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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bills of lading'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Andersson, Patrik G. "Delivery clauses in Bills of Lading /." Stockholm : Jure, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/517255871.pdf.

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2

Holtzhausen, Ankia. "Electronic bills of lading / Ankia Holtzhausen." Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1388.

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3

Psarros, Stavros. "Bills of Lading and electronic equivalent." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1961.

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This thesis will examine bills of lading and their electronic equivalent offered currently to the commercial world. Accepting that electronic equivalent of bills of lading are a commercial reality, the aim of this study is to examine how these systems successfully operate on the current legal framework designed for their paper counterparts. Therefore the first part of this study is dedicated to paper bills of lading and the functions they acquired over the years, whilst the second part of this study is devoted to the examination of their electronic equivalent currently offered. Specifically, i
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4

Ozdel, Melis. "Incorporation of charterparty clauses into Bills of Lading." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/210841/.

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Much has been said about the unfairness of binding bill of lading holders with the charterparty contracts, the copies of which are rarely provided together with the bills of lading. Besides, many people felt strongly that importing the provisions of an unseen contract creates a more risky international trade environment. Yet, it is an undeniable fact that incorporation clauses can make the holders subject to the charterparty provisions, even though the copies of these contracts are not shown to them. Nonetheless, since the early years, the issue of whether the charterparty terms are actually i
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5

Onoora, Surapol. "The bill of lading as a document of title: Right of action under the Bills of Lading Act 1855." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22399.

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This thesis is a study of the difficulties arising from the application of section 1 of the English Bills of Lading Act, 1855. This study is conducted in the context of the evolution of the law, relevant judgments, international conventions as well as academic views.<br>By the custom of merchants a bill of lading is transferable by indorsement the property in the goods may thereby pass to the indorsee; nevertheless all rights in respect of the contract of carriage evidence by the bill of lading continue in the original shipper or owner. In order to solve this problem, the Bills of Lading Act w
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6

Wiwatapattarakul, Pornchai. "The use of bills of lading in oil trading." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262162.

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7

Giermann, Heiko A. "The evidentiary value of bills of lading and estoppel, a comparative study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0004/MQ44058.pdf.

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8

Giermann, Heiko A. "The evidentiary value of Bills of Lading and Estoppel : a comparative study." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20532.

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This comparative thesis addresses the evidentiary value of bills of lading and estoppel under the Hague and Hague/Visby Rules, the law in the United Kingdom and the United States. After an analysis of the travaux prepraratoires of the Hague and Hague/Visby Rules, and a comparison with the Hamburg Rules, the thesis focuses on the English common law and the relevant statutory provisions. The thesis advocates a new, alternative approach in order to overcome the current interpretive problems with the application of the common law doctrine of estoppel. The analysed provisions are those of the Carri
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9

Meyer, Sebastian. "Aspects of the law and practice relating to transport documents in marine trade." Thesis, Swansea University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678605.

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This research concerns carriage of goods by sea, in particular the law relating to bills of lading and transport documents. It concentrates on the relationship between the legal position and the position of the industry and practice within the field.
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10

Melo, Fernando. "Enforceability of foreign forum selection clauses in maritime bills of lading under American law." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq29835.pdf.

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11

Melo, Fernando. "Enforceability of foreign forum selection clauses in maritime bills of lading under American law." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27460.

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Traditionally, American courts refused to enforce foreign forum selection clauses as against public policy.<br>This doctrine was abandoned in 1972 in the Bremen, where the United States Supreme Court established the presumption of validity of foreign forum selection clauses. However, the enforceability of such clauses is subject to certain exceptions which relate to particular applications of the general principles of contract law.<br>The Bremen analysis was modified in 1991, when the Supreme Court decided Carnival Cruise, which limited the scope of such exceptions and strengthened the presump
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12

Coens, Benoit. "The "Hamburg Rules" : articles 1 to 5.1." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56666.

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The "United Nations Convention on Carriage of Goods by Sea, 1978", referred to as the "Hamburg Rules", will enter into force between the Contracting States on the 1st November 1992.<br>This thesis examines the first five articles of the Convention and principally intends to depict their working in a structured and clear manner. It further reveals that their drafters primarily aimed: (1) at adjusting the distribution of the risks of sea-carriage between carrier and cargo-interest, which prevails under the "Hague Rules", to its contemporary legal and factual environment and (2) at promoting unif
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13

Khademan, Mahmood. "Documentary letters of credit and related rules under international trade law : a case for action." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320837.

