translation exemplifies the way we feel when trying to communicate with someone that does not speak the same language. Often, in such cases, the exchange of information is disrupted and even translation does not seem to capture the communicative intention of the interlocutors. Thus, to be able to speak two languages at will is obviously a worthy skill to have. However, there is also a potential drawback, namely, bilingual speakers need to control their production in such a way that the two languages do not end up mixed in an inappropriate manner during the discourse. For example, if Bill Murray would have been an English–Japanese bilingual, he would have had to be careful not to use English words when speaking to the director of the commercial. This poses interesting problems to researchers in cognitive psychology: How does a bilingual speaker control her two languages during speech production? How do bilingual speakers manage to avoid massive interference from the language they are not using? What is the role of the language-not-in-use during lexical retrieval and phonological encoding? The articles included in this issue aim at discussing the answers that have been put forward to some of these questions.

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Aloui, Mouna, Bassem Salhi, and Anis Jarboui. "Market risk, corporate governance, and the regulation during the recent financial crisis." International Journal of Managerial Finance 15, no. 5 (April 17, 2019): 700–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-06-2018-0177.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of some corporate governance mechanisms on the market risk (stock price return and volatility, exchange rate) and on the exchange rate and Treasury Bill during the financial crisis. In order to better clarify the firms’ resistance to financial crises, the effect of exchange rate, Treasury Bill and the market risk are also considered. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a sample data of the SBF 120 on a panel of 99 French firms over the period between 2006 and 2015 divided into three sub-periods: the first sub-period, which covers the period between December 31, 2006 and December 31, 2009, was characterized by the outbreak of the subprime crisis. The second sub-period considers the sovereign debt crisis in Europe between December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2012. The last sub-period includes the post-crisis period (December 31, 2013 to December 31, 2015). The GARCH and BEKK models are used to capture the effect of volatility and conditional heteroskedasticity of both corporate governance and market risk. Findings The paper found that during the financial crisis (first sub-period, the sovereign crisis period), the high shareholders’ protection had a positive and significant impact on the stock market returns. Furthermore, the shareholders’ protection, the Treasury Bill, the institutional investors, the board’s size, had a negative and significant effect on the stock returns volatility. During the post-crisis period, the high protection and the board’s size had a negative and significant effect on the volatility of the stock returns. Research limitations/implications This result implies that during the financial crisis, the high shareholders’ protection played a role in increases the stock market return and minimized the stock return volatility. Practical implications This study helps in improving the legal protection of investors and helps managers, shareholders and investors to evaluate their investments. This study also provides implications for policymakers and legal environment in order to evaluate the importance of the current corporate governance frameworks in place. Originality/value This result implies that the institutional investors, as the results suggest, should follow the shareholders’ protection in all the countries to make decisions about their investments since the high shareholders’ protection increases the firm’s stock returns and decreases the stock return volatility.

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Santana da Silva, Jessica, Fabiana Rocha Pinto, David Barbosa de Alencar, and Gisele De Freitas Lopes. "Energy Efficiency Analysis in a Higher Education Institution in Manaus - Amazonas." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1896.

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Thinking about solving the problem of high consumption and high cost in the electricity bill, this study proposes to present proposals to increase the energy efficiency of the site. In this sense, it is proposed an energy efficiency analysis of a Public Higher Education Institution in the Municipality of Manaus, Amazonas. A building survey was performed on the appliances and components of the building's electrical system, as well as an assessment of electricity bills to measure consumption. In order to verify voltage, current and power, electric measuring instruments were used to elaborate proposals aiming at increasing the energy efficiency of the site. Through the results obtained during the building survey at the IES, it was possible to observe the anomalies of the systems and indicate proposals for repair or replacement of equipment to increase the energy efficiency of the building. From the results obtained from the invoice it was possible to propose a new value of demand contract and by comparing the collected data, we identified the appliances that make the electric system less efficient, in this case, the air conditioners. Recurring payment problems with overconsumption were encountered. Adhering to the proposal of a new contract value with possible annual savings of R $ 22,543.92 referring to the payment of the demand portion in the electricity bill. It is also proposed to replace current lamps with LED tube lamps, reducing energy consumption by 9,122 kWh / month and saving R $ 3,263.57 per month. As for the proposal presented for the HVAC system, given the exchange of existing appliances for new and energy efficient, was not viable. Despite representing a reduction of 41869.91 kWh / month, the expected investment is not paid.

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Khoa, Bui Thanh, and Tran Trong Huynh. "Predicting Exchange Rate under UIRP Framework with Support Vector Regression." Emerging Science Journal 6, no. 3 (April 19, 2022): 619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/esj-2022-06-03-014.

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This study aimed to forecast the exchange rate between the Vietnamese dong and the US dollar for the following month in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It used the Support Vector Regression (SVR) algorithm under the Uncovered Interest Rate Parity (UIRP) theoretical framework; the results are compared with the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression model and the Random Walk (RW) model under the rolling window method. The data included the VND/USD exchange rate, the bank interest rate for the 1-month term, and the 1-month T-bill from January 01, 2020, to September 11, 2021. The research discovered a linear link between the two nations' exchange rates and interest rate differentials. Interest rate differentials are input variables to forecast interest rate differentials. Furthermore, the connection between the exchange rate and interest rate differentials during this era does not support the UIRP hypothesis; hence, the error for OLS predictions remains large. The study provided a model to forecast future exchange rates by combining the UIRP theoretical framework and the SVR algorithm. The UIRP theoretical framework can anticipate exchange rate differentials using the input variable and the interest rates between two nations. Meanwhile, the SVR algorithm is a robust machine learning technique that enhances prediction accuracy. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2022-06-03-014 Full Text: PDF

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Katznelson, Ira, and Suzanne Mettler. "On Race and Policy History: A Dialogue about the G.I. Bill." Perspectives on Politics 6, no. 3 (August 18, 2008): 519–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592708081267.

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We have independently analyzed the effects of the G.I. Bill's widely-utilized education and training benefits, and reached different conclusions. One of us argues that the implementation of these benefits, especially in the South, helped widen the income and wealth gaps between whites and blacks and further marginalized many African Americans; the other considers them to have been a rare example of a relatively inclusive policy, one that fostered equal citizenship. Because we are both historical institutionalists and we both share interests in matters of social policy, equality, and race, these dissimilar accounts require explanation. This dialogue first considers methodological issues, explaining our decisions about which forms of data to use and to emphasize, and how we made sense of contradictory findings. It next discusses interpretive matters, examining the processes through which we sometimes reached different conclusions even when we confronted the same evidence. Finally, the exchange considers some implications of our findings, probing the lessons they convey both about policy research and practice.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bill of exchange'

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