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14

Jafari, Farhang. "The concerns of the shipping industry regarding the application of electronic bills of lading in practice amid technological change." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24071.

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In the sea trade, the traditional paper-based bill of lading has played an important role across the globe for centuries, but with the advent of advanced commercial modes of transportation and communication, the central position of this document is under threat. The importance of the bill of lading still prevails as does the need of the functions that this document served in the past, although in a changed format. In the recent past, the world has witnessed a lot of debate about replacing this traditional paper-based document with an electronic equivalent that exhibits all of its functions and
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15

Du, Yun Yan. "Legal recognition and implications of electronic bill of lading in international business : international legal developments and the legal status in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2487632.

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16

Liao, S. P. "Issues in deviation and in bills of lading under charterparties : A comparative study of Anglo-American and R.O.C. laws." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374761.

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17

Zekos, Georgios I. "Judicial analysis of the contractual role of bills of lading as it stands in Greek, United States and English law." Thesis, University of Hull, 1998. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8290.

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The aim of this thesis is the comparative examination of the contractual role of the bill of lading in Greek, United States and English law. First of all, the principles of law which have created the bill of lading either as the contract or as evidence will be investigated. Moreover, the axis of the development of the thesis will be the analysis of how and why the issued and accepted bill of lading becomes the contract of carriage. The recent efforts to pass from a paper bill of lading to an electronic one makes more important the establishment of a uniform contractual characteristic and funct
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18

Smit, Jason Johnathan. "Does blockchain technology offer a solution to the remaining impediments to the more widespread use of electronic negotiable bills of lading?" Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33040.

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The problem when it comes to the concept of possession in terms of technology and transferring possession which requires the concept of exclusivity which cannot be tampered with. Data messages cannot in their current state cannot be a symbol of goods that by constructive possession rights of a holder could be transferred. Other researchers have commented on the fact blockchain could remedy this situation. It should be maintained that a specific type of blockchain should be the preferred approach to the dematerialisation of bills of lading in electronic form, but that does not exist yet. Other
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19

Weinmann, Jens. "Identifying the carrier - The effect and validity of demise- and identity of carrier clauses in bills of lading - a comparative study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4577.

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This dissertation sets out to elaborate on the question who the carrier is under different jurisdictions with its underlying principles and concepts. Special consideration will thereby be given to the effect and validity of demise and identity of carrier clauses in bills of lading, which may influence the question of whether a bill of lading is a shipowners or a charterers bill of lading. [...] It will be shown, that there is no uniform approach regarding this problem under international law and will comment on the necessity of bringing about changes in international maritime law.
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20

Ziegler, Alexander von. "Haftungsgrundlage im internationalen Seefrachtrecht : Evolution der Haftungsgrundlage von den Haager Regeln zu den Hamburger Regeln unter Berücksichtigung des nationalen und internationalen Seerechts von Grossbritannien, den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, Kanada, Frankreich, Deutschland und der Schweiz /." Zürich : Baden-Baden : Schulthess ; Nomos, 2002. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=009973843&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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21

Batteni, Nasser. "Law and practice of international carriage of goods by sea under English and Iranian maritime law : (legal disputes arising from Charter-parties and Bills of Lading)." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384988.

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22

Malassigné, Vincent. "Les titres représentatifs : essai sur la représentation juridique des biens par des titres en droit privé." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020062.

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Il est fréquent d’affirmer qu’un titre représenterait un bien : une lettre de change représenterait une créance de somme d’argent, un connaissement représenterait une marchandise, une inscription en compte représenterait une valeur mobilière, un « depositary receipt» représenterait une action étrangère … Il s’agirait donc de « titres représentatifs ». Mais que recouvre cette formule ? Traduit-elle l’existence d’un véritable mécanisme de représentation des biens par des titres en droit privé ou s’agit-il d’un abus de langage ? Dans un premier temps, l’étude des titres représentatifs permet d’ét
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23

Senekal, Jan-Hendrik. "The electronic bill of lading : a legal perspective / by Jan-Hendrik Senekal." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4995.

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24

Abou, Al Shamat M. F. "The future of the bill of lading as a document of title." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374754.

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25

Olsson, Pontus, and Sebastian Neilan. "Digitalisera bill of lading : En studie om varför sjöfarten inte har digitaliserat dokumentet." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Sjöfartshögskolan (SJÖ), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-84565.

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Abstrakt  Den här studien handlar om att ta reda på varför elektroniska bill of ladings inte används i internationell handel. Bill of lading är den äldsta frakthandlingen som fortfarande används inom sjötransport. I studien används en rättdogmatiskmetod i kombination med kompletterande samtal med personer som arbetar med dokumenten på en dagligbasis, representanter från två olika banker. Resultatet visar att anledningen bakom det låga intresset kring eB/L är säkerheten bakom dom negotiable dokumenten. I dagsläget finns ingen lag eller konvention som stödjer någon elektronisk transaktion av vär
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26

Peel, Samantha. "The development of the bill of lading : its future in the maritime industry." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/407.

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This Thesis will consider the development of the traditional bill of lading from its origins, which appear to be much older than previously considered, up to the present day. The development of the bill of lading will be examined in order to answer basic questions: what is a traditional bill of lading, and what functions does it perform. In Part I of the Thesis the development of the three main functions of the traditional bill will be considered, namely receipt, contract, document of title. It will conclude with observations on the nature of the traditional bill of lading and how it differs f
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27

Proctor, Carol. "The legal role of the bill of lading, sea waybill, and multimodal transport document /." Pretoria : Interlegal, 1997. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/293214646.pdf.

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28

Bools, Michael D. "The ocean bill of lading as a document of title to goods in Anglo-American law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307475.

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29

Břečková, Pavlína. "Námořní kontejnerová přeprava v podmínkách společnosti Vasco Shipping." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75724.

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This diploma thesis analyzes the maritime container transport, it's history and development and the types of containers. It deals with the current situation in the maritime transport market. The main emphasis is on detailed description of the transport chain. The paper also deals with documents that are carried by sea, especially the Bill of Lading. This is a specific document, among other it is a tradable security. In the thesis there have also been mentioned the current issues of liability and insurance - (Rotterdam Rules and INCOTERMS 2010).
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30

Stangenberg, Katrin G. "Die Entwicklung des Bill of Lading in England bis zum Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 /." Münster : Lit, 1999. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=008771549&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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31

Srp, Aleš. "Smluvní zajištění námořní přepravy." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-16588.

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32

Duong, Thi Ngoc. "Přepravní zajištění dovozních operací na relaci EU - Vietnam." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-81906.

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This thesis deals with seaborne transport with emphasis on transport of containerized goods, contract terms and conditions of imports of goods to the European Union. It also describes the current situation of maritime transport on the route the EU - Vietnam. The practical part is focused on the import of goods into the Czech Republic using a freight forwarder services.
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33

Malíková, Helena. "Význam NVOCC operátora v námořní kontejnerové přepravě." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-198887.

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The aim of the thesis is to generally characterize the maritime container transport and to describe a complete work agenda of an NVOCC operator. Another aim of this thesis is to introduce the transport chain and the role of the NVOCC. In order to show the range in which prices can move, in my thesis are processed quotes for a specific route from several freight forwarders / NVOCC.
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34

Aliati, Ayoub. "La responsabilité du transporteur maritime en droit marocain et français." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE0036.

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Indemne…devrait être acheminée la marchandise à bon port ! Telle est la simple quintessence de la responsabilité du transporteur maritime. Or, la simplicité du principe ne signifie pas pour autant la commodité d’application. Si pour Marx, la marchandise est à la fois « la forme élémentaire et la forme universelle de la richesse », pour le transporteur maritime elle est à la fois la raison et la finalité. La raison de son existence économique ; et la finalité de son devoir juridique comme responsable du transport et de l’intégrité de celle-Ci. Terreau fertile aux conflits, la responsabilité du
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35

Jiang, Tianyi. "Developing a scheme that governs the transfer of rights through the bill of lading under Chinese law : a comparison with the Anglo-American experience and the international approach." Thesis, Bangor University, 2017. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/developing-a-scheme-that-governs-the-transfer-of-rights-through-the-bill-of-lading-under-chinese-law-a-comparison-with-the-angloamerican-experience-and-the-international-approach(0a4d81fe-ca0d-4bb7-973c-f12de7f63a7a).html.

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This thesis aims to establish a legal scheme under Chinese law for dealing with transfer of rights through bill of lading in maritime trade. Although the current Chinese Maritime Code (CMC 1992) attempts to address such a transfer of rights, the rules in it are oversimplified and ambiguous, giving rise to confusion and uncertainty in practice. To reform current Chinese law in this regard, the thesis examines the existing solutions to the transfer of rights issues provided by English law, American law, and the Rotterdam Rules and its travaux preparatoires. Through comparing the aforesaid foreig
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36

Ortega, Martínez Jhoana Nataly, and Murguía Heydi Mariela Palomino. "Perspectiva de la calidad del proceso del Visto Bueno del Bill of Lading en el ingreso de mercancías FCL en el puerto del Callao en el año 2019." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653417.

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El presente trabajo de investigación ha sido desarrollado en función a la información recabada de varias fuentes en la que destaca SUNAT, MINCETUR, SICEEX, agentes de carga internacional, agentes de aduana, importadores, gracias a los cuales se pudo establecer realidades desde diferentes puntos de vista. El objetivo general de esta investigación es determinar de qué manera se percibe la calidad del proceso del visto bueno del Bill of Lading en el ingreso de mercancías Full Container Load en el puerto del Callao en el año 2019. La investigación es de tipo cualitativo, de diseño teoría funda
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37

Neto, José Mauro Ramos. "Conhecimento de embarque: natureza e regime jurídico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-18112016-133404/.

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Tudo começou em 2006, quando estagiário de um escritório de advocacia de São Paulo. Já havia passado algumas horas debruçado sobre centenas de Conhecimentos de Embarque e recebendo ligações de bancos estrangeiros que solicitavam o endosso daqueles documentos. Eu me questionava: que documento era aquele que exigia tanto cuidado quanto uma nota promissória original? Por que era tão importante para um banco que o endossássemos rapidamente? Eis que me surge um convite de viagem para conhecer um escritório de advocacia por algumas semanas em Londres. A experiência, por ora um tanto empolgante e ave
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38

BERGAMINO, ANDREA. "The deployment of blockchain technology in the logistics and shipping industry: possible outcomes and need of uniform regulation." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1082829.

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The aim of the thesis is to explore how the spread of blockchain technology can affect our society and the relevant legal relationships among individuals in the logistics and shipping industry, i.e. one of the sectors of economy which is making the greatest efforts to embrace such a ‘revolution’. As it will be argued in the paper, the result probably lies somewhere in between a 'regulatory presence' and a 'cyber-anarchist' approach. For the law, it means that one should not use the full enforcement arsenal in all circumstances and the legal constraints should be adapted to technology (e.g. b
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39

Theodosisová, Pavla. "Úloha a zajištění námořní přepravy v MO." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76903.

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The first part focuses on advantages and disadvantages conected with shipping goods by maritime transport in comparison with other transport sectors. The second part divides sea transport firstly from a commercial perspective on liner and tramp shipping, and then by type of boats. The third part describes the development and interconnectedness of international trade and maritime transport, its commodity and territorial structure. The fourth part deals with the possibility of contractual ensuring of maritime transport, liability of the carrier and conventions which govern this liability. This s
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40

Boukhari, Rym. "Le contrat de transport maritime de marchandise sous connaissement contentieux France-Algérie." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D014.

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Plusieurs accords internationaux ont été conclus pour tenter d'unifier les règles régissant le contrat de transport maritime dont il résulte une complexité qui les met parfois en doute. Mais comme en droit international privé, le droit maritime international est, selon la législation qu'on lui applique, interprété différemment selon pays. Cette divergence d'interprétation ressort des disparités notables dans les décisions des différents pays, notamment en ce qui concerne les clauses insérées au connaissement. Par ailleurs, la conteneurisation qui représente des avantages en ce qui concerne la
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41

Píšová, Libuše. "Smlouvy o námořní přepravě zboží, odpovědnost dopravce." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-9377.

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This thesis defines the most important transport documents used in the carriage of goods by sea. It describes the way how they are used and the functions they perform. The main emphasis is focused on the bill of lading which is mostly used in the liner shipping and on the Charter Party, which is the basis of the realization of the tramp shipping. The thesis gives a comprehensive overview of a complicated international legislation of the liability relations in the maritime transport, which are differently regulated in the Hague, Hague-Visby and Hamburg rules at present. There is also provided a
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42

Majdzadeh, Khandani Kourosh. "Rights and liabilities of the consignees/endorsees : a comparative study of the Rotterdam Rules and English Law." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/rights-and-liabilities-of-the-consigneesendorsees-a-comparative-study-of-the-rotterdam-rules-and-english-law(aa10e154-facf-4573-a10f-30786c51e4c0).html.

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In the context of an international carriage of goods by sea contract, the consignees and endorsees are the two important categories of the parties whom their rights and liabilities have not been legislated for in any international carriage of goods by sea convention until the adoption of the Rotterdam Rules. The truth is that, in contrast to the rights and the correlative liabilities and obligations of the shippers and carriers, the rights and liabilities of the consignees and endorsees have always been dealt with by the domestic and national laws. However, the Rotterdam Rules, with the goals
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43

Zrzavý, Jan. "Železniční přeprava pevných paliv u společnosti ČD Cargo." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17072.

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The aim of this thesis is to characterize the company ČD Cargo with special focus on the transport of solid fuels. It describes the historical development of this company, its present-day activities and services. Statistic part of this thesis contains time lines, defining the development of transport of solid fuels and its part in the overall transport. There is also an outline of an expected scenario of future solid fuel transport in connection with domestic resources depletion. Much consideration is also given to the unification of transport documents and European integration with a view to
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44

健, 長沼, та Ken Naganuma. "国際商取引における運送書類の歴史的変遷と電子化に関する実証的研究". Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12679569/?lang=0, 2014. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB12679569/?lang=0.

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本稿では、国際商取引で使用されている運送書類の歴史的変遷とその構造を考察した上で、電子運送書類の普及に向けた新たな動きを独自の理論的枠組みと実証調査により解き明かそうと試みている。本論文の内容は大きく3つの部分から構成されている。第1は,運送書類の使用状況と背景を探る部分である。第2は、運送書類選択に影響を与える要因を解明している部分である。第3は、電子運送書類の今後の普及動向を考察している部分である。<br>博士(商学)<br>Doctor of Commerce<br>同志社大学<br>Doshisha University
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45

Zhang, Liu Feng. "Etude comparative du contrat de transport maritime de marchandises en droit francais et en droit chinois." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32048.

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Notre intention est d’effectuer une étude comparative du contrat de transport de marchandises en droit français et en droit chinois, principalement entre le droit positif français et le droit positif chinois en matière maritime, sans omettre les nombreuses interférences des Conventions internationales en vigueur dans ce domaine. Le contrat de transport maritime de marchandises est conclu entre le chargeur et le transporteur qui va assurer leur acheminement au moyen d’un navire sur un élément naturel non exempt de dangers, la mer, l’objet du contrat étant l’acte de transport. Ce contrat est gén
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Papadatou, Marina. "La convention d’arbitrage dans le contrat de transport maritime de marchandises : étude comparée des droits français, hellénique et anglais." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020008/document.

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Cette étude porte sur la question de l’efficacité de la convention d’arbitrage à l’égard des opérateurs du transport maritime de marchandises. Dans un premier temps, la question qui se pose est celle de la détermination du droit applicable à l’efficacité de ladite clause. A cet égard, notre attention se concentre sur l’interprétation et l’application des principes propres à l’arbitrage international par la jurisprudence maritime. L’examen des clauses d’arbitrage insérées dans un contrat de transport maritime ne saurait échapper aux spécificités du droit de transport maritime ainsi qu’aux dispo
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Holtzhausen, Ankia. "Electronic bills of lading / by A. Holtzhausen." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1388.

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林宜賢. "An Electronic Payment System with Bills of Lading." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70251190804887500751.

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碩士<br>義守大學<br>資訊工程學系<br>88<br>Electronic payment systems are usually based on the physical model of commerce where customers withdraw money from the bank and spend it at the shop on goods or services. The merchant then deposits money from the bank. However this model may not be suitable for other electronic payment systems. An example is an electronic payment system using vouchers. The concept of the voucher is first described in Foo and Boyd’s system. Unlike electronic cash, vouchers are prepared by the merchant and the bank. The voucher is distributed to the customer who c
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Lin, Hsing-chien, and 林幸蒨. "The Comparative Study on Electronic Bills of Lading." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22798907701578970367.

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碩士<br>東吳大學<br>法律學系<br>99<br>As electronic technology and Internet become increasingly mature, e-commerce, or e-business, is now the dominating the trend for the in the days and years ahead. Investment in e-commerce would dramatically bring down trading costs and new opportunities in market. Those traditional bills of lading (B/L) used to depend upon airmail or air courier to proceed with trading while very often a bill of lading (B/L) was still on the way of mail travel after the cargoes already reach the destinations and the consignee could not take delivery of the cargoes amidst the helple
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LU, CHEN-TAO, and 盧駿道. "The Legal Problems on Electronic Bills of Lading." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18410631247026986100.

